Thermodynamics CH 7-Part 1

Chapter 7
PART 1
ENTROPY
ENTROPY
 The second law of thermodynamics often leads to
expressions that involve inequalities. An irreversible
(i.e., actual) heat engine, for example, is less efficient
than a reversible one operating between the same
two thermal energy reservoirs.
 Another important inequality that has major
consequences in thermodynamics is the Clausius
inequality and is expressed as:
ENTROPY Cont.
 Above inequality is valid for all cycles, reversible or
irreversible.
 Any heat transfer to or from a system can be
considered to consist of differential amounts of heat
transfer 𝛿𝑄/𝑇.
 To demonstrate the validity of the Clausius
inequality, consider a system connected to a thermal
energy reservoir at a constant thermodynamic
temperature of 𝑇𝑅 through a reversible cyclic device
(Fig. 7–1).
o
ENTROPY Cont.
On the basis of the Kelvin–Planck statement of the
second law (no system can produce a net amount of
work while operating in a cycle and exchanging heat
with a single thermal energy reservoir), 𝑊𝐶 cannot be a
work output, and thus it cannot be a positive quantity.
However, 𝑇𝑅 being the thermodynamic temperature is
a positive quantity, so the Clausius inequality (for all
thermodynamic cycles either reversible or irreversible)
is:
ENTROPY Cont.
 If no irreversibilities occur within the system, the
combined system is internally reversible.
 In the reversed cycle case, all the quantities have the
same magnitude but the opposite sign. Therefore, the
work 𝑊𝐶 , which could not be a positive quantity in
the regular case, cannot be a negative quantity in the
reversed case. Thus
 It can be concluded that the equality in the Clausius

inequality holds for totally or even internally reversible
cycles and the inequality for the irreversible ones.
ENTROPY CHANGE
 Clausius discovered a new thermodynamic property,
known as entropy (S) and is defined as:
 Entropy is an extensive property of a system and

sometimes is referred to as total entropy. Entropy per
unit mass, designated s, is an intensive property and
has the unit kJ/kg · K.
 The entropy change of a system during a process can
be determined by integrating Eq. 7–4 as:
ENTROPY CHANGE Cont.
 Entropy being a property has fixed
values at fixed states. Therefore,
the entropy change S between
two specified states is the same
no matter what path, reversible or
irreversible, is followed during a
process (Fig. 7–3).
 But the integral of 𝛿Q/T gives us
the value of entropy change only if
the integration is carried out along
an internally reversible path
between the two states.
ENTROPY CHANGE Cont.
 Thus for internally reversible isothermal heat transfer
processes:
where 𝑇0 = constant temperature of the system &

Q = heat transfer for the internally reversible process.
 Above eqn. is useful for determining the entropy changes

of thermal energy reservoirs that can absorb or supply
heat indefinitely at a constant temperature.
EXAMPLE
A piston–cylinder device contains a liquid–vapor
mixture of water at 300 K. During a constant-pressure
process, 750 kJ of heat is transferred to the water. As a
result, part of the liquid in the cylinder vaporizes.
Determine the entropy change of the water during this
process.
SOLUTION
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY
PRINCIPLE
Consider a cycle that is made up of two processes:
process 1-2, which is arbitrary (reversible or
irreversible), and process 2-1, which is internally
reversible, as shown in Figure 7–5. From the Clausius
inequality:
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
Cont.
 It can also be expressed in differential form as:
 In above eqn. T is the thermodynamic temperature at

the boundary where the differential heat 𝛿𝑄 is
transferred between the system and the
surroundings.
 The equality holds for an internally reversible process
and the inequality for an irreversible process.
 Thus entropy change of a closed system during an
irreversible process is greater than the integral of
𝛿𝑄/𝑇 i.e. some entropy is generated or created
during the irreversible process.
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE Cont.
 The entropy generation is due entirely to the presence
of irreversibilities and is denoted by 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 , so Eq. 7–7
can be rewritten as an equality as:
 For an isolated system (or simply an adiabatic closed

system), the heat transfer is zero, and Eq. 7–7 reduces
to:
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE Cont.
 Above equation states that the entropy of an isolated
system during a process always increases or, in the
limiting case of a reversible process, remains
constant.
 In other words, it never decreases. This is known as
the increase of entropy principle.
 The increase of entropy principle can be summarized
as follows:
EXAMPLE
A heat source at 800 K loses 2000 kJ of heat to a
sink at (a) 500 K and (b) 750 K. Determine which
heat transfer process is more irreversible.
SOLUTION
As the total entropy change for the process in
part (b) is smaller, therefore it is less
irreversible.
ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE
SUBSTANCES
 In steam tables the entropy of saturated liquid 𝑠𝑓 at
0.01°C is assigned the value of zero. For refrigerant-
134a, the zero value is assigned to saturated liquid at
− 40°𝐶 . The entropy values become negative at
temperatures below the reference value.
 In the compressed liquid and superheated vapor
regions, entropy can be obtained directly from the
tables at the specified state.
 In the saturated mixture region, however, it is
determined as follow (Fig. 7–11):
ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Cont.
The general characteristics of the T-s diagram of pure

substances are shown in Fig. 7–11 (using data for water).
ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCES Cont.
EXAMPLE
A rigid tank contains 5 kg of refrigerant-134a initially at
20°C and 140 kPa. The refrigerant is now cooled while
being stirred until its pressure drops to 100 kPa.
Determine the entropy change of the refrigerant during
this process. Assume that the volume of the tank is
constant.
SOLUTION:
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS INVOLVING
ENTROPY
 The two diagrams commonly used
in the second-law analysis are the
temperature-entropy and the
enthalpy-entropy diagrams.
 The entropy equation (Eq. 7–4) can
be rearranged as:
 The 𝛿𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑖𝑛𝑡 corresponds to a

differential area on T-S diagram.
Thus
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS INVOLVING ENTROPY
Cont.
 Therefore, we conclude that the area under the
process curve on a T-S diagram represents heat
transfer during an internally reversible process.
 For internally reversible isothermal process, above
eqn. yields:
Entropy can be viewed as a measure of
molecular disorder, or molecular randomness.
A process during which the entropy remains
constant is called an isentropic process.
Another diagram commonly used in

engineering is the enthalpy-entropy
diagram, which is quite valuable in the
analysis of steady-flow devices such as
turbines, compressors, and nozzles.
The h-s diagram is also called a Mollier
diagram (Fig. 7-18).
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS INVOLVING ENTROPY Cont.
 The entropy of a pure crystalline
substance at absolute zero temperature is
zero since there is no uncertainty about
the state of the molecules at that instant
(Fig. 7–21).
 Above statement is known as the third law
of thermodynamics.
 The third law of thermodynamics provides
an absolute reference point for the
determination of entropy. The entropy
determined relative to this point is called
absolute entropy.
 However, the entropy of a substance that
is not pure crystalline is not zero at
absolute zero temperature.

Thermodynamics CH 7-Part 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermodynamics CH 7-Part 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermodynamics CH 7-Part 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 7

 It can be concluded that the equality in the Clausius

 Entropy is an extensive property of a system and

where 𝑇0 = constant temperature of the system &

 Above eqn. is useful for determining the entropy changes

 In above eqn. T is the thermodynamic temperature at

 For an isolated system (or simply an adiabatic closed

The general characteristics of the T-s diagram of pure

 The 𝛿𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑖𝑛𝑡 corresponds to a

Another diagram commonly used in

You might also like