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    Ecological Statistics Review: Sampling Strategies

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    MATHIX
    This document provides an overview of common descriptive and inferential statistics used in ecology: - Descriptive statistics like means, medians, ranges, and histograms are used to summarize data. - Inferential statistics like t-tests are used to compare populations and determine if differences are statistically significant. Chi-squared tests examine differences from expected distributions. - Correlation and linear regression examine relationships between variables, with correlation assessing association and regression assessing causal effects. Key values like R-squared and p-values are used to evaluate strength of relationships and significance.

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    Ecological Statistics Review: Sampling Strategies

    Uploaded by

    MATHIX
    17 views14 pages
    This document provides an overview of common descriptive and inferential statistics used in ecology: - Descriptive statistics like means, medians, ranges, and histograms are used to summarize data. - Inferential statistics like t-tests are used to compare populations and determine if differences are statistically significant. Chi-squared tests examine differences from expected distributions. - Correlation and linear regression examine relationships between variables, with correlation assessing association and regression assessing causal effects. Key values like R-squared and p-values are used to evaluate strength of relationships and significance.

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    Stats Review

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    This document provides an overview of common descriptive and inferential statistics used in ecology: - Descriptive statistics like means, medians, ranges, and histograms are used to summarize data. - Inferential statistics like t-tests are used to compare populations and determine if differences are statistically significant. Chi-squared tests examine differences from expected distributions. - Correlation and linear regression examine relationships between variables, with correlation assessing association and regression assessing causal effects. Key values like R-squared and p-values are used to evaluate strength of relationships and significance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views14 pages

    Ecological Statistics Review: Sampling Strategies

    Uploaded by

    MATHIX
    This document provides an overview of common descriptive and inferential statistics used in ecology: - Descriptive statistics like means, medians, ranges, and histograms are used to summarize data. - Inferential statistics like t-tests are used to compare populations and determine if differences are statistically significant. Chi-squared tests examine differences from expected distributions. - Correlation and linear regression examine relationships between variables, with correlation assessing association and regression assessing causal effects. Key values like R-squared and p-values are used to evaluate strength of relationships and significance.

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    of 14

    Ecological Statistics Review

    ¨ Sampling strategies
    ¨ Descriptive statistics
    ¨ Comparing populations
    ¨ Goodness of fit
    ¨ Regression and correlation
    ¤ Population average (mean) = µ
    Descriptive statistics ¤ Sample average
    n ! = (Σ!)/' = 3.2
    2 Infiltration n n = # of observations = 16
    Num Facility Rate
    (in/hr) ¤ Median
    1 Tryon Headwaters 0.8 n Middle value = 2.75
    2 Sandy & Davis 1
    3 Glencoe Elementary 1.2 ¤ Range
    4 Sylvania & 29th 1.2 n = 8.8. - 0.8 = 8
    5 Glendoveer Commons 1.8
    6 Pettygrove & 26th 1.8 ¤ Histogram
    7 Central & St Johns 1.9 ¤ frequencies of values
    8 Siskiyou & 35th 2.3 ¤ all points assigned a “bin”
    9 People’s Coop 3.2 8
    10 Sandy & 21st 4.1
    6
    11 Fremont & 131st 4.3
    Frequency

    12 Lambert & 17th 4.5 4


    13 12th & Montgomery 4.6
    2
    14 56th & Ankeny 4.8
    15 Belmont & 42nd 4.8 0
    0 2 4 6 8 10
    16 Willamette & Denver 8.8
    Infiltration rate (bin)
    Descriptive statistics
    Variance (s2): the spread of data
    Standard Deviation

    average = 50, s = 5
    average = 50, s = 10

    Standard Error
    • compare averages using error bars of ± 2SE
    • if no overlap, difference is significant
    Statistics

    Distributions
    • Uniform: all observations have about the
    same frequency. Uniform
    • Ex: precipitation patterns in the tropics

    • Normal: Most observations are clustered


    around the average.
    • Ex: tree heights, body temperatures
    • Many statistical tests assume data is
    approximately normally-distributed
    • Transform/normalize data before
    Normal
    analyzing
    Measurements & Bias
    5

    ¨ Measurements
    ¤ Accurate: reflects true value
    ¤ Precise: low variance
    ¤ Sample 1: low P, high A
    ¤ Sample 2: high P, low A
    ¨ Error & Bias
    ¤ Random error
    n Unknown/unpredictable changes
    n Reduces precision
    ¤ Systematic bias
    n Caused by flaw in equipment or
    experimental design
    n Cannot be estimated by repeating
    experiment
    (Each sample represents 10 measurements of
    n Reduces accuracy A single tree whose true height is 22m)
    Statistics: t-test
    6

    ¨ Are the means of the two groups statistically different?


    ¨ What is the probability that the two groups (samples) come from the
    same statistical population?
    Statistics: t-test
    7

    ¤ Null hypothesis, Ho
    n Means of both categories are the same: 2-tail
    ¤ Alternative hypothesis, Ha?
    n Means are different (2-tailed)
    n Mean of one category greater than mean of the other (1-tailed)
    ¤ P-value
    n Reject null hypothesis if p < .05
    n p < .05 means there is only a 5% chance that the two categories aren’t
    part of the same population. There is only a 5% chance of a false positive
    (a false declaration of difference between means).
    ¤ Parametric test
    n Use non-parametric tests for non-parametric data (e.g. counts, ranks,
    percentages).
    n Transform parametric data if necessary/possible to make it normally-
    distributed
    Statistics: t-test
    •8 Assesses differences in means between 2 categories
    – temperature change of wool vs. cotton socks

    Assumes data in each category


    • Excel/Sheets has equal variance (spread)
    =ttest(A1:A4,B1:B4,1,2)
    One-tail
    Hypothesized that one
    category > other category
    Two-tail
    Hypothesized that categories
    will differ, but not sure which will
    be bigger..

    p value (after hitting return)


    Statistics: t-test
    Ave. temperature reduction
    after 5 minutes (∘C)

    -4
    p =0.01 -4
    p =0.3

    -3 -3

    -2 -2

    -1 -1

    Wool Cotton Wool Cotton


    Only 1% likelihood that these two 30% likelihood that these two
    categories are samples from the categories are samples from the
    same population, therefore same population, therefore
    difference is statistically significant. difference is not statistically
    significant.
    Statistics: Chi Squared
    10

    ¨ Does observed data differ from the hypothesized distribution?


    ¨ χ2=∑(O−E)2/E
    ¤ O = observed data

    ¤ E = expected distribution (assuming hypothesis is true)

    ¤ Count data (not continuous variables)

    ¤ Ex: Do fish have preferences for certain substrates?


    30 fish x 50% of habitat area
    n Ho= fish have no preference
    Statistics: Chi Squared
    11

    ¨ χ2 = ∑(O−E)2/E = 12.933
    ¨ Reject Ho if χ2 > “critical value” at
    p < .05 with appropriate degrees
    of freedom
    ¨ Degrees of Freedom 12.933 > 5.99 therefore reject
    the null hypothesis that fish
    ¤ Number of categories – 1 have no substrate preference.
    n 3 substrates – 1 = 2
    Statistics - Correlation

    • Assesses linear association between two variables.


    • Observational studies with continuous variables
    • Excel/Sheets
    R value “=correl(A1:A4,B1:B4)”
    R value
    0 = no correlation
    1 = strong positive correlation
    -1 = strong negative correlation

    P value:
    • socscistatistics.com/pvalues/pearsondistribution.aspx
    • Enter your values for Pearson (R) and the number of pairs in your sample
    Statistics – Linear Regression
    • Assesses linear effect of independent variable on
    dependent variable. “Attempts to establish causation.”
    • Experiments with continuous variables.
    • Excel
    – Read tutorial to install & use Excel Analysis ToolPak
    – www.ablebits.com/office-addins-blog/2018/08/01/linear-regression-analysis-excel/

    R2 value
    Amount of variation in the dependent
    variable (temperature) explained by
    changes in the independent variable.

    p value
    Statistics – Linear Regression

    R2 = 0.8, p =.03 R2 = 0.1, p =.49


    Dependent

    Dependent
    Independent Independent

    80% of the change in the 10% of the change in the


    dependent variable is due to the dependent variable is due to the
    change in the independent change in the independent
    variable, and there is only a 3% variable, and there is a 49%
    chance that randomly selected chance that randomly selected
    data could produce this linear data could produce this level of
    relationship. linear relationship.

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