CHAPTER 35 INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATION

EXERCISE 139 Page 371

1. Determine: (a)  4 dx (b)  7x dx

(a)  4 dx = 4x + c
7x 2
c
(b) 
7x dx
= 2

 5x 3t
3 7
dx dt
2. Determine: (a) (b)

5x 4
(a) 
3
5x dx
= 4 +c
t8 3 8
(3) c t c
3t
7
dt 8
(b) = = 8

2 5
 x  x
2 3
dx dx
3. Determine: (a) 5 (b) 6

3
2 2 2 x 2 3
5 x dx    c
5 3
x c
(a) = 15

4
5 3 5 x 5 4
6 x dx    c
6
  4
x c
(b) = 24

 (2x  3x) dx  (2  3t ) dt
4 3
4. Determine: (a) (b)

x5 x2 2 5 3 2
(2)  (3)  c x  x c
 (2x  3x) dx
4
(a) = 5 2 = 5 2

t4 3
2t  (3)  c 2t  t 4  c
 (2  3t ) dt =
3
(b) 4 = 4

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 557

  3x 2  5x 
  x    2  
2
d
5. Determine: (a)  dx (b)

 3x 2  5x   3x 2 5x  3x2
   dx      dx    3x  5  dx  5x  c
 x   x x 
(a) = 2
3
(2  ) d    4  4    d 4  2  3  c
2

2 2
(b) =

 (2  )(3  1) d  (3x  2)(x  1) dx

2
6. Determine: (a) (b)

(a) 
(2  )(3  1) d  (6  2  3
= 
2
 ) d (5  2  3 ) d 2
=
2 3 5 2
(5)  2  (3)  c   2   3  c
= 2 3 = 2
x4 x2 x3
(3)  (3)  (2)  2x  c
 (3x  2)(x  1) dx  (3x  3x  2x  2) dx
2 3 2
(b) = = 4 2 3
3 4 3 2 2 3
x  x  x  2x  c
= 4 2 3

3 4 2 3 3 2
x  x  x  2x  c
or 4 3 2

4 3
7. Determine:

(a) 3x
2
dx 
(b) 4x
4
dx

 4  x   4  x 
2 1 1
4 4 4
  x 2
dx   c   c   x 1  c  4  c
 2
(a) 3x
dx 3
   
 3   2  1 
  
 3   1 

3
= 3x

 3  x   3  x 
4 1 3
3 3 1 3 1
 
4
dx  x dx      c    c   x c  c
 4   4  1   4   3 
4
4x 4 4 4x 3
(b) =

14
8. Determine: (a)
2  x 3 dx 
(b) 4
x 5 dx

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 558

  3 1   5 
3
 x2   x2   2 52 
 2  x dx   2  
2
  c  (2)    c   2  x   c 4
3 5 5 
 1   x5  c
2 x 3 dx 2   2 
(a) = 5

 5 1   9 
14 5 1 5
 
1  x 4  1  x4   1  4 4 
9

 4
x dx   x 4 dx    
4  4   5 1
  c  
4 9
  c   
 4   9
x c 1

 x c
4 9

(b) 4   4  = 9

5 3
 7 5
x 4 dx
9. Determine: (a) t 3 dt (b)

3 1
3  1  1
1  t 2
t 2
 2 
 5  dt  5 t dt  (5)
2
 c  (5)  c   5     t 2  c
5 3
 3   1  1
 3
t dt
t 2
   1
 2 
 
 2
(a)
10
1
 c 10  c
= t = t
2

4 1
4  1
1
3 3 1 3  3 x 5 3 x5  3  5  5
 7 5 x 4 dx  7  4 dx  7  x dx  7  4   c  7  1   c   7 
5

 1
x c
15 5
x 5
   1   x c
(b)  5  5 = 7

10. Determine: (a)  3cos 2x dx (b)  7 sin 3 d

1  3
 3cos 2x dx  (3)  2 sin 2x   c sin 2x  c
(a) = 2

 1  7
 7 sin 3 d  (7)   3 cos 3   c  cos 3  c
(b) = 3

1 1
11. Determine: (a)
 3sin 2 x dx (b)
 6 cos 3 x dx

 
1  1 1 
 3sin 2 x dx  (3)   1 cos 2 x   c 1
  6cos x  c
(a)  2  = 2
© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 559
  
1 1 1 
 6 cos 3 x dx  (6)  1 sin 3 x   c 1
  18sin x  c
(b) 3  = 3

3 2 dx
12. Determine:

(a) 4 e 2x
dx
 5x
(b) 3 e

3 3  1 2x 
e   c 3 e 2x  c
 
(a) 4 e2x dx = 4  2  = 8

2 dx 2 5x  2  1  2 2
 5x
  e dx    e 5x   c   e 5x  c
 3  5 
c
(b) 3 e 3 15 5x
= 15e

2  u 2 1 
   u 
13. Determine: (a) 3x dx (b)  du

2 2 1 2
    dx  ln x  c
(a) 3x dx =  3  x 3

 u2 1   u2 1   1 u2
 
 u 
 du    u  u  du    u   du
 u  ln u  c
(b) = 2

2
(2  3x) 2 1 
 x   t  2t 
14. Determine: (a) dx (b) dt

(2  3x) 2 4  12x  9x 2  4 12x 9x 2    12 1 3


 
 x
dx  
x
dx  
 21
 1  1 dx    4x  12x  9x 2  dx
 
2


(a) x x2 x2 
1 3 5
4x 12x
2
9x 2 2
  c
1 3 5 18 5
8 x  8 x3  x c
= 2 2 2 = 5
2
1  1  1  1 2
   2t  dt     2t   2t  dt    2  4  4t  dt    t  4  4t  dt
2 2

(b) t  t  t  t 

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 560

 t 1 4t 3 1 4t 3
 4t   c   4t  c
= 1 3 = t 3

EXERCISE 140 Page 373

2 2

1. Evaluate: (a)
 1
x dx
(b)

1
(x  1) dx

2
 x2   22  12 
         2    0.5 
x dx  2 
2

(a)
1 1  2  2 = 1.5
2
 x2   (2) 2   (1) 2  
2    x     2    1    (0)  (0.5)  
(b)
 1
(x  1) dx  2  1  2   2  0.5

4 1 3
2. Evaluate: (a)
 1
5x 2 dx
(b)
  t 2 dt
1 4

4
 5x 3   5(4)3   5(1)3   320   5  315
   3    3    3  3  3
5x dx  3 
4

2

(a) 1 1        
= 105
1
 3  3 
3 2   3  t    3  (1)  (1)     3  1   1    3  2 
3
1 1
(b)
 1 4
 t dt 4  3  1 4  3 3  4  3 3  43
=

2 or - 0.5

  3  x  dx  x  4x  3 dx
2 3
2 2
1 1
3. Evaluate: (a) (b)

23    1  
2 3
 x3   8  1
 1  3  x  dx  3x  3   3(2)  3   3(1)  3    6  3    3   3 
2
2

(a) 1  

1  2
3   2 
= 3  3 = 6
3
 x 3 4x 2  1 
 
3
 3  2  3x    9  18  9    3  2  3   0   1 
1
1   
2
x 4x 3 dx
 1    3
(b) =
1
1
= 3 or - 1.333

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 561

  x  3x  dx  x  3x  3 dx
2 2
3 2

4. Evaluate: (a) 1
(b) 1

 (2) 4 3(2) 2   (1) 4 3  1 

2 2
 x 4 3x 2 
 x  3x  dx   4  2    4  2    4  2    4  6    0.25  1.5
2

3

(a)
1
 1    

= (- 2) – (- 1.25) = - 0.75
2
 3 2

 x  3x  3 dx   x3  3x2  3x    83  6  6    13  23  3 
2

2

(b)
1
 1 =
 2.6667    1.833
= 0.8333

4 3 1
5. Evaluate: (a)
 0
2 x dx
(b)
 2 x2
dx

4
 3 4
 2x 2  4 3   4 3   4 3   32 
1
  3    3 x    3 4    3 0    3    0 
2 x dx  2x 2 dx  2 
4 4

0
0
(a) = 0 0
= 10.67
3 3
 x 1  1  1 1    1 1
1           6   6
3 3
     
(b)
 2 x 2
dx  x dx
= 2
2
  1  2

 x 
 2  3 2   
= 0.1667

 3  /2

6. Evaluate: (a)
 0 2
cos  d
(b)
 0
4 cos  d

 3 3 3 3
cos  d   sin  0   sin   sin 0    0  0 


(a)
 0 2 2 2 2 =0

  
4 cos  d  4  sin  0  4 sin  sin 0   4  1  0 
 /2 / 2

 0  2  =4
(b)

 /3 2

7. Evaluate: (a)
  /6
2sin 2 d
(b)
 0
3sin t dt

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 562

 2 2
 cos 2  / 6   cos  cos 
/3 2 /3 2 2
 /6
2sin 2 d  
2  3 6 
and
(a) (note that 3 6 are in radians)

= - [- 0.5 – 0.5] = - [- 1] = 1

3sin t dt  3  cos t  0  3[cos 2  cos 0]

2

2

(b) 0
(note that 2 is 2 radians)

= - 3[- 0.41615 – 1] = 4.248

1  /2

8. Evaluate: (a)
 0
5cos 3x dx
(b)
 / 4
(3sin 2x  2cos3x) dx

1
1  5 5
1
 5  sin 3x    sin 3  sin 0   0.14112  0 

(a) 0
5cos 3x dx 3 0 3 3
= 0.2352

/ 2
/ 2  3 2 
  / 4  3sin 2x  2 cos 3x  dx   2 cos 2x  3 sin 3x   / 4
(b)

 3 2 2 3   3 2 2 3 
  cos  sin     cos  sin 
= 2 2 3 2   2 4 3 4 

3 2  2 
     0  (0.707107) 
= 2 3  3 

= 2.638

1 22
9. Evaluate: (a)
 0
3e3t dt
(b)
 1 3e 2x
dx

1
 1 3t 
 0 3e dt  3  3 e  0  e  0   e  e    20.0855  1
1
3t 3t 1 3 0

(a) = 19.09
2
2 e 2x 2  e 2x  1 2x 2 1 1
e     e4  e2     0.018316  7.38906 
2
2 2  
 2x dx 1 3
dx   
3  2  1
 
3 1 3 3
(b) 1 3e
= 2.457

3 2 3 2x 2  1
10. Evaluate: (a)
 2 3x
dx
(b)
1 x
dx

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 563

 2 2 3 1 2 2
dx   ln x  2   ln 3  ln 2 
3
 dx  
3

(a) 2 3x 3 x2 3 3 = 0.2703

2x 2  1 3  2x 1
2
3 3  1 3
 1 x
dx   
1
 x
  dx    2x   dx   x 2  ln x 
x 1
 x 1
(b) = (9 + ln 3) – (1 + ln 1)

= 9 + ln 3 – 1 = 8 + ln 3 = 9.099

t2

11. The volume of liquid in a tank is given by: v =

 t1
q dt
. Determine the volume of a chemical,

correct to 1 decimal place, given q = ( 5  0.05t  0.003t ) m / s , t1  0 and t 2  16 s

2 3

t2 16

Volume, v =
 t1
q dt
=
 0
(5  0.05t  0.003t 2 ) dt

16
 0.05t 2 0.003t 3 
 5t  
 2 3  0
=

 0.05(16) 2 0.003(16)3    0.05(0) 2 0.003(0)3 

 5(16)       5(0)   
  2 3    2 3 
=

= [(80 – 6.4 + 4.096) – (0)]

3
= 77.696 = 77.7 m , correct to 1 decimal place

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 564

EXERCISE 141 Page 377

1. Show by integration that the area of a rectangle formed by the line y = 4, the ordinates x = 1 and

x = 6 and the x-axis is 20 square units.

A sketch of y = 4 is shown below.

4 dx   4x  1  4(6)  4(1)  24  4 
6

6
1
Shaded area = = 20 square units

2. Show by integration that the area of the triangle formed by the line y = 2x, the ordinates x = 0 and

x = 4 and the x-axis is 16 square units.

A sketch of y = 2x is shown below.

4 4 4

Shaded area =
 0
y dx   2x dx   x 2   16  0
0 0
= 16 square units
© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 565
3. Sketch the curve y = 3x2 + 1 between x = - 2 and x = 4. Determine by integration the area enclosed

by the curve, the x-axis and ordinates x = - 1 and x = 3. Use an approximate method to find the

area and compare your result with that obtained by integration.

A sketch of y = 3x2 + 1 is shown below.

 3x  1 dx   x 3  x 
3 3 3
 y dx    (27  3)  (1  1)
2
1 1 1
Shaded area = = 32 square units

3  1
 0.5
Width of interval = 8

X -1 - 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

y = 3x2 + 1 4.0 1.75 1.0 1.75 4.0 7.75 13.0 19.75 28

Hence, using Simpson’s rule,

1 1 
 (0.5)   4.0  28   4(1.75  1.75  7.75  19.75)  2(1.0  4.0  13.0) 
Area 3 2 

1
(0.5)  16.0  124  36.0
= 3 = 29.33

If a greater number of intervals is chosen the area would be close to 32 square units.

4. The force F newtons acting on a body at a distance x metres from a fixed point, is given by:

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 566

 x2

F = 3x + 2x2. If work done =

 x1
F dx
, determine the work done when the body moves from the
position where x = 1 m to that when x = 3 m.

3
 3x 2 2x 3   27  3 2
F dx    3x  2x  dx  
x2 3
     18     
2

Work done =
x1 1
 2 3 1  2  2 3
= 29.33 N m

5. Find the area enclosed between the curve, the horizontal axis and the given ordinates:

y = 5x; x = 1, x = 4

A graph of y = 5x is shown below.

4
4 4  5x 2 
 1
y dx  
1
5x dx  
 2   (40)  (2.5)
1
Shaded area = = 37.5 square units

6. Find the area enclosed between the curve, the horizontal axis and the given ordinates:

y = 2x2 - x + 1; x = - 1, x = 2

A sketch of y = 2x  x  1 is shown below.

2

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 567

 2
 2x 3 x 2   16   2 1 
 
2 2
 1   1     3  2  x    3  2  2     3  2  1
2
y dx 2x x 1 dx
Shaded area =   1    

= 7.5 square units

7. Find the area enclosed between the curve, the horizontal axis and the given ordinates:

y = 2 sin 2x; x = 0,  = 4
A sketch of y = 2 sin 2 is shown below.

/ 4 /4    
2 sin 2 dx    cos 2 0    cos 2       cos 0 
/ 4
 0
y dx  
0
  4 
Shaded area =
= - 0 - - 1 = 1 square unit

8. Find the area enclosed between the curve, the horizontal axis and the given ordinates:

y = 5 cos 3t; t = 0, t = 6

A sketch of y = 5 cos 3t is shown below.

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 568

 3 
 sin 3t  0  sin  sin 0   sin
/6 / 6 5 /6 5 5
 0
y dx  
0
5cos 3t dt 
3 3 6  3 2
Shaded area =
5
= 3 = 1.67 square unit

9. Find the area enclosed between the curve, the horizontal axis and the given ordinates:

y = (x - 1)(x - 3); x = 0, x = 3

A sketch of y = (x – 1)(x – 3) is shown below.

Shaded area

(x  1(x  3)dx   (x  1)(x  3) dx    x 2  4x  3  dx    x 2  4x  3  dx

1 3 1 3

=
 0 1 0 1

1 3
 x3   x3   1    1 
     3  2x  3x    3  2  3    0     9  18  9    3  2  3  
2 2
3 2x 3x
=  0   1      

 1  1 2
1 3    1 3   2 3
= = 2.67 square units

10. The velocity v of a vehicle t seconds after a certain instant is given by: v = (3t2 + 4) m/s.

Determine how far it moves in the interval from t = 1 s to t = 5 s.

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 569

 v dt    3t 2  4  dt   t 3  4t   (125  20)  (1  4)
5 5 5

Distance moved = area under v/t graph =


1 1 1

= 140 m

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 570