Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
Based on the research of Mohammad Mehdi and Zhirayr Vardanyan, a park is a natural,
semi-natural, planted area for human pleasure and recreation or for the protection of nature or
wildlife. It can be grassy areas, rocks and soil, but it can also contain monuments, springs, or
structures in the playground. Parks are part of a wide range of land uses known as public open
spaces. These locations cover a wide range of purposes devoted to the needs and interests of
different groups and many population subdivisions. They are designed to meet the needs of young
and old people, men and women, rich and poor and people with varying abilities for leisure, leisure
and educational purposes. A public and private partner may be owned or owned by public areas and
facilities. All such public areas can be divided into two large space families: squares, roads and
In contemporary usage, any meeting place can be on or between streets, the crossing of a
street with a statue, etc. In recent times urban scenery often integrates "plaza" as an element of
design or as a result of the guidelines for zoning. When the street is regarded as a transport function,
it is important to be an effective traffic transporter. The surrounding buildings and their use become
important in the definition of the street when the context of the street is revealed. Since the early
Greek and Roman times, squares and streets have been part of the city. Their forms have
dramatically changed, but have remained constant as public spaces. (Mohammed Mehdi Sadeghian,
2015)
Scale of Parks
An open area controlled by the administration is a public park. The level of participation by
the government is related to the scale and classification of the park. The size of a park may be
smaller or smaller than a national park. There is a government agency with authority for each
classification of the park. Four main park types exist: national, provincial, regional and municipal.
National Parks
A national park is a conservation park used for purposes of conservation. It is often a reserve
that a sovereign State declares or possesses, of natural, semi-natural, or developed land. Though
each nation designates its own national parks in a different way, there is a common idea: preserving
the wild for prosperity and symbolizing domestic pride three categories of parks are covered in the
National Park System: National Historic Parks, National Parks and Linear Parks. (Mohammed
Provincial Parks
There are provincial parks between the municipal parks and federal parks. In several
provinces, huge provincial parks have been established, which are similar to a range of Canadian
national parks in terms of scope, resources and management Controlling level of government does
not determine the size of a park. The provincial park may in some cases be larger than that of a
national park.
Regional Parks
A regional park is a preserved area of land because of its natural beauty, historical interest,
recreational use or other reason and under local government administration. A regional park can be a
special park district that encompasses a region that crosses various jurisdictional borders or a single
park system, like provinces, counties or towns. (Mohammed Mehdi Sadeghian, 2015)
Municipal Parks
Within its governing body, each municipality works in partnership with other departments to
maintain and manage municipal parks and to plan them. Municipal Parks are area that is zoned or
otherwise designated by municipal code as a public park for the purpose of recreational activity.
Municipal park, playground, athletic field, recreation building, and community center operated on a
City Parks
The city parks serve the whole city and include areas with special natural characteristics,
historical importance or centralized cultural sites. In most cases, the facilities are aimed at adults and
families.
Community Park
The area from which a town attracts visitors to community parks is usually considered
around2,4 kilometers away from the Park. Community parks serve a much wider area than
neighborhood parks and propose additional facilities. They serve as a focal point for community
activity, and therefore are proposed to provide the facilities or intensity for communities where
noise and light are suitable for the neighborhood. Parking and toilets are generally offered.
Community parks can also provide this function if the neighborhood parks are not available.
Depending on its size, visual character, natural determinants or location, a community park
could meet one or several of the Community's following recreation needs: ecologically sensitive and
unique, natural areas where nature is preserved by means of public protection for future generations.
The applications are predominantly passive and include trails, picnics, views and education on the
activities. Spa, playground, waterfront, pools, community parks, skating and outdoor amphitheaters
Neighborhood Park
In residential areas there are small parks for informal recreation. Neighborhood parks
generally serve a radius of 500 to 800 metres, and provide a neighborhood level local park function.
Parks can provide both active and passive recreation facilities at this level. There are currently
standards of 0.6 ha per 1000 residents for neighbourhood parks. It offers a wide variety of different
facilities. Active facilities include a playground, basketball court, seating, a shelter, tennis facilities,
multi-use courts, horseshoe pitch, pavilion, and play meadows. Neighborhood parks should be
distributed equitably across town to serve local citizens. They are small in size (under 1000 m2) and
are suitable for unattended or organized activities in the neighborhood. In general there is a
neighborhood park which accommodates various activities, including a play area, seasonal wading
swimming pools, picnicking, a passive open grass and open-air basketball courts.
Buffers
These are linear open spaces that are used for movement, for the purposes of identifying and
ornamentation. Buffers are trees and elements that reduce noise that will pass through the area.
In many ways parks and open areas contribute to a community's health and safety. A
generous supply of open spaces in urban spaces contributes to the urban psycho-socio-equilibrium.
In the best locations, flood damage can be managed, water quality preserves can be preserved,
groundwater supplies are regenerated, air pollution is reduced and cropland of high value
maintained, the buffer between conflicts between use and enhanced community. Park and open
spaces also offer the community an economic asset. They are important factors that attract or
encourage new industries and trade to a community. Studies tend to show that a community has
Site Selection
Topography
The land topography must be consistent with the proposed facilities. There should
not be a particular drainage problem or an extensive levelling of the area. Sites should take
advantage of natural features that can serve as a buffer between active and developmental areas.
Parks should take advantage of unusual characteristics such as waterfalls, cliffs, rivers, valleys and
The suggested site should be adequate in size and inshape to accommodate all the
equipment and facilities required to undertake the proposed program and to separate areas of
different age groups. Large space in active recreation areas offers a buffer between the areas and the
People are either moving their bodies because they have to or they want to. The need to
move one's body in everyday life has dramatically declined. If all paid work, housework, and leisure
are examined to what extent they contribute to physical activity, the evidence suggests that leisure is
now the part of life in which the most physical activity takes place. (Chow, 2007 ; Trojani et al.,
2006).
Park and recreation services offer close - to - home, free or low - cost, readily accessible
areas, facilities, programs, and instruction, thus providing pleasurable opportunities for physical
activity. The vast majority of the public use these services and would be used to an even greater
recreation and park services is associated with significantly higher rates of physical activity. A
recent systematic review of literature by Kaczynski and Henderson (2007) summarized the evidence
of proximity and physical activity for park and recreation. Eight of the 13 articles that specifically
examined parks and physical activity concluded that some positive associations existed between
Get Park and Recreation Services Even Closer to the People and More Accessible
The strongest evidence of all scientific evidence linking parks to physical activity is the
relationship between close access to parks and physical activity. It should be a top priority to ensure
adequate park access and proximity for all Americans. First, in close proximity to where Americans
currently live, learn, work, and worship, there is a need to create new park and recreation facilities. In
some cases, especially in the nation's fast - growing regions, new park and recreation facilities or new
Next, travel links to new and existing park and recreation facilities need to be enhanced.
Improving access to known park opportunities could focus on improving transit connections in two
ways: by creating connecting routes to parks from residential areas, schools, workplaces, and
shopping areas, and by changing policies to enable existing parks and playgrounds to be used by a
broader population.
Design and Renovate Parks to Increase Physical Activity Across the Life Span
It is necessary to ensure that park and recreation facilities are able to attract visitors by
offering a range of interesting and active recreation opportunities. The presence of active park
features and supports has been shown to be associated with higher levels of use and moderate
Promote Parks and Recreation Services as an Essential Component of the Healthcare System
Ultimately, stakeholders determine how park and recreation services are positioned or
perceived in relation to other services. Park and recreation agencies should consider health and active
living as the central positioning platform for changing or strengthening participants, legislative
bodies, partners, and staff perceptions, particularly within municipal and urban contexts.
Lack of local park awareness and opportunities for recreation is a reason people often report
not to use these services. To change this, it is necessary to support prestigious and well - funded
business and media partners to convey a unified health and active - living message stating that local
park and recreation services are ideal places to be physically active throughout life.
Community Concerns
Many merchants and residents have expressed strong concerns about having a park in the
Rosemary District. Their concerns are based on this:
CONCERN #1: SECURITY. Because of the proximity of the Salvation Army and the
Resurrection House, there is concern that the park will be used as a gathering place for
RESPONSE: The Park as an open green space will be no different from numerous
properties in the Rosemary District that are already open and accessible. If security and
secure fence around the property that would be locked during the night. Other options
CONCERN #2: PARKING. The park has the potential to bring people on foot, but also
RESPONSE: a proposed parking overflow plan is included in the proposal. Parking for
special events is available in numerous open lots. RPM would require the event
coordinator to submit a parking plan, depending on the size of the event. There seems to
be enough public parking in nearby lots, on the streets and within walking distance to
traffic during the day. If this is not satisfactory, a portion of the City property could be
used specifically for parking in the park. Currently, the Rosemary District hosts a major
"Rosemary Rising" event that draws over 1,500 people to the district, and parking does
not seem to be a problem. There's also enough space on the lot to add parking spaces for
CONCERN # 3: MAINTENANCE. The park will be used by the general public and by
private events, who will keep the park and make it clean?
RESPONSE: RPM has budgeted in the proposal for regular maintenance and trash pick -
up. For private events, cleaning and removing all trash after the event will be a
requirement of the event host. The cost of park maintenance will not be assessed for
CONCERN #4: NOISE. The park will be used for events that violate noise and
pollute noise.
RESPONSE: Any entity using the park for an event would require a noise permit from
the City to be included in the RPM proposal. Rosemary District currently hosts large
events including live bands and noise from Rosemary Rising. There would be no
The three functions that an urban park should possess – PROAP Landscape
We have tried to add new meanings and new uses of space in a search for contemporary
meaning and, above all, to achieve this achievement without disfiguring the place, without
distortion, loss or misinterpretation of the signs that have always existed there and that will
eventually prevail. Urban parks now fulfill various social functions, ranging from the
recreational needs of contemplations, such as feeling the wind, smells, sounds and light, to the
need to recreate informal urban dynamics, such as jumping, wandering, playing with children or
sunbathing. Both necessities require large surfaces that are uncompromising, such as green
clearings, protected woods or even comfortable paths. Although Lisbon exists along the river, the
minds of the inhabitants are still very far from it. Therefore, spaces within the city must be
created that will provide the growing desire for "urban beach." Second, parks are areas of high
soil respiration. They are the excellent places to create new ecological sanctuaries, breaking
down urban continuities. Consequently, they are areas of conscientious contrast to urban spaces.
Third, they are areas where soil productivity is actively protected. Thus, these green areas
should have protective shield characteristics, maintaining the levels of productivity, diversity and
functioning of natural systems, which, if necessary, can be activated for food production.
Together, these three gigantic functions are what the city parks should be and why they exist. There
are other important functions alongside these, of course, such as the fact that they are useful tools
for recovering degraded urban areas, revitalizing and upgrading urban sites, also working as
important tourist icons, and representative scenarios within the collective imaginary.
European political decisions tend to increase the loss of highly productive urban soils,
either through salinity, erosion, urban occupation, desertification, infrastructure building, etc.
But, in a global scenario where food costs may not stop rising, in a relatively near future, we may
find ourselves in need of urban settings where agriculture acquires special importance in
community life and survival. Urban parks certainly take a proper course in this context with
will make it particularly valuable to have free urban land available. On the other hand, when the most
important urban actions are based on the creation of urban parks, that is, they are the key elements for
urban renewal, we are assisting in a rare moment of urban investment. The development of these above
- mentioned concepts and trends depends on the expression and relative importance of each within
the different urban contexts and lifestyles of the cities themselves. Nevertheless, we strongly believe
that large investments will be the spaces strong enough to accommodate public equipment, the spaces
of landscape expression, at least in the European context, at the level of outdoor spaces.
Urban Park landscape should be more concerned with its users and uses by Dozzan +
The first hurdle we faced was the correct analysis of the structural capacity of the reformed
foundries. We have come up with a restore strategy that is very cost - effective and fully respects the
place's memory. Numerous workers operated in these workshops under extremely difficult conditions ;
it seemed evident to us that our task was to aim for a faithful restoration so that the worksite's memory
remained, though its conversion. In the soil itself, contaminated with heavy metals left over from the
foundry operations, there was a second difficulty. The design solution consisted of confining the wastes
one meter above the original natural soil by building the garden ground. This earthwork enables the
garden to be isolated from the streets, thereby accentuating its otherworldliness, both private and
inward - looking. Finally, the third issue was to imagine a garden "under roof" without the natural and
direct rainwater collection. We installed tanks for rainwater. These reservoirs provide sufficient water
storage for the combined drip and spray irrigation system to water all plants except for the driest peak
in the summer. I believe that urban parks should evolve towards more uncertainty in a way similar to
future urban design. While retaining the history and geography of the sites, for everyone's delight, the
landscapes of tomorrow should be less defined, less designed and therefore more concerned with users
and uses. Sustainable development would be integrated as plain evidence rather than as a separate
specific theme.
Humanity – a significant aspect that future park should consider – Rios Clementi Hale Studios
Euclid Park is fully accessible to the disabled with curved, textured walkways, raised flower
beds and accessible gardening plants. At the same time, rolling topography introduced to a previously
flat site helps to control and contain drainage of storm water while providing opportunities for passive
and active recreation. Cyclists are welcome to use a concrete bike path to cut through the park or park
for access to community gardens. Euclid Park serves as a community "backyard" as a resource for this
densely populated area of apartments. It offers outdoor access space that apartment dwellers simply do
not have. Included for public use are a generous stretch of lawn, public gardens for planting vegetables,
play equipment for young children, a shade structure with seating, even wifi access. The park space is
designed to serve individuals as well as groups as seen in the shade structure design, which doubles as a
performance stage or focal point for the adjacent, sloping lawn area. As more people move to cities,
increasing urban density, parks serve a critical purpose in providing a growing population with personal
relief and community resources. A desire to provide mobility as another key issue for the design of
future parks for our aging population, as well as for disabled people. Other factors are community
gardens — allowing urban residents to "farm" and grow food that benefits the public through improved
diet — resource conservation, personal responsibility, and composting recycling. Creating challenging
landscapes in the form of topography, walking and cycling paths and recreational equipment is a critical
element in keeping our population fit and healthy. For the direct benefit of our local and global
Our proposal was made up of three speeches. The interventions ' ideas were based on workshops
with neighborhood schoolchildren. The stage originally planned in the preliminary plan has become a
We introduced the skate - stage by adding steel benches to an intimate area surrounded by
ancient typical dune vegetation. The oval and elevated stage can also function as a small skate park as a
meeting place for the youth of the neighborhood. It also allows for open - air performances as requested
by the near - site primary schools. The Dune Towers Two towers have a double skin, one made of
inland oak and one made of welded mesh that is very transparent. The double skin allows various routes
through the tower's interior and plays a dark and light game. The bridges are based on the same
principle, one that is very open, allowing everyone to experience the height "fear," and one that is very
closed with the oak planks ' kaleidoscopic blinding effect. The Water Play The Netherlands dunes near
Velsen serve as a natural water filter system and are the water resource for the entire area, including
Amsterdam. There has been a water play area on this site since the former century in the sixties. We
were asked to design a new play area for water. Nearly twenty aluminum masts, twelve meters in
diameter, are placed on an inclined concrete pedestal. Graved with a circular equivalent of ripples of
sand as found on the beach and formed by the wind, the pedestals guide the water back to the basin of
recollection. The masts and pedestal together provide for water to play with surprising effects with a
minimum quantity of water and a sustainable water recovery to prevent large quantities of water to keep
Landscape management, a multi - faceted field that seeks to integrate human activity and
landscape resources, includes visual resource management, recreational assets, natural and scientific
areas, and cultural and historical resources ; it also involves restoring and reclaiming degraded
landscapes. Robert Megquier, CorLands Land Conservation Director in the Chicago area, is aware of
the key role of consistent management and high quality maintenance to ensure parks are safe and
welcoming to the community. Megquier believes that effective management of the landscape and
Megquier uses the ELM (elevated landscape management) system, a consistent site
management approach that enhances the park's appearance, addresses the landscape's health, responds
to community uses, and diversifies the landscape elements. The elements of the landscape include both
natural features and facilities such as play equipment, tennis courts, swimming pools, ball fields, picnic
areas, toilets, parking areas and grassy areas suitable for informal games.
dedicated to helping northeastern Illinois communities increase the amount and quality of open space.
CorLands has used a variety of conservation tools since its foundation in 1977 to help local
governments and private landowners save more than $ 400 million worth of open space on more than
10,000 acres (4,047 hectares). CorLands provides technical assistance to communities and local
governments, assisting with park and recreation land acquisition, acquisition planning, easements for
Design has a huge impact on how a park is experienced by users. Good, responsible design
results in a beautiful, green, safe, clean park which will have a strong positive impact on the
community. The park design should be integrated with surrounding uses and should be accessible and
attractive to users with a wide variety of ages, backgrounds, interests and abilities. Features such as
lighting, seating (mobile and fixed), toilets and food and drink sales all contribute to a park's comfort
and appeal. Esthetic considerations should not stop at the boundaries of the park: gateways are the
perimeter of the park and the adjacent sidewalks, and are also an important part of the experience of
users.
Staying up - to - date and accommodating diverse users is critical for park design. Design
options should address changes in community needs and trends in recreation. For instance, park
design adaptations can address changes in fitness trends or demand for facilities like dog runs or skate
parks.
Park maintenance is closely linked to security: an urban park can degenerate rapidly from a
valued community asset to a fear - inducing safety hazard without proper care and maintenance.
Maintenance and management standards based on results can help to keep parks safe, clean and
What includes good maintenance? In clearly marked vehicles, pleasant, well - trained and
uniform maintenance personnel and park officials create a sense of careful oversight. Welcome signs
that include the park manager's name reinforce the idea of personal attention being given to the park.
Rigorous enforcement of rules cuts down the lowest level of disorder, discouraging the potential for
violent crime. Clean toilets, regular removal of trash and prompt repair of broken equipment are key
Finally, in the form of park staff, visitors, or nearby residents, "eyes on the park" help create a
safe and welcoming atmosphere. In some communities, voluntary park watch members or an
ambassador program regularly stroll or bike through the park wearing readily identifiable shirts or
jackets.
In many ways, parks and open areas contribute to a community's health and safety. A
generous supply of open spaces in urban areas contributes to the urban psychosocial "equilibrium.".
Proprietarily situated, flood damage can be controlled, water quality can be maintained, groundwater
supplies replenished, air pollution reduced and high - quality agricultural lands conserved. The
public's economic assets are also parks and open spaces. It is important to attract or promote the
expansion of new industries and trade in a community. Studies show that the community's recreation
and leisure facilities in business location choices are important. Finally, a park and an open system
impact the city's growth and form and determine whether the city is an attractive or not.
Urban Park Framework
The county's diverse park system provides residents with a good quality of life to contribute to
its economic and social benefits. 80% of County households currently use County Parks, are typically
highly actively engaged in at least five activities. Recreation demand and trends of use in county
households can change over time and must be monitored closely for the park alignment of uses and
user preferences.
The following urban park typeology develops a common terminology for planning and
building parks within the urbanizing centers of Fairfax County. This typeology will also clarify 2
expectations of community policy makers and developers who are committed to implementing
changes to current patterns of development and addressing the need for parks and recreation in these
areas.
In urban space, open space is an essential element. In an urban view, open space with different
privacy and hierarchy is external, unblocked space that enhances air movement.It has meaning in
improving the urban environment and delivering citizens ' needs. Optimizing open space and social
facilities is therefore a common urban policy for supporting the family, maintaining the city's green
Opposed to open space is indoor space. Figure - ground analysis is a common method for
distinguishing the two extremes when analyzing the relationship between indoor space and outdoor open
space. The height and complexity of buildings are ignored in a figure - ground diagram.On the contrary,
we can only recognize the solid and the void, the solid described as "figure," while the void
described as "ground".The differences between the figure and ground had been described by Colin
Rowe and Fred Koetter (1978). In figure - ground plan, they represent two extreme and fundamental
elements as well as two deep meanings in the mind of people.Figure is a solid mass appearing as a
black object, whereas ground is an open void appearing as a white field.Figure is matter for a deep
meaning that resists spirit liberation but ground enhances it.Therefore, open space has an essential
meaning that is more than a place for relaxation and play, compensating for the deficiency and impact
The consideration of community gardens as a form of urban open space was a relatively recent
phenomenon despite the lengthy history of urban gardening. Francis et al. (1984) recalled their
investigations into New York City in the 1970s that planners and policy makers simply failed to
consider community gardens as part of the city's formal open-space system. Most, if not all,
community gardens were believed to be short-lived (Francis et al., 1984). Indeed, many cases were
perpetuating "the notion that land is ultimately still vacant[ occupied by community gardens]" (Drakes
and Lawson, 2014, 133). Francis (1987) also found that the value of gardens as a permanent open
space was discerned by all the officials interviewed by a comparative study of a formal Park and
community gardens in Sacramento. Although both park and garden users value gardens, "city officials
consider them primarily a temporary solution to the vacant land problem" (Francis 1987, 110).
Fencing
Only two playing areas were surrounded by a fence at least 1,2 m in height. The primary role
of a clasp is to allow several children to play safely in a built area, regardless of their ability. Enclosed
playgrounds are usually contained exclusively in pre-school areas. The law in New Zealand states that
open shutters must be safe so that children do not leave the area without the parent or caregiver's
knowledge. Risks include nearby rivers, flows and waterways, busy roads in the vicinity of the city of
Sri Lanka, the presence of dogs, decreased sight lines due to vegetation or other structures. If a family
or guardian knows that their child or customer could walk around or run around, it is unlikely to take
them without a fence to a park or playground. Conversely, fencing can be costly and it can also be
None of the parks or playgrounds they evaluated provided traffic lighting. Whether the lights
should be used in public parks and playgrounds is unclear in present literature. In areas not for night
time use, lighting should not be provided by National Guidelines for Crime Prevention through
areas. The Public Spaces project states that lighting is the only design feature requested for increased
safety. Primary pedestrian walking is the highest priority. Increased use of the parks as a result of
increased lighting provides passive monitoring to discourage crime and to support the core guidelines
of the CPTED Guidelines. However, the increased use of the parks, particularly after darkness can
associate with anti-social behaving. The proposal was made to encourage evening use by older
children and adults with appropriate illumination, such as tennis courts, basketball courts, skate parks,
playgrounds, etc.
Drinking fountain
The play areas had a well. The height of all drinking wells was at least 0.9 m. However, none
served the users standing and sitting at different heights by having several spouts.
Rest Areas
All the parks were sitting near the playground or relaxing, but only one park had arm rests on
the seats. All seats were advised of the height of 0.35 m to 0.52 m. No park had a less stimulating and
However, every toilet had two points of access; one had stairs, or another had a walking
distance greater than 20 meters from the play area. All toilets had an accessible route. There was no
power toilet, there was a toilet button to push doors open, and no toilet door opened.
With the presence in private garden of a diverse Biota and considerable enthusiasm for'
panacea for the conservation of biodiversity. The opposite is often true, however, with urban areas
posing a real threat to indigenous biodiversity. The transfer of wildlife disease can be accelerated by
urbanization and Gardens also provide the source for a major predator, the domestic cat. The cats '
density was estimated to be at least 132 km −2 in urban areas in Britain, while the average predation
rate was estimated to be 21 prey cat −1 y−1. The impacts on urban bird populations of cat predation as
However, private gardens are a focus of exotic or non-local plants in other garden organisms,
in particular in the warming climate. The impact of plants in the wilderness on other garden
organisms. Invasive exotic species that are previously out of gardens have had major effects on the
world's economy and conservation. Exotic knitweeds of Fallopia spp, for example, are dense. In
riparian habitats in Europe, they replace natural vegetation, which has reduced plant and diversity of
invertebrates.
Cultural Identity and the Sense of Belonging
The idea of cultural identity cannot separate a sense of membership that is usually denoted by
the way in which people attach themselves to a particular culture or societies. The Council defines
cultural identity as "a sense of belonging and attaching to a particular way of life[ including language,
religion, art, food, values, traditions and any other everyday life— according to the Australian Ethnic
Affairs Council. This sense of belonging is usually influenced by the way the individual lives within
its own community, whose culture is unconsciously established by means of shared premises, values,
definitions, beliefs and patterns (Adler, 2002). The process of creating a sense of belonging is
influenced both by the original culture and the host culture of migrants living in different cultures and
locations (Cleveland, Laroche, Pons and Kastoun 2009). The word ' acculturation,' which was defined
in his initial speech (e.g. Melting Pot Theory), as having an interest in assimilation (Park, 1914, in
SOPARC can obtain information on users of the parks and their physical activities using a
momentary time sampling. The system for monitoring playing and recreation in communities. We
carried out a literature review of studies using the SOPARC tool for the study to describe the
observational methods and for the extraction of the general use of public parks, demographic and
physical activity levels. For a long-lasting observational study published in English in peer reviewed
newspapers through 2014, we have been looking for PubMed, Embase and SPORTDiscus. The 34
articles included 24 studies. Per study, the number of parks observed was 3 to 50. During one season,
most studies observed parks. The number of days in parks ranged from 1 to 16, with 16 studies taking
place for 5 days or more. The studies contained a minimum of one weekday and all but two included a
minimum of one weekend. Parks from 1 to 14 times a day have been observed, with most studies
observing at least 4 times a day. All studies contained observations on both morning and afternoon,
with one exception. There were a broad range of park users with generally more males than females
visiting parks and older adults under other age groups (1.0 to 152.6 people / park / sighting period).
The levels of physical activity for parks users varied widely across study settings, with younger
people generally more active than adults and younger children. In order to improve future studies
using the tool, to demonstrate how to compare park data, and to inform park promotions and
Alaa-Aldin Sarhan, Yasser Farghaly, Raina Elsayed (2016) Measures and attributes for sustaibalility
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.04.040
Archana Gaikwad, Kiran Shinde (2019) Use of Parks by older persons and perceived health benefits:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.08.001
Bennett, N. (2009) Conservation, Community Benefit, Capacity Building and the Social
Economy: A Case Study of Lutsel K’e and the Proposed National Park. Unpublished
University
Bedimo-Rung, A., Mowen, A., and Cohen, D. (2005) The significance of parks to physical activity
Medicine,28(2),159–168.
Brown, R., Jennifer Vanos, Natasha Kenny, Sanda Lenzholzer (2015) Designing urban parks that
ameliorate the effects of climate change. Landscape and Urban Planning. 138, 118-131.
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/landurbplan
Capadiso, Chico, Pastrana, Real (2009) Physical Planning standards for open spaces. Retrieved from :
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/21703071/Open-Space
Guitart, D., Pickering, C., Byrne J. (2012) Past results and future directions in urban community gardens
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.06.007
Geoffrey Godbey, Andrew Mowen (2010) The Benefits of physical Activity Provided by park and
Association.
Imas Agustina, R Beilin (2012) Community Gardens: Space for Interactions and Adaptation.
Procedia
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.048
John Colding, S. Barthel (2013) The potential of Urban Green Commons in the resilience building of
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.10.016
Jeffrey Hou, D. Grohmann (2018) Integrating community gardens into urban parks: Lessons in
planning, design and partnership from Seattle. Urban Forestry &Urban Greening,
33,46-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.05.007
Evenson, K. R., Jones, S. A., Holliday, K. M., Cohen, D. A., Mckenzie, T. L. (2016) Park
characteristics, use and physical activity: A review of studies using SOPARC ( System
for observing Play and Recreation in Communities) . Preventive Medicin,. 86, 153-166.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.029
Kamarul Bahrain Shuib, Hahsah hashim, Nurul Akmaniza Mohd Nasir (2015) Community
Participation Strategies in Planning for Urban Parks. Procedia – Social and Behavioral
Participation Strategies in Planning for Urban Parks. Procedia – Social and Behavioral
Goddard, M. A., Dougill, A. J., Benton, T. G. (2010) Scaling up from gardens: biodiversity
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.016
Perry Ph.D., M. A., Devan Ph.D., H., Fitzgerald B.Phty, H., Han B. Phty, H., Liu B. Phty., L., Rouse, J.
B.Phty (2018) Accessibility and usability of parks and play grounds. Disability and
Sadeghian, M. M., Vardanyan, Z. (2017) ABrief Review on Urban Park History, Classification and
Available at https://www.scribd.com/document/355268453/Urban-park
Saitta B.Phty., M., Devan Ph.D, H., Boland Ph.D., P. Perry B.Phty, M.A., MManipTh (2019)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2018.07.006
Nathan Bennett, Raynald Harvey Lemelin, Stephen Ellis (2010) Aboriginal and local Perspectives on
National Park And the Lutsel K’e Dene First Nation. Geography Research Forum, 30,
105-134.
Petrovic, N., Simpson, T., Orlove, B., Dowd-Uribe, B (2019) Environmental and Social dimensions of
community gardens in East Harlem. Landscape and Urban Planning. 183, 36-49.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.10.009
Kamper, K., Wesener, A., Munderlein, D., Sondermann, M., McWillam, W. Kirk N. (2018) Urban
enablers and barriers at different development stages. Landscape and Urban Planning,
Web 1: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Hostile_architecture
Web 2: https://hostiledesign.org/
Web 3: http://www.citypopulation.de/php/philippines-luzon-admin.php?adm2id=043404
Web 4: https://www.google.com/maps
Web 5: http://www.psa.gov.ph/content/2016-annual-survey-philippine-business-and-industry-aspbi-
arts-entertainment-and-recreation
http://www.citypopulation.info/php/philippines-luzon-admin.php?adm2id=043404
https://www.thenewstoday.info/2008/10/24/the.plaza.as.a.historical.and.cultural.space.html