DESIGN STUDIO

TERAT
RE
EVIEW
F
ORTS
OMPLE

Aanchal
uwar 201
Aayush Bista

Anil Budha
gar 205
Bipin
estha 208
Dammar
d 210
 INTRODUCTION
• A sports complex is an enclosed area, often circular or oval-shaped,designed to
Showcase and practice of various sports events.
• Sports complex will have a stadium complex that is to be the most modern and
advance which will be able to facilitate international sports and mega-events.

BASIC REQUIREMENT OF A SPORT COMPLEX

• Full provision for all field events
• A separate warming-up area (desirable)
• Changing and washing facilities athlethes.
• Additional separate changing accommodation for boys and girls is desirable
• A covered stand to seat spectators.
• Appropriate toilet and car parking facilities.
• An announcer’s box and provision for the press, broadcasting and television
•Officials’ room
•Equipment rooms and store
 Administration unit/ Maintenance unit
 Outdoor space

TYPES OF SEATING
Seating with backs, fixed and fold-up
• Row width 780 –800mm recommended
• Minimum clear seat way 305 mm
• Width of seats 460 – 500mm for seats without arms
500mm for seats with arms
Benches without backs.
• Row width 610mm min recommended
• Minimum clear seat way 400mm
•Width of seats 460 – 500mm
• These allow closer spacing but are less comfortable.
SIGHT OF SPECTATOR
• The sight of spectator is determined by the following principal factors.
All planning must be done by accordance with national regulation for the
construction and management of meeting places in which the requirement
for access ways , ramps, stairway accommodation are set out
depending upon the planned capacity seating is provided either along the
long side of the ground (to take advantage of the shortest viewing distance)
or for capacities above 10,000 around the whole ground.
• As most event take place in the afternoon the best position for spectator is on
the west side so that the sun is at their backs.

SEATING AREAS:
The necessary space for seating areas calculated as follows:
WIDTH OF SEAT= 0.5M
OVERALL DEPTH OF WHICH = 0.8M
SEAT DEPTH = 0.35M
CIRCULATION= 0.45M
FIRST AID AND FACILITIES
First aid rooms for the spectators should be provided close to the spectator areas.
First aid treatment for 20,000 or more spectator requires a suite of rooms:
treatment and recovery rooms 15m², storeroom 2m² and two toilets with
ventilation.
EXITS FROM SPORTS GROUNDS
• Large numbers of spectators in sports grounds are a source of danger to
themselves, Particularly from :
 Tripping, slipping and falling
 Crowd pressure on terraces and exit end
 Fire and chaos.
 All spectators should be able to leave a sports ground within 8minutes.
If there are combustible stands (such as constructed of timber) spectators must be
able to
be cleared from them within 2½ Minutes.
 An exit or escape route be less than 1.1 m wide, minimum headroom 2.4 m.
 Ramps should not be be steeper than 10 per cent ( 1:10 ).
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND FORM
  More than 20m span is regarded as long span structure which is not
achieved by ordinary RC structure.
 Long span buildings create unobstructed, column- free spaces greater
than 30 m (100 feet) for a variety of function.

Common structure used for long span building

structures:
 Insitu RC- tensioned
 Precast concrete- tensioned
 Structural steel- erected on spot
 Structural steel- prefabricated
 Portal frame- insitu RC
 Portal frame-precast
 Portal frame- prefabricated steel

STRUCTURAL GEOMETRY
 Trusses
 Arches
 Frames
 Domes
 Cable structure
 Airdrome / balloon structure

COMMON STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR

LONG SPAN STRUCTURES

1. LONG SPAN TRUSS

2. LONG SPAN PORTAL FRAME
3. LONG SPAN BEAM

1. LONG SPAN TRUSS

 essentially a triangulated system of straight interconnected structural

elements.
 They can span from 20m to 75m
 Longitudinal stability is also provided by a wind girder in the roof and
vertical bracing in the elevations
 The main reasons for using trusses are:
 Long span
 Lightweight
 Reduced deflection (compared to plain members)
 Opportunity to support considerable loads.

1. Pitched truss
2. King post truss
3. Queen post truss
4. Post and beam structure
5. Goal post structure
6. Cantilever structure
7. Concrete shell structure
8. Compression / tensile ring

TYPES OF TRUSSES
a) Pratt truss
b) Warren truss
c) North light truss
d) Saw-tooth truss
e) Fink truss

a) Pratt truss
  commonly used in long span buildings ranging from 20 to 100 m in
span
 used where gravity loads are predominant

b) warren truss

 commonly used in long span buildings ranging from 20 to 100 m in

span
 This type of truss is also used for the horizontal truss of
gantry/crane girders

c) North light truss

 allow maximum benefit to be gained from natural lighting by the use of

glazing on the steeper pitch which generally faces north or north-east to
reduce solar gain
 On the steeper sloping portion of the truss, it is typical to have a truss
running perpendicular to the plane of the North Light truss, to provide
large column-free spaces
 The use of north lights to increase natural daylighting can reduce the
operational carbon emissions of buildings although their impact should be
explored using dynamic thermal modelling

d) Saw- tooth truss

 variation of the North light truss is the saw-tooth truss which is used
in multi-bay buildings
 Similar to the North light truss, it is typical to include a truss of the
vertical face running perpendicular to the plane of the saw-tooth
truss

e) Fink truss

 The Fink truss offers economy in terms of steel weight for short-
span high-pitched roofs as the members are subdivided into shorter
elements
 commonly used to construct roofs in houses.

2.PORTAL FRAME

 There are three types of portal frame and Commonly spans from 20m-
100m
  Comprises a series of transverse frames braced longitudinally

3.LONG SPAN BEAM

 flexible, column-free internal spaces, reduce substructure costs, and reduce

steel erection times.
 adapted to facilitate the integration of services without increasing the
overall floor dept
 TYPES OF LONG SPAN BEAMS
i. Parallel beam approach
ii. Composite beams with web openings
iii. Cellular composite beams
iv. Tapered girders
v. Hunched composite beam

i. Parallel beam approach

 effective for spans up to around 14 m

 Floor grids comprise two layers of fully continuous beams running in
orthogonal directions

ii. Composite beams with web openings

  web openings have been shown to be a cost effective solution for spans in
the range 10 to 16 m
 Openings may also be formed for aesthetic reasons, for instance with
cambered beams used to support a roof
 Beams with web openings present no disadvantages in terms of erection
and familiarity as they are much the same as a 'standard' solid web beam.
iii. Cellular composite beams

 Cellular beams are a form of beam with multiple regular web openings ,
formed by splitting two rolled sections longitudinally, to form two Tee
sections
 The two Tees, which may not come from the same donor section (as
discussed below) are then welded together to form an I-section with web
openings which have a characteristic shape (normally, but not necessarily,
circular)

iv. Tapered span beams

  Tapered girders can be a cost effective solution in the span range 10 m to
20 m
 allows services to be accommodated within the structural floor zone
 The depth of the girder increases towards mid-span, where applied
moments are greatest, and thereby facilitating hanging services under the
shallower regions near the beam support
 It is also possible to form web openings in tapered girders in regions of low
shear, towards mid-span

v. Haunched composite beams

 Spans in excess of 20 m can readily be achieved.

 The stiffness and strength of the connections mean that the rest of the
span can be shallower (the bending moment diagram is 'lifted' and the
effective stiffness of the beam substantially increased), and services passed
under
 The stiffness and strength of the connections mean that the rest of the
span can be shallower (the bending moment diagram is 'lifted' and the
 effective stiffness of the beam substantially increased), and services passed
under

MAJOR TYPES OF LONG SPAN ROOF STRUCTURE IN

SPORT COMPLEX

1. SPACE TRUSS

 Interesting pattern can be developed

 Space frame can be used to span large area with few interior support
 Have high span to height ratio
 Many roof forms are possible with curved truss using both steel and
concrete for ideal curve.

2.CABLE STRUCTURE
 Cable net roof at the Ethiad stadium

 Provides an alternative lightweight option for large span

 Susceptible to wind uplift, vibration and asymmetrical moving load
 Steel cables, supporting concrete roof are commonly used

3.PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE

 Pneumatic structure is a membrane which carries load developed from

tensile
stresses.
 Pneumatic structures have a wide range of material.

4.SHELL STRUCTURE
 There are three main types of shell roof.
a. The single barrel shell
b. Multi barrel shell
c. The continuous barrel

5.UMBRELLA STURCTURE
Common Challenges in Architectural Acoustics
Open Concept Spaces(In these open spaces there is nothing to block or
absorb airborne noise. Thus, the commotion from employees talking, phones
ringing and hallway traffic can make for a disruptive environment if not
managed properly.)

Environmental Noise (vehicle traffic, pedestrian traffic and other noises on

the exterior of the building can also impact the level of noise and the quality of
acoustics in a building.)

 Poor Room Adjacencies (Consider for an example a conference room

placed next to a break room.)

Mechanical Equipment Placement (HVAC units can transmit noise

throughout the building. Equipment location, mounting and duct insertion loss
should all be considered when analyzing the selected system.)

Ways to Use Acoustic Insulation to Enhance

Architectural Acoustics
 Noise Control in Wall Partitions
 Sound Absorptive Insulation for Suspended Ceiling Systems
 Reduce Sound Transmission with Sound Batt Insulation
 Absorb Reflected Sounds with Acoustic Insulation
 Acoustic Insulation Boards
 Reduce HVAC Noise with Acoustical Board
 Use Concave or Convex Insulation to Enhance Acoustics

LIGHTING IN SPORTS COMPLEX

SOURCES OF LIGHT: Natural Light (Sunlight)
Artificial Light
NATURAL:
1. Direct Sunlight (from skylights, ventilators, openings, retractable roofs)
2. Diffused Sunlight (Translucent material for roofing, interior colour, interior
materials for wall, ceiling and floor)
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT (ELECTRIC LIGHT):
Floodlights
A large, powerful light, typically one of several used to illuminate a sports ground,
a stage, or the exterior of a building.
Floodlight provide uniform flow of light in a large area, just like flood.
Types
The three types of outdoor flood lights are incandescent, compact fluorescent
(CFL) and LED.
Incandescent Flood Lights. This type of lighting is very basic in structure and
operation. ...
Compact Fluorescent Flood Light (CFL)
LED Flood Lights.
 s

Skylights and translucent roofs

Use of Floodlights in

Indoor Sports Hall

Ventilation
Ventilation moves outdoor air into a building or a room, and distributes
the air within the building or room
Building ventilation has three basic elements:
 ventilation rate — the amount of outdoor air that is provided into the space, and the
quality of the outdoor air
 airflow direction — the overall airflow direction in a building, which should be from
clean zones to dirty zones; and
 air distribution or airflow pattern — the external air should be delivered to each part of
the space in an efficient manner and the airborne pollutants generated in each part of the
space should also be removed in an efficient manner.
There are three methods that may be used to ventilate a building: natural, mechanical and hybrid
(mixed-mode) ventilation.

Natural ventilation
 Natural forces (e.g. winds and thermal buoyancy force due to indoor and outdoor air
density differences)
 They drive outdoor air through purpose-built, building envelope openings. Purpose-built
openings include windows, doors, solar chimneys, wind towers and trickle ventilators.
 This natural ventilation of buildings depends on climate, building design and human
behaviors.

Mechanical ventilation
 Mechanical fans drive mechanical ventilation. Fans can either be installed directly in
windows or walls, or installed in air ducts for supplying air into, or exhausting air from, a
room.
 In warm and humid climates, infiltration may need to be minimized or prevented to
reduce interstitial condensation (which occurs when warm, moist air from inside a
building penetrates a wall, roof or floor and meets a cold surface). In these cases, a
positive pressure mechanical ventilation system is often used
 Conversely, in cold climates, exfiltration needs to be prevented to reduce interstitial
condensation, and negative pressure ventilation is used. For a room with locally
generated pollutants, such as a bathroom, toilet or kitchen, the negative pressure system is
often used.
 In a positive pressure system, the room is in positive pressure and the room air is leaked
out through envelope leakages or other openings. In a negative pressure system, the room
is in negative pressure, and the room air is compensated by “sucking” air from outside

 Hybrid or mixed-mode ventilation

 Hybrid (mixed-mode) ventilation relies on natural driving forces to provide the desired
(design) flow rate. It uses mechanical ventilation when the natural ventilation flow rate is
too low
 When natural ventilation alone is not suitable, exhaust fans (with adequate pre-testing
and planning) can be installed to increase ventilation rates in rooms
  This simple type of hybrid (mixed-mode) ventilation needs to be used with care. The
fans should be installed where room air can be exhausted directly to the outdoor
environment through either a wall or the roof. The size and number of exhaust fans
depends on the targeted ventilation rate

Comparison of mechanical and natural ventilation

Mechanical ventilation

PROS

 The indoor air temperature and humidity can also be controlled.

 Filtration systems can be installed in mechanical ventilation so that harmful
microorganisms, particulates, gases, odors and vapors can be removed.
 The airflow path in mechanical ventilation systems can be controlled.
 Mechanical ventilation can work everywhere when electricity is available.

CONS

 Mechanical ventilation systems often do not work as expected, and normal operation may
be interrupted for numerous reasons, including equipment failure, utility service
interruption, poor design, poor maintenance or incorrect management
 Installation and particularly maintenance costs for the operation of a mechanical
ventilation system may be very high.

Natural ventilation

PROS

 Natural ventilation can generally provide a high ventilation rate more economically, due
to the use of natural forces and large openings.
 Natural ventilation can be more energy efficient, particularly if heating is not required.
 Well-designed natural ventilation could be used to access higher levels of daylight.
 CONS

 Natural ventilation may be difficult to control, with airflow being uncomfortably high in
some locations and stagnant in others. There is a possibility of having a low air-change
rate during certain unfavorable climate conditions.
 There can be difficulty in controlling the airflow direction due to the absence of a well-
sustained negative pressure; contamination of corridors and adjacent rooms is therefore a
risk.
 Natural ventilation precludes the use of particulate filters. Climate, security and cultural
criteria may dictate that windows and vents remain closed; in these circumstances,
ventilation rates may be much lower.
 Natural ventilation only works when natural forces are available; when a high ventilation
rate is required, the requirement for the availability of natural forces is also
correspondingly high.
 Although the maintenance cost of simple natural ventilation systems can be very low, if a
natural ventilation system cannot be installed properly or maintained due to a shortage of
funds, its performance can be compromised, causing an increase in the risk of the
transmission of airborne pathogens.
 Use of Exhaust fans
by its placement on
the roof

Artificial Ventilation through ceilings

Natural Ventilation through openings

Sanitation System
Swimming Pool Setting
Materials
Bricks

 Wall construction
 Paving in pathways
 Good quality of bricks are often exposed in facade
for aesthetic purpose

RCC structure
Provides strength and stability

Steel fabricated roof

It makes possible to construct long span
roof.
Tempered glass
 Contain proper strength
 Available in large size also

Ceramics, natural stone

 Flooring purpose

OPVC floors
 Use as flooring material in sports
cout
How we can incorporate green design concept in sports complex???

 When we are designing a new sports complex or recreation

center, then we are probably interested in helping our
community to be healthier. Besides providing the people in the
area with a safe place to exercise, the right sports complex
design can also keep the local environment healthier as well.

 When creating the sports complex design plans, a few

adjustments can make the building much more
environmentally friendly.

 Sustainable and eco-focused building practices will reduce

energy costs, reduce construction waste, and show that the
sports facility is focused on keeping the community healthy.
A green building has four main elements or components on which it is
designed: materials, energy, water and health to make green building
more sustainable.
Elements of Green Building Design
Following are the components of a Green Building to make it
sustainable:

1. Materials for Green Building

Materials for a green building are obtained from natural, renewable
sources that have been managed and harvested in a sustainable way; or
they are obtained locally to reduce the embedded energy costs of
transportation; or salvaged from reclaimed materials at nearby sites.

Materials are assessed using green specifications that look at their Life
Cycle Analysis (LCA) in terms of their embodied energy, durability,
recycled content, waste minimisation, and their ability to be reused or
recycled.

 Use of sustainable materials in the design of sports halls help to

improve the quality of sport spaces.

2 Energy Systems in Green Buildings

Passive solar design will dramatically reduce the heating and cooling
costs of a building, as will high levels of insulation and energy-efficient
windows. Natural daylight design reduces a building’s electricity needs,
and improves people’s health and productivity.

Green buildings also incorporate energy-efficient lighting, low energy

appliances, and renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines
and solar panels.
2.1 Passive Solar Design
Passive solar design uses sunshine to heat, cool and light homes and
other buildings without mechanical or electrical devices.  It is usually
part of the design of the building itself, using certain materials and
placement of windows or skylights.

2.1a) Rules of Passive Solar Systems

 The building should be elongated on an east-west axis.

 The building’s south face should receive sunlight between the
hours of 9:00 A.M. and 3:00 P.M. (sun time) during the heating
season.
 Interior spaces requiring the most light and heating and cooling
should be along the south face of the building. Less used spaces
should be located on the north.
2.1b) The Advantages of Passive Solar Design

 High energy performance: lower energy bills all year round.

 Investment: independent from future rises in fuel costs, continues
to save money long after initial cost recovery.
 Value: high owner satisfaction, high resale value.
 Attractive living environment: large windows and views, sunny
interiors, open floor plans.
 Low Maintenance: durable, reduced operation and repair.
 Unwavering comfort: quiet (no operating noise), warmer in winter,
cooler in summer (even during a power failure).
 Environmentally friendly:  clean, renewable energy doesn’t
contribute to global warming, acid rain or air pollution.
2.2 Passive Solar Heating
The goal of all passive solar heating systems is to capture the sun’s heat
within the building’s elements and release that heat during periods when
the sun is not shining. At the same time that the building’s elements (or
materials) is absorbing heat for later use, solar heat is available for
keeping the space comfortable (not overheated).

2.2a) Two primary elements of passive solar heating are required:

 South facing glass

 Thermal mass to absorb, store, and distribute heat.
2.2b) There are three approaches to passive systems

1. Direct Gain: Sunlight shines into and warms the living space.
2. Indirect Gain: Sunlight warms thermal storage, which then warms
the living space.
3. Isolated Gain: Sunlight warms another room (sunroom) and
convection brings the warmed air into the living space.

3. Water Management in Green Building

Minimising water use is achieved by installing greywater and rainwater
catchment systems that recycle water for irrigation or toilet flushing;
water-efficient appliances, such as low flow showerheads, self-closing
or spray taps; low-flush toilets, or waterless composting toilets.
Installing point of use hot water systems and lagging pipes saves on
water heating.

3.1) Rainwater Harvesting in Green Building

Rainwater harvesting is the principle of collecting and using
precipitation from a catchments surface.

3.2) Rainwater harvesting is essential

Surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and we have to depend
on groundwater. Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rainwater into
the subsoil has decreased drastically and recharging of groundwater has
diminished.

3.3) Rainwater Harvesting Techniques for Green Buildings

There are two main techniques of rainwater harvestings.

1. Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.

2. Recharge to groundwater
3.3.a) Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.
The storage of rainwater on surface is a traditional techniques and
structures used were underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc.

3.3.b) Recharge to groundwater
Recharge to groundwater is a new concept of rainwater harvesting and
the structures generally used are Pits, Trenches, Dug wells, Hand
pumps, etc.
4. Health Components of Green Building
Using non-toxic materials and products will improve indoor air quality,
and reduce the rate of asthma, allergy and sick building syndrome. These
materials are emission-free, have low or no VOC content, and are
moisture resistant to deter moulds, spores and other microbes.

Indoor air quality is also addressed through ventilation systems and

materials that control humidity and allow a building to breathe.