CEMENTS

- Are materials that exhibit characteristic properties of setting and hardening when mixed to a
paste with water.
- Are a class of products that can be very complex and of somewhat variable composition and
constitution.

CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTS

- HYDRAULIC- have the ability to set and harden under water.

- NON- HYDRAULIC- do not have the ability to harden under but requires air to harden

TYPES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENTS

1. HYDRAULIC LIMES
a. Are made by burning siliceous or argillaceous limestone whose clinker after
calcination in a continuous kiln.

* calcination as "heating to high temperatures in absence of air or oxygen. calciner is a steel

cylinder that rotates inside a heated furnace.
* kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to
complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes.
b. Are not suited to subaqueous construction because they require free access of air
during hardening. Without air the full strength of lime cannot develop.
c. Are used for browning plaster coats
2. POZZOLAN CEMENTS
a. Is a siliceous and aluminous material.

*Siliceous rocks are sedimentary rocks that have silica (SiO2) as the principal constituent.

*Argillaceous minerals may appear silvery upon optical reflection and are minerals containing
substantial amounts of clay-like components.
b. Are manufactured by direct grinding of the volcanic rocks or by calcining and
grinding clays, shales, and diatomaceous earth.
c. Mainly used for its mass not for its strength.
d. TWO TYPLES OF POZZOLAN CEMENTS
i. NATURAL POZZOLANS- volcanic rocks (pumicite, obsidian, scoria etc.)
ii. ARTIFICIAL POZZOLANS- fly ash, boiled slag and by products from the
treatment of bauxite ore.

* Bauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. It is the world's main

source of aluminium.
 3. SLAG CEMENTS
a. Consists mostly of an intimate and uniform blend of granulated blast- furnace slag
and hydrated lime. The mixture is often not calcined.
b. When manufactured, they go through a variety of operations, such as granulation,
drying preparation of the hydrated lime, proportioning the mix, mixing and final
grinding.
c. TWO TYPES OF SLAG CEMENT
i. TYPE S- used in combination with Portland cement in making concrete and
in combination with hydrated slag cement.
ii. TYPE SA- is air- entrained slag cement has the same general use as Type S.
4. NATURAL CEMENTS
a. A hydraulic cement produced by calcining a naturally occurring argillaceous
limestone at a temperature below the sintering point and then grinding to a fine
powder.

* Sintering is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by heat or
pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction.

b. Are made by the calcination of a natural clay limestone, which is made of clay
material (13 to 15 percent), silica (10 to 20 percent), and a balance of alumina and
iron oxide.
c. Should not be used in exposed areas.
d. TWO TYPES OF NATURAL CEMENT
i. TYPE N- is a natural cement in combination with Portland cement in general
concrete construction.
ii. Type NA- is air- entrained cement and has the same use as TYPE N.
5. PORTLAND CEMENT
a. The most common type of cement in use as the basic ingredient of concrete.
b. Was proposed by Joseph Aspdin in 1824.
c. The first Portland cement manufactured in the US was produced by David Saylor at
Coplay, Pennsylvania.
d. RAW MATERIALS OF PORTLAND CEMENT
i. CALCEREOUS
ii. ARGILLOCALCEREOUS
iii. ARGILLACEOUS
 The essential constituents of Portland cement are lime, silica and alumina. Are found in nature
in the form of clay, shale or slate. Limestone contains impurities of magnesia, silica iron, alkalis and
sulfur.

e. MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT

i. Quarrying
ii. Crushing
iii. Grinding
iv. Mixing
v. Calcining
vi. Addition of retarder
vii. Packing

* A retarder is a chemical agent that slows down a chemical reaction.

Portland cement is made by burning an intimate mixture composed of mainly of the three raw
materials of PC, heated at a temperature of 2800 degrees F. which is then grounded to a very fine
powder with a very small amount of gypsum (2 to 4 percent) as a retarder. The cement is packaged into
94-lb bags or into a barrel which can contain four sacks (376 lb.) and is approximately 4 cu. Ft. loose
volume and a specific gravity of 3.15.

The heat of hydration is the heat generated when water and portland cement react

 g. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAJOR COMPOUNDS IN PORTLAND CEMENT

- Tricalcium silicate- hardens rapidly and accounts for the high early strength of
the cement.

- Dicalcium Silicate- hardens slowly and contributes largely to strength to

increase at ages beyond 1 week.

- Tricalcium Aluminate- liberates a large amount of heat during the first few
days of hardening. It contributes to early- strength development.

- Tetracalcium aluminoferrite- hydrates rapidly but contributes very little to

strength.

h. TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

i. ASTM TYPE I- normal Portland cement. It is used where there would be

no severe climate changes or severe exposure to sulfate attack from water or soil. It is
used in reinforcing concrete buildings, pavements, sidewalks, bridges etc.

ii. ASTM TYPE II- used when moderate sulfate resistance or moderate heat
of hydration is desired. Used in structures of considerable mass, such as abutments and
piers. It helps minimize temperature rise when concrete is placed in warm weather.

iii. ASTM TYPE III- high early strength Portland cement. Used when a
structure must be put into service immediately.
 iv. ASTM TYPE IV- low heat of hydration Portland cement. Used when low
heat of hydration is required. Develops strength at a slower rate. Intended for mass structures such as
dams.

v. ASTM TYPE V- sulfate resisting Portland cement. It Is used when high

sulfate resistance is desired. Used when concrete is to be exposed to sever sulfate action by soil or
water.

i. PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

i. FINENESS- affects the rate of hydration. the greater the fineness the
greater the strength development. Measured with a Wagner turbid
meter or the blain air- permeability apparatus.
ii. SOUNDNESS- a measure of potential expansion of several constituent
parts. The harder the better. Lack of soundness is due to excessive
amounts of free lime or magnesia.
iii. TIME OF SETTING- measured by the Gilmore & Vicar apparatus, used to
determine the rate at which the Portland cement hardens.
iv. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH- determine by mixing the cement specimen
with a uniform silica sand and water is prescribed proportions and
molding the mixture into 2in. x 2in. x 2in. cubes. The cubes are tested in
compression to give an indication of strength.
v. HEAT OF HYDRATION- depends generally on the chemical composition
of the cement and the curing time.
vi. LOSS OF IGNITION- determined by heating a cement sample of known
weight to a full red heat of 1652 degrees F until a constant weight is
obtained.
vii. SPECIFIC GRAVITY- the SG of Portland cement is generally about 3.15.
6. PORTLAND- POZZOLAN CEMENTS
a. Are hydraulic cements consisting of an intimate and uniform blend of Portland
cement or Portland blast-furnace-slag cement and fine pozzolan.
b. Require more water for a given consistency but exhibits greater shrinkage upon
drying.
c. They exhibit less strength prior to 28 days of curing, but after achieves greater
strength compared to normal Portland cement concrete.
d. Used for mass concrete where mass and strength are more important than strength.
e. It exhibits excellent sulfate resistance and hence is good for seawalls and in dam
construction.
f. THREE TYPES OF PORTLAND- POZZOLAN CEMENT
i. TYPE IP- used in general concrete construction. Same with the optional TYPE
IP- A which is air- entrained. Moderate sulfate resistance and heat of
hydration.
ii. TYPE P- used in concrete construction where high strengths at early stages
are not required. Moderate sulfate resistance and low heat of hydration.
7. PORTLAND BLAST- FURNACE-SLAG CEMENT
a. Is a hydraulic cement consisting of an intimate and uniform blend of Portland
cement and fine, granulated blast-furnace slag.
b. TYPE IS is for use in general construction. Optional TYPE IS-A which is air-entrained
also used.
c. Moderate sulfate resistance, moderate heat of hydration or both may be specified.
8. ALUMINA CEMENTS
a. Has high alumina content because it consists primarily of calcium aluminates.
b. Also referred to as “high- alumina cement”
c. High early strength, usually hardens to full strength at 48 hours compared to
Portland.
d. Excellent refractoriness, and good resistance against chemical attacks.
e. Limited because of elevated temperatures can produce permanent strength
reductions when moisture is present.
f. Alumina cements are used where high early strength is required and moderate
temperatures are to be maintained.
g. RAW MATERIALS USED
i. LIMESTONE
ii. BAUXITE
9. EXPANSIVE CEMENT
a. Cement when in the process of hardening undergoes expansion or increases in
volume and eventually develops satisfactory strength.
b. Used in a situation where shrinkage of the concrete cannot be tolerated.
c. Can achieve high strength because of the high-alumina or Portland cement
components.
 d. THREE TYPES OF EXPANSIVE CEMENTS
i. TYPE M(SOVIET)
ii. TYPE K(KLEIN)
iii. TYPE S (PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION)
10. SPECIAL PORTLAND CMENTS
a. WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT
i. Used for decorative displays.
ii. Makes an excellent base when colored aggregates are used.
iii. Low in iron and manganese which gives it a while look.
b. COLORED CEMENTS
i. Are made by intergrinding a chemically inert pigment such as metallic oxide
in the amount of 3 to 10 percent to Portland cement.
ii. Used for decorative purposes.
iii. Has the tendency to fade over the years.
c. OIL- WELL CEMENTS
i. Slow- setting cements that are used to seal deep wells.
ii. Made slurry and pumped to depths within the well under high temperature
and pressure before it is allowed to set.
d. REGULATED CMENTS
i. Rapid- setting and hardening cements.
ii. Used in manufacturing of blocks, pipes, restressed and precast concrete and
for patch work.
iii. Has strength comparable to TYPE I, II, III Portland cement.
e. WATERPROOFED CEMEMTS
i. A Portland cement interground with a water- repellent material, such as
calcium stearate.
ii. Used to reduce the water permeability of the concrete.
f. HYDROPHOBIC CEMENTS
i. Similar to waterproofed cements, but the purpose is to prolong the life of
the cement during storage.
g. ANTIBACTERIAL CEMENT
i. Portland cement with an antibacterial agent with the intention of reducing
harmful microorganisms,
ii. Used in food-processing plants to minimize deterioration caused by
fermentation.
h. BARIUM AND STRONIUM CEMENTS
i. Portland cements in which the calcium oxide is replaced completely or in
part by barium oxide or strontium oxide.
ii. The purpose is to act as a concrete shield in which the barium and strontium
absorbs x-rays and gamma rays.
NONHYDRAULIC CEMENTS

1. LIME
a. One of the oldest known cementing materials, which is
readily available and rather inexpensive.
b. Produced by burning limestone.
c. When lime is burned in a kiln at a temperature of 1800
degrees F and the calcium carbonate is decomposed the
calcium oxide formed is called quicklime.

Slaking and the product calcium hydroxide called slaked lime or hydrated lime. The rate of
reaction depends on the purity of the lime. The higher the purity, the greater the reactivity with
water.

COMMERCIAL QUICKLIME

1. QUICK
2. MEDIUM
3. SLOW

HYDRATED LIME- is produced by adding just enough water to quicklime.

LIME PUTTY- is formed when an overextended amount of water is added to the quicklime.

Lime’s hardening process is slow and may take several years to develop its full strength. It also needs the
free circulation of air to provide carbon dioxide to the innermost portion of the mortar for hardening to
take effect.