Review of Related Literature

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Review of Related Literature

Based on the research of Mohammad Mehdi and Zhirayr Vardanyan, a park is a natural,

semi-natural, planted area for human pleasure and recreation or for the protection of nature or

wildlife. It can be grassy areas, rocks and soil, but it can also contain monuments, springs, or

structures in the playground. Parks are part of a wide range of land uses known as public open

spaces. These locations cover a wide range of purposes devoted to the needs and interests of

different groups and many population subdivisions. They are designed to meet the needs of young

and old people, men and women, rich and poor and people with varying abilities for leisure, leisure

and educational purposes. A public and private partner may be owned or owned by public areas and

facilities. All such public areas can be divided into two large space families: squares, roads and

parkland. (Mohammed Mehdi Sadeghian, 2015)

Parks and Plazas

In contemporary usage, any meeting place can be on or between streets, the crossing of a

street with a statue, etc. In recent times urban scenery often integrates "plaza" as an element of

design or as a result of the guidelines for zoning. When the street is regarded as a transport function,

it is important to be an effective traffic transporter. The surrounding buildings and their use become

important in the definition of the street when the context of the street is revealed. Since the early

Greek and Roman times, squares and streets have been part of the city. Their forms have

dramatically changed, but have remained constant as public spaces. (Mohammed Mehdi Sadeghian,

2015)
Scale of Parks

An open area controlled by the administration is a public park. The level of participation by

the government is related to the scale and classification of the park. The size of a park may be

smaller or smaller than a national park. There is a government agency with authority for each

classification of the park. Four main park types exist: national, provincial, regional and municipal.

(Mohammed Mehdi Sadeghian, 2015)

National Parks

A national park is a conservation park used for purposes of conservation. It is often a reserve

that a sovereign State declares or possesses, of natural, semi-natural, or developed land. Though

each nation designates its own national parks in a different way, there is a common idea: preserving

the wild for prosperity and symbolizing domestic pride three categories of parks are covered in the

National Park System: National Historic Parks, National Parks and Linear Parks. (Mohammed

Mehdi Sadeghian, 2015)

Provincial Parks

There are provincial parks between the municipal parks and federal parks. In several

provinces, huge provincial parks have been established, which are similar to a range of Canadian

national parks in terms of scope, resources and management Controlling level of government does

not determine the size of a park. The provincial park may in some cases be larger than that of a

national park.
Regional Parks

A regional park is a preserved area of land because of its natural beauty, historical interest,

recreational use or other reason and under local government administration. A regional park can be a

special park district that encompasses a region that crosses various jurisdictional borders or a single

park system, like provinces, counties or towns. (Mohammed Mehdi Sadeghian, 2015)

Municipal Parks

Within its governing body, each municipality works in partnership with other departments to

maintain and manage municipal parks and to plan them. Municipal Parks are  area that is zoned or

otherwise designated by municipal code as a public park for the purpose of recreational activity.

Municipal park, playground, athletic field, recreation building, and community center operated on a

noncommercial basis for recreation purposes. (Mohammed Mehdi Sadeghian, 2015)

City Parks

The city parks serve the whole city and include areas with special natural characteristics,

historical importance or centralized cultural sites. In most cases, the facilities are aimed at adults and

families.
Community Park

The area from which a town attracts visitors to community parks is usually considered

around2,4 kilometers away from the Park. Community parks serve a much wider area than

neighborhood parks and propose additional facilities. They serve as a focal point for community

activity, and therefore are proposed to provide the facilities or intensity for communities where

noise and light are suitable for the neighborhood. Parking and toilets are generally offered.

Community parks can also provide this function if the neighborhood parks are not available.

Depending on its size, visual character, natural determinants or location, a community park

could meet one or several of the Community's following recreation needs: ecologically sensitive and

unique, natural areas where nature is preserved by means of public protection for future generations.

The applications are predominantly passive and include trails, picnics, views and education on the

environment. Areas designed to accommodate the diversity of outdoor, structured or unstructured

activities. Spa, playground, waterfront, pools, community parks, skating and outdoor amphitheaters

can be included in the property. (Mohammed Mehdi Sadeghian, 2015)

Neighborhood Park

In residential areas there are small parks for informal recreation. Neighborhood parks

generally serve a radius of 500 to 800 metres, and provide a neighborhood level local park function.

Parks can provide both active and passive recreation facilities at this level. There are currently

standards of 0.6 ha per 1000 residents for neighbourhood parks. It offers a wide variety of different

facilities. Active facilities include a playground, basketball court, seating, a shelter, tennis facilities,

multi-use courts, horseshoe pitch, pavilion, and play meadows. Neighborhood parks should be

distributed equitably across town to serve local citizens. They are small in size (under 1000 m2) and

are suitable for unattended or organized activities in the neighborhood. In general there is a

neighborhood park which accommodates various activities, including a play area, seasonal wading

swimming pools, picnicking, a passive open grass and open-air basketball courts.
Buffers

These are linear open spaces that are used for movement, for the purposes of identifying and

defining developmental areas, or for using inconvenient elements to control pollution

ornamentation. Buffers are trees and elements that reduce noise that will pass through the area.

Function and System of Open Space Parks

In many ways parks and open areas contribute to a community's health and safety. A

generous supply of open spaces in urban spaces contributes to the urban psycho-socio-equilibrium.

In the best locations, flood damage can be managed, water quality preserves can be preserved,

groundwater supplies are regenerated, air pollution is reduced and cropland of high value

maintained, the buffer between conflicts between use and enhanced community. Park and open

spaces also offer the community an economic asset. They are important factors that attract or

encourage new industries and trade to a community. Studies tend to show that a community has

important recreation and leisure facilities for business decisions.

Site Selection

Topography

The land topography must be consistent with the proposed facilities. There should

not be a particular drainage problem or an extensive levelling of the area. Sites should take

advantage of natural features that can serve as a buffer between active and developmental areas.

Parks should take advantage of unusual characteristics such as waterfalls, cliffs, rivers, valleys and

other topographical irregularities.


Area, Shape and Size

The suggested site should be adequate in size and inshape to accommodate all the

equipment and facilities required to undertake the proposed program and to separate areas of

different age groups. Large space in active recreation areas offers a buffer between the areas and the

residential areas surrounding them.

Percieved and Desired benefits related to the creation of a National Park


Benefits of Physical Activity Provided by Park and Recreation Services

People are either moving their bodies because they have to or they want to. The need to

move one's body in everyday life has dramatically declined. If all paid work, housework, and leisure

are examined to what extent they contribute to physical activity, the evidence suggests that leisure is

now the part of life in which the most physical activity takes place. (Chow, 2007 ; Trojani et al.,

2006).

Park and recreation services offer close - to - home, free or low - cost, readily accessible

areas, facilities, programs, and instruction, thus providing pleasurable opportunities for physical

activity. The vast majority of the public use these services and would be used to an even greater

extent if additional investments were made in them (Active LivingResearch,2010).


Scientific evidence is compelling that investment with health benefits in close - to - home

recreation and park services is associated with significantly higher rates of physical activity. A

recent systematic review of literature by Kaczynski and Henderson (2007) summarized the evidence

of proximity and physical activity for park and recreation. Eight of the 13 articles that specifically

examined parks and physical activity concluded that some positive associations existed between

proximity to the park and physical activity.

Get Park and Recreation Services Even Closer to the People and More Accessible

The strongest evidence of all scientific evidence linking parks to physical activity is the

relationship between close access to parks and physical activity. It should be a top priority to ensure

adequate park access and proximity for all Americans. First, in close proximity to where Americans

currently live, learn, work, and worship, there is a need to create new park and recreation facilities. In

some cases, especially in the nation's fast - growing regions, new park and recreation facilities or new

connections to these sites need to be built.

Next, travel links to new and existing park and recreation facilities need to be enhanced.

Improving access to known park opportunities could focus on improving transit connections in two

ways: by creating connecting routes to parks from residential areas, schools, workplaces, and

shopping areas, and by changing policies to enable existing parks and playgrounds to be used by a

broader population.
Design and Renovate Parks to Increase Physical Activity Across the Life Span

It is necessary to ensure that park and recreation facilities are able to attract visitors by

offering a range of interesting and active recreation opportunities. The presence of active park

features and supports has been shown to be associated with higher levels of use and moderate

to vigorous physical activity.

Promote Parks and Recreation Services as an Essential Component of the Healthcare System

Ultimately, stakeholders determine how park and recreation services are positioned or

perceived in relation to other services. Park and recreation agencies should consider health and active

living as the central positioning platform for changing or strengthening participants, legislative

bodies, partners, and staff perceptions, particularly within municipal and urban contexts.

Lack of local park awareness and opportunities for recreation is a reason people often report

not to use these services. To change this, it is necessary to support prestigious and well - funded

business and media partners to convey a unified health and active - living message stating that local

park and recreation services are ideal places to be physically active throughout life.
Community Concerns

Many merchants and residents have expressed strong concerns about having a park in the
Rosemary District. Their concerns are based on this:

CONCERN #1: SECURITY. Because of the proximity of the Salvation Army and the

Resurrection House, there is concern that the park will be used as a gathering place for

the homeless and a danger to the neighborhood.

RESPONSE: The Park as an open green space will be no different from numerous

properties in the Rosemary District that are already open and accessible. If security and

property control is a serious concern, this proposal provides an option to construct a

secure fence around the property that would be locked during the night. Other options

include improved lighting and security cameras.

CONCERN #2: PARKING. The park has the potential to bring people on foot, but also

by car, to the Rosemary District. How to handle overflow parking?

RESPONSE: a proposed parking overflow plan is included in the proposal. Parking for

special events is available in numerous open lots. RPM would require the event

coordinator to submit a parking plan, depending on the size of the event. There seems to

be enough public parking in nearby lots, on the streets and within walking distance to

traffic during the day. If this is not satisfactory, a portion of the City property could be

used specifically for parking in the park. Currently, the Rosemary District hosts a major

"Rosemary Rising" event that draws over 1,500 people to the district, and parking does
not seem to be a problem. There's also enough space on the lot to add parking spaces for

everyday traffic as well.

CONCERN # 3: MAINTENANCE. The park will be used by the general public and by

private events, who will keep the park and make it clean?

RESPONSE: RPM has budgeted in the proposal for regular maintenance and trash pick -

up. For private events, cleaning and removing all trash after the event will be a

requirement of the event host. The cost of park maintenance will not be assessed for

residents or businesses in the neighborhood.

CONCERN #4: NOISE. The park will be used for events that violate noise and
pollute noise.

RESPONSE: Any entity using the park for an event would require a noise permit from

the City to be included in the RPM proposal. Rosemary District currently hosts large

events including live bands and noise from Rosemary Rising. There would be no

difference in handling this than existing events. (Rich Swier, 2011)


Potential Revenue base on modest Event Program:

Source: (Rosemary Creative Park Proposal, 2011)

The three functions that an urban park should possess – PROAP Landscape

We have tried to add new meanings and new uses of space in a search for contemporary

meaning and, above all, to achieve this achievement without disfiguring the place, without

distortion, loss or misinterpretation of the signs that have always existed there and that will

eventually prevail. Urban parks now fulfill various social functions, ranging from the
recreational needs of contemplations, such as feeling the wind, smells, sounds and light, to the

need to recreate informal urban dynamics, such as jumping, wandering, playing with children or

sunbathing. Both necessities require large surfaces that are uncompromising, such as green

clearings, protected woods or even comfortable paths. Although Lisbon exists along the river, the

minds of the inhabitants are still very far from it. Therefore, spaces within the city must be

created that will provide the growing desire for "urban beach." Second, parks are areas of high

permeability, groundwater recharge, hydrographic functioning contribution, water retention and

soil respiration. They are the excellent places to create new ecological sanctuaries, breaking

down urban continuities. Consequently, they are areas of conscientious contrast to urban spaces.

Third, they are areas where soil productivity is actively protected. Thus, these green areas

should have protective shield characteristics, maintaining the levels of productivity, diversity and

functioning of natural systems, which, if necessary, can be activated for food production.

Together, these three gigantic functions are what the city parks should be and why they exist. There

are other important functions alongside these, of course, such as the fact that they are useful tools

for recovering degraded urban areas, revitalizing and upgrading urban sites, also working as

important tourist icons, and representative scenarios within the collective imaginary.

European political decisions tend to increase the loss of highly productive urban soils,

either through salinity, erosion, urban occupation, desertification, infrastructure building, etc.

But, in a global scenario where food costs may not stop rising, in a relatively near future, we may

find ourselves in need of urban settings where agriculture acquires special importance in

community life and survival. Urban parks certainly take a proper course in this context with

regard to new demands for agricultural production. Rural farmland will


obviously remain in use, but the potential increase in prices, coupled with the shortage of cheap food,

will make it particularly valuable to have free urban land available. On the other hand, when the most

important urban actions are based on the creation of urban parks, that is, they are the key elements for

urban renewal, we are assisting in a rare moment of urban investment. The development of these above

- mentioned concepts and trends depends on the expression and relative importance of each within

the different urban contexts and lifestyles of the cities themselves. Nevertheless, we strongly believe

that large investments will be the spaces strong enough to accommodate public equipment, the spaces

of landscape expression, at least in the European context, at the level of outdoor spaces.

Urban Park landscape should be more concerned with its users and uses by Dozzan +

Hirschberger & Associates

The first hurdle we faced was the correct analysis of the structural capacity of the reformed

foundries. We have come up with a restore strategy that is very cost - effective and fully respects the

place's memory. Numerous workers operated in these workshops under extremely difficult conditions ;

it seemed evident to us that our task was to aim for a faithful restoration so that the worksite's memory

remained, though its conversion. In the soil itself, contaminated with heavy metals left over from the

foundry operations, there was a second difficulty. The design solution consisted of confining the wastes

one meter above the original natural soil by building the garden ground. This earthwork enables the

garden to be isolated from the streets, thereby accentuating its otherworldliness, both private and

inward - looking. Finally, the third issue was to imagine a garden "under roof" without the natural and

direct rainwater collection. We installed tanks for rainwater. These reservoirs provide sufficient water

storage for the combined drip and spray irrigation system to water all plants except for the driest peak

in the summer. I believe that urban parks should evolve towards more uncertainty in a way similar to

future urban design. While retaining the history and geography of the sites, for everyone's delight, the
landscapes of tomorrow should be less defined, less designed and therefore more concerned with users

and uses. Sustainable development would be integrated as plain evidence rather than as a separate

specific theme.

Humanity – a significant aspect that future park should consider – Rios Clementi Hale Studios

Euclid Park is fully accessible to the disabled with curved, textured walkways, raised flower

beds and accessible gardening plants. At the same time, rolling topography introduced to a previously

flat site helps to control and contain drainage of storm water while providing opportunities for passive

and active recreation. Cyclists are welcome to use a concrete bike path to cut through the park or park

for access to community gardens. Euclid Park serves as a community "backyard" as a resource for this

densely populated area of apartments. It offers outdoor access space that apartment dwellers simply do

not have. Included for public use are a generous stretch of lawn, public gardens for planting vegetables,

play equipment for young children, a shade structure with seating, even wifi access. The park space is

designed to serve individuals as well as groups as seen in the shade structure design, which doubles as a

performance stage or focal point for the adjacent, sloping lawn area. As more people move to cities,

increasing urban density, parks serve a critical purpose in providing a growing population with personal

relief and community resources. A desire to provide mobility as another key issue for the design of

future parks for our aging population, as well as for disabled people. Other factors are community

gardens — allowing urban residents to "farm" and grow food that benefits the public through improved

diet — resource conservation, personal responsibility, and composting recycling. Creating challenging

landscapes in the form of topography, walking and cycling paths and recreational equipment is a critical

element in keeping our population fit and healthy. For the direct benefit of our local and global

economy, park design can foster the health of our economy.


The three interventions forms its three features – Carve

Our proposal was made up of three speeches. The interventions ' ideas were based on workshops

with neighborhood schoolchildren. The stage originally planned in the preliminary plan has become a

multifunctional area that attracts young people throughout the year.

We introduced the skate - stage by adding steel benches to an intimate area surrounded by

ancient typical dune vegetation. The oval and elevated stage can also function as a small skate park as a

meeting place for the youth of the neighborhood. It also allows for open - air performances as requested

by the near - site primary schools. The Dune Towers Two towers have a double skin, one made of

inland oak and one made of welded mesh that is very transparent. The double skin allows various routes

through the tower's interior and plays a dark and light game. The bridges are based on the same

principle, one that is very open, allowing everyone to experience the height "fear," and one that is very

closed with the oak planks ' kaleidoscopic blinding effect. The Water Play The Netherlands dunes near

Velsen serve as a natural water filter system and are the water resource for the entire area, including

Amsterdam. There has been a water play area on this site since the former century in the sixties. We

were asked to design a new play area for water. Nearly twenty aluminum masts, twelve meters in

diameter, are placed on an inclined concrete pedestal. Graved with a circular equivalent of ripples of

sand as found on the beach and formed by the wind, the pedestals guide the water back to the basin of

recollection. The masts and pedestal together provide for water to play with surprising effects with a

minimum quantity of water and a sustainable water recovery to prevent large quantities of water to keep

the system going.


Managing and Maintaining Parks for the term

Landscape management, a multi - faceted field that seeks to integrate human activity and

landscape resources, includes visual resource management, recreational assets, natural and scientific

areas, and cultural and historical resources ; it also involves restoring and reclaiming degraded

landscapes. Robert Megquier, CorLands Land Conservation Director in the Chicago area, is aware of

the key role of consistent management and high quality maintenance to ensure parks are safe and

welcoming to the community. Megquier believes that effective management of the landscape and

improved maintenance can increase accessibility and invitation to parks.

Megquier uses the ELM (elevated landscape management) system, a consistent site

management approach that enhances the park's appearance, addresses the landscape's health, responds

to community uses, and diversifies the landscape elements. The elements of the landscape include both

natural features and facilities such as play equipment, tennis courts, swimming pools, ball fields, picnic

areas, toilets, parking areas and grassy areas suitable for informal games.

CorLands, an affiliate of Openlands Project, a national non - profit conservation organization, is

dedicated to helping northeastern Illinois communities increase the amount and quality of open space.

CorLands has used a variety of conservation tools since its foundation in 1977 to help local

governments and private landowners save more than $ 400 million worth of open space on more than

10,000 acres (4,047 hectares). CorLands provides technical assistance to communities and local

governments, assisting with park and recreation land acquisition, acquisition planning, easements for

conservation and protection of wetlands.


Design for the Place and its Users

Design has a huge impact on how a park is experienced by users. Good, responsible design

results in a beautiful, green, safe, clean park which will have a strong positive impact on the

community. The park design should be integrated with surrounding uses and should be accessible and

attractive to users with a wide variety of ages, backgrounds, interests and abilities. Features such as

lighting, seating (mobile and fixed), toilets and food and drink sales all contribute to a park's comfort

and appeal. Esthetic considerations should not stop at the boundaries of the park: gateways are the

perimeter of the park and the adjacent sidewalks, and are also an important part of the experience of

users.

Staying up - to - date and accommodating diverse users is critical for park design. Design

options should address changes in community needs and trends in recreation. For instance, park

design adaptations can address changes in fitness trends or demand for facilities like dog runs or skate

parks.

Makes Maintenance Consistence

Park maintenance is closely linked to security: an urban park can degenerate rapidly from a

valued community asset to a fear - inducing safety hazard without proper care and maintenance.

Maintenance and management standards based on results can help to keep parks safe, clean and

welcoming for all parts of the park system.

What includes good maintenance? In clearly marked vehicles, pleasant, well - trained and

uniform maintenance personnel and park officials create a sense of careful oversight. Welcome signs

that include the park manager's name reinforce the idea of personal attention being given to the park.

Rigorous enforcement of rules cuts down the lowest level of disorder, discouraging the potential for
violent crime. Clean toilets, regular removal of trash and prompt repair of broken equipment are key

factors in making a good impression.

Finally, in the form of park staff, visitors, or nearby residents, "eyes on the park" help create a

safe and welcoming atmosphere. In some communities, voluntary park watch members or an

ambassador program regularly stroll or bike through the park wearing readily identifiable shirts or

jackets.

Physical Planning Standards for Open Spaces

Function of Park and Open Space System

In many ways, parks and open areas contribute to a community's health and safety. A

generous supply of open spaces in urban areas contributes to the urban psychosocial "equilibrium.".

Proprietarily situated, flood damage can be controlled, water quality can be maintained, groundwater

supplies replenished, air pollution reduced and high - quality agricultural lands conserved. The

public's economic assets are also parks and open spaces. It is important to attract or promote the

expansion of new industries and trade in a community. Studies show that the community's recreation

and leisure facilities in business location choices are important. Finally, a park and an open system

impact the city's growth and form and determine whether the city is an attractive or not.
Urban Park Framework

The county's diverse park system provides residents with a good quality of life to contribute to

its economic and social benefits. 80% of County households currently use County Parks, are typically

highly actively engaged in at least five activities. Recreation demand and trends of use in county

households can change over time and must be monitored closely for the park alignment of uses and

user preferences.

The following urban park typeology develops a common terminology for planning and

building parks within the urbanizing centers of Fairfax County. This typeology will also clarify 2

expectations of community policy makers and developers who are committed to implementing

changes to current patterns of development and addressing the need for parks and recreation in these

areas.

The Role of Open Space in Urban

In urban space, open space is an essential element. In an urban view, open space with different

privacy and hierarchy is external, unblocked space that enhances air movement.It has meaning in

improving the urban environment and delivering citizens ' needs. Optimizing open space and social

facilities is therefore a common urban policy for supporting the family, maintaining the city's green

area and improving the city.

Positive Open Space

Opposed to open space is indoor space. Figure - ground analysis is a common method for

distinguishing the two extremes when analyzing the relationship between indoor space and outdoor open

space. The height and complexity of buildings are ignored in a figure - ground diagram.On the contrary,

we can only recognize the solid and the void, the solid described as "figure," while the void
described as "ground".The differences between the figure and ground had been described by Colin

Rowe and Fred Koetter (1978). In figure - ground plan, they represent two extreme and fundamental

elements as well as two deep meanings in the mind of people.Figure is a solid mass appearing as a

black object, whereas ground is an open void appearing as a white field.Figure is matter for a deep

meaning that resists spirit liberation but ground enhances it.Therefore, open space has an essential

meaning that is more than a place for relaxation and play, compensating for the deficiency and impact

due to the excessive solidity in an urban area.


Community gardens in urban parks

The consideration of community gardens as a form of urban open space was a relatively recent

phenomenon despite the lengthy history of urban gardening. Francis et al. (1984) recalled their

investigations into New York City in the 1970s that planners and policy makers simply failed to

consider community gardens as part of the city's formal open-space system. Most, if not all,

community gardens were believed to be short-lived (Francis et al., 1984). Indeed, many cases were

perpetuating "the notion that land is ultimately still vacant[ occupied by community gardens]" (Drakes

and Lawson, 2014, 133). Francis (1987) also found that the value of gardens as a permanent open

space was discerned by all the officials interviewed by a comparative study of a formal Park and

community gardens in Sacramento. Although both park and garden users value gardens, "city officials

consider them primarily a temporary solution to the vacant land problem" (Francis 1987, 110).

Fencing

Only two playing areas were surrounded by a fence at least 1,2 m in height. The primary role

of a clasp is to allow several children to play safely in a built area, regardless of their ability. Enclosed

playgrounds are usually contained exclusively in pre-school areas. The law in New Zealand states that

open shutters must be safe so that children do not leave the area without the parent or caregiver's

knowledge. Risks include nearby rivers, flows and waterways, busy roads in the vicinity of the city of

Sri Lanka, the presence of dogs, decreased sight lines due to vegetation or other structures. If a family

or guardian knows that their child or customer could walk around or run around, it is unlikely to take

them without a fence to a park or playground. Conversely, fencing can be costly and it can also be

limited to include small entry points and trapping possibilities.


Lighting

None of the parks or playgrounds they evaluated provided traffic lighting. Whether the lights

should be used in public parks and playgrounds is unclear in present literature. In areas not for night

time use, lighting should not be provided by National Guidelines for Crime Prevention through

Environmental Design (CPTED). This prevents a misunderstanding of security in potentially unsafe

areas. The Public Spaces project states that lighting is the only design feature requested for increased

safety. Primary pedestrian walking is the highest priority. Increased use of the parks as a result of

increased lighting provides passive monitoring to discourage crime and to support the core guidelines

of the CPTED Guidelines. However, the increased use of the parks, particularly after darkness can

associate with anti-social behaving. The proposal was made to encourage evening use by older

children and adults with appropriate illumination, such as tennis courts, basketball courts, skate parks,

playgrounds, etc.

Drinking fountain

The play areas had a well. The height of all drinking wells was at least 0.9 m. However, none

served the users standing and sitting at different heights by having several spouts.

Rest Areas

All the parks were sitting near the playground or relaxing, but only one park had arm rests on

the seats. All seats were advised of the height of 0.35 m to 0.52 m. No park had a less stimulating and

secure area for both children and parents.


Restrooms

However, every toilet had two points of access; one had stairs, or another had a walking

distance greater than 20 meters from the play area. All toilets had an accessible route. There was no

power toilet, there was a toilet button to push doors open, and no toilet door opened.

Negative impacts of urban biodiversity

With the presence in private garden of a diverse Biota and considerable enthusiasm for'

wildlife-friendly' management, urban green areas could be seen in human-modified environments as a

panacea for the conservation of biodiversity. The opposite is often true, however, with urban areas

posing a real threat to indigenous biodiversity. The transfer of wildlife disease can be accelerated by

urbanization and Gardens also provide the source for a major predator, the domestic cat. The cats '

density was estimated to be at least 132 km −2 in urban areas in Britain, while the average predation

rate was estimated to be 21 prey cat −1 y−1. The impacts on urban bird populations of cat predation as

well as associated sublethal indirect effects therefore have a particular concern.

However, private gardens are a focus of exotic or non-local plants in other garden organisms,

in particular in the warming climate. The impact of plants in the wilderness on other garden

organisms. Invasive exotic species that are previously out of gardens have had major effects on the

world's economy and conservation. Exotic knitweeds of Fallopia spp, for example, are dense. In

riparian habitats in Europe, they replace natural vegetation, which has reduced plant and diversity of

invertebrates.
Cultural Identity and the Sense of Belonging

The idea of cultural identity cannot separate a sense of membership that is usually denoted by

the way in which people attach themselves to a particular culture or societies. The Council defines

cultural identity as "a sense of belonging and attaching to a particular way of life[ including language,

religion, art, food, values, traditions and any other everyday life— according to the Australian Ethnic

Affairs Council. This sense of belonging is usually influenced by the way the individual lives within

its own community, whose culture is unconsciously established by means of shared premises, values,

definitions, beliefs and patterns (Adler, 2002). The process of creating a sense of belonging is

influenced both by the original culture and the host culture of migrants living in different cultures and

locations (Cleveland, Laroche, Pons and Kastoun 2009). The word ' acculturation,' which was defined

in his initial speech (e.g. Melting Pot Theory), as having an interest in assimilation (Park, 1914, in

Padilla & Perez, 2003, is often referred to as this process.

System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities

SOPARC can obtain information on users of the parks and their physical activities using a

momentary time sampling. The system for monitoring playing and recreation in communities. We

carried out a literature review of studies using the SOPARC tool for the study to describe the

observational methods and for the extraction of the general use of public parks, demographic and

physical activity levels. For a long-lasting observational study published in English in peer reviewed

newspapers through 2014, we have been looking for PubMed, Embase and SPORTDiscus. The 34

articles included 24 studies. Per study, the number of parks observed was 3 to 50. During one season,

most studies observed parks. The number of days in parks ranged from 1 to 16, with 16 studies taking

place for 5 days or more. The studies contained a minimum of one weekday and all but two included a
minimum of one weekend. Parks from 1 to 14 times a day have been observed, with most studies

observing at least 4 times a day. All studies contained observations on both morning and afternoon,

with one exception. There were a broad range of park users with generally more males than females

visiting parks and older adults under other age groups (1.0 to 152.6 people / park / sighting period).

The levels of physical activity for parks users varied widely across study settings, with younger

people generally more active than adults and younger children. In order to improve future studies

using the tool, to demonstrate how to compare park data, and to inform park promotions and

programming, SOPARC is adapted into several contexts.


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