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    Persimmon Cultivation and Genetic Resources in Turkey: Acta Horticulturae June 2009

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    This document summarizes persimmon cultivation and genetic resources in Turkey. It discusses that Turkey has 3 native persimmon species and is an important center of diversity. Persimmon production has rapidly expanded in Turkey in recent decades to around 20,000 tons annually, mainly in the Mediterranean region. The document outlines Turkey's persimmon growing regions and the introduction of new non-astringent cultivars that have increased domestic consumption and exports. It also describes Turkey's genetic resources for persimmon breeding programs, noting significant diversity exists among native germplasm.

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    Persimmon Cultivation and Genetic Resources in Turkey: Acta Horticulturae June 2009

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    This document summarizes persimmon cultivation and genetic resources in Turkey. It discusses that Turkey has 3 native persimmon species and is an important center of diversity. Persimmon production has rapidly expanded in Turkey in recent decades to around 20,000 tons annually, mainly in the Mediterranean region. The document outlines Turkey's persimmon growing regions and the introduction of new non-astringent cultivars that have increased domestic consumption and exports. It also describes Turkey's genetic resources for persimmon breeding programs, noting significant diversity exists among native germplasm.

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    This document summarizes persimmon cultivation and genetic resources in Turkey. It discusses that Turkey has 3 native persimmon species and is an important center of diversity. Persimmon production has rapidly expanded in Turkey in recent decades to around 20,000 tons annually, mainly in the Mediterranean region. The document outlines Turkey's persimmon growing regions and the introduction of new non-astringent cultivars that have increased domestic consumption and exports. It also describes Turkey's genetic resources for persimmon breeding programs, noting significant diversity exists among native germplasm.

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    48 views5 pages

    Persimmon Cultivation and Genetic Resources in Turkey: Acta Horticulturae June 2009

    Uploaded by

    tayyaba mehmood
    This document summarizes persimmon cultivation and genetic resources in Turkey. It discusses that Turkey has 3 native persimmon species and is an important center of diversity. Persimmon production has rapidly expanded in Turkey in recent decades to around 20,000 tons annually, mainly in the Mediterranean region. The document outlines Turkey's persimmon growing regions and the introduction of new non-astringent cultivars that have increased domestic consumption and exports. It also describes Turkey's genetic resources for persimmon breeding programs, noting significant diversity exists among native germplasm.

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    PERSIMMON CULTIVATION AND GENETIC RESOURCES IN TURKEY

    Article  in  Acta horticulturae · June 2009


    DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.833.3

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    Mustafa Akbulut
    Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi
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    Persimmon Cultivation and Genetic Resources in Turkey
    S. Ercisli M. Akbulut
    Department of Horticulture Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute
    Ataturk University 55200 Samsun
    25240 Erzurum Turkey
    Turkey

    Keywords: Diospyros kaki, Diospyros lotus, diversity

    Abstract
    Fruit culture has played an important role of Turkey’s history and currently
    the country is considered to be one of the most significant countries in the world
    from the point of fruit diversity. Turkey grows around 100 fruit species and this
    number is increasing year by year with new introduction. The country is
    represented by 3 persimmon species, Diospyros kaki, Diospyros lotus and Diospyros
    oleifera. Among them, Diospyros oleifera can be seen only in the Mediterranean
    region in Turkey. Northern Anatolia is the center of wild grown Diospyros lotus
    which is used as dried fruits in this region. Persimmon production, mainly in the
    subtropical region in Turkey, has expanded rapidly in the past 10 years and reached
    around 20,000 tonnes.
    PERSIMMON CULTIVATION IN TURKEY
    The cultivation of persimmon in a commercial scale in Turkey is newly
    developed. The persimmon trees are found as scattered population mostly in the
    Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Northeastern Anatolia region (Onur, 1990). The
    production is based mainly on seedlings materials of local astringent types as isolated
    trees or mixed with other fruit trees for local consumption. More recently several
    commercial orchards with introduced PCNA cultivars in the southern part have
    established and after that persimmon production is increased in Turkey, particularly in
    subtropical areas. The increased amount gave good export opportunities. Domestic
    consumption in Turkey is also increased. The main factors for this increase are the
    introduction of new non-astringent cultivars such as ‘Fuyu’, ‘Jiro’, ‘Izu’, increasing
    awareness on post-harvest storage life of this fruit and advertisement on nutritional
    properties, particularly high vitamin A, antioxidant phenolic compounds, etc. of
    persimmon fruits (Celik and Ercisli, 2007; Ercisli et al., 2008).
    In Turkey, major persimmon producing areas are the Mediterranean, the Black Sea
    and the Aegean regions, respectively. Turkey is producing around 20,000 tons of
    persimmons annually and 80% of the total production is obtained from the Mediterranean
    region. In the Mediterranean region, Hatay province supplies approximately 30% of the
    total production of Turkey (Anon., 2006). This province also has one of the old
    persimmon cultivation areas in Turkey (Yildiz, 2005). In Turkey most of the local
    cultivars have PVNA and PCA characteristics (Onur, 1990; Tuzcu and Seker, 1997). The
    introduction of cultivars that are higher yielding, early season, PCNA, edible when it is
    firm, seedless, easily shipped and storaged and red skin colored increased the demand of
    both domestic consumption and export quantity. The introduction of new cultivars
    (‘Fuyu’, ‘Jiro’, ‘Izu’, ‘Amankaki’, ‘Hachiya’, ‘Hana’, ‘Kaki Tipo’, ‘O’Gosho’,
    ‘Vainiglia’) started in the 1990s (Onur, 1985; Tuzcu and Seker, 1997) and several
    adaptation studies were completed in different regions. The aim of above studies was to
    determine more appropriate persimmon cultivars and to extend the persimmon industry
    along the Mediterranean and the other persimmon growing regions of Turkey (Tuzcu and
    Yildirim, 2000; Tangu et al., 2004; Yesiloglu et al., 2004). In addition several selection
    studies aimed to find promising high yielding-PCNA types among native populations in
    Turkey have been carried out in different regions of Turkey (Onur and Onur, 1995;
    Akbulut et al., 2004; Yildiz, 2005). Currently the persimmon production is steadily

    Proc. IVth IS on Persimmon 35


    Eds.: E. Bellini and E. Giordani
    Acta Hort. 833, ISHS 2009
    increasing in Turkey.

    PERSIMMON GENETIC RESOURCES IN TURKEY


    It is believed that the country is one of the origin centers of Diospyros lotus (Onur,
    1985) The other species (Diospyros kaki and Diospyros oleifera) have been introduced
    from other countries at least 200 years ago. Diospyros oleifera is more common in the
    subtropical region (Mediterranean), Diospyros kaki in the subtropical (Mediterranean)
    and warmer temperate region (Black Sea region), however Diospyros lotus is more
    common in the warm temperate region (Northeastern Anatolia).
    During the 200 years growing period, continuous seed propagation resulted with
    different Disopyros kaki trees. Particularly, in the northeastern part of Turkey, each
    persimmon tree differs from another in terms of productivity, fruit shape, size,
    astringency, tree growth, habit, etc. These seedling materials provide important genetic
    resources of Diospyros kaki for plant breeders. Productivity of trees and fruit
    characteristics (particularly non-astringent types) both in quantitative and qualitative
    aspects are the long-term goal for persimmon breeders in Turkey. As well known, the
    genetic improvement of any fruit species depends on the availability of genetic variability
    in germplasm. Selection of suitable genotypes from a gene pool requires a thorough
    knowledge on fruit characters of different genotypes for utilizing them in hybridization
    studies. In fact the persimmon breeding programme on a sound scientific base has just
    started in the early 1990s in Turkey, the scientist could be able to identify a lot of
    promising clones in different part of Turkey (Akbulut et al., 2004; Yesiloglu et al., 2004;
    Yildiz, 2005). A germplasm collection in the Black Sea region in Turkey with selected
    promising genotypes is established. There is no registered persimmon cultivar in Turkey
    but each region had own local genotypes which propagated by grafting more recently
    (Yildiz, 2005). Some important local varieties are ‘Eylul’, ‘Harbiye’ (Diospyros kaki) and
    ‘Yesil Hurma’ (Diospyros oleifera). It seems that there were differences between
    Diospyros oleifera genotypes as well. The grafting of Diospyros kaki is also recently
    applied in Turkey. The proportion of persimmon trees in Turkey is 75-80% of trees
    belonging to Diospyros kaki, 10-15% of trees belonging to Diospyros lotus and the rest of
    the limited number of trees belongs to Diospyros oleifera.
    This germplasm has been described by morphological and agronomical
    characteristics. In addition, more recently these germplasms have been characterized by
    morphological (Akbulut et al., 2004), molecular such as RAPD (Akbulut et al., 2008) and
    biochemical (Akbulut et al., 2008) markers. A significant amount of genetic diversity was
    observed among the germplasm for morpho-biochemical as well as DNA markers.
    Literature Cited
    Akbulut, M., Kaplan, N., Macit, I. and Koc, A. 2004. Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.)
    selection II in the Black-Sea Region (of Turkey). Proceedings of the 1st Persimmon
    Growing and Marketing Symposium, 25-26 November 2004, Unye-Ordu, Turkey,
    p.32-40.
    Akbulut, M., Ercisli, S., Yildirim, N., Orhan, E. and Agar, G. 2008. The comparison of
    persimmon genotypes (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) by using RAPD and FAME data.
    Romanian Biotechnological Letters 13(4):3851-3858.
    Anonymous. 2006. Agricultual Structure (Production, Price, Value). State Ins. of
    Statistics Prime Ministry Republic of Turkey, p.530.
    Celik, A. and Ercisli, S. 2007. Persimmon cv. Hachiya (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit:
    some physical, chemical and nutritional properties. Intl. J. of Food Sci. and Nutrition
    59(8):1-8.
    Ercisli, S., Akbulut, M., Ozdemir, O., Sengul, M. and Orhan, E. 2008. Phenolic and
    antioxidant diversity among persimmon. (Diospyros kaki L.) genotypes in Turkey.
    Intl. J. of Food Sci. and Nutrition 59(6):477-482.
    Onur, S. 1990. Persimmon. Derim 7:4-47 (in Turkish).
    Onur, S. 1995. Adaptation of persimmon cultivars. Derim 12(1): 8-18.

    36
    Onur, C. and Onur, S. 1995. Persimmon (Diospyros kaki ) selection from Black Sea
    Region of Turkey. Proceedings of II National Horticulture Congress, 3-6 October,
    Adana, Turkey, Cukurova University Publishing, p.587-590.
    Tangu, N.A., Erenoglu, B. and Yalcinkaya, E. 2004. The adaptation of persimmon
    cultivars in Marmara Region ecological conditions. Proceedings of the 1st Persimmon
    Growing and Marketing Symposium, 25-26 November 2004, Unye-Ordu, Turkey,
    p.41-45.
    Tuzcu, O. and Seker, M. 1997. The situation of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.)
    cultivation and germplasm resources in Turkey. Acta Hort. 441:107-114.
    Tuzcu, O. and Yildirim, B. 2000. Cultivation of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.). Tübitak,
    Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırma Projesi Yayınları, Adana, 24s.
    Yesiloglu, T., Tuzcu, O., Yildirim, B., Kamiloglu-Uysal, M. and Incesu, M. 2004. The
    determination of fruit characteristics of some important persimmon (Diospyros kaki
    L.) varieties in Adana ecological conditions. Proceedings of the 1st Persimmon
    Growing and Marketing Symposium, 25-26 November 2004, Unye-Ordu, Turkey,
    p.60-68.
    Yildiz, E. 2005. Breeding of persimmon of Hatay province via selection method.
    Unpublished MSC thesis, Universty of Mustafa Kemal, Institute of Natural Science,
    Hatay, Turkey, p.302.

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