Starting of DC Motor

starting of dc motor
Name: Abbas Bilal Sami Hussein

Subject: Electrical machines and power plant
Class /Branch: Third Power Plant
Supervisor: dr.Ahlam Shuraiji
DC motor :
is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced
by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism,
either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current
in part of the motor.
DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can
be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing
the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys,
and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a
lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC
motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, and
in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made
replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
1
Now to start a DC motor we need to know the basic operational voltage equation of
a DC motor is given as
E = Eb + IaRa and hence, Ia = (E - Eb) / Ra
Now, when the motor is at rest, obviously, the back emf Eb = 0. Hence, armature
current at the moment of starting can be given as Ia = E / Ra. In practical DC
machines, armature resistance is basically very low, generally about 0.5 Ω. Therefore,
a large current flows through the armature during starting. This current is large
enough to damage the armature circuit.
Due to this excessive starting current -
1.the fuses may blow out and the armature winding and/or commutator brush
arrangement may get damaged.
2.very high starting torque will be produced (as torque is directly proportional to the
armature current), and this high starting torque may cause huge centrifugal force
which may throw off the armature winding.
3.other loads connected to the same source may experience a dip in the terminal
voltage.
A large DC motor will pick up speed rather slowly due to its large rotor inertia.
Hence, building up the back emf slowly causing the level of high starting current
maintained for quite some time. This may cause severe damage. To avoid this, a
suitable DC motor starter must be used. Very small dc motors, however, may be
started directly by connecting them to the supply with the help of a contactor or a
switch. It does not result in any harm because they gather speed quickly due to small
rotor inertia. In this case, the large starting current will die down quickly because of
the fast rise in the back emf.
2
DC motor starters:
To avoid the above dangers while starting a DC motor, it is necessary to limit the
starting current. So, a DC motor is started by using a starter. There are various types
of dc motor starters, such as 3 point starter, 4 point starter, no-load release coil
starter, thyristor controller starter etc.
The basic concept behind every DC motor starter is adding external resistance to the
armature winding during starting.
From the followings, 3 point starters and 4 point starters are used for starting shunt
wound motors and compound wound motors.
3 point starter:-
The internal wiring of a 3 point starter is as shown in the figure.

When the connected dc motor is to be started, the lever is turned gradually to the
right. When the lever touches point 1, the field winding gets directly connected across
the supply, and the armature winding gets connected with resistances R1 to R5 in
series. During starting, full resistance is added in series with the armature winding.
Then, as the lever is moved further, the resistance is gradually is cut out from the
armature circuit. Now, as the lever reaches to position 6, all the resistance is cut out
from the armature circuit and armature gets directly connected across the supply. The
electromagnet 'E' (no voltage coil) holds the lever at this position. This electromagnet
releases the lever when there is no (or low) supply
voltage.
It can be seen that, when the arm is moved from the position 1 to the last position, the
starter resistance gets added in series with the field winding. But, as the value of
starter resistance is very small as compared to the shunt resistance, the decrease in
shunt field current may be negligible. However, to overcome this drawback a brass or
copper arc may be employed within a 3 point starter which makes a connection
between the moving arm and the field winding, as shown in the figure of 4 point
starter below.
When the motor is overloaded beyond a predefined value, 'overcurrent release

electromagnet' D gets activated, which short-circuits electromagnet E and, hence,
releases the lever and the motor is turned off.
3
3 point starter
4 point starter:-
The main difference between a 3 point starter and a 4 point starter is that the no
voltage coil (electromagnet E) is not connected in series with the field coil. The field
winding gets directly connected to the supply, as the lever moves touching the brass
arc (the arc below the resistance studs). The no voltage coil (or Hold-on coil) is
connected with a current limiting resistance Rh. This arrangement ensures that any
change of current in the shunt field does not affect the current through hold-on coil at
all. This means, electromagnetic pull of the hold-on coil will always be sufficient so
that the spring does not unnecessarily restore the lever to the off position. A 4 point
starter is used where field current is to be adjusted by means of a field rheostat for the
purpose of operating the motor above rated speed by reducing the field current.
4
DC series motor starter:
Construction of DC series motor starters is very basic as shown in the figure. The
start arm is simply moved towards right to start the motor. Thus, maximum resistance
is connected in series with the armature during starting and then gradually decreased
as the start arm moves towards right. This starter is sometimes also called as a 2 point
starter.
The no load release coil holds the start arm to the run position and leaves it when the
voltage is lost.
5
References:
1- Starters for the DC Shunt Wound and Compound Wound Motors Kriti Shrivastava1 , Prof M.D
Pawar2 M.Tech Student, ENTC, MIT (T), Aurangabad, India 1 Assistant Professor, ENTC, MIT
(T), Aurangabad, India 2

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starting of dc motor

Name: Abbas Bilal Sami Hussein

The internal wiring of a 3 point starter is as shown in the figure.

When the motor is overloaded beyond a predefined value, 'overcurrent release

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