Leyes de Maxwell PDF

Ingeniería de Telecomunicaciones
Physics Electricity and Magnetism
LAWS OF MAXWELL
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) is regarded as the founder of

electromagnetic theory in its present form. Maxwell's celebrated
work led to the discovery of electromagnetic waves.4 Through his
theoretical efforts over about 5 years (when he was between 35 and
40), Maxwell published the first unified theory of electricity and
magnetism. The theory comprised all previously known results,
both experimental and theoretical, on electricity and magnetism. It
further introduced displacement current and predicted the existence
of electromagnetic waves. Maxwell's equations were not fully
accepted by many scientists until they were later confirmed by
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894), a German physics professor.
Hertz was successful in generating and detecting radio waves.
The more generalized forms of these equations are those for time-
varying conditions shown in Table 1. We notice from the table that
the divergence equations remain the same while the curl equations
have been modified. The integral form of Maxwell's equations James Clerk Maxwell
depicts the underlying physical laws, whereas the differential form (June 13, 1831 - November 5, 1879)
is used more frequently in solving problems. For a field to be
"qualified" as an electromagnetic field, it must satisfy all four
Maxwell's equations. The importance of Maxwell's equations
cannot be overemphasized because they summarize all known laws
of electromagnetism. We shall often refer to them in the remaining
part of this text.
Table 1. Maxwell equations for static electromagnetic fields

Differential form (or Integral form dimension
punctual)
(𝛁 ∙ 𝑫) = ρv Gauss's Law
∮ 𝐷 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ (∇ ∙ 𝐷)𝑑𝑣
𝑣𝑜𝑙
Non-existence of the
𝛁∙𝑩=𝟎 magnetic monopole
∮ 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝑠
𝛁×𝑬=𝟎 ∮𝐿 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 0 Conservative of the

electrostatic field
𝛁×𝑯=𝑱 Ampère Law

∮ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐽 ∙ 𝑑𝑠
𝐿 𝑠
Ampére´s Law
The line integral of tangential component of the magnetic field strength around a
closed path is equal to the current enclosed by the path:
∮ → ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐
𝐵
where 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻 then ∮ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐
At first glance on would think that the law is used to determine the current I by an
integration. Instead, the current is usually known and the law provides a method of
finding H. This is quite like the use of Gauss´ Law to find D given the charge
distribution.
In order to, utilize Ampére´s Law to determine H there must be a considerable
degree of symmetry in the problem. Two conditions must be met:
1. At each point of the closed path H is either tangential or normal to the path.
2. H has the same value at all points of the path where H is tangential.
Faraday's Law
After Oersted's experimental discovery (upon which Biot-Savart and Ampere based
their laws) that a steady current produces a magnetic field, it seemed logical to find
out if magnetism would produce electricity. In 1831, about 11 years after Oersted's
discovery, Michael Faraday in London and Joseph Henry in New York discovered
that a time-varying magnetic field would produce an electric current.
According to Faraday's experiments, a static magnetic field produces no current
flow, but a time-varying field produces an induced voltage (called electromotive
force or simply emf) in a closed circuit, which causes a flow of current.
Faraday discovered that the induced emf. Vemf (in volts), in any closed circuit is
equal to the time rale of change of the magnetic flux linkage by the circuit.
𝜕𝛹
In other words, Vemf = −𝑁 𝜕𝑡
where N is the number of turns in the circuit and 𝛹 is the flux through each turn.
The negative sign shows that the induced voltage acts in such a way as to oppose
the flux producing it.
𝜕𝛹𝐵
∮ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = −
𝜕𝑡
The equation defines that the relation between the electrostatic field in a line must be equal
to the derivative of the magnetic flux (field lines) that crosses it and its variation in time.
Exercises to solve
1. A circular conductor of radius 𝜌o = 1 cm has an internal field
104 1 𝜌
𝐻= ( sin 𝑎𝜌 − cos 𝑎𝜌)𝑎𝜑 (A/m)
𝜌 𝑎2 𝑎
𝜋
Where 𝑎 = 2𝜌 . Find the total current in the conductor.
𝑜
2. A radial field
2.39 × 106
𝐻= cos 𝜑 𝑎𝜌 (A/m)
𝜌
𝜋 𝜋
Exists in free space. Find the magnetic flux 𝛹 crossing the surface defined by − 4 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 4, 0 ≤
𝑧 ≤1𝑚
3. Decipher the Cryptogram
CEM

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Ingeniería de Telecomunicaciones

Physics Electricity and Magnetism

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) is regarded as the founder of

Table 1. Maxwell equations for static electromagnetic fields

𝛁×𝑬=𝟎 ∮𝐿 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 0 Conservative of the

𝛁×𝑯=𝑱 Ampère Law

1. A circular conductor of radius 𝜌o = 1 cm has an internal field

3. Decipher the Cryptogram

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