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    Lect02 1 SmallComp-1 PDF

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    abhimanyu raj
    Our simple computer has three main components: the CPU, main memory, and input/output subsystem. It processes instructions using machine cycles consisting of three phases: fetch, decode, and execute. An example program adds two integers stored in memory locations and stores the result in a third location. The five instructions of the program are stored consecutively in memory and each instruction is processed over five cycles to perform the addition.

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    Lect02 1 SmallComp-1 PDF

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    abhimanyu raj
    46 views14 pages
    Our simple computer has three main components: the CPU, main memory, and input/output subsystem. It processes instructions using machine cycles consisting of three phases: fetch, decode, and execute. An example program adds two integers stored in memory locations and stores the result in a third location. The five instructions of the program are stored consecutively in memory and each instruction is processed over five cycles to perform the addition.

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    Our simple computer has three main components: the CPU, main memory, and input/output subsystem. It processes instructions using machine cycles consisting of three phases: fetch, decode, and execute. An example program adds two integers stored in memory locations and stores the result in a third location. The five instructions of the program are stored consecutively in memory and each instruction is processed over five cycles to perform the addition.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views14 pages

    Lect02 1 SmallComp-1 PDF

    Uploaded by

    abhimanyu raj
    Our simple computer has three main components: the CPU, main memory, and input/output subsystem. It processes instructions using machine cycles consisting of three phases: fetch, decode, and execute. An example program adds two integers stored in memory locations and stores the result in a third location. The five instructions of the program are stored consecutively in memory and each instruction is processed over five cycles to perform the addition.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    A SIMPLE COMPUTER

    To explain the architecture of computers as well as


    their instruction processing, we introduce a simple
    (unrealistic) computer, as shown in next Figure.

    Our simple computer has three components: CPU,


    main memory and an input/output subsystem.
    Figure: The components of a simple computer
    Instruction set

    Each computer instruction consists of two parts: the operation code


    (opcode) and the operand (s).

    The opcode specifies the type of operation to be performed on the


    operand (s).

    Each instruction consists of sixteen bits divided into four 4-bit fields.

    The leftmost field contains the opcode and the other three fields
    contains the operand or address of operand (s), as shown in next
    Figure.

    opcode oprand
    Figure: Format and different instruction types

    R-address: address of a register


    Memory address: Main memory address
    Processing the instructions
    Our simple computer, like most computers, uses machine cycles.

    A cycle is made of three phases: fetch, decode and execute.

    During the fetch phase, the instruction whose address is in PC is


    obtained from the memory and loaded into the IR. The PC is then
    incremented to point to the next instruction.

    During the decode phase, the instruction in IR is decoded and the


    required operands are fetched from the register or from memory.

    During the execute phase, the instruction is executed and the results
    are placed in the appropriate memory location or the register.

    Once the third phase is completed, the control unit starts the cycle
    again, but now the PC is pointing to the next instruction. The process
    continues until the CPU reaches a HALT instruction.
    An example
    Let us show how our simple computer can add two
    integers A and B and create the result as C.

    We assume that integers are in two’s complement


    format. Mathematically, we show this operation as:

    We assume that the first two integers are stored in


    memory locations (40)16 and (41)16 and
    the result should be stored in memory location (42)16.

    To do the simple addition needs five instructions, as


    shown next:
    In the language of our simple computer, these five
    instructions are encoded as:

    5.8
    Storing program and data
    We can store the five-line program in memory starting from
    location (00)16 to (04)16.

    We already know that the data needs to be stored in memory


    locations (40)16, (41)16, and (42)16.

    Cycles
    Our computer uses one cycle per instruction. If we have a small
    program with five instructions, we need five cycles. We also
    know that each cycle is normally made up of three steps: fetch,
    decode, execute.

    Assume for the moment that we need to add 161 + 254 = 415.
    The numbers are shown in memory in hexadecimal as, (00A1)16,
    (00FE)16, and (019F)16.
    Figure Status of cycle 1
    Figure Status of cycle 2
    Figure: Status of cycle 3
    Figure: Status of cycle 4
    Figure: Status of cycle 5

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