Modifier: Question No 9

HSC English Grammar – Easy Rules to Practice Modifier

 Modifier wK?
Modify gv‡b we‡klvwqZ Kiv| GwU GKwU Verb, †hgb: Play †_‡K Av‡m Player, Drive †_‡K Av‡m Driver| wVK †Zgwb Modify †_‡K Av‡m Modifier| myZivs,
Modifier A_© nj †Kvb Word †K we‡klvwqZ Kiv ev AwZwi³ Z_¨ †`Iqv A_ev †Kvb Word Gi Z_¨ cwi¯‹vi K‡i †`Iqv|

Modifier Grammar Gi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨L¨vq hvIqvi Av‡M eªv‡K‡Ui AskUv fvjfv‡e ey‡S †bIqv `iKvi| eªv‡K‡U †Kvb Modifier e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Zv 2 fv‡e D‡jøL
_v‡K| †hgb, GKwU noun †K pre modify Ki‡Z ejv n‡”Q, ZLb †mUv wb‡gœv³ 2 c×wZ‡Z D‡jøL _vK‡Z cv‡i|

 Pre modify the noun with an adjective

 Use an adjective to pre modify the noun

GLv‡b †Lqvj K‡iv, `ywU eªv‡K‡UB wKš‘ GKB K_v ejv Av‡Q, cª_gwUi A_© nj - we‡klvwqZ Ki Noun wU‡K GKwU Adjective w`‡q| Ges wØZxqwUi A_© nj - GKwU
Adjective e¨envi Ki Noun wU‡K we‡klvwqZ Kivi Rb¨| myZivs, GLv‡b ey‡S wb‡Z n‡e, Avm‡j †Kvb element e¨envi Ki‡Z ejv nq‡Q Modify Kivi Rb¨|
A‡bK mgq †Kvb Modifier e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Zv eªv‡K‡U ¯úó K‡i D‡jøL _v‡K bv| †m †¶Î Avgiv Avgv‡`i myweav gZ A_©vr †h Modifier Uv wgj‡e †mwUB Use
Kie| †mUv n‡Z cv‡i GKwU Adjective, Intendifier etc BZ¨vw`|

 Modifier Gi cªKvi‡f`: Modifier †K g~jZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:

1. Pre-Modifier
2. Post Modifier

 Pre-Modifier: †h Modifier †Kvb Word ev Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m †mB Word m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cª`vb K‡i Zv‡K Pre-Modifier e‡j|
†hgb: He is a __ (pre modify the noun with an adjective) boy.
DËi: good//bad/excellent/meritorious BZ¨vw`|
NOTE: GLv‡b, Noun nj "boy" Ges GUv‡K GKwU Adjective w`‡q Pre-Modify Ki‡Z ejv n‡qwQj| Zvn‡j, GLb †evSv †Mj †h, Pre-Modify e¨envi
Ki‡Z ejv n‡j Lvwj NiUv me mgq Noun Gi Av‡M e‡m|

 Post-Modifier: †h Modifier †Kvb Word ev Noun Gi c‡i e‡m †mB Word ev Noun †K we‡klvwqZ K‡i Zv‡KB ejv nq Post-Modifier.
†hgb: I saw a blind man __ (use a present participle to post modify the noun).
DËi: walking/running/talking BZ¨vw`| myZivs, Post-Modify Ki‡Z ejv n‡j Lvwj NiUv me mgq Noun Gi c‡i e‡m|

 P‡jv, Avgiv Pre-Modifier Gi Dcv`vb (elements) ¸‡jv Lye mn‡R ms‡¶‡c ey‡S †bB:

Determiner (the, one) Quantifier: cwigvYevPK (many, more, much)

Pre-determiner (all, few) Infinitive (to+v1)
Adjective (noun Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, cwigvY BZ¨vw`) Present participle (v1+ing)
Intensifier (very, much: ZxeªZv †evSv‡Z) Past participle (V3)
Possessive pronoun (my, our, their, your, his, her, its) Nominal (mixing word)
Demonstrative (this, that, these, those) Noun Adjective (noun hLb adjective n‡q hvq)
Article (a, an, the)

 DcwiD³ Element ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ:

 Determiner: Determiner gv‡b nj wb‡`©kK| myZivs, hLb †Kvb Noun †K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z ejv nq wVK ZLbB Determiner "the" e¨eüZ nq| "The"
QvovI AviI K‡qKwU Determiner Av‡Q Z‡e me‡P‡q eûj e¨eüZ Determiner nj " the".
Example: Jamuna is __ (pre modify the adjective with determiner) longest river in our country.
Ans: the

 Pre-determiner: c~e© wb‡`©kK‡K Bs‡iRx‡Z Pre-determiner ejv nq| GB Modifier wU mvaviYZ Determiner Gi Av‡M e‡m| eûj e¨eüZ Pre-
determiner wU nj "all".
Example: ___ (use a pre determiner) the students are present today.
 Ans: All

 Adjective: Avgiv mevB Rvwb †h Adjective Øviv Noun Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v I cwigvc †evSvq| myZivs, hLb Pre-Modifier wnmv‡e Adjective e¨envi
Ki‡Z ejv n‡e ZLb Passage Gi mv‡_ cªm½ wVK †i‡L Noun Gi †`vl ev ¸Y evPK GKwU Adjective w`‡Z n‡e| Modifier Gi cªkœwU covi mgq LvwjN‡i "
†Kgb" cªkœ K‡i DËi wgjv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|
Example: I saw a ___ (use an adjective to pre modify the noun) car.
Ans: red/black/new/old/Bangladeshi/broken (me ¸‡jvB mwVK, KviY me¸‡jvB MvwowUi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v wb‡`©k K‡i| Z‡e passage G MvwowU
m¤ú‡K© †h K_v ejv _vK‡e Avgv‡`iI †m Abyhvqx adjecive wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b K‡iv passage wU cyiv‡bv Mvwo wb‡q †jLv, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i "old" adjective
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|)

 Intensiier: †Kvb wKQy †Rvi w`‡q ejvi Rb¨ Intensifier e¨envi Kiv nq| me‡P‡q †ekx e¨envi nIqv Intensifier n‡jv "very"| GLv‡b †Kvb Grammar Gi
wbqg †g‡b Pjv jv‡M bv| ïay "very" Ges "much" e¨envi K‡i Modifier m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|
Example: Shakib is a ___ (pre modify the adjective with an intensifier) good player.
Ans: very

 Possassive Pronoun: Avgvi, †Zvgvi, Zvi, Zv‡`i, Avgv‡`i, GUvi G¸‡jvi Bs‡iRx my, your, his, her, their, our, it’s; G¸‡jv‡KB Possessive
Pronoun ejv nq| GLv‡bI †Kvb Grammar jv‡M bv| eªv‡K‡U Possessive †`L‡jB Subject Abyhvqx Dc‡iv³ GKwU Pronoun e¨envi Ki‡jB n‡q hv‡e|
Example: They completed ___ (use possessive) task.
Ans: their

 Demonstrative Pronoun: GB Modifier wU‡ZI †Kvb Grammar jv‡M bv| †Zvgv‡K ïay this, that, these, those GB PviwU Word g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
hLb eªv‡K‡Ui wfZi Demonstrative †jLv _vK‡e, ZLb Subject Gi Singular, Plural †`‡L this, that emv‡Z n‡e| GB, GUv †evSv‡j this, H, HUv
†evSv‡j that, GB¸‡jv †evSv‡j these, H¸‡jv †evSv‡j those| myZivs, this, that n‡jv singular Ges these, those n‡jv plural|
Example: ___ (use demonstrative to pre modify the noun) mobile works well.
Ans: this/that (GLv‡b mobile GKwU eywS‡q‡Q ZvB GUv Singular)
Plural example: ___ mobiles work well.
Ans: those (KviY, GLv‡b A‡bK¸‡jv mobile Gi K_v †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q)|

 Article: Article e¨env‡ii R‡b¨I †Kvb Grammar jv‡M bv| A_© Ges Singular Plural wVK †i‡L a, an, the article e¨envi Ki‡jB h‡_ô|
Example: They bought __ (pre-modify the noun with article) football from the market.
Ans: a

 Quantifier: Quantifier word wU G‡m‡Q Quantity †_‡K, †hUv Øviv cwigvYevPK A_© †evSvq| †hgbt many, more| GLv‡bI †Zgb Grammar jv‡M
bv|
Example: There are ___ (use quantifier) flowers in my garden.
Ans: many

 Infinitive: to+v1 †K Infinitive ejv nq| GLv‡b GKUy Grammar we`¨gvb| hLb Pre Modifier wnmv‡e Infinitive e¨envi Ki‡Z ejv n‡e ZLb k~b¨¯’v‡b
"†Z" a‡i wb‡q A_©vr †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z a‡i wb‡q ev‡K¨i A_© Kivi †Póv Ki‡e|
Example: They went market ___ (use an infinitive) shirts.
Ans: to buy

 Present Participle: V1+ing †K Present Participle ejv nq, hv Øviv mvaviYZ †Kvb wKQyi ZLbKvi Pjgvb Ae¯’v †evSv‡bv nq|
Example: We saw a ___ (use present participle) robot.
Ans: moving/running/walking/talking
NOTE: GLv‡b, move nj g~j verb Gi present form|Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ Kivi ci n‡jv moving, hv †iveUwUi Pjgvb Ae¯’v wb‡`©k K‡i| GB present
participle †ekxifvM †¶‡Î adjective Gi KvR K‡i|

 Past participle: Verb Gi 3 b¤^i iƒc‡KB Past Participle e‡j| GUvI †Kvb Noun Gi Ae¯’v wb‡`©k K‡i|
Example: There was a ____ (past participle) bus on the road.
 Ans: broken
NOTE: ”break” verb Gi 3 b¤^i iƒc broken Øviv evmwUi Ae¯’v †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GwUI adjective Gi gZ KvR K‡i|

 Nominal (mixing word): `y‡Uv A_©c~Y© Word Gi mswgkª‡Y hLb †Kvb Word MwVZ nq, ZLb Zv‡K Nominal e‡j| †hgb: heart-broken
Example: It was a ___ (use nominal) news.
Ans: heart-striken (ü`q we`viK)

 Noun Adjective: †Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© hLb Ab¨ Av‡iKwU Noun e¨envi Kiv nq ZLb c~‡e© e¨eüZ Noun wU Avi Noun _v‡K bv, †mwU n‡q hvq GKwU
Adjective. ZvB GUv‡K ejv nq Noun Adjective.
Example: Rana is a __ (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) student.
Ans: school/college
NOTE: school/college nj Noun. wKš‘ "student" Noun Gi Av‡M emvi Kvi‡Y GwU Adjective G cwiYZ n‡q †M‡Q|

 P‡jv, Avgiv Post-Modifier Gi Dcv`vb (elements) ¸‡jv Lye mn‡R ms‡¶‡c ey‡S †bB:

Appositive (Subject m¤ú‡K© †QvU eY©bv) Infinitive phrase

Present participle Prepositional phrase
Past participle Adverb

 DcwiD³ Element ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ:

 Apositive: †Kvb Subject (e¨w³, e¯‘, RvqMv, welq) m¤ú‡K© †QvU e¨L¨v ev eY©bv‡KB ejv nq Appositive| Appositive G cy‡iv evK¨ †jLv jv‡M bv|
Subject m¤ú‡K© `yB GKUv K_v K‡qKwU Phrase Gi gva¨‡g D‡jøL Ki‡jB n‡e| Appositive G eY©bvUv `y‡Uv Kgvi wfZi †jLv nq|
Example: Kazi Nazrul Islam, _____, (use appositive to post modify the noun) wrote many poems.
Ans: a great poet
NOTE: D³ D`vniYwU‡Z LvwjN‡i Avgiv wjL‡Z cviZvg "who was a great poet". wKš‘ GUv GKUv Clause| ZvB Avgiv GUv wjLe bv| eis GLv‡b K‡qKwU
Word wjL‡Z n‡e| ZvB DËi n‡e a great poet|

 Present Participle: Pre Modifier G Avgiv †R‡bwQ †h Present Participle MwVZ nq gyj verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM K‡i| GLv‡bI GKB wbqg Z‡e
GLv‡b Present Participle wU Noun Gi c‡i e‡m| Ges Zv Noun wUi GKwU Pjgvb Ae¯’v wb‡`©k K‡i _v‡K|
Example: I saw a car __ (present participle) in water.
Ans: going/running

 Past Participle: V3 nj Past Participle| GLv‡bI Noun Gi Ae¯’v wb‡`©k Kiv nq|
Example: I found my chair __ (past participle) in the room.
Ans: broken

 Infinitive Phrase: Avgiv Rvwb †h to+v1 †K Infinitive ejv nq| hLb eªv‡K‡U Infinitive Phrase e¨env‡ii wb‡`©k _vK‡e ZLb to+v1 Gi mv‡_ AviI
wKQy Word hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Example: The boys went market __ (post modify the noun with infinitive phrase).
Ans: to buy a football.
NOTE: GLv‡b, to+buy ch©šÍ Infinitive Phrase wVK wQj| wKš‘ Phrase wVK ivLvi Rb¨ "a football" AviI K‡qKwU word hy³ Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|

 Prepositional Phrase: GwU Lye mnR GKwU wbqg| GLv‡b ïay ev‡K¨i †k‡l GKwU preposition Ges A_© eûj K‡qKwU word e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Example: There are many problems ____ (prepositional phrase).
Ans: in our country.

 Adverb: Adverb ¸‡jv mvaviYZ Verb †K Modify K‡i Ges ev‡K¨i evsjv A_© Kivi mgq Aek¨B Ôfv‡eÕ a‡i wb‡q A_© Kie|
Example: They finished the work ____ (adverb).
Ans: properly
 Gevi Dc‡ii wbqg¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i wb‡Pi cªkœ¸‡jvi DËi †`qvi †Póv K‡iv:

1. A balanced diet is a good mixture of (a) ------ (Pre-modify the noun) foods. It is essential (b) ---- (Post-modify the adjective
with an infinitive) a healthy life. There are many benefits of eating (c) ------ (Pre-modify the noun) diet because it prevents
(d) ----- (Use determiners to pre-modify the noun) diseases. As a result we do not get sick (e) ----- (Post-modify the verb
with an adverb). We should not eat the (g) ------ (use adjective to pre-modify the noun) foods for whole week. We can keep
fit (h) ----- (use a participle) a balanced diet. But it is not easy (i) ----- (Post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a balanced
diet. Here (j) ------- (use a determiner) nutritionist can help us.

2. Kazi Nazrul Islam is called the Shelley of Bengali literature. He was a (a) ----- (Pre-modify the noun) poet. He wrote (b) ----
(Post-modify the verb) in every branch of Bengali literature. Nazrul, (c) ------ (use an appositive), won the attention of
everyone in his childhood. He wrote ceaselessly until the death of (d) ------- (use possessive pronoun) poetic flair. He
composed his songs (e) ----- (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). His songs are (f) ----- (use an intensifier to
pre-modify the adjective) melodious. He enriched the Bengali literature. He was (j) ------ (use an article) secular poet. He
sang the songs of equality (j) ------- (use and adverbial phrase).

3. Rabindranath Tagore was a (a) …. (Pre-modify the noun) poet of Bangali literature. He was born in a (b)…… (Pre-modify the
noun) family at Jarasanko, Kiolokata. He went to school (c)….. (Post-modify the verb). He wrote his (d)….. (Pre-modify the
noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, he went to London (e)…… (Post modify the verb with an infinitive)
school there. He was put up in a lodging house under the care of a (f)…. (Pre-modify the noun) coach, Mr. Scott. He was
lucky (g)…… (Post modify the adjective with an infinitive) an English family of Mr. Scott. He also visited the House of
Parliament (h)….. (post modify the verb with an infinitive) Gladstone and John Bright’s debates on Irish rule. He wrote letters
to Kolkata (i)…… (post modify the verb with a present participle) English society. At this, his family thought that they might
lose their son (j)…… (Post-modify the verb). So, he was called back to Kolkata.

4. It was a hot (a)… (Use a noun adjective to per-modify the noun) day. A (b) ….. (Pre-modify the noun) crow flew all over the
fields looking for water. For a long time, she could not find any water. He felt (c) … (use an intensifier to per-modify the
adjective) weak, almost giving up hope. Suddenly, she saw a water jug below her. She flew (d)….. (Post modify the verb) to
see if there was any water inside. Yes, she could see some water inside the jug. The crow tried (e)…… (Use an infinitive phrase
to post-modify the verb). Sadly, she found that the neck of the jug was too narrow. Then she tried to push the jug down for
the water to flow out. But she found (f)….. (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) jug too heavy. The crow thought
(g)….. (Use a phrase to post-modify the verb) what to do. (h) ….. (Use a participle to pre-modify the verb), she saw some
pebbles nearby. She (i)….. (Pre-modify the verb) had a good idea. She started picking up the pebbles one by one, dropping
each into the jug. As more and more pebbles filled the jug, the water level kept rising. Soon it was high (j)……. (Post-modify
the adjective) for the crow to drink. The crow quenched its thirst and flew away.

5. Once there lived a (a)…… (Pre-modify the noun) fox in a jungle. One day, while he was walking (b)…… (Post modify the
verb) through the jungle he fell into a trap and lost his tail. He felt (c)….. (Pre-modify the adjective) unhappy and sad. But the
fox was very cunning. He hit upon a plan. He invited all the foxes (d)…. (Post modify the verb with an infinitive) to a meeting.
When all the foxes arrived, the fox without a tail said “My dear friends, listen to me, please, I have discovered a (e)……. (Pre-
modify the noun) thing. It is that our tails are (f)….. (Pre-modify the adjective) useless. They look ugly and dirty. So, we all
should cut off our tails, shouldn’t we? All foxes listened to the cunning fox (g)…… (Post-modify the verb). Most of them
agreed (h)…… (Post modify the verb with an infinitive) their tails. But an old and (i)…… (Pre-modify the noun) fox said to
him, “My friend, your plan is nice but evil. Actually, you want to cut off our tails because you have (j)…. (pre-modify the noun
with a determiner) tail of your own.”

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