Advanced Engineering Mathematics

Matrices and Determinants

MATRIX

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or functions enclosed by a pair of

brackets. These numbers or functions are called entries or commonly known as elements.

The following are examples of matrices.

(1) [ 0.32 5 4
−6 7 ]
a11 a 12 a13
(2)
[ a21 a 22 a23
a31 a 32 a33 ]
e−2 x 2 x 2
(3) [ x4 e6 x ]
(4) [ x y z]

(5) [ 43 ]
A matrix can also be represented by array of numbers enclosed by a pair of parenthesis, ( )
or by a pair of double bars, ‖ ‖.

Consider the matrix

a 11 a12 ⋯ a1 n

[ a21 a22
⋮ ⋮
am 1 am 2
⋯ a2 n
⋱ ⋮
⋯ amn ]
 The numbers or function aij are called the elements of the matrix.
 The horizontal array of elements [ a11 a 12 ⋯ a1 n ] is called a row.
 The vertical array of elements is called a column.
a11

[] a21
⋮
am 1

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 A matrix that contains only one row or column is called a vector. Thus, a matrix with
only one row is called a row vector and a matrix with only one column is a column
vector. Matrix (4) is a row vector while matrix (5) is a column vector.
 The double subscript notation A = [ a ij ], i correspond to the row number while j
correspond to column number where the element aij stands.
where: i = 1, 2, 3, …, m and j = 1, 2, 3, …, n
 A matrix with m number of rows and n number of columns is considered of order or
size m by n or “m× n”.

LINEAR SYSTEMS, MAJOR APPLICATION OF MATRICES

In a system of linear equations, called a linear system, such as

4 x+ 6 y+ 9 z =6 6 x+ y −2 z =205 x −8 y+ z=10

The coefficients of the unknowns x, y and z are the entries of the coefficient matrix, call it
matrix A,
4 6 9

[
A= 6 1 −2
5 −8 1 ]
The matrix
4 6 9 6
~
[
A= 6 1 −2 20
5 −8 1 10 ]
is obtained by augmenting A by the right sides of the linear system and is called the
augmented matrix of the system.

EQUALITY OF MATRIX

Two matrices A and B are to be said equal if they have the same order and each
element of matrix A is exactly the same as the corresponding elements of matrix B.

Example: Solve for x and y, if A = B

A=[ 25 −36 −41 ]

B=[ 2 x+1 −4
y−9 6 1 ]
Since A = B, thus
x +1=−3=−4

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and
y−9=5=14

SPECIAL TYPES OF MATRICES

1. Row Matrix – a matrix having only one row of elements.

A=[ a11 a12 ⋯ a1 n ]

2. Column Matrix – a matrix having only one column of elements.

a11
a

[]
A= 21
⋮
am1

3. Transposed Matrix –if a matrix A of order m × n, the transpose of matrix A denoted

by AT is another matrix of n × m order obtained by interchanging corresponding
rows and columns of A.

a b c a d g
[ ] [ ]
T
A= d e f A = b e h
g h i c f i
Or
a d
B= a b c B T = b e
[
d e f ]
c f [ ]
Note: (AT)T = A

4. Square Matrix – a matrix in which the number of row and column are equal.

a 11 a12 a13

[
A= a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33 ]
The elements a11, a22 and a33 are called the diagonal elements. The diagonal elements
are located in the principal diagonal. The principal diagonal is where the row and
column number is equal. An n × n square matrix is said to have an order “n”.
The sum of the diagonal elements is called the Trace of A.
Trace A=a 11 +a22 +a33

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5. Null Matrix or Zero Matrix – is a matrix in which all elements are zero.

0 0 0

[ ]
A= 0 0 0
0 0 0

6. Diagonal Matrix – a square matrix in which all elements are zero except for the
diagonal elements.

a 0 0 0
A= 0
0
0
[ ] b
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
d

7. Triangular Matrix – is a square matrix in which who’s elements below or above the
principal diagonal is zero.

a b c d
A= 0
0
0
[ ] e f g
0 h i
0 0 j

8. Scalar Matrix – a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal.

a 0 0 0
A= 0
0
0
[ ] a
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
a

9. Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix – is a scalar matrix in which the diagonal elements are
all one. This is denoted by I.

1 0 0 0
I= 0
0
0
[ ]1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

10. Inverse Matrix – the inverse of a square matrix A denoted by A -1 is a matrix

satisfying the equation.

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( A ) ( A−1) =I

11. Conjugate Matrix – is a matrix containing complex elements, then the conjugate of
each element is the corresponding element of the conjugate matrix denoted by Ā or
A*.

a11 + j b11 a12 + j b12

A=
[ a21 + j b21 a22 + j b22 ]
a11− j b11 a12− jb 12
A=A =
¿
[ a 21− j b21 a22− jb 22 ]
12. Pure Imaginary Matrix – for a matrix A, if A = −Ā, the A is a pure imaginary matrix.

A= j2 − j 5
[
−j j4 ]
13. Symmetric Matrix – if a matrix A is equal to the transpose of a matrix B, then they
are symmetrical matrix. Or if a matrix A is equal to its transpose, matrix A is said to
be symmetric.

a b c

[ ]
A= b c a
c a b

a b c

[ ]
AT = b c a
c a b

14. Involutory Matrix – a matrix A that is equal to its inverse is said to be involutory
matrix.
A=A−1
15. Real Matrix – a matrix A that is equal to its conjugate matrix is a real matrix.

A=A
16. Orthogonal Matrix – a matrix A that is equal to the inverse of its transpose matrix is
an orthogonal matrix.

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−1
A=( A T )

17. Hermitian or Associate or Tranjugate Matrix – a matrix A that is equal to the

transpose of its complement matrix is a hermitian matrix.

T
A=( A )

18. Unitary Matrix – a matrix A that is equal to the inverse of the transpose of its
complement matrix is a unitary matrix.

−1
A=( A T )

19. Skew Matrix – a matrix A = [ a ij ], if for unequal i and j, a ij = −aji, but the elements aij
are not all zero, then the matrix is called skew.
20. Skew Symmetric Matrix – a matrix A that is equal to the negative of its transpose is
called s skew symmetric matrix.

A=−( A )T

21. Skew Hermitian Matrix – a matrix A that is equal to the negative of the transpose of
its complement matrix is a skew hermitian matrix.

T
A=−( A )

OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

ADDITION

Given two matrices A and B both of order m × n, then their sum or difference is a
matrix C of order m × n obtained by adding or subtracting every element of A to the
corresponding elements in B.

Example:

A= [ ac bd ] B= [ wy xz ]
Solve for C = A + B, D = A – B and E = B – A

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C= A+ BC = a+ w b+ x D= A−BD= a−w b−x E=B− AE= w−a x−b

[
c+ y d+z ] [
c− y d−z ] [
y−c z −d ]
Addition Conformity: Two matrices can only be added if and only if they have the same
order, this is to be said that they are conformable for addition.
The sum k equal matrix is equal to another matrix whose elements are obtained by
multiplying each element of the given matrix to the total number of matrix to be added.

If A= [ ac bd ] then, kA=[ kakc kbkd ]

The negative of a matrix A of order m × n is another matrix of the same order each
of whose elements are obtained by multiplying each element of A by negative one. Thus,
A+ (− A )=0, where 0 is not the scalar zero but a zero matrix of order m × n.

Properties of Matrix Addition

Given matrices A, B and C that are conformable for addition and a scalar k, then
1. A+ B=B+ A Addition is Commutative
2. A+ ( B+C )=( A+ B ) +C Addition is Associative
3. k ( A+ B )=kA+ kB Distributive

Example:

A= [−15 36 ] B= [ 24 −4
−7 ]
C= [ 64 −4
−9 ]
Evaluate:
1. 3 A−B
2. A+ B+C
3. 2 B+5 C
Solution:
1. 3 A−B

3 A−B=3 −1 3 − 2 −4 3 A−B= −3 9 − 2 −4 3 A−B= −5 13

5 6[ 4 −7 ][ 15 18 ]
4 −7 [
11 25 ][ ] [ ]
2. A+ B+C

A+ B+C= −1 3 + 2 −4 + 6 −4 A+ B+C= 7 −5
[ ][
5 6 4 −7 4 −9 ][
13 −10 ] [ ]
3. 2 B+5 C

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2 B+5 C=2 [ 24 −4 +5
6 −4
−7 ] [ 4 −9 ]
2 B+5 C=[
4
8
−8
][
+
30 −20
−14 20 −45 ]
2 B+5 C=
34 −28
[
28 −59 ]
MULTIPLICATION

Given a matrix A of order m × p and a matrix B of order p × n, then the product AB

in that order is another matrix C of order m × n obtained by multiplying each elements in
the row of matrix A to each element in the corresponding column of matrix B.

Multiplication Conformity: only conformable matrix can be multiplied. Two matrices are
conformable for multiplication if the number of columns of matrix A is equal to the rows of
matrix B.

Example:
u v
A= a b c
[
d e f ] [ ]
B= w x
y z

The Product AB is a 2 × 2 matrix

AB= au+bw+ cy av +bx +cz
[
du+ ew+ fy dv+ ex +fz ]
The Product BA is 3 × 3 matrix
ua+ vd ub+ ve uc +vf

[
BA= wa+ xd wb+ xe wc+ xf
ya+ zd yb+ ze yc + zf ]
Example:
1 3
A= [ 2 5 −6
3 5 −2 ] [ ]
B= 2 0
−3 5

1. AB
2 ∙ 1+5 ∙ 2 ±6 ∙−3 2 ∙3+ 5∙ 0 ± 6 ∙5 30 −24
AB= [
3 ∙ 1+5 ∙2 ±2 ∙−3 3 ∙ 3+5 ∙0 ± 6 ∙5
AB= ] [
19 −1 ]
2. BA
1∙ 2+3 ∙3 1 ∙ 5+3 ∙5 1 ∙−6+3 ∙−2 11 20 −12

[
BA= 2∙ 2+0 ∙ 3 2 ∙5+ 0 ∙5
] [
2 ∙−6+0 ∙−2 BA= 4 10 −12
−3 ∙2+5 ∙ 3 −3 ∙ 5+5 ∙5 −3 ∙−6+ 5∙−2 9 10 8 ]
Properties of Matrix Multiplication

1. In general, matrix multiplication is not commutative.

AB≠ BA
2. If the product AB = 0, it is not implied that A = 0 or B = 0.
Consider:
2 4 2 2
A=
3 6 [ ] B= [
−1 −1 ]
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AB= [23∙∙ 2+2+64 ∙−1

∙−1
2 ∙2+ 4 ∙−1
3 ∙ 2+ 6 ∙−1
=
0 0
][ ]
0 0
3. Matrix multiplication is distributive over addition.
Given three conformable matrices A, B and C
A ( B +C ) =AB + AC
( B+C ) A=BA+ CA
4. Matrix multiplication is associative.
Given three conformable matrices A, B and C
A ( BC )=( AB ) C
5. The transpose of the product AB is equal to the product of the corresponding
transposes taken in the reversed order.
( AB ) =BT A T
T

In general:
T T T T
( A1 A 2 ⋯ An ) = A n ⋯ A 2 A 1

Product by Partitioning Matrices

Given a matrix A of order m × p and a matrix B of order p × n, then the product AB

can also be obtained by partitioning the columns of A and rows of B in exactly the same
way.
Let:
b11 b 12 b 13 b14
a 11 a12 a13 a14

[
A= a21 a22 a23 a24
a31 a32 a33 a34 ] b

[
B= 21
b31
b41
b 22
b 32
b 42
b 23
b33
b 43
b24
b34
b44
]
Partitioning A and B

b b12 b13 b14

][ ]
a11 a12 a13 a14 11

[ b
AB= a21 a22 a23 a24 21
b
a31 a32 a33 a34 31
b 41
b22
b 32
b 42
b23
b33
b43
b24
b34
b44

a11 a12 b 11 b12 a 13 a14 b 31 b32 a 11 a12 b13 b 14 a 13 a14 b 33 b34

[ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ]
[ ]
+ +
a21 a22 b 21 b22 a 23 a24 b 41 b 42 a21 a22 b23 b 24 a 23 a24 b 43 b 44
AB=
b11 b12 b b b13 b 14 b b
[ a31 a32 ][ b 21 b22 ][ ][
+ a33 a34 31 32
b41 b 42 ] [ a31 a32 ][ b23 b 24][ ][
+ a33 a34 33 34
b43 b 44 ]

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DETERMINANTS

A determinant is a scalar-valued function whose domain is a set of square matrices.

A determinant function is denoted by ∣A∣ or detA. ∣A∣ is called the determinant of A.
If each element of a matrix A is expressed explicitly as
a11 a12 ⋯ a1 n
a

[ a
A= 21 22
⋮ ⋮
an 1 an 2
⋯ a2 n
⋱ ⋮
⋯ ann ]
The determinant of A is expressed as
a11 a12 ⋯ a1 n

|
| A|= a21 a22
⋮ ⋮
an 1 an 2
⋯ a2 n
⋱ ⋮
⋯ a nn
|
The elements, rows, columns, principal diagonal and secondary diagonals of matrix
A will also be the corresponding elements, rows, columns, principal diagonals and
secondary diagonals of the determinant function.

MINORS

The minor Mij of an element aij of a determinant ∣A∣ of order n is a new determinant
of order n – 1 formed by deleting the i th row and the jth column of the original determinant
∣A∣.

If
a11 a12 a13 a14

Then
a
| A|= 21
a31
a41
| a22
a 32
a 42
a23
a33
a43
a24
a34
a44
|
a 21 a13 a14

|
M 22= a 31 a33 a34
a 41 a43 a44 |
a 21 a23 a23

|
M 12= a 31 a33 a34
a 41 a43 a44 |
Example:

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4 6 9

[
A= 6 1 −2
5 −8 1 ] find M23 and M11

Solution:
M 23 = 4 6 and
| | M 11= 1 −2
| |
5 −8 −8 1

COFACTOR

The cofactor Aij of an element aij of a determinant of order n is a new determinant of

order n – 1 given by
Aij =(−1 )i + j M ij
The cofactor is also called the signed minor.

Example:
4 6 9

[
A= 6 1 −2
5 −8 1 ] find A23 and A11

Solution:
A23=(−1 )2 +3 4 6 =(−1 )5 4 6 =(−1 ) 4 6 =− 4 6
| | | | | | | |
5 −8 5 −8 5 −8 5 −8

A11 =(−1 )1+1 1 −2 = (−1 )2 1 −2 = 1 −2

| | | || |
−8 1 −8 1 −8 1

VALUE OF DETERMINANT FUNCTIONS

1. Of order 1
The value of a determinant of order 1 is the element: ∣A∣ = ∣a∣ = a
2. Of order 2
a a
| |
| A|= 11 12 =a11 a22−a 21 a12
a21 a22

3. Of order 3
a11 a12 a 13

| |
| A|= a21 a22 a 23 is found by rewriting the first two columns adjacent to the last column of
a31 a32 a 33
the original determinant and then performing the(−) (−) (−)
diagonal operation indicated.

a11 a12 a 13 a 11 a12

|
| A|= a21 a22 a 23 a 21 a22
a31 a32 a 33 a 31 a32| | (+) (+) (+)

| A|=a 11 a22 a 33+ a12 a23 a31 +a13 a21 a 32−a31 a22 a13−a32 a 23 a11 −a 33 a21 a12
4. Of order n ≥ 2

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The value of a determinant of order n ≥ 2 can be solved using the Laplace Expansion
Formula. Consider the determinant A
a11 a12 ⋯ a1 n

|
| A|= a21 a22
⋮ ⋮
an 1 an 2
⋯ a2 n
⋱ ⋮
⋯ a nn
|
The value is solved by
n n
| A|=∑ a ik A ik =∑ a kj A kj
k=1 k=1

Examples:
Find the value of the following determinants
1. | A|=|−43|
2. |B|=|26|
1 −2
3. |C|=
6 3 | |
3 −2 4
4. |D|= 5
|
6 1
−1 3 9 |
Solutions:
1. | A|=|−43|
| A|=|−43|=−43
2. |B|=|26|
|B|=|26|=26
1 −2
3. |C|=
6 3 | |
|C|=|1 −2|=1 ∙3−6 ∙−2=15
6 3
3 −2 4
4. |D|= 5
|
6 1
−1 3 9 |
3
−2 4
|
|D|= 5
|
6 1 |D|=3 ∙6 ∙ 9 ± 2∙ 1∙−1+ 4 ∙ 5 ∙3−−1 ∙6 ∙ 4−3 ∙ 1∙ 3−9∙ 5 ∙−2|D|=329
−1 3 9

Using Laplace Expansion, n = 3

3 −2 4
|
|D|= 5
−1 3 9
6 1
|
Choosing Row 1, i = 1
3
| A|=∑ a 1 k A1 k
k=1

A11 =(−1 )1+1 6 1 =51 1 +2 5 1 =−46 A =(−1 )1 +3 5 6 =21

3 9| | ; A12=(−1 )| |
−1 9
; 13 | |
−1 3

| A|=a 11 A 11 +a12 A 12+ a13 A13 =3 ∙ 51±2 ∙ 46+ 4 ∙21=329

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Choosing Row 2, i = 2
3
| A|=∑ a 2 k A2 k
k=1

A21=(−1 )2 +1 −2 4 =30 ; A22=(−1 )2 +2 3 4 =31 ; A23=(−1 )2 +3 3 −2 =−7

| | | | | |
3 9 −1 9 −1 3

| A|=a 21 A 21+ a22 A 22+a 23 A23=5 ∙ 30+6 ∙ 31+1 ∙−7=329

Choosing Row 3, i = 3
3
| A|=∑ a 3 k A3 k
k=1

A31=(−1 ) |−26 41|=−26 ; A =(−1) |35 41|=17; A =(−1 ) |35 −26 |=28
3 +1
32
3 +2
33
3 +3

| A|=a 31 A 31+ a32 A32 +a33 A 33=−1 ∙−26+ 3∙ 17+9 ∙ 28=329

Choosing Column 1, j = 1
3
| A|=∑ a k 1 A k1
k=1

A11 =(−1 )1+1 6 1 =51 ; A21=(−1 )2 +1 −2 4 =30 ; A31=(−1 )3 +1 −2 4 =−26

| | | | | |
3 9 3 9 6 1

| A|=a 11 A 11 +a21 A 21 + a31 A31=3 ∙ 51+ 5∙ 30±1∙−26=329

Choosing Column 2, j = 2
3
| A|=∑ a k 2 A k2
k=1

A12=(−1 ) |−15 19|=−46 ; A =(−1) |−13 49|=31; A =(−1) |35 41|=17

1 +2
22
2 +2
32
3 +2

| A|=a 12 A 12+ a22 A 22+a 32 A 32=−2 ∙−46+6 ∙ 31+3 ∙ 17=329

Choosing Column 3, j = 3
3
| A|=∑ a k 3 A k3
k=1

A13=(−1 )1 +3 5 6 =21 ; A23=(−1 )2 +3 3 −2 =−7; A33=(−1 )3 +3 3 −2 =28

| | | | | |
−1 3 −1 3 5 6

| A|=a 13 A 13 +a23 A 23+ a33 A 33=4 ∙ 21+1∙−7+9 ∙ 28=329

Properties of Determinants

1. The number of terms in the expansion of a determinant of order n is equal to n!

Example:
a a
| |
| A|= 11 12 =a11 a22−a 21 a12; order 2, 2 terms = 2!
a21 a22

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a11 a12 a 13

| |
| A|= a21 a22 a 23 ; order 3, 6 terms = 3!
a31 a32 a 33
| A|=a 11 a22 a 33+ a12 a23 a31 +a13 a21 a 32−a31 a22 a13−a32 a 23 a11 −a 33 a21 a12
2. Interchanging the corresponding row or column of a determinant does not change
its value.
a1 a2 a3 a 1 b1 c1

| || |
b 1 b2 b3 = a 2 b2
c1 c 2 c 3 a 3 b 3
c2
c3
3. If any two rows or columns of a determinant are interchanged, then its sign will be
changed.
a1 a2 a3 a3 a2 a1 b1 b 2 b3

| || || |
b 1 b2 b3 =− b3 b2 b 1 =− a1 a 2 a3
c1 c 2 c 3 c3 c2 c1 c 1 c2 c 3
4. If all the elements of any row or column of a determinant is zero, then its value is
zero.
a1 a2 a3

| |
0 0 0 =0
c1 c 2 c 3
a1 a2 0

| |
b 1 b2 0 =0
c1 c 2 0
5. If the elements of a certain row or column of a determinant are proportional or
identical to the elements of another row or column, then its value is zero.
a1 a2 a3

|b1 b2
|
b3 =0
k a1 k a 2 k a3
a1 k a 1 b1

| |
a2 k a 2 b2 =0
a 3 k b 3 b3
6. If the elements of a certain row or column of a determinant are multiplied by a
scalar k then added to the corresponding elements of another row or column, then
its value is unchanged.
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 + k a1 a3

| ||
b 1 b2 b3 = b1 b2 + k b 1 b3
c1 c 2 c 3 c 1 c2 + k ac1 c 3 |
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3

| ||
b 1 b2 b3 = b1 +k a 1 b2 +k a 2 b3 +k a3
c1 c 2 c 3 c1 c2 c3 |
7. If each element of any row or column of a determinant is multiplied by a scalar k,
then its value is multiplied by k.
a1 a2 a3 a 1 a2 k a3 a1 a2 a 3

|c1 c2 c3 || c1 c 2 k c 3 || |
k b 1 k b 2 k b3 = b 1 b2 k b3 =k b1 b2 b 3
c 1 c 2 c3

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8. The sum of the products formed by multiplying each element of any row or column
of a determinant by the cofactor of another row or column is zero.

a11 a12 a 13

| |
Let | A|= a21 a22 a 23 ,
a31 a32 a 33
thena 11 A 21+a 12 A 22+ a13 A 23=0 or a 11 A 12+a 21 A 22+ a31 A 32=0
9. The value of a triangular or diagonal determinant is the product of its diagonals.

Example: Evaluate the determinant using the properties of determinants.

3 −2 4
|
| A|= 5 6 1
−1 3 9 |
Solution: Transform the determinant into a triangular determinant
3 −2 4 R' =R −( 5/3 ) R 3 −2 4 3 −2 4
|
| A|= 5 6 1 '
2

|2 1

−1 3 9 R 3=R3 + ( 1/3 ) R 1 |
0 7 /3 31 /3 | 0 0| 47 /4 |
| A|= 0 28/3 −17 /3 R '3=R3− (1 /4 ) R2|A|= 0 28/3 −17 /3 |A|=3∙ 28 ∙ 4
3

PIVOTAL METHOD OF EVALUATING DETERMINANTS

Procedure
1. If a determinant of order n has an element unity (=1) use this as the pivotal
element. Otherwise use a convenient element say a ij and divide the row or column
containing this element and then balance the determinant by multiplying its value
by aij.
2. Cross out the row and column containing aij.
3. From each element of the resulting determinant of order n – 1 subtract the product
of the elements common to the intersection of the row and column containing a ij
with the row and column containing that element.
4. To find the determinant multiply the resulting determinant by (−1) i+j.

Example: Evaluate the determinant

3 −2 4
|
| A|= 5 6 1
−1 3 9 |
Solution: There is a unity element thus it will be the pivotal element, i = 2, j = 3
3 −2 4
|
| A|= 5
−1 3 9
6 1
|
| A|=(−1 )2+3 3−5 ∙ 4
|−1−5∙ 9 −2−6 ∙ 4 =− −17 −26 =329
| | |
3−6 ∙ 9 −46 −51

Alternate Solution: Use element a31 = −1

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3
−2 4
|
| A|= 5 6 1
−1 3 9 |
3 −2 4
| A|=(−1 ) 5
| 6 1
1 −3 −9 |
| A|=(−1 )3+ 1 (−1 ) −2−3 ∙−3 4−3∙−9 =− 7
| 6−5 ∙−3 | |21 3146|=329
1−5 ∙−9

SUBMATRIX

A submatrix of a matrix A is a matrix of smaller size obtained by omitting row/s or

column/s.

Example: List all the submatrices of

a b c

[ ]
A= d e f
g h i
Solution:
3 × 2 submatrices
a b a c b c

[ ] [ ][ ]
d e , d f , e f
g h g i h i
3 × 1 submatrices
a b c

[ ][ ][ ]
d , e , f
g h i
2 × 3 submatrices
a b c a b c d e f
[ ][
d e f g h i g h i
, ][ ] ,

2 × 2 submatrices
a b a b a c a c b c b c d e d f e f
[ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ]
, ,
d e g h d f g i e f h i g h g i h i
, , , , , ,

2 × 1 submatrices
a a b b c c d e f
[ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ]
, , , , , , , ,
d g e h f i g h i
1 × 3 submatrices
[ a b c ], [ d e f ] , [ g h i ]
1 × 2 submatrices
[ a b ] , [ a c ], [ b c ], [ d e ] , [ d f ] , [ e f ], [ g h ], [ g i ] , [ h i ]
1 × 1 submatrices
[ a ], [ b ], [ c ], [ d ] , [ e ], [ f ], [ g ] , [ h ] , [ i ]

RANK OF MATRIX

The rank of a matrix is the highest number r if there exists an r × r submatrix whose
determinant is not equal to zero.

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Advanced Engineering Mathematics

The determinant of a square matrix of order r + 1 is equal to zero.

The highest rank of an m × n matrix is the smaller of the numbers m and n, and can
be less.
For a square matrix A of order n, if the rank r = n, then matrix A is called non-
singular.
For a square matrix A of order n, if the rank r ≠ n, then the determinant of A is zero.
Then matrix A is called singular.

Example:
Determine the rank of matrix
3 −2 1 4
[−6 4 −2 −8 ]
Solution:
2 × 2 submatrices
3 −2 3 1 3 4 −2 1 −2 4 1 4
[ ][
, ,][ ,][
−6 4 −6 −2 −6 −8 −4 −2 −6 −8 −2 −8
, ][ , ][ ]
Their determinants
3 −2 =0 3 1 =0 3 4 =0 −2 1 =0 −2 4 =0 1 4 =0
|
−6 4 | | ,
−6 −2 | |
,
−6 −8 | |
,
−4 −2 | |
,
−6 −8
,| |
−2 −8 |
Since the determinants of all the 2 × 2 submatrices are zero, therefore the rank is one.

Exercises:

Write the transpose of the following matrices.

1. A=[ 6 −5 2 4 0 ]
9 −1 6 7
2. B= [
−5 3 0 4 ]
2 8
3. C=
[ ]
−6 0
7 −1
1 −3 4
4. D=
4[ ]
−3 0 2
2 5
For the matrices A and B, verify directly that ( AB )T =BT A T
1 0
5. A=
−6 2 0 3
[
0 4 5 −1

8 2
] [ ]
B= 4 −3
−3 0
2 −2

[ ]
6. A= 10 3
5 2
B= −1 2 0 −3
[
5 −6 4 6 ]
List all the submatrices and determine the rank of the matrix
10 0 −3 7 0
7. A=
[
0 −1 2 8
17 6 −5 6
−1 −2 1 −9
6
4
5
]
For the matrices A and B, verify directly that ( A+ B )T =A T + BT

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Advanced Engineering Mathematics

8. A= [−51 23 30 ] B=[ 07 −24 61]

9. A=[ 1 9 ] B=[ 3 6 ]
−8 3 7 1
Find the transpose, conjugate and tranjugate of the following matrices
5 −j 3 j6
10. A=
[
−2 2− j 3
0 j4
4 −1
1+ j j 3 ]
0 0 j4 3
11. B=
[
6− j5 −1 − j 7
5+ j 6 j8 j 2 0 ]
8 7 1 −4 j2
12. C=
[
j2 − j −3 1− j
j3 −2 2+ j 5
j6
j ]
1 2 B= 3 1 C= 1 2 x1 x2
If A=
3 4 [ ] [ ] [ ]
,
1 0
,
2 4
and X =
x3 x4 [ ]
, solve each of the following equations

13. AX=B−I
14. AX=CI
15. CX = A
16. ( B−I ) X= A
17. ( B−I ) X=IC
Evaluate the matrix polynomial X 3 −4 X 2−X + 4 I for each of the following matrices
1 −1
18. X = [
2 0 ]
1 1 2
19. X =
[ ]
1 2 1
2 1 1
0 1 1
20. X =
[ ]
−1 0 1
−1 −1 0
3 2 1
21. X =
[ ]
4 5 6
1 1 4
Classify each of the following matrices according as it is real, symmetric, skew-symmetric,
hermitian or skew-hermitian
j2 −6− j 9 13
22. A=
[
6− j 9
−13
0
j4
j4
j3 ]
0 1 2
23. B=
[
−1 0 −3
−2 3 0 ]
1 0 −j

[
24. C= 0 −2 4− j
j 4+ j 3 ]
7 0 4

[
25. D= 0 −2 10
4 10 5 ]
Find the value of the following determinant

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Advanced Engineering Mathematics

|13 24|
26. | A|=

8 2
27. |B|=|
−2 1|
1 3 7
|
28. |C|= −1 0 −4
3 6 8 |
−72 53 7
|
29. |C|= −19 20 −4
3 56 28 |
Find the value of the following determinant using Laplace Expansion
1 2 3 4

|
30. | A|=

1
2
3
4
1
4
3
2
4
2
1
3 4
|
3
1
2

31. |B|=
|4
2
3
0 1 2
3
1
4
2
4
1
1
3
2
| 3
32. |C|=
|−1 0 1
−2 −1 0
−3 −2 3
8 9 2 4
|
2
3
0

33. |D|=
|−7 6 −1 3
3 4 0 0
1 −2 0 0
6 4 −6 −4
|
34. |E|=
|8
9
0

0 4
7 0
−3 5 −7

8 0
0 0 8
4
|
35. |F|=
|23 13 17 31
−6 11 7 9
0 3 6 0
|
Find the value of the following determinant using Pivotal Method
1 2 3 4

|
36. | A|=

1
2
3
4
1
4
3
2
4
2
1
3 4
|
3
1
2

37. |B|=
|4
2
3
0 1 2
3
1
4
2
4
1
1
3
2
| 3
38. |C|=
|−1 0 1
−2 −1 0
−3 −2 3
|
2
3
0

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Advanced Engineering Mathematics

8 9 2 4
39. |D|=
|−7
3

6
6
4
−1
0 0
1 −2 0 0
3

4 −6 −4
|
40. |E|=
|8
9
0

0 4
7 0
−3 5 −7
0 0 8
8 0
4
|
41. |F|=
|23 13 17
−6 11 7 9
0 3
31

6 0
|
Find the value of the following determinant by transforming it into a triangular
determinant
1 2 3 4

| |
42. | A|=

1
2
3
4
1
4
3
2
4
2
1
3
3
1
2
4
43. |B|=
| |
4
2
3
0
3
1
4
1 2
2
4
1
1
3
2
3
44. |C|=
| |
−1 0 1
−2 −1 0
−3 −2 3
8 9 2 4
2
3
0

45. |D|=
| |
−7
3
6
4
−1
0 0
1 −2 0 0
6
3

4 −6 −4
46. |E|=
| |
8
9
0

0 4
7 0
−3 5 −7
0 0 8
8 0
4

47. |F|=
| |
23 13 17
−6 11 7 9
0 3
31

6 0
Find all values of k which satisfy each of the following equations:
k 3+k −10
|
48. 1−k 2−k
2 4+k −k
5 =48
|
−1 3 k
|
49. 2 k −3 1−k 3 k +1 =9 k−28
2 k −2 |

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Advanced Engineering Mathematics

1 k k +2 k−2 100

|
0
50. 0
0
0
k k−2
0 k +2
0
0
0
0
k +2
k−2
k−2
0
100
100 =0
k +2
100
|
ADJOINT OF A MATRIX

The adjoint of a square matrix A of order n denoted by adj A is the transpose of a

cofactor matrix. A cofactor matrix denoted by C is another matrix of order n in which all its
elements in matrix A are replaced by their respective cofactor.

Say, matrix A
a11 a12 ⋯ a1 n
a
⋮
[ a
A= 21 22
⋮
an 1 an 2
Then,
⋯ a2 n
⋱ ⋮
⋯ ann ]
A 11 A 12 ⋯ A1 n
A
C= 21
⋮
[ A 22
⋮
A n1 A n 2
⋯
⋱
⋯
A2 n
⋮
A nn ]
A 11 A 21 ⋯ An 1
T A
adj A=C = 12
⋮
[A 22
⋮
A1 n A 2 n
⋯
⋱
⋯
An 2
⋮
A nn ]
Example: Find the adjoint of the matrix
3 6 2

[
A= 4 −5 3
2 3 −6 ]
Solution:

|−53 −63 | −|42 −63 | |42 −53 | 21

|
C= −|6 2 | |3 2 | −|3 6| = 42
3 −6
6 2
2 −6
3 2
|−5 3| −|4 3| |4 −5| 3
2 3 |
6
28
| 30
−22
22
|
3
−1 −39

21 42 28

22|
adj A= 30 −22 −1
3 −39 |
INVERSE OF A MATRIX

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Advanced Engineering Mathematics

The inverse or reciprocal of a matrix A denoted by A −1 satisfies the equation

A A−1 =I , where I is and identity matrix with the same order as A.

The inverse of a matrix A is given by the equation

adj A
A−1=
| A|

Note: Only square non-singular or non-zero matrices have inverse!

Example: Find the inverse of the matrix

1 2 4

[
A= −1 0 3
3 1 −2 ]
Solution:
1 2 4
|
| A|= −1 0 3 =7
3 1 −2 |
|01 −23 | −|−13 −23 | |−13 01| −3
[
C= −|2 4 | |1 4 | −|1 2| = 8
1 −2
2 4
3 −2
1 4
|0 3| −|−1 3| |−1 0| 1
3 1 |
2
6
] 7

−7
−1
−14 5
2|
−3 8 6

−1 5 |
adj A= 7 −14 −7
2 |
−3 8 6
|
7 −14 −7
−3 8| 6
A−1=
−1 5
7
2 1
= 7 −14 −7
7
−1 5 2 | |
MATRIX DIVISION

The quotient of two matrices A/B can be expressed as a product of matrix A and the
inverse of B, provided that they will be conformable for multiplication.
A
= A B−1
B

Example: Solve for A/B

1 2 7 3
A= [ ]
4 3
B=
2 1 [ ]
Solution:

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Advanced Engineering Mathematics

|B|= 7 3 =7 ∙ 1−2 ∙ 3=1

|2 1| adj B= 1 −3
[ ] [= −21 −37 ] =
−2 7 B−1
1 [−21 −37 ]
A
= A B−1= 1 2 1 −3 = −3 11
B [ ][
4 3 −2 7 −2 9][ ]

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