Digital Signal Processing

Lecture 4

Dr. Muayad

3rd year

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 Analysis of Discrete Linear Time Invariant Systems
4.1 Introduction
The linear time invariant systems are characterized in the time domain
simply by their response to a unit sample sequence. Any arbitrary input
signal can be decomposed and represented as a weighted sum of unit sample
sequences .As a consequence of the linearity and time-invariance properties
of the system, the response of the system to any arbitrary input signal can be
expressed in terms of the unit sample response of the system. The general
form of the expression in term of the unit sample response of the system and
the arbitrary input signal to the output signal, called the convolution sum or
the convolution formula, is also derived. Thus we are able to determine the
output of any linear, time-invariant system to any arbitrary input signal.
4.2 Describing the discrete linear time invariant systems
There are two basic method for analyzing the behavior or response of a
linear system to a given input signal
 One method is based on the direct solution of the input-output
equation for the system. The general form of the input-output
relationship is

…(4.1)
Where ak and bk are constant parameters that specify the system and
are independent of x(n) and y(n). The input-output relationship in
(4.1) is called a difference equation and represents one way to
characterize the behavior of a discrete-time LTI system.
 The second method for analyzing the behavior of a linear system to a
given input signal is first to decompose or resolve the input signal
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 into a sum of elementary signals. The elementary signals are selected
so that the response of the system to each signal component is easily
determined. Then, using the linearity property of the system, the
responses of the system to the elementary signals are added to obtain
the total response of the system to the given input signal. But if the
input is not trivial or cannot be implemented by elementary signal,
then the digital convolution is used for any LTI system and any form
of input signal.

4.3 Types of system responses

4.3.1 The impulse response:
The impulse response is the output of a linear system when the input is
impulse signal

 (n) Digital LTI h(n)

processor

The system can be classified according to its impulse response into FIR or
IIR system.
Definition: if the unit sample response (impulse response) of a linear time
invariant system is of finite duration, the system is said to be a finite impulse
response (FIR) system. It is also called nonrecursive system.
Definition: if the unit sample response (impulse response) of a linear time
invariant system is of infinite duration, the system is said to be an infinite
impulse response (IIR) system. It is also called recursive system.

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4.3.1.1 Causal Linear Time-Invariant Systems
In the case of a linear time-invariant system, causality can be translated to a
condition on the impulse response. Since h(n) is the response of the relaxed
linear time-invariant system to a unit impulse. Hence an LTI system is
causal if and only if its impulse response is zero for negative values of n.

4.3.1.2 Stability of Linear Time-invariant Systems

Stability is an important property that must be considered in any practical
implementation of a system. We defined an arbitrary relaxed system as BIB0
stable if and only if its output sequence y(n) is bounded for every bounded
input x(n). From this expression we observe that the output is bounded if the
impulse response of the system satisfies the condition

… (4.2)
That is, a linear time-invariant system is stable if its impulse response is
absolutely summable. This condition is not only sufficient but it is also
necessary to ensure the stability of the system

Example 4-1: Find the impulse response of the system described by the
following difference equation y(n)=1.5 y(n-1)-0.85 y(n-2) +x(n), is this system is
FIR or IIR
Solution:
The impulse response of this system is obtained by substituting the impulse
input in the difference equation
h(n)  1.5h(n  1)  0.85h(n  2)   (n)

For causal system, let h(n)=0 for n <0

 h(0)  1.5h(1)  0.85h(2)   (0)  0  0  1  1

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h(1)=1.5h(0)=1.5
h(2)=1.5h(1)- 0.85h(0)= 1.5*1.5*- 0.85*1=1.4
h(3)=1.5*1.4- 0.85*1.5= 0.825
The impulse response is shown in figure (4-1)
Impulse Response
1.5

1
h(n)

0.5

0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
n

Figure (4-1) The impulse response of example (4-1)

Example 4-2: Find the first four sample values of the impulse response h (n)
for the digital processor shown below, then check if the system is stable or
not.
X(n) Y(n)
+

-0.9 T
Solution:
The difference equation that described the processor can be found from the
block diagram as: y(n)=x(n)-0.9 y(n-1) 0

for impulse response

h(n)   (n)  0.9h(n  1)

let h(n)= 0 , n<0 to make system causal

h(0)   (0)  0.9h(1)  1

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h(1)   (1)  0.9h(0)  0.9 ,h(2)=0.81, h(3)=-0.729

The system is stable since for bounded input the output will be bounded as
can be seen in figure (4.2)

Impulse Response
1

0.5
h(n)

-0.5

-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
n
Figure (4-2) The impulse response of example (4.2)

4.3.2 The Step response

It is the behavior or response of the linear system when the input is step
signal

u (n) Digital LTI s(n)

processor

The step response of a LTI system is the running sum of its impulse
response
𝑛

𝑠(𝑛) = ∑ ℎ(𝑚)
𝑚=−∞

Alternatively the impulse response of a LTI system can be obtained from its
step response as ℎ(𝑛) = 𝑠(𝑛) − 𝑠(𝑛 − 1)

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Example 4-3:- Find and sketch the first few sample value of the impulse and
step responses of the system shown in figure(4.3)(a) .Also determine the
final value of 𝑠(𝑛) 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞ .Use your result to find the response to the
‘rectangular pulse’ input shown in figure(4.3)(b).

x(n) y(n)
+

0.8 T

(a)
The input signal x(n)
1 0
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
x(n)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4
n

(b)
Figure (4-3) (a) The block diagram of a LTI system (b) Rectangular signal x(n)

Solution: The difference equation of the system is 𝑦(𝑛) = 0.8𝑦(𝑛 − 1) +

𝑥(𝑛), the impulse response is ℎ(𝑛) = 0.8ℎ(𝑛 − 1) + 𝛿(𝑛)
h(0)=1 h(1)=0.8 ℎ(2) = 0.82 = 0.64 ℎ(3) = 0.83 =
0.512

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 The impulse response
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
x(n)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
n

Figure (4-4) The impulse response of example (4.3)

The step response equals the running sum of the impulse response
n n
S (n)   h(m)   h(m) , h(n)=0 n<0 to ensure causality
m m 0

S(0)=h(0)
1
S (1)   h(m)  h(0)  h(1)  1.8
m 0
2
S (2)   h(m)  h(0)  h(1)  h(2)  2.44
m 0
3
S (3)   h(m)  h(0)  h(1)  h(2)  h(3)  2.95
m 0

the final value of the step responseis given as

1
S ()  1  0.8 2  0.8 3  0.8 4    5
1  0.8

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 The step response
3

2.5

2
s(n)

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
n

Figure (4.5) The step response of example (4.3)

The rectangular input signal can be decomposed into either step or impulse
signal as 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑢(𝑛) − 𝑢(𝑛 − 4) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝛿(𝑛) + 𝛿(𝑛 − 1) +
𝛿(𝑛 − 2) + 𝛿(𝑛 − 3)
Therefore the response of the system to a rectangular pulse can be obtained
from the impulse response or the step response as
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑠(𝑛) − 𝑠(𝑛 − 4) 𝑜𝑟
𝑦(𝑛) = ℎ(𝑛) + ℎ(𝑛 − 1) + ℎ(𝑛 − 2) + ℎ(𝑛 − 3)
The sample value output of y(n) are
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
S(n) 1 1.8 2.44 2.95 3.36 3.68 3.98
S(n-4) 0 0 0 0 -1 -1.8 -2.44
Y(n) 1 1.8 2.44 2.95 2.36 1.88 1.51

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 The output signal
3

2.5

2
y(n)

1.5

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
n

Figure (4.6) The output signal to rectangular input

Homework: - Sketch the block diagram of the discrete time system

described by the input-output relation
1 1 1
y ( n)  y (n  1)  x(n)  x(n  1)
4 2 2

Where x(n)=input of the system, y(n)=output of the system

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