6.1 Answers: Remembering

Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
6.1 Answers
Remembering
1 joules (J)
2 carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), sunlight
3 carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → glucose + oxygen gas
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
4 in volcanic vents on the sea floor
5 dogs, cats (any mammal or bird)
6 a fewer carnivores, more herbivores
b more plants, fewer carnivores
Understanding
7 a A specific area in which different organisms live and depend on one another (interact).
b Plants are producers because they make their own food by converting light energy into
chemical energy.
c Organisms that eat other organisms.
d An organism that eats only plants.
e An organism that eats only meat.
f An organism that eats both meat and plants.
8 The arrows point towards the organism ingesting the food source. The arrows show the flow of
energy.
9 Energy is lost through production of waste products, life processes, movement, heat and sound.
10 a Energy is neither created nor destroyed but can only be changed from one form to another.
b In chemical reactions, atoms are never destroyed but are recycled.
11 Yes, because they use the process of photosynthesis to make their own food as they convert light
energy into chemical energy.
12 If the kookaburra can’t find one food source or if one species of food source dies out, the
kookaburra will still have a food source from which to obtain energy for life processes.
Applying
13 a plants (producers)
b animals (consumers)
14 cricket: because it directly eats the plant (producer)
15 a algae
b water snail
c large fish and kingfisher
16 a nuclear energy → light energy and heat energy
b light energy → chemical energy and heat energy
c chemical energy → chemical energy and heat energy
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
17 Line A represents the kookaburra because it is an endothermic organism, which means it

maintains a constant internal body temperature throughout the day and night; i.e. it regulates its
internal temperature from the inside, using the energy it obtains from the food it eats. Line B
represents the snake because it is an ectothermic organism, which means it uses the external
environment to regulate its temperature; i.e. at 6 a.m. the snake’s body temperature is lower than
at 6 p.m. because at 6 p.m. the snake’s body has been warmed all day by the Sun.
Analysing
18 a First order consumers eat producers; these organisms are known as herbivores.
Second order consumers eat herbivores; these organisms can be either carnivores or
omnivores.
b Endothermic organisms regulate their internal temperature from the inside using the energy
they obtain from the food they eat. Ectothermic organisms use the external environment to
regulate their temperature.
19 Energy flows in one direction in an ecosystem. Energy flows from the Sun to producers and then
to consumers. Matter is also transferred through the food chain. Not all the energy is transferred
to the next level by organisms, as some is used at each level, as in the case of matter. Most of the
material (matter) is used by the organism; however, some is returned to the environment as waste.
Matter is never lost; it simply changes its form so that the amount of matter in an ecosystem will
always be the same.
Evaluating
20 a To sustain the herbivores there needs to be more plants than herbivores. If there is no light for
one week there will be little or no effect on the herbivores because plants store energy to
sustain life processes for a short period.
b To sustain the herbivores there needs to be more plants than herbivores. If there is no light for
one year the herbivores will reduce in number because there will not be enough plants to meet
the dietary and energy needs of the herbivores in an ecosystem.
Creating
21
22 Students’ food chains will vary. An example is shown below.

algae → prawn → large fish → human
a consumer
b yes
c shark
23 Students’ responses will vary. An example is shown below.
grass → grasshopper → sparrow → eagle
24 Students’ responses will vary.
6.1 Practical activities

Prac 1: Biomass
Common mistakes
Ensure that the plant sample is completely dry before reweighing.
Possible results
Biomass is determined by removing the water from the plant material, then measuring the mass.
Suggested answers
1 Green plant matter is fresh and green in colour, whereas dry plant matter is wrinkled and
brown-green or brown.
2 Need to ensure that water is completely removed from the plant matter.
3 All organisms at each level of the pyramid are made up of roughly the same organic molecules in
similar proportions; a measure of their dry weight is a rough measure of the energy they contain.
Prac 2: Food pyramid

Common mistakes
Arithmetic error.
Possible results
(top of pyramid) kookaburra → grasshopper → grass (bottom of pyramid)
Suggested answers
1 because we are investigating energy flow through trophic levels for a particular area
2 biomass of each level
3 grass → grasshopper → kookaburra
4 At each trophic level along a food chain, there is always a ‘loss’ of matter and energy in the
forms of waste (e.g. carbon dioxide, faeces), heat and kinetic energy. Only 10% of the energy
(chemicals used for growth) is passed on to the next level.
6.2 Answers
Remembering
1 a skin and muscles
b air and water
2 a C
b N
c O
3 a H2O
b CO2
c NH3
4 glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
5 moist surface, transpiration in plants, sweat, lakes/oceans
6 respiration, animal droppings, decomposition of dead matter
7 a colourless, odourless gas N2
b nitrates
c urine: as urea (NH2)2CO
faeces: as ammonia (NH3)
Understanding
8 a land based
b water based
c cooling of water vapour to form liquid water
d condensed water vapour that falls as either rain or snow
9 Matter that was created during the Big Bang has been recycled many times because matter is not
destroyed in biological reactions. It is rearranged. Hence, matter found in dinosaurs millions of
years ago could be found within us today.
10 Condensation: cooling of water vapour in clouds to form rain and snow.
Precipitation: falling of rain and snow.
Evaporation: heating of water molecules from moist areas and surfaces by the Sun.
11 Most organisms cannot use nitrogen when it is in its atmospheric form so when lightning strikes,
N2 undergoes the process of nitrogen fixation. N2 is converted to nitrates and is dissolved in
raindrops.
12 There will be a build-up of dead animals, plants and wastes and less CO2 will be returned to the
atmosphere.
Applying
13 carbon
14 Carbon enters plants through the stomata in the leaves of plants, in the form of CO2.
15 a photosynthesis
b the Sun
c oxygen
d Oxygen is required by all living cells for the process of respiration.
16 Amino acids and nucleic acids. They are vital because amino acids are the building blocks of
protein and nucleic acids are the building blocks of DNA.
Analysing
17 Abiotic: Water, soil, air, rock, cloud.
Biotic: Leaf, algae, bacteria, grass, human.
18 Nitrifying bacteria: convert ammonia into nitrates.
Denitrifying bacteria: convert nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen gas.
Bacteria decompose dead organisms and return nitrogen back into the soil as nitrates.
Evaluating
19 Organic because carbon is the basic element of organic compounds and the basic atoms within
organic matter are carbon and hydrogen.
20 a True
b True
c True
d True
Creating
21 Students’ responses will vary; however, they need to include the following:
• release of carbon into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels
• removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere due to photosynthesis
• animals gain carbon by eating other organisms
• respiration from all organisms releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
• waste products formed when dead organisms decompose and release carbon dioxide back into
the atmosphere
• carbon forms part of fossil fuels when organisms die.

Prac 1: Testing for water
Common mistakes
The watch-glass must be clean and dry to ensure the results are entirely due to the substance being
tested.
Possible results
Liquid tested Copper(II) sulfate Cobalt chloride paper
Tap water Turns blue Turns pink
Methylated spirits No colour change No colour change
Salt water Turns blue Turns pink
Sucrose solution Turns blue Turns pink
Acetic acid Turns blue Turns pink
Unknown X Students’ results Students’ results
Unknown Y Students’ results Students’ results
Unknown Z Students’ results Students’ results
Suggested answers
1 Copper(II) sulfate dissolves and heat is produced (exothermic reaction).
2 all except the methylated spirits
3 Answer depends on the liquid being tested.
4 to remove any traces of water
Prac 2: Measuring the boiling point of water

Common mistakes
Factors such as differences in the measured amounts of salt by tablespoon and the accuracy of each
thermometer may result in varying temperature readings for the boiling point of water.
Possible results
Liquid Boiling temperature
Beaker 1 100°C
(distilled water)
Liquid Boiling temperature
Beaker 2 101.5°C
(1 tablespoon salt)
Beaker 3 102.5°C
(2 tablespoons salt)
Beaker 4 103.5°C
(3 tablespoons salt)
Suggested answers
1 Students’ results.
2 The more salt that is added, the higher the boiling temperature.
3 As antifreeze and the water mixture don’t freeze as readily as just water in the radiator, the
antifreeze must be lowering the melting point of ice/freezing point of water. Similarly, the
addition of antifreeze seems to increase the boiling point of water, so the water in the radiator is
less likely to boil in hot weather.
4 Impurities in water increase its boiling point because more energy is required to separate the
water molecules from the impurity
6.3 Answers
Remembering
1 any three of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
dust, smoke
2 any three of carbon dioxide, methane, nitric oxide, ozone
3 a HNO3
b CO2
c CH4
4 a nitrogen dioxide
b carbon monoxide
c ozone
5 wild pig, rabbit, European carp, prickly pear, tamarisk tree
Understanding
6 a A pollutant is anything that makes the environment unhealthy for the organisms that live in it.
b Sewage is the waste water that goes into the pipes leading away from a house or factory. It is
a pollutant that contains cleaning agents and human wastes.
c Desertification is the process of turning good land into desert.
7 Frogs are usually the first organisms to be affected by pollutants because they breathe using their
lungs and skin and spend a large amount of their lives in water. Thus, the fewer pollutants in
water and air, the healthier and more populous the frogs in an ecosystem.
8 Blue-green algae thrive in water polluted by fertiliser run-off. They are dangerous because they
can cause severe illness, as they are capable of producing several different toxins. Blue-green
algae also grow uncontrollably until they clog up waterways.
9 a When trees are removed, the water table deep under the surface rises, bringing with it
dissolved salts.
b Irrigation also raises the water table, bringing with it dissolved salts.
10 Overgrazing: allowing more animals to graze in an area that the area can sustain.
Deforestation: large-scale tree removal.
11 Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reflect the Sun’s heat back to the surface and keep the
atmosphere warm enough to sustain life. The enhanced greenhouse effect is due to the increased
industrialised gases in the atmosphere which trap more heat than usual, leading to global
warming.
12 Pigs were introduced in 1788 as domestic animals. They became feral after escaping. They dug
up large areas, damaging native plants and destroying the nesting grounds of birds and native
mammals.
13 The hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere in country areas may have fewer pollutants to
damage the tree and cause it to die.
14 • Burn less fossil fuel (e.g. petrol) so that less carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.
• Cut down fewer trees so that more carbon dioxide is taken in by plants during photosynthesis.
Applying
15 8000–12 000 million
16 Melting of the glaciers in the polar regions, which has caused sea levels to rise.
17 cleaning agents, human waste, agricultural run-off, sediment pollution, inorganic chemicals
18 Electricity (controlled by power stations) is needed for the daily running of factories, to heat
houses and to provide lighting. Electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels, which adds extra
carbon dioxide to the Earth’s atmosphere.
Analysing
19 a Endangered species are still found in their habitats or in zoos, albeit in low numbers, whereas
extinct species have completely disappeared and are no longer in existence.
b Lithosphere is the land part (rocks, mountains and soil) of the Earth, whereas the hydrosphere
consists of all the water components of the Earth (rivers, lakes, rain and oceans).
Evaluating
20 Cane toads, because they have no natural predators in Australia and the skin of the cane toad is
highly poisonous to other animals that try to kill or eat it.
21 a Captive breeding program refers to animals in zoos or ‘captive’ human-operated facilities that
breed animals to sustain the species.
b Zoos and captive breeding programs prevent and/or slow down the rate at which endangered
species become extinct.
c Students’ responses will vary.
Creating

Prac 1: Water pollution
Possible results
Simulated waste water is taken through a series of filtration methods to produce clean water.
Suggested answers
1 murky water
2 Step 1: large particles are separated
Step 2: visible layers are created
Step 3: medium particles are separated
Step 4: minute particles are separated
3 To show that the clean water is now ecologically sound and is able to sustain
plant life.
Prac 2: Climate in a beaker

Common mistakes
Avoid the cheap brands of aluminium foil for this prac, as they tend to tear very easily and will not
support the weight of the ice blocks.
Possible results
A mini-climate is simulated inside a beaker, forming smog to represent a typical city climate.
Suggested answers
1 Smog forms when a mixture of moisture and pollutants from cars rises into a cooler layer of the
atmosphere, reacting there with sunlight. The air above rivers is likely to be more humid,
containing more moisture than the air above solid land. The pollutants released in car exhausts
in cities with rivers will therefore be more likely to form into smog than in cities without rivers.
2 In winter, the air is cooler high in the atmosphere, trapping the smog before it can rise and
disperse.
3 Wetting the inside of the bowl provided moisture to combine with the smoke in the air to form
smog.
4 The model does accurately show how smog is formed, causing pollution, but in a simplistic way,
as each part of the model is only a crude representation of each aspect of the geography of a city.
Prac 3: Simulating global warming

Common mistakes
Ensure the hole in the juice carton is completely sealed around the thermometer to prevent heat loss.
Possible results
The juice container with the glass microscope slides represents the layer of greenhouse gases
surrounding the Earth. They allow warmth in but not out, a simulation of global warming.
Suggested answers
1 Popper A should increase in temperature more significantly than popper B.
2 Students will give various answers.
3 The glass microscope slides represent the layer of greenhouse gases surrounding the Earth. They
allow warmth in but not out. Therefore, this model does show what happens on Earth, but in a
simplistic way.
Chapter answers
Remembering
1 direction of energy flow
2 predators
3 a carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → oxygen + glucose
b oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy
4 • Split the species colony into several groups and relocate each group.
• Monitor the population.
• Assist during birth to prevent unnecessary deaths.
• Release the offspring into suitable and protected habitats where introduced species have been
removed.
Understanding
5 Organisms have specific needs which are met in localised areas.
6 10%
7 Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted into different forms.
8 a The unit with which we measure energy is the joule.
b Endothermic animals use some of their energy to maintain a constant body temperature.
c Bacteria and fungi are decomposers that have a major role in returning atoms in the biotic
environment back to the abiotic environment of the ecosystem.
9 When a first order consumer (herbivore) eats a plant, the herbivore obtains the energy produced
by the plant through photosynthesis and respiration.
10 A pollutant is anything that makes the environment unfit or unhealthy for the organisms that live
there.
11 Desertification is the process of turning good land into desert.
12 If we don’t maintain our environment, we will impact on the survival of species, their habitats
(deforestation, rising water tables, salinity, desertification), the diet requirements of all organisms
(alter food chains and webs) and the abiotic factors (water, light and air) that interact with the
biotic factors.
13 Worms act as decomposers, whereby they return atoms in the biotic environment back to the
abiotic environment, in this case, the soil.
Applying
14 Energy flows in one direction in an ecosystem. Matter is also transferred through the food chain.
Not all of the energy is transferred by organisms to the next level, as some is used at each level,
as is the case of matter. Most of the material (matter) is used by the organism; however, some is
returned to the environment as waste. Matter is never lost to an ecosystem; the amount of matter
in an ecosystem will always be the same.
15 nitrogen and phosphorus
16 deforestation and irrigation
Evaluating
18 Lightning is a necessary danger because most organisms can’t use nitrogen when it is in its
atmospheric form. During lightning strikes, N2 undergoes the process of nitrogen fixation. N2 is
converted to nitrates and dissolved in raindrops so that it can be recycled and reused by the biotic
components of the ecosystem.
19 When trees are removed the water table deep under the surface rises, bringing with it dissolved
salts which increase salinity of the soil, resulting in loss of vegetation and, hence, erosion.
20 Although they are small, if bacteria did not exist there would be a build-up of dead animals, dead
plants and wastes, and fewer atoms would be returned to the abiotic components of the ecosystem
for use by all the elements of the ecosystem.
21 Having an omnivorous diet provides the bilby with an advantage in obtaining energy for survival
because if the bilby is unable to find or rely on one food source due to extinction or
unavailability, it can hunt or feed on another food source.
Creating
22 Generic example:
producer (plant) → herbivore (first order consumer) → carnivore (second order consumer) →
omnivore/carnivore (third order consumer)
23 light energy → chemical and heat energy → chemical and heat energy
The Sun is the original energy source

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Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions

17 Line A represents the kookaburra because it is an endothermic organism, which means it

22 Students’ food chains will vary. An example is shown below.

6.1 Practical activities

Prac 2: Food pyramid

6.2 Practical activities

Liquid tested Copper(II) sulfate Cobalt chloride paper

Tap water Turns blue Turns pink

Methylated spirits No colour change No colour change

Salt water Turns blue Turns pink

Sucrose solution Turns blue Turns pink

Acetic acid Turns blue Turns pink

Unknown X Students’ results Students’ results

Unknown Y Students’ results Students’ results

Unknown Z Students’ results Students’ results

Prac 2: Measuring the boiling point of water

Liquid Boiling temperature

Liquid Boiling temperature

6.3 Practical activities

Prac 2: Climate in a beaker

Prac 3: Simulating global warming

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