Case Note Excellent1 Annotated
Case Note Excellent1 Annotated
Case Note Excellent1 Annotated
New South Wales v Bujdoso1 placed custodial institutions and their Excellent, engaging
start
Very good classification systems under a microscope. It was clear to the court that a duty of
identification early on
of what was at issue in care must be found,2 however the issue at trial was whether the prison was in
the case and what was
not breach of its duty of care to a prisoner who was assaulted whilst in custody, given
he was housed in a low security prison where the risk of assault was extremely
low.3 The decision heightens the tension surrounding the balance between Excellent focus on
one of the significant
individual prisoner safety and protection, and the establishment of an environment concerns coming from
the case
that promotes rehabilitation.
Bujdoso suffered a severe beating by two inmates with iron bars on the
night of 21 September 1991, which he claims could have been prevented had the
Excellent way of
weaving the legal issue authorities exercised ‘reasonable care so as to control the conduct of third persons
into the facts and claim
as to prevent them from intentionally harming the other’.9 The respondent claims
Excellent reference to his injuries were foreseeable10 and preventable had the authorities at Silverwater
leading case
Prison enacted ‘closer and more frequent checking of prisoners; better and stronger
locks and doors…and, relocation of the respondent closer to the prison officer’s
station’11 – that is, ‘precautions to avoid the risk of harm’.12 The defendant
Excellent, succinct
appealed on the grounds that these were not reasonable precautions at the time
foundation laid for the
ensuing discussion
given the low risk of assault, and that a breach of duty was found or assessed
retrospectively, and was therefore misguided.13
10
Ibid [50] as established in Wyong v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40, 43.
Good use of the most
11
Ibid [51]. significant authority
12
Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic) s 48. relevant to this case
13
New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [41].
14
Ibid [32].
15
Howard v Jarvis (1958) 98 CLR 177 [183].
16
Francis Trindade and Peter Cane, The Law of Torts in Australia (1st ed, 1985) 407; Egerton v
Home Office [1978] Crim LR 494; Anderson v Home Office (1965) Times, 8 October; L v Good use of a text: but
Commonwealth of Australia (1976) 10 ALR 296, 274; New South Wales v Godfrey (2004) Australian watch out for the most
recent editions of texts
Torts Reports 81-741 [27] (Heydon JA).
Excellent use of
17
[2002] NSWCA 402 [75].
relevant sources
18
Ibid.
19
New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [45].
20
Howard v Jarvis (1958) 98 CLR 177, 269, 273.
21
New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [45].
22
Trindade, above n 16, 407.
23
Egerton v Home Office [1978] Crim LR 494.
Case Note Bujdoso: Excellent Paper 1 3
duty in particular circumstances’24 has been a contentious legal issue and is worth
consideration here.
Excellent linkage
Excellent heading: it
III WYONG’S BALANCING ACT nicely encapsulates
the discussion that
Whilst ‘C3’ prisoners were deemed far less likely to act violently,34 an follows
Excellent statement,
backed up by authority improbable risk does not constitute an unforeseeable one.35 The risk was not ‘far-
fetched or fanciful’36 given the previous attack and the knowledge of threats. The
probability and gravity of the risk occurring was high relative to the low burden of
This needs to be a
24
Reconciliation and Social Justice Library Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody
fuller citation National Report Volume 1 – Duty of Care Towards those in Custody
25
L v Commonwealth of Australia (1976) 10 ALR 296, 272.
26
New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [51].
27
Egerton v Home Office [1978] Crim LR 494; New South Wales v Godfrey (2004) Australian Torts
Very good use of
Reports 81-741 and Anderson v Home Office (1965) Times, 8 October all found no duty of care. footnotes to add to the
28
‘…recognised by law, requiring conformity to a certain standard of conduct for the protection of text, beyond citations,
others against unreasonable risk.’ John G. Fleming, The Law of Torts (9th ed, 1998) 115. without turning them
29
New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [47]. into arguments that
30
Ibid [48]. should in fact be in the
text
31
‘…conduct falling below the standard demanded for the protection of others against unreasonable
risk of harm.’ Fleming, above n 28, 117.
32
New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [39].
33
Ibid [48].
34
Ibid [32].
35
As established in Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40, 47.
36
Ibid.
Case Note Bujdoso: Excellent Paper 1 4
taking alleviating measures.37 For this reason the High Court correctly applied the Excellent use of lateral
and original thinking:
Wyong ‘calculus’. Recent amendments to the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic) which now
38 39
the use of an important
source (Wrongs Act)
require a foreseeable risk to be ‘not insignificant’ would be likely to bear little that would not often be
seen to be immediately
significance to this case’s outcome since, despite the test of reasonable relevant
foreseeability being narrowed, the attack would still be considered within the scope
of a ‘not insignificant risk’.
37
So low that measures to alleviate such risk had previously been in operation – a reduction of Very good use of
patrolling officers occurred in 1990, see New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [34]. detailed facts to
38
Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40, 47-48. illustrate this point
39
Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic) s 48(2).
40
New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [48].
41
Ibid [31].
42
Ibid [37].
43
There appeared no regard for prisoner’s safety, Ibid [34] per Ipp JA.
44
Ibid [31].
45
Ibid [32].
46
Ibid [19].
47
Ibid [40].
Case Note Bujdoso: Excellent Paper 1 5
Excellent focus on this revived’,48 which is welcomed by prisoners who have a ‘sincere desire’ for
issue – arguably
undermined by the treatment, such as Bujdoso.49 He valued the opportunity to earn income through the
decision
work scheme to repay his mortgage.50
48
Mark Findlay, ‘The ‘demise of corrections’ fifteen years on: any hope for progressive
Excellent use of a
punishments?’ (2004) 16(1) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 57, 70. secondary source
49
New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [39].
50
Ibid [38].
51
Paul Tuns, ‘Don't make us get tough: Corrections Canada clings to rehab theory despite obvious
failures’ The Report Newsmagazine (1999) 26(41) 29.
52
Ibid.
53
Ibid.
54
New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [32].
Excellent use of this 55
New South Wales v Godfrey (2004) Australian Torts Reports 81-741 [79].
recent authority, which 56
with inadequate locks, housed furthest from the guard, with ‘substantial periods…(where) the
also raised
classification issues
prisoners were left entirely alone’, see New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [34].
57
New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [39].
58
Ibid [43].
Case Note Bujdoso: Excellent Paper 1 6
VI CONSEQUENCES
This is a first-rate A potential ramification of this decision is the elimination of work schemes
discussion of a
possible effect of the and the replacement of low security prison environments with more ‘repressive
case: the implications
of the decision regime[s]’, since prisons may be inclined to operate ‘in a defensive frame of
mind’59 given the breach finding. This is undesirable given the merit of
rehabilitation schemes.60 In light of these public policy considerations, I propose
Good – offering a the reasonable precautions necessary to ensure the safety of each prisoner must be
thoughtful perspective
on how the decision considered on an individual case basis. The court’s correct finding of a duty here
should be used
should be contextualised with the particulars of this case61 and not necessarily lead
to tightened security at the cost of beneficial rehabilitation and classification
schemes.
Ideally this decision will serve an objective of tort62 in that it upholds a Good use of a
commentator as
authority to support
standard of prison accountability, forcing prisons to monitor the programs they this
have in place and retain adequate security rather than rely solely on problematic
and ‘risky’63 classification systems to abolish risk of harm to vulnerable prisoners.
Given the gross negligence demonstrated in this particular case, it should not
‘heighten tension between…policies [of rehabilitation] and a common law duty’.64
Excellent focus on the Instead this decision should urge prisons to supplement classification systems with
potential effect of the
case individual assessment of inmates.65
59
New South Wales v Godfrey (2004) Australian Torts Reports 81-741 [77] (Heydon JA).
60
Ibid [78].
61
Heightened risk of prisoner; lack of any security whatsoever; foreseeability of risk.
62
Balkin, above n 1, 7.
63
New South Wales v Godfrey (2004) Australian Torts Reports 81-741 [77].
64
Ibid [80].
65
see New South Wales v Bujdoso [2005] HCA 76 [31].
66
Fleming, above n 28, 5.
Case Note Bujdoso: Excellent Paper 1 7
available to ‘those who can provoke emission of a tort’.67 Professor Harold Luntz
advocates alternative compensation schemes such as ‘Criminal Justice
Compensation’,68 which permit recovery from the state for ‘injuries sustained each
year which are deliberately inflicted by assailants…not…‘accidents’’.69 However,
there are limitations to the capacity of claims made by prisoners under this
Original approach to
scheme.70 Nonetheless, they arguably present an alternative for plaintiffs like
the case, noting the
pros and cons of a tort Bujdoso. Such schemes are also promoted by Luntz on the basis that ‘liability
claim in this context
insurance’ defeats the contention that tort law functions to ‘deter unsociable
conduct’.71 However, a decision such as Bujdoso affects prisons nationwide. Its
wider implications are an example of the law of torts functioning ‘as a kind of
social engineering’72 and an important regulator of conduct.
Bibliography
67
Harold Luntz and David Hambly, Torts: Cases and Commentary (5th ed, 2002) 100.
68
Ibid 73.
69
Ibid.
70
Victims Compensation Act 1996 (NSW) s.24(4).
71
Luntz, above n 67, 100.
72
Cecil Wright, ‘Introduction to the Law of Torts’ (1942) 8 Cambridge Law Journal 238, 243.
73
Luntz, above n 67, 100.
Excellent
Case Note Bujdoso: Excellent Paper 1 8
Luntz, Harold and David Hambly, David, Torts: Cases and Commentary (5th ed,
2002)
Reconciliation and Social Justice Library Royal Commission into Aboriginal
Deaths in Custody National Report Volume 1 – Duty of Care Towards those in
Custody
RP Balkin and JLR Davis Law of Torts (3rd ed, 2004)
Trindade, Francis and Cane, Peter, The Law of Torts in Australia (1st ed, 1985)
Tuns, Paul ‘Don't make us get tough: Corrections Canada clings to rehab theory
despite obvious failures’ The Report Newsmagazine (1999) 26(41) 29
Wright, Cecil, Introduction to the Law of Torts (1942) 8 Cambridge Law Journal
238
2. Case Law
3. Legislation