CROPSCI 101

Principles in Crop Production

UNIT 1
Nature and Importance of Agriculture

Overview and Objectives:

This module gives a brief background on current state about Philippine Agriculture. It also
identifies problems, prospects and crops origin and distribution.

Knowing the status of Philippine Agriculture will help to find solution in some problem and find
opportunities to some prospect in agriculture in the future. Furthermore, identifying crops origin
and distribution will help to understand its history and management practices

At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:

▪ LO1:State the data and facts about Philippine Agriculture;

▪ LO2: Relate the development of Philippine agriculture with world agriculture
▪ LO4: Identify the problems and prospects of Philippine agriculture
▪ LO4: Name agricultural crops their origin and geographical distribution.

LET’S GET STARTED: Are you ready?

Pre-assessment test:
Let me know first your own definition of “Agriculture”. Please write down your answer below:
_________________________________________________________________________
Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for the people in this country. Cultivate crops, fruits,
_________________________________________________________________________
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vegetables and rearing livestock. Agriculture can provide us some or most of our daily needs. And
_________________________________________________________________________
because of globalization utmost of the technological equipments upgraded and it is good sign but
_________________________________________________________________________
the dark side here is that the less fortunate people will be disregarded.
_________________________________________________________________________

So below are some definition of the word “Agriculture” from different sources and its simplified
definition. Please take time to read and understand before proceeding to next topic.

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 I. Definition of Agriculture

● The word “Agriculture” come from two Latin word ager and tura that means field
and cultivation respectively.

● Definition by books

✔ Agriculture is the systematic raising of useful plants and livestock under the
management of man (Rimando, T.J.. 2004. Crop Science 1: Fundamentals of
Crop Science. U.P. Los Baños: University Publications Office. p. 1)
✔ Agriculture is the growing of both plants and animals for human needs
(Abellanosa, A.L. and H.M. Pava. 1987. Introduction to Crop Science. Central
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon: Publications Office. p. 238).
✔ Agriculture is the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface
through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or
economic gain. (Rubenstein, J.M. 2003. The Cultural Landscape: An

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 Introduction to Human Geography. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Education, Inc. p. 496).

● Legal definition by Philippine Laws

✔ Agriculture includes farming in all branches and, among other things, includes
the cultivation and tillage of soil, dairying, the production, cultivation, growing
and harvesting of any agricultural and horticultural commodities, the raising
of livestock or poultry, and any practices performed by a farmer on a farm as
an incident to or in conjunction with such farming operations, but does not
include the manufacturing or processing of sugar, coconuts, abaca, tobacco,
pineapple or other farm products. (Art. 97 (d), Chapter I, Title II, Labor Code
of the Philippines)
✔ Agriculture, Agricultural Enterprise or Agricultural Activity means of such farm
products, and other farm activities cultivation of the soil, planting of crops,
growing of fruit trees, including the harvesting and practices performed by a
farmer in conjunction with such farming operations done by persons whether
natural or juridical. (Sec. 3b, Chapter I, Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
of 1988 (R.A. No. 6657 as amended by R. A. 7881), Philippines. Retrieved

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 September 2, 2010 from http://www.chanrobles.com/legal4agrarianlaw. htm.

● Agriculture has two main divisions: Crop Production and Livestock/Animal

Production
● Simplified definitions:

✔ Agriculture is the science and practice of producing plants, other crops, and
animals for food, other human needs, or economic gain.
✔ Agriculture is the art and science of growing plants and other crops and
raising animals for food, other human needs, or economic gain.

Self-Assessment Test:
Explain why Agriculture is consider as art and a science. Please write down your answer
below:
Agriculture is considered as art because it involves the use of learned skills. Here are some of the
_________________________________________________________________________
examples; (a) construction, measuring, feeding and handling a livestock, marketing and of course
_________________________________________________________________________
farming.
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Agriculture as a science. Science is the reason why they can build or make technologies that can
_________________________________________________________________________
help in developing new crop varieties. Without this so called science, agriculture would not have
_________________________________________________________________________
advanced to such a level to feed the teeming population.
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Keep going and read the next topic below and answer the self-assessments at the end of the topics.
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You can do it, good luck!

II. Data and Facts about Philippine Agriculture

● Philippines Land Area:

✔ Philippines has a total land area of 30 M hectares

✔ 47% of is agricultural land and 13 million hectares of that is for agricultural
crops

Figure 1.
Distribution of
agricultural crops
land area

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 ● Agriculture Labor Force:

✔ According to Philippines Statistics Authority (2017), the total agricultural

workforce in about 10.26 million (Figure 2).
✔ That is 22.30% of the total workforce here in the Philippines
✔ For the last five years (2013-2017), there is a declining number of
agricultural workforce. From 11.84 million in 2013 it drops to 10.26 million in
2017 (PSA)

Figure 2. Agricultural labor force and percent distribution employed by sector in the
Philippines

● Agriculture output by region (2018)

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 ✔ Northern Mindanao region had the highest share in crop production in the
Philippines.
✔ While Central Luzon region had the highest share in livestock, poultry and
fisheries production (Figure 3).

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 Figure 3. Region with the highest in agriculture outputs in 2018 (PSA)

● Agriculture Production Percent Distribution

✔ Crop sector had the highest percent contribution on the total agricultural
output in the country in 2018, which accounted 52.71% (Figure 4).
✔ While other sectors like livestock, poultry and fisheries accounted 17.11%,
16.74% and 13.45% respectively.

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 Figure 4. Agricultural production distribution by sector in the Philippines 2018 (PSA)

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 ● Top three crops with the highest volume of production in the Philippines in 2017
according to PSA

Table 1. Top three crops by volume of production in the Philippines (2017)

Crops Volume of Production (tonnes)

1. Sugarcane 29,286,900

2. Rice/Palay 19,276,300

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 3. Coconut 14,049,100

● Top three crops with the widest area planted and harvested in the Philippines in
2017 according to PSA.

Table 2. Top three crops by area of production in the Philippines (2017)

Crops Volume of Production (hectares)

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 1. Rice/Palay 4,811,800

2. Coconut 3,612,300

3. Corn 2,552,600

● Agricultural Economy

✔ Agriculture sector accounted 8.1% share (2018) in the total Gross Domestic
Product of the Philippines along other sectors of the economy (Figure 5).
✔ While in 2018 also, PhP 1.615 billion Gross Value Added (GVA) was

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 recorded in agriculture at current price (PSA)
✔ Crop sub-sector accounted 48.2% of the total GVA in agriculture at current
price

Figure 5. Agriculture GVA and GDP share in the economy in 2018

● Agricultural Trade

✔ Total value of Agricultural Import in 2018 was Php 742.60 billion, while
Agricultural export value was Php. 322.16 billion (PSA)
✔ Moreover, agriculture sector shares 12.5% on the total imports in the country
and 8.8% share on the total export (PSA).
✔ Top agricultural Imports and Exports:

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 Figure 6. Top agricultural import and export commodity in the Philippine in 2018
(PSA)

Self-Assessment Test:
What do you think is the main reason why there is a declining agricultural work force in the
Philippines? Please write your answer below.
People are no longer interested in farming, they prefer to work in cities or abroad.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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What are the top three crops planted in the Philippines in terms of volume of production?
1. Sugarcane
2.Rice/palay
3.Coconut

What are the top three crops planted in the Philippines in terms of area of production?
1. Rice/palay
2.Coconut
3.Corn

Good job! Let’s proceed to next topic. Keep going!

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 III. Development of Agriculture

● The First Agricultural Revolution

✔ Stone Age to Mesolithic Age

▪ Humans were hunters, gathers and nomadic.

▪ This is the beginnings of agriculture where some tools were developed
and they started cultivating plants

✔ Neolithic Age

▪ This is the rise of great civilization and human culture, which rapidly
improves the agriculture.

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 ▪ Selection of plants and animals was practiced that resulted in the wide
genetic diversity and forms of crops and livestock that we grow today.
▪ Farming tools and practices were improved.

● The Second Agricultural Revolution (18th to 19th Century)

✔ This is the time were agricultural innovations explodes

✔ Led to increase in agricultural productivity
✔ Modern design of plows were developed
✔ Some of this innovation were:

▪ Wolds’s first seed drill invented by Jetho Tull

▪ Animal drawn mechanical reaper or the Cyrus McCormick’s repaper
invented by Cyrus McCormick

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 ● The Third Agricultural Revolution/Green Revolution (20th Century)

✔ This the start of mechanization of agriculture

✔ Gasoline powered machines were invented that led to development of
tractors from traditional animal drawn plows for tillage.
✔ Technological advancement, HYV’s, fertilizer, pesticides management
practices
✔ Birth of Green Revolution (Mid 20th Century)

▪ Norman Borlaug “Father of Green Revolution”

▪ Together with Ford and Rockefeller Foundation were heavily involved in
its initial development
▪ He developed dwarf, high yielding and disease resistant varieties (Pitic
62 and Penjamo 62)
▪ Borlaug received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. He credited with saving
a billion people from starvation

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 ● 21st Century Agriculture

✔ Different technological and practices in agriculture were developed

▪ Sustainable Agriculture
▪ Precession Agriculture
▪ Biotechnology approach in production
▪ Organic agriculture etc.

Self-Assessment Test:
In your own opinion. What is the most notable development in the field of agriculture during
1st, 2nd and 3rd Agricultural Revolution? Why? Write your answers only on the space provided
below.

First Agricultural revolution:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
The most notable development in the field of agriculture during first agricultural revolution is in
_________________________________________________________________________
Neolithic Age. The reason is their selection of plants and animals was practice. Indeed it is notable
because until now we still practice the said reason. And take note, farming tool were also improve.
Second Agricultural revolution:
_________________________________________________________________________
However, in the second agricultural revolution the remarkable event is when the agricultural
_________________________________________________________________________
innovations explode like modern plows and reaper. It resulted in fewer, larger, much more
_________________________________________________________________________
productive farm.
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________

Third Agricultural revolution:

_________________________________________________________________________
Third agricultural revolution. Most of the machines were powered by gasoline. The increased use of
_________________________________________________________________________
fertilizers and pesticides. It is also called the “Green Revolution”. It has done a lot of positive things,
_________________________________________________________________________
saving the lives of millions of people and exponentially increasing the yield of food crops and/or
_________________________________________________________________________
increased of agricultural production worldwide.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Congratulations for answering the self-assessment test! You may proceed to the next topic but first you
need to answer the pre-assessment test. Good luck!
Pre-Assessment Test:
What do you think the biggest challenge to the Philippine Agriculture right now? Briefly
explain your answer.
TYPE YOUR ANSWER HERE…
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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IV. Challenges in Philippine Agriculture

● Low Productivity

✔ Increase agricultural production in the country can solely come from

productivity improvement (increasing output per unit of area)
✔ No new area can be opened up for new cultivation
✔ Philippines land area: 30 million ha. – 47% is agricultural land (13 million
ha.)
✔ Prime agricultural lots are located around main urban and high density
areas
✔ According to land capability, 78.31% of the alienable and disposable land
are prime agricultural areas, 6.1 million ha. Are highly suitable for
cultivation.

● Limited Access to Credit and Agricultural Insurance

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 ✔ Farmer in the Philippines have more than double the poverty rate of their
counterparts in Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand.
✔ 39% of the farmers did not have access to formal credit
✔ Poverty is largely due to our defective agricultural credit system

● Low Farm Mechanization and Inadequate Postharvest Facilities

✔ Philippine is 1.23 horsepower per hectare (hp/ha) farm mechanization level

(2012)

Table 3. Mechanization level of other Asian countries in 2012

Other Asian Country Farm Mechanization Level

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 Japan 7.00 hp/ha

South Korea 4.11 hp/ha

China 4.10 hp/ha

● Inadequate Irrigation

✔ Of 13.508 M agricultural land, 3.3 M is consider as irrigatable up to 3%

slope (NIA)

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 ✔ 6.1 M ha as irrigatable, including areas that are relatively more difficult to
irrigate and up to 8% slope (World Bank)
✔ In 2018, of 3.1 M irrigatable areas, 61% areas were served by irrigation
facilities
✔ 1.2 M hectare remaining to be develop

● Scant Support for Research and Development (R&D)

✔ Ideal average spending of R&D should be 1% of the country’s gross

domestic product (GDP) according to World Bank.
✔ Research and development expenditure (percent of GDP) in Philippines
was reported at 0.13793 % in 2013, according to the World Bank
collection of development indicators.

● Low Number of Researchers and Scientist

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 ✔ Total number of R&D personnel is 10,277
✔ 24% or 2,480 are researchers in agricultural science
✔ 1,283 (52%) are in the government
✔ 47.8% worked in the public (1,145) and private HEI’s (41)
✔ 11 researchers (0.44) are in private non-profit organization
✔ Philippines has a ratio of 188 of R&D personnel per million population in
2013 but the UNESCO required to have 330 R&D personnel per million
population.

● Soil and Water Degradation

✔ 25 billion tons of top soil/year are lost – deforestation and overgrazing

✔ Based on a classification by the Global Assessment of Human-induced
Soil Degradation (GLASOD), about 70% of the country’s land area has
been degraded with soil erosion as the dominant forms of land
degradation (Briones, 2009).
✔ Agriculture, which accounts for 70 percent of water withdrawals
worldwide, plays a major role in water pollution.
✔ Farms discharge large quantities of agrochemicals, organic matter, drug
residues, sediments and saline drainage into water bodies. 
✔ Exploding demand for food with high environmental footprints, such as
meat from industrial farms, is contributing to unsustainable agricultural
intensification and to water-quality degradation. (FAO &WLE)
✔ Nitrate from agriculture is now the most common chemical contaminant
in the world’s groundwater aquifers.
✔ Aquatic ecosystems are affected by agricultural pollution; for example,

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 eutrophication caused by the accumulation of nutrients in lakes and
coastal waters impacts biodiversity and fisheries.
✔ Despite data gaps, 415 coastal areas have been identified experiencing
eutrophication.

● Climate change and Natural Resources Degradation

✔ Adverse impacts such as flooding incidence, drought soil degradation,

water shortage and increase pest and diseases constantly threaten
agricultural output and productivity
✔ The Philippines is third among the 173 countries in the world in terms of
disaster risk index (World Risk Report, 2011)
✔ As projected, temperature and precipitation will rise to 1.5 ºC and 4.9%
respectively in Philippines by 2050. This will have an adverse effect on
agriculture sector especially on crop production sector.

● Weak Extension Services

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 ✔ Due to decentralization of Agricultural Extension Service
✔ DA’s resource allocation for the decentralization of agricultural services is
not felt at the local level.)
✔ It hampers diffusion and adoption of recommended farm practices and
technologies
✔ This attributed to:

▪ Inadequate operational fund

▪ Lack of human resources
▪ Ageing number of extension workers (43 to 64 years old)

● Ageing Filipino Farmers

✔ Average age of Filipino farmers: 57 years old

✔ Filipino life expectancy: Male 67 years; female 75.3 year (Knoema, 2017)
✔ Average life expectancy of a Filipino: 71 years (Knoema, 2017)
✔ Survival rate of male Filipino at 65 years old: 64.8%

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 ✔ Survival rate of female Filipino at 65 years old: 79.4%
✔ Ten years from now our number of farmer will drastically decline and
today few young generations are interested in Agriculture.

Congratulations! You may now answer the self-assessment test below. Make sure you read and
understand the topic above.
Self-Assessment Test:
Enumerate the ten challenge of the Philippine Agriculture sector discussed above. Arrange
them from what you think the most challenging to less challenging (descending order; 1 is
the most challenging and 10 is the most less challenging) to our agriculture sector.

1.1.___________________________________________
TYPE YOUR NASWER HERE…
2.2.___________________________________________
3.3.___________________________________________
4.4.___________________________________________
5.5.___________________________________________
6.6.___________________________________________
7.7.___________________________________________
8.8.___________________________________________
9.9.___________________________________________
10.__________________________________________
10.

Congratulations, you did it! Let’s now proceed. Please go through, read and relax. Answer the self-
assessment test at the end of these topics….

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 V. Prospects for Philippine Agriculture (Based on Phil. Development Plan 2017)

● Focused on agricultural development.

● Ambitious spending program of the government to build various infrastructure
(Build-Build-Build Program)
● Agricultural Mechanization
● Target growth on Agriculture sector sub-sector 2022

✔ The projected growth on Gross Value Added (GVA) by 2022 in

agriculture will be 2.5 to 3.5 percent
✔ While crop sub-sector project to increase 2.0 to 3.0 percent in GVA at the
end of 2022

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 Figure 7. Plan target increase in GVA for Agriculture and agriculture sub-sector by 2022
(PDP)

Self-Assessment Test:
Answer the following questions:
Type your answer here
Type your answer here
▪ What sector of agriculture had the highest GVA value in 2015?
▪ GVA value of Crops sector in 2015?
▪ Target GVA value of the Agriculture sector by 2022. Type your answer here
▪ Target GVA value of the Crops sector at the end of 2022. Type your answer here
▪ Lowest GVA value among sectors of agriculture in 2015. Type your answer here
▪ Highest GVA value among sectors of agriculture in 2015. Type your answer here

Do you think the target GVA value by 2022 will be achieve? Why?
TYPE YOUR ANSWER HERE
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Just keep going….

VI. The Nature and Featured of Philippine Agricultural System

● Agricultural Systems are assemblage of components which are united by some

forms of interaction and interdependence and which operate within a prescribed
boundary to achieve a specified agricultural objective on behalf of the
beneficiaries of the system
● Major Agricultural Systems in the Philippines:

✔ Low land farming systems

▪ Mainly grow rice and sugarcane

✔ Rainfed farming systems

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 ▪ Mainly grows coconut, corn and cassava

✔ Upland farming systems

▪ Mainly grows legumes and some vegetables

● Climate Types in the Philippines

✔ In the Philippines there are four climate types (Table 4)

CLIMATE TYPE DESCRIPTION

With two pronounced seasons, dry from November to April and wet
I
during the rest of the year

No dry season and with very pronounced, maximum rainfall from

II
November to January

III Seasons are not very pronounced and relatively dry from November to

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 January
IV Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year
Table 4. Types of climate in the Philippines

Self-Assessment Test:
Enumerate the three major agricultural systems in the Philippines:
1. TYPE YOUR ANSWER HERE
____________________________________
____________________________________
2.
____________________________________
3.
What is the importance of knowing the specific climate type in an area for crop production?
_________________________________________________________________________
TYPE YOUR ANSWER HERE
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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VII. Origin, Domestication and History of Some Important Crops

✔ Nicolai Vavilov (1887-1943) a Russian agronomist, botanist and geneticist best

known for having identified the centers of origin of cultivated crops.
✔ Vavilov proposed eight centers of origin of cultivated plants, fundamental and
ancient centers of agriculture in the world.
✔ Eight Center of Origin of Cultivated Crops according to Vavilov

1. China 5. Mediterranean

2. India 6. Ethiopia

3. Central Asia 7. Southern Mexico and Central America

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 4. Asia Minor 8. South America

● World centers of Origin of Cultivated Crops

CENTER CROPS

Rice, Radish, Chinese cabbage, sorghum,

1. China
Onion, Cucumber, Soybean, Orange,
Sugarcane

2. India Chickpea, pigeon pea, rice bean, cowpea

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 mungbean, eggplant. Tamarind, mango

2a. India Banana, Mangosteen, Pumelo, Job’s tears,

Abaca

3. Central Asia
Apple, Grape, Carrot, Spinach

4. Asia Minor
Durum wheat, Alfalfa, Cherry, Rye

5. Mediterranean
Cabbage, lettuce, asparagus, Pea, celery

6. Ethiopia
Coffee, Okra, Pearl Millet, Castor Bean

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 7. Southern Mexico and
Maize, common bean, Sweetpotato, Papaya,
Central America Chayote

8. South America

8a. Chile Potato, Pineapple, Cashew, Peanut, Rubber

tree, Cacao, Guava, Tomato

8b. Brazil Paraguay

Self-Assessment Test:
According the eight centers of origin of cultivated crops by Vavilov. Please indicate the
center of origin of the following crops.
Type your answer here
1. Rice: ______________________ Type your answer here
6. Maize: ________________
2. Potato: _____________________
Type your answer here 7. Okra: _________________
Type your answer here
3. Coffee: _____________________
Type your answer here 8. Cacao: ________________
Type your answer here
4. Eggplant: ___________________
Type your answer here 9. Sweetpotato: _____________
Type your answer here
5. Cabbage: ___________________
Type your answer here 10. Apple: __________________
Type your answer here

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Congratulation! You are near to finish this module….you may now proceed to the next topic

VIII. World Food Situation and Center of Production

✔ 11 percent (1.5 billion ha.) of the globe’s land surface (13 billion ha) is used
in crop production.
✔ 2.818 billion tonnes of cereals produce in the world in 2017
✔ 7.5 billion world population (2019)
✔ 9.7 billion world population projected in 2050

● Top five Cereal Crops Produced in the World (2017)

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 Figure 8. Area harvested for cereals and top 5 cereals crop produced in the
world

● Top ten maize producers in the world (2017)

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 Figure 9. Top ten producers of maize by volume in the world (2017)

● Top ten rice producers in the world (2017)

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 Figure 10. Top 10 producers of maize by volume in the world (2017)

● Top five vegetable crop produced in the world (2017)

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 Figure 11. Area harvested and top five vegetable crop produced in the world

● Top ten tomato producers in the world (2017)

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 Figure 12. Top ten producers of tomato by volume in the world (2017)

● Top five fruit crops produced in the world (2017)

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 Figure 13. Area harvested and top five fruit crops produced in the world (2017)

● Top ten watermelon producers in the world (2017)

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 Figure 14. Top ten producers of watermelon by volume in the world (2017)

● Top five fiber crops produced in the world (2017)

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 Figure 15. Area harvested and top five fiber crops produced in the world (2017)

● Top ten cotton producers in the world (2017)

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 Figure 16. Top ten producers of watermelon by volume in the world (2017)

Self-Assessment Test:
Enumerate the following based on their category of the most produced crops and the top
producing country of that crop in word last 2017.

1. Most produced cereal Type

crop: _________________;
your answer Top country producer:
Type your answer here

______________ Type your Type your answer

2. Most produced vegetable crop: _______________: Top country producer:____

_________ Type your answer Type your answer here

3. Most produced fruit crop: __________________; Top country producer:

_______________ Type your answer Type your answer here

4. Most produce fiber crop: _________________; Top country producer:

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 ________________

5. Top country producer of rice: ______________________

Type your answer here

6. Ranking of the Philippines in the top producing counties of rice: _____________________

Type your answer here

7. Number of hectares used for crop production in the world: _______________________

Type your answer here

Congratulations! Your about to finish this module…Let’s continue and finish it!

IX. Philippine Agriculture Research Centers

● Philippines are composed of different agriculture research center (Figure 17).

From different government and private institution in the country for our agriculture
development.

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 Figure 17. Agriculture research centers in the Philippines

X. Definition and Scope of Crop Science

● Definition of crop science

✔ It is the study of the world’s major food, feed, turf, fiber crops and their
environment. It is a broad discipline encompassing breeding, genetics,
production and management.
✔ Is the scientific knowledge, learning, practice and understanding of the
cultivation, management, processing and production of crops and how
scientific principles can be applied to each of these.

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 ● Scope and division of crop science

✔ Agronomy (argos – field & nomos – management) 🡪 deals with the

principles and practices of managing field crops and soil (extensive
management).

▪ Crops under agronomy: cereals, legumes, forage, fiber, sugars, root

and tuber crops.

✔ Horticulture (hortus – garden & colere – cultivate) 🡪 deals with the principles
and practices of intensive management of crops

▪ Crops under horticulture: vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, medicinal,

and plantation crops

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Congratulations! Now answer the self-assessment test on the next page, good luck!

Self-Assessment Test:

TYPE is
1. What YOUR
the ANSWER HERE
major role of different agriculture research centers in the Philippines to the
development of agriculture sector in our country?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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2. Compare and contrast the two major division of crop science

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 TYPE YOUR ANSWER HERE

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Lastly, please share to me your learning insights about this module. Please write it on the space
provided below.
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TYPE YOUR ANSWER HERE…
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Congratulations! You did a good job you finished this module. Thank you very much!
References

● BAUTISTA, O.K. 1994, Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. (2nd Ed.) SEAMEO,

SEARCA and UPLB. College Laguna
● BROWN E.O, EBORA R.V and DECENA F.C. 2018. The Current State, Challenges

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 and Plans for Philippine Agriculture. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP).
Presented to the 59th Meeting of NPO’s, Yogyakarta, Indonesia on October 2-4, 2018
● CONTRERAS, S. 2018. The Philippine Agriculture and the threats on Land
Degradation. A paper presented at International Regional Science Meeting. Land
Cover/Land Use Changes and Impacts on Environment in South/Southeast Asia, 28-
30th May, 2018, Philippines
● LANTICAN, R.M. 2001. The Science and Practice of Crop Production. Southeast Asian
Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture. UPLB. ISBN 971-
560-060-3
● Philippine Statistic Authority, 2020, Statistics, www.psa.gov.ph/statistics

Prepared by:

JETRO NEIL B. GAPASIN

Course Facilitator, CS101
BSU College of Agriculture,
Department of Crop Science
Phone: 09091845888 / 09274938722

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