KBC2009 en PDF
KBC2009 en PDF
KBC2009 en PDF
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0301 GENERAL
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APPENDIX
Index
0301 GENERAL
0301.1 SCOPE
This standard provides the requirements for the calculation of loads,
which are applied to buildings and other structures. If one design loads
and external forces calculated by the special studies and researches are
approved to be equal or more than the required in this standard, some
of the provisions in this standard need not be applied.
0301.2 DEFINITIONS
ACROSS-WIND VIBRATION : Irregular vibration in across-wind direction due
to buffeting, vortex-shedding, and wakes;that is mainly caused by regular
vortex separated alternately from both edge of building.
]](&/&3"-]]
ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER:Wind speed varies with height
above the ground surface because of frictional effect of ground rou-
ghness. This region is defined as atmospheric boundary layer.
BASIC WIND SPEED:The 10-minute mean wind speed over a flat and
open terrain at an elevation of 10m with a return period of 100 years.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
the concentric or eccentric type that is provided in a bearing wall,
building frame, or dual system to resist seismic forces.
]](&/&3"-]]
DOMINANT OPENING:Industrial buildings with shipping doors or
ventilation openings having a high probability of being open;a face of
a building should be regarded as dominant when the area of openings at
that face is at least twice the area of openings and leakages in the
remaining faces of the building considered.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT:Product of the external pres-
sure coefficient and gust effect factor to be used in determination of
wind loads for building components and cladding
]](&/&3"-]]
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND SURFACE STARTING ATMOSPHERIC
BOUNDARY LAYER(or, EXPOSURE CONSTANT):The height above
ground in which change of vertical wind speed profiles with height by
the influence of surface roughness starts. Under this height, wind speed
is assumed to be constant.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS :Components
permanently attached to structure, including supporting structure and
attachment.
]](&/&3"-]]
to be used in determination of wind loads on claddings. This coefficient
corresponds to instant maximum values.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
SEISMIC FORCES:The assumed forces prescribed herein, related to
the response of the building to earthquake motions, to be used in the
design of the building and its components.
]](&/&3"-]]
SITE COEFFICIENTS:The values of, , and, , indicated in Table
<0306.3.3> and <03063.4>, respectively.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
TURBULENCE FACTOR:Non-dimensional value accounting for the
effect of turbulence intensity in according to the change of surface
roughness, in estimating gust effect factor.
]](&/&3"-]]
Examples of those include columns, girders and roof beams. Structural
elements such as cross-bracing, shear walls, roof trusses, and roof
diaphragms are part of wind force resisting main frame when they are
assigned to transfer overall loads.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
wind force resisting main frames, wind pressure consist of both external
coefficient, , and internal coefficient, . However, for estimating
wind pressures on claddings, wind pressure consist of both peak external
coefficient, , and peak internal coefficient, A coefficients that
are normalized by the velocity pressure at the reference height.
]](&/&3"-]]
:thermal factor
:lateral load factor
:external pressure coefficient
:external pressure coefficient on the windward face
:external pressure coefficient on the leeward face
:internal pressure coefficient for enclosed buildings and structures
:building depth, dimension of building parallel to wind, di-
mension of along wind direction on free standing mono-slope
roof, m
:length of shear wall at 1st level, m
:wind force spectrum factor
:portion of the seismic base shear included at level
:equivalent static force for the seismic design of nonstructural
component
:lateral seismic force at level
:gust effect factor for structural and roof frames
:external gust effect factor for roof frames
:internal gust effect factor
:gust effect factor for internal pressure
:external pressure coefficient for building components and
cladding
:internal pressure coefficient for building components and
cladding
:reference height of building, mean roof height of building,
height of hill or escarpment, m
:importance factor
:turbulence intensity at the reference height
:importance factor for wind load
:inportance factor for snow load
:wind speed profile factor
:topographic factor
:horizontal dimension of a building measured parallel to the wind
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
direction, m
:turbulence length scale at the reference height, m
:horizontal distance upwind from the crest to where the di-
fference in ground elevation is half the height of hill or
escarpment, m
:response modification coefficient
:resonance factor for wind force resisting main frames of
buildings
:resonance factor for roof frames
:snow load on flat roofs, kN/㎡
:size reduction factor(factor representing reduction of turbulence
effect due to scale of a building)
:ground snow load, kN/㎡
:sloped roof snow load, kN/㎡
:fundamental period of the structure, sec
:base shear force
:basic wind speed, m/s
:design wind speed at the mean roof height h above ground
level, m/s
:seismic design shear in story
:design wind speed at height above ground level, m/s
:total weight of structure
:wind load on cladding, N/㎡
:wind load on structural frames, N/㎡
:weight of structure in story ,
:total weight of the non-structural element
:wind load on roof frames, N/㎡
:distance to center of pressure from windward edge of roof, m
:height above ground level, m
:exposure constant, m
:nominal height of the atmospheric boundary layer, m
:diameter of circular cross-sections and least horizontal di-
]](&/&3"-]]
mension of square, hexagonal, or octagonal cross-section at
elevation under consideration, m
′ :depth of protruding elements such as ribs and spoilers, m
:height from springline to roof top, m
:gravitational acceleration
:peak factor
:mean roof height of a building, m
:height of obstruction above the surface of the roof, m
:height of balanced snow load, m
:clear height from top of balance snow load to (1) closest
point on adjacent upper roof, (2) top of parapet, or (3) top of
a projection on the roof, m
:height of chimney, tank, and similar structure, m
:height of snow drift, m
, :the height from the base to level or , m
:height of the structure above the base to the roof level, m
:height from bottom of dome to springline, m
:height of sign board, m
:diameter of domed roof, m
:length of the roof upwind of the projection or parapet wall, m
:limit load factor
:larger dimension of sign board, m
:smaller dimension of sign board, m
:1st mode frequency of building, Hz
:design wind pressure on cladding, N/㎡
:design wind force on structural frames, N/㎡
:design wind force on roof frames, N/㎡
:velocity pressure at mean roof height h above ground level,
N/㎡
:velocity pressure at height Z above ground level, N/㎡
:rise-to-span ratio of domed roof
:turbulence factor
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
:separation distance between the roof and adjacent structure, m
:width of the additional snow drift, m
α :power law exponent of mean wind speed profile
δ :deflection of level at the center of the mass at and above
level
δ :deflection of level at the center of the mass at and above
level determined by an elastic analysis
ζ :damping ratio of 1st mode for along wind, across wind or
torsional direction of building
ζ :damping ratio of 1st mode for roof frames
:angle of plane of roof from horizontal in degree,
κ :von Karman constant(≒0.4)
ν :level crossing frequency, Hz
ξ :ratio of solid area to gross area
Φ :ratio of solid area to gross area of one tower face for the
segment under consideration
Φ :upwind slope, calculated from( Φ )
Φ :the average downwind slope, measured from the crest of a
hill, ridge, or escarpment to the ground level at a distance of
5H
]](&/&3"-]]
(9) Flood loads ( )
(10) Machinery and moving loads ( )
(11) Other loads
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0302 DEAD LOADS
0302.1 DEFINITION
Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipments
incorporated into a building or other structure.
]]%&"%-0"%4]]
0303 LIVE LOADS
0303.1 GENERAL
(1) This section shall be applied in determining the minimum live loads
produced by the intended use or occupancy of buildings.
(2) The live loads used in the design of buildings and other structures
shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or
occupancy.
(3) In case this section is not applied, the applied live loads shall be
specified by their sources.
(4) Live loads are divided into uniformly distributed live load and
concentrated live loads, and the load which produces the greater load
effect shall be applied.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0303.3 CONCENTRATED LIVE LOADS
0303.3.2 Applications
Concentrated loads shall be located so as to produce the maximum load
effect in the structural members.
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0303.4 REDUCTION IN LIVE LOADS
(0303.4.1)
0303.4.3 Limitations
(1) Reduction factor, is not less than 0.5 for members supporting
only one floor, nor 0.4 for other members.
(2) Live loads that exceed 5 kN/㎡ shall not be reduced except members
supporting two or more floors for which the reduction factor shall
not be less than 0.8.
(3) Live loads of 5 kN/㎡ or less shall not be reduced in public
assembly occupancies.
(4) Live load shall not be reduced in passenger car garages except for
members supporting two or more floors for which the reduction
factor shall not be less than 0.8.
(5) The tributary area for one-way slabs shall not exceed an area
defined by the slab span times a width normal to the span of 1.5
times the slab span.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0303.5 REDUCTION IN ROOF LIVE LOADS
The minimum uniformly distributed roof live loads are permitted to be
reduced according to the following provisions.
]]-*7&-0"%4]]
be to resist at least a concentration load 0.9 kN, a horizontal load 0.4
kN/m for a residence, and 0.8 kN/m for others.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0304 SNOW LOADS
0304.1 GENERALS
(1) When the effect of snow loads acting on a roof is larger than the
minimum roof live loads determined from 0303.2(uniform live load)
and 0303.6(similar live load), the snow loads in this chapter shall be
applied.
(2) The effect of snow loads shall be considered on the wall surface
expected to act.
(3) The design roof snow loads shall be calculated based on ground
snow loads considering basic value of roof snow loads factor,
exposure factor, thermal factor, importance factor, shape factor of
roof and load distribution condition.
(4) The basic value of ground snow loads are based on the maximum
snowfall average outs (100-year mean recurrence interval) shown in
<Table 0304.2.2>. If the mean recurrence interval is not applied as
100 years, compensated values of ground snow loads in accordance
to the mean recurrence interval shall be used.
]]4/08-0"%4]]
0304.2.2 Basic Ground Snow Loads
The basic value of regional ground snow loads ( , 100-year mean
recurrence interval) shall be in <Table 0304.2.2>.
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0304.3.3 Thermal Factor
The value for shall be determined from <Table 0304.3.3>.
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⋅ (kN/㎡) (0304.4.1)
Values of for warm roofs, cold roofs, curved roofs, and multiple
roofs are determined from 「0304.4.1」 to 「0304.4.4」.
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0304.4.3 Roof Slope Factor for Curved Roofs
(1) Portions of curved roofs having a sloped exceeding 70° shall be
considered free of snow load (i.e., C s = 0).
(2) Roof slope factor for curved roofs shall be determined the appro-
priate curve in [Figure 0304.4]. The roof slope means an angle
between a horizontal line and a tangent line slope from eaves to the
top.
0304.4.4 Roof Slope Factor for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and
Barrel Vault Roofs
Multiple folded plate, sawtooth, or barrel vault roofs shall have a =
1.0, with no reduction in snow load because of slope (i.e., = ).
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(2) For slopes between 15° and 70°, the structure shall be designed to
resist an unbalanced uniform snow load on the leeward side equal to
1.5 . In the unbalanced situation, the windward side shall be
considered free of snow.
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(5) If the ground or another roof abuts [Figures 0304.5.2 (b) and (c)]
curved roof at or within 0.9 m of its eaves, the snow load shall not
be decreased between the 30° point and the eaves but shall remain
constant (2 ) at the 30° point value. This distribution is shown
as a dashed line in [Figure 0304.5.2].
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(2) Snow depths above the valley shall be determined by dividing the
snow load by the density of that snow from (eq. 0304.5.1). The
snow surface of valley shall be not higher than the ridge at the
valley. Therefore unbalanced snow loads above the valley shall be
substituted by the value less than 3 .
]]4/08-0"%4]]
0304.6 DRIFTS ON LOWER ROOFS (Aerodynamic Shade)
For adjacent higher structure or a hump drift and sliding of snow shall
be considered to calculate localized loads.
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accumulates on the upper roof under the balanced loading condition
slides onto the lower roof. The solid lines in [Figure 0304.4] shall
be used to determine the total extra load available from the upper
roof, regardless of the surface of the upper roof.
(2) The sliding snow load may be reduced if a portion of the snow
form the upper roof is blocked by any combination of balanced
and/or sliding snow on the lower roof.
(3) Sliding loads shall be superimposed on the balanced snow load, if
lower roof and higher roof are separated as or 6 m, the sliding
snow load is not required to be applied.
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0304.8 THE REST SNOW LOAD
The effect shall be required to be appled if the rest snow load affects
on the structural safety as follow:
(1) The lateral pressure due to snow on the exterior wall of structures
(2) Sedimentation load of snow
(3) For snow blows to a veranda, the snow load
]]4/08-0"%4]]
0305 WIND LOADS
0305.1 GENERAL
0305.1.1 Scopes
(1) This Section describes minimum wind load requirements for the
design of buildings and other structures that respond elastically in
wind actions.
(2) Design wind loads for wind force resisting main-frames shall be
applied to the design of structural frames of buildings.
(3) Design wind loads on claddings shall be applied to the design of
claddings, surface finishing-materials of buildings and wind force
resisting sub-frames to support claddings (just called “claddings”
hereafter).
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
pressure coefficient or internal pressure coefficient.
(4) Design velocity pressure shall be calculated by the product of air
density and square of design wind speed.
(5) The reference height shall be generally defined as the mean roof
height of the building. Wind loads may be calculated based on the
velocity pressure at this reference height.
(6) Wind load calculating methods prescribed in this section shall be
only applied to estimating along wind loads due to the turbulence of
the wind flow.
≧ (0305.1.1)
where
:reference height of building, in m
:building breadth, in m
:building depth, in m
(2) For buildings for circular cross-section
≧ (0305.1.2)
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
where
:building diameter at height of , in m
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
(N) (0305.2.1)
where
:design wind pressure, in N/㎡
:projected area, in ㎡
where
:design velocity pressure at mean roof height , in N/㎡
(described in 0305.5)
:design velocity pressure at height above ground level Z, in
N/㎡ (described in 0305.5)
:gust effect factor for wind force resisting main-frames
(described in 0305.6)
:external pressure coefficient on the windward face
(described in 0305.7.1)
:external pressure coefficient on the leeward face
(described in 0305.7.1)
(N/㎡) (0305.2.3)
(N/㎡) (0305.2.4)
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
where
:design velocity pressure at mean roof height , in N/㎡
(described in 0305.5)
qz :design velocity pressure at height above ground level Z, in
N/㎡ (described in 0305.5)
Gf :gust effect factor for wind force resisting main-frames
(described in 0305.6)
G pi :internal gust effect factor (described in 0305.7.2)
C pe :external pressure coefficient (described in 0305.7.1)
C pi :internal pressure coefficient (described in 0305.7.2)
p f = q zG fC f
(N/㎡) (0305.2.3)
where
:design velocity pressure at mean roof height , in N/㎡
(described in 0305.5)
qz :design velocity pressure at height above ground level Z, in
N/㎡ (described in 0305.5)
Cf :wind force coefficient (described in 0305.7.3)
W r = p r A (N) (0305.2.5)
where
:roof design wind pressure, in N/㎡
:projected pressure area, in ㎡
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
In accordance with the shapes of buildings under consideration, design
wind pressure, , shall be calculated by one or more of the following
procedures.
(N/㎡) (0305.3.2)
where
:design velocity pressure at mean roof height , in N/㎡
(described in 0305.5)
:design velocity pressure at height above ground level Z, in
N/㎡ (described in 0305.5)
:gust effect factor for wind force resisting main-frames
(described in 0305.6)
:internal gust effect factor (described in 0305.7.2)
:external pressure coefficient (described in 0305.7.1)
:internal pressure coefficient (described in 0305.7.2)
(N/㎡) (0305.3.3)
where
:design velocity pressure at mean roof height , in N/㎡
(described in 0305.5)
Gf :gust effect factor for wind force resisting main-frames
(described in 0305.6)
Cf :wind force coefficient (described in 0305.7.3)
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
0305.4 DESIGN WIND LOADS ON CLADDINGS
Design wind loads on claddings shall be calculated by the following
equation.
(N) (0305.4.1)
where
p c : design wind pressure on cladding, in N/㎡. On condition that
it should not be less then 500 N/㎡.
A :projected pressure area, in ㎡
where
:design velocity pressure at mean roof height , in N/㎡
(described in 0305.5)
qz :design velocity pressure at height above ground level Z, in
N/㎡ (described in 0305.5)
GC pe :peak external pressure coefficient for the design wind load
on cladding (described in 0305.8.1)
GC pi :peak internal pressure coefficient for the design wind load
on cladding (described in 0305.8.2)
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0305.4.2 Buildings with Mean Roof Height Less Than 20m
Design wind pressures, , on claddings of buildings with mean roof
height less than 20m shall be calculated following categories despite of
both walls and roofs. In this case, design velocity pressure, , based
on the surface roughness category C should be applied.
where
:design velocity pressure at mean roof height , in N/㎡
(described in 0305.5)
GC pe :peak external pressure coefficient for the design wind load
on cladding (described in 0305.8.1)
GC pi :peak internal pressure coefficient for the design wind load
on cladding (described in 0305.8.2)
where
:air density (assumed to be 1.22 kg/㎥)
:design wind speed at mean roof height of the con-
struction site, in m/s
:design wind speed at height Z above ground level of the
construction site, in m/s
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
V z = V 0⋅K zr⋅K zt⋅I w (m/s) (0305.5.2)
where
V0 :basic wind speed, in m/s (described in 0305.5.2)
K zr :mean wind speed profile factor (described in 0305.5.3)
K zt :topography factor (described in 0305.5.4)
Iw :importance factor of a building (described in 0305.5.5)
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(2) When construction site shall be located on the hills, ridges and
escarpments where the local topographic conditions have effect on
wind speed-up, the horizontal application scope of topography factor
shall de defined as given in Table 0305.5, and topography factor
shall be calculated by equation (0305.5.3).
8JOEEJSFDUJPO
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C
&TDBSQNFOU
′
(0305.5.3)
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
where
kt :a type factor for topography
=1.4 for escarpments
= ≦ for hill and ridge
:averaged downwind slope, measured from the crest of a hill,
ridge or escarpment to the ground level at a distance of 5
:a position factor for topographic effects
:gradient height, in m
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
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UIF WBMVF PG JNQPSUBODF GBDUPS
TIPVMECFVTFEHSFBUFSUIBO
(0305.6.1)
where
:turbulence factor (factor for fluctuating wind speed)
:turbulence intensity at reference height
≥
<
:mean roof height of a building, in m
:building breadth, in m
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
:longitudinal turbulence scale at the reference height of a
building, in m
:exponent of mean wind speed profile (described in 0305.
5.3)
:gradient height, in m (described in 0305.5.3)
⋅
(0305.6.2)
where
:turbulence factor (factor for fluctuating wind speed)
:turbulence intensity at reference height
Bf :background response factor (factor representing frequency
component except for natural frequency in fluctuating
displacement of building)
≥
<
:mean roof height of a building, in m
:building breadth, in m
:longitudinal turbulence scale at the reference height of a
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
building, in m
:exponent of mean wind speed profile
(described in 0305.5.3)
:gradient height, in m (described in 0305.5.3)
:peak factor
ln
:level crossing number, Hz
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0305.6.4. However, for roof structures that have non-rectangular shape
with slope angle from 10° to 30° or dome roof, external gust effect
factors shall be calculated by equation 0305.6.4
≺ (0305.6.3)
where
:natural frequency for the first mode of roof structure
:reference height of roof, m
:design wind speed, in m/s
(0305.6.4)
(0305.6.5)
where
ln
where
:turbulence intensity at reference height
:span of roof structure, in m
:projected breadth of load, in m
:non-dimensional natural frequency ( )
:critical damping ratio for the first mode
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
0305.7 PRESSURE AND FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR WIND
FORCE RESISTING MAIN-FRAMES
For wind force resisting main frames, pressure and force coefficients
(including external and internal pressure coefficients) shall be determined
from the results of the wind tunnel tests or the values prescribed in this
section.
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0305.7.3.2 Mono-Slope Free Roofs
For wind force resisting main frames of mono-slope free roofs, force
coefficients, , shall be complied as given <Table 0305.7.5>.
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0305.7.3.5 Trussed Towers
For wind force resisting main frames of trussed towers, force coefficients,
, shall be complied as given in <Table 0305.7.8>.
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] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
with mean roof height greater than or equal to 20 m. Peak external
pressure coefficient should be designed to have safety both positive
pressures and negative pressures.
GC pe 3PPG
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&GGFDUJWFXJOEBSFB JO̅
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0305.8.1.4 Multi-Span Gable Roofs on Low-Rise Buildings with Mean
Roof Height Less than 20 m
Peak external roof pressure coefficients, shall be complied as
given in <Table 0305.8.4> for multi-span gable roofs on low-rise
building with mean roof height less than 20 m. Peak external pressure
coefficient should be designed to have safety both positive pressures and
negative pressures.
B
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0306 SEISMIC LOADS
0306.1 GENERAL
Every structure, and portion thereof, including nonstructural components
such as architectural, mechanical, and electrical components, shall be
designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions
determined in accordance with this section.
0306.1.3 Alterations.
When the alteration increases the seismic forces in any structural
element of the existing structure by more than 5 percent, the elements
shall conform to the seismic requirements for a new structure.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0306.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS
± (0306.2.1)
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
0306.3 DETERMINATION OF SEISMICITY
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] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0306.3.2.2 Base Level for Site Classification
In general, the base level for site classification can be represented by
the ground surface. For structures with direct foundation on firm ground
such as Site Class or higher Site Classes, the foundation surface can
be considered as the base level for site classification. The safety of
superstructures shall not be affected by the lateral soil pressure that
applies to structural walls in the basement during earthquake. When pile
foundation is constructed, the ground surface is considered as the base
level.
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SC 1.2 1.2 1.1
SD 1.6 1.4 1.2
SE 2.5 1.9 1.3
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0.8 0.8 0.8
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] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
In addition, site‐specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site
response analyses shall be performed to determine the values of and
. In this case, the design spectral response acceleration parameters
and obtained shall not be taken less than 80 percent of the values
determined from <Table 0306.3.1>, <Table 0306.3.3>, and <Table
0306.3.4>.
(0306.3.3)
(0306.3.4)
S D1
0.6 T + 0.4 S D1
T0
Sa = S D1 T
S DS
2.5
<'*(63&>%&4*(/3&410/4&41&$536.
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
where, :the fundamental period of the structure (seconds)
0306.4.1 General
Each structure shall be assigned a Seismic Design Category based on its
occupancy and site conditions. Seismic Design Categories are used in
this code to determine permissible structural systems, limitations on
height and irregularity, those components of the structure that must be
designed for seismic resistance, and the types of lateral force analysis
that must be performed.
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0306.4.3 Determination of Seismic Design Category
All structures shall be assigned to a Seismic Design Category in
accordance with <Table 0306.4.2> or <Table 0306.4.3> based on their
Seismic Use Group, determined in accordance with Section 0306.4.2,
and the design spectral response acceleration, SDS and SD1, determined
in accordance with Section 0306.3.3. If Seismic Design Categories
determined according to <Table 0306.4.2> and <Table 0306.4.3> are
different, the most severe Seismic Design Category shall be used.
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0306.4.4.2 Vertical Irregularity
Buildings having one or more of the features listed in <Table 0306.4.5>
shall be designated as having vertical irregularity. However, there are
exceptions to the criteria where one of the following conditions is
satisfied.
(1) Structural irregularities of Type V-1 or V-2 in <Table 0306.4.5> do
not apply where no story drift ratio under design lateral load is
greater than 130 percent of the story drift ratio of the next story
above. Torsional effects need not be considered in the calculation of
story drifts for the purpose of this determination. Also, the story
drift ratio relationship for the top two stories of the building are not
required to be evaluated.
(2) Irregularities Type V-1 and V-2 of <Table 0306.4.5> are not
required to be considered for one‐story or two-story buildings
assigned to any Seismic Design Category.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0306.4.5.3 Analysis Procedures for Seismic Design Category D
The analysis procedures identified in <Table 0306.4.6> shall be used for
structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, or a more rigorous
analysis shall be made. Structures shall be considered regular if they do
not have plan irregularities H-1 or H-4 of <Table 0306.4.4> or vertical
irregularities V-1, V-4 or V-5 of <Table 0306.4.5>.
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(0306.5.1)
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
where
:The seismic response coefficient determined in accordance
with Section 0306.5.2.
W :The effective seismic weight of the structure, including the
total dead load and other loads listed below
(0306.5.2)
(0306.5.3)
(0306.5.4)
where
:The occupancy importance factor determined in accordance
with <Table 0306.4.1>
:The response modification factor from <Table 0306.6.1>
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
:The design spectral response acceleration at short period as
determined in Section 0306.3.3
:The design spectral response acceleration at 1 second period
as determined from Section 0306.3.3
:The fundamental period of the building (in seconds)
determined in Section 0306.5.3
5"#-&$0&''*$*&/5'03611&3-*.*50/$"-$6-"5&%1&3*0%
PSNPSF
PSMFTT
(0306.5.5)
where
= 0.085:Steel moment resisting frames
= 0.073:Concrete moment resisting frames, Eccentrically
braced steel frames
= 0.049:All other structural systems
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
= The height in meters above the base to the highest level of
the structure
(0306.5.6)
where
:Web area, in square meters, of shear wall parallel to the
direction of the seismic load at first level
:Length, in meters, of shear wall parallel to the direction of
the seismic load at first level
(0306.5.8)
(0306.5.9)
where
:Vertical distribution factor
:An exponent related to the fundamental period of the
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
structure as follows:
:Structures having a period of 0.5 seconds or less
:Structures having a period of 2.5 seconds or more
For structures having a period between 0.5 and 2.5
seconds, shall be determined by linear interpolation
between 1 and 2.
, :The height from the base to level or
:Total design lateral force or shear at the base of the
structure
, :The portion of the total effective seismic weight of the
structure located or assigned to level or
:Number of stories
where,
:The portion of the seismic base shear, , induced at level .
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
0306.5.6.3 Horizontal Torsion
For rigid diaphragms, the distribution of lateral forces at each level shall
consider the effect of the horizontal torsion. The horizontal torsion
consists of the inherent torsional moment, , and the accidental
torsional moments, . The inherent torsional moment, , results from
the eccentricity between the locations of the center of mass and the
center of rigidity. The accidental torsional moment, , is caused by an
assumed displacement of the mass each way from its actual location by
a distance equal to 5 percent of the dimension of the structure
perpendicular to the direction of the applied forces. The accidental
eccentricity shall be considered in both orthogonal directions.
m ax
(0306.5.11)
where
δ m ax :The maximum displacement at level
δ :The average of the displacements at the extreme points of
the structure at level
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
(0306.5.12)
where
:Design lateral force at level
:The height in meters from the base to level
:The height in meters from the base to level
τ :Overturning moment reduction factor determined as follows:
① 1.0 for the top ten stories,
② 0.8 for the 20th story from the top and below, and
③ a value between 1.0 and 0.8 determined by a straight
line interpolation for stories between the 20th and 10th
stories below the top.
(0306.5.13)
where
:The deflection amplification factor from <Table 0306.6.1>
δ :The deflections determined by an elastic analysis
:The occupancy importance factor from <Table 0306.4.1>
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
The design story drift, Δ , determined in this section shall not exceed the
allowable story drift obtained from <Table 0306.4.7>. For determining
compliance with the story drift limits of Section 0306.4.6, it shall be
permitted to determine the elastic drifts, δ , using seismic design forces
based on the computed fundamental period of the structure without the
upper limit specified in Section 0306.5.3.
It is permitted to multiply design story drift, Δ , by the amplification
factor for P-delta effects, where is the stability
coefficient defined as Section 0306.5.7.2
(0306.5.14)
where
:The total vertical design load at and above level ;when
calculating , the individual load factors need not exceed 1.0.
Δ :The design story drift occurring simultaneous with
:The seismic shear force acting between levels and
:The story height below level
:The deflection amplification factor in <Table 0306.6.1>
(2) The stability coefficient, , determined by Equation (0306.5.14) shall
not exceed max.
Where is greater than max, the structure is potentially unstable and
shall be redesigned.
max ≦ (0306.5.15)
where is the ratio of shear demand to shear capacity for the story
between levels and . This ratio is permitted to be
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
conservatively taken as 1.0.
(3) Where the stability coefficient, , is greater than 0.1 but less than or
equal to max, the incremental factor related to P-delta effects on
displacements and member forces shall be determined by rational
analysis. Alternatively, it is permitted to multiply displacements and
member forces by the amplification factor .
(4) Where the P-delta effect is included in an automated analysis, Equation
(0306.5.15) shall still be satisfied, however, the value of computed
from Equation (0306.5.14) using the results of the P-delta analysis is
permitted to be divided by (1+ ) before checking Equation (0306.5.15).
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
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0306.6.2 Combinations of Framing Systems in the Same Direction
For other than dual systems, where a combination of different lateral
force-resisting systems is utilized to resist lateral forces in the same
direction, the value of the response modification coefficient, , used in
that direction shall not be greater than the least value of any of the
systems utilized in the same direction.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
② The period of the entire structure shall not be greater than 1.1
times the period of the upper portion considered as a separate
structure fixed at the base.
③ The flexible upper portion shall be designed as a separate stru-
cture using the appropriate value of .
④ The rigid lower portion shall be designed as a separate structure
using the appropriate values of . The reactions from the upper
portion shall be those determined from the analysis of the upper
portion amplified by the ratio of the of the upper portion over
of the lower. This ratio shall not be less than 1.0.
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
0306.6.4.2 Deformation Compatibility
Every structural component not included in the seismic force-resisting
system in the direction under consideration shall be designed to be
adequate for the vertical load-carrying capacity and the induced moments
and shears resulting from the design story drift, Δ , as determined in
accordance with Section 0306.5.7.1. Where allowable stress design is
used, the design story drift, Δ , shall not be multiplied by load factor
0.7. When determining the moments and shears induced in components
that are not included in the seismic force-resisting system in the
direction under consideration, the stiffening effects of adjoining rigid
structural and nonstructural elements shall be considered.
0306.7.2 Modeling
A mathematical model of the building shall be constructed that
represents the spatial distribution of mass and stiffness throughout the
structure. For regular structures with independent orthogonal seismic-
force resisting systems, independent two-dimensional models are
permitted to be constructed to represent each system. For irregular
structures or structures without independent orthogonal systems, a
three-dimensional model incorporating a minimum of three dynamic
degrees of freedom consisting of translation in two orthogonal plan
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
directions and torsional rotation about the vertical axis shall be included
at each level of the structure. Where the diaphragms are not rigid
compared to the vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system,
the model should include representation of the diaphragm's flexibility
and such additional dynamic degrees of freedom required to account for
the participation of the diaphragm in the structure's dynamic response.
Stiffness properties of concrete and masonry elements shall include the
effects of cracked sections. For steel moment frame systems, the
contribution of panel zone deformations to overall story drift shall be
included. In case effects are considered to be significant, the
effects shall be included in the analysis modeling. When the area of the
basement is significantly larger than that of the super-structure, the
super-structure can be analyzed separately from the basement structure.
Otherwise, the basement shall be modeled in conjunction with the
super-structure. In this case the stiffness of the soil adjacent to the
basement shall be neglected.
(0306.7.1)
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
n 2
Wm =
(∑w
i=1
n
i
φim
) (0306.7.2)
∑ w i φ im
2
i=1
where
:The modal seismic response coefficient determined in
Equation (0306.7.3)
:effective modal gravity load.
:The portion of the total gravity load, W, of the building at
level , where the total dead load and other loads
listed below:
① In areas used for storage, a minimum of 25 percent of
the floor live load. (Floor live load in public garages
and open parking structures need not be included.)
② Where an allowance for partition load is included in the
floor load design, the actual partition weight or a
minimum weight of 0.5 kN/㎡ of floor area, whichever
is greater.
③ Total operating weight of permanent equipment.
④ Twenty percent of flat roof snow load where the flat
roof snow load exceeds 1.5 kN/㎡.
: th component of the th modal vector
(0306.7.3)
where
IE :The occupancy importance factor determined in accordance
with <Table 0306.4.1>.
S a m :The modal design spectral response acceleration at period
determined from either the general design response
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
spectrum or a site-specific response spectrum
R :The response modification factor determined from <Table
0306.6.1>.
(0306.7.4)
where
IE :The occupancy importance factor determined in accordance
with <Table 0306.4.1>.
R :The response modification factor determined from <Table
0306.6.1>
S D S :The design spectral response acceleration at short periods
as defined in <Table 0306.3.3>
Tm :The modal period of vibration, in seconds, of the th mode
(0306.7.5)
(0306.7.6)
where
:The vertical distribution factor in the th mode
:total design lateral force or shear at the base in the th
mode obtained by Equation (0306.7.1)
, :Effective weight of the th and the th story
:The th component of the th mode vector
:The th component of the th mode vector
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
The modal deflection at each level, , shall be determined by the
following equation:
(0306.7.7)
where
:The deflection amplification factor determined from <Table
0306.6.1>
:The occupancy importance factor determined in accordance
with <Table 0306.4.1>
:The deflection of level in the th mode at the center
of the mass at level determined by an elastic analysis.
(0306.7.8)
where
:The seismic story force of the level x corresponding to the
m th mode
:The acceleration due to gravity
:The modal period of vibration, in seconds, of the th mode
:The effective weight of the level
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
drift, deflection, member forces shall be determined by taking the
square root of the sum of the squares, SRSS, of each of the modal
values or by the complete quadratic combination, CQC, technique.
(2) When the base shear, , obtained using the response spectrum
analysis procedure is less than 85% of the base shear obtained
by the equivalent lateral force procedure presented in Section
0306.5.3, the design values obtained in Section 0306.7.3.5(1) shall
be multiplied by the modification factor, , defined as follows:
≥ (0306.7.9)
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
more than 10%. When the ground motion pairs need to be scaled, the
same scale factor shall be applied to the two perpendicular components.
If three time history analyses are performed, then the maximum response
of the parameter of interest shall be used for design. If seven or more
time history analyses are performed, then the average value of the
response parameter of interest may be used for design. In two-
dimensional analysis, the ground motions shall be scaled such that the
average value of the 5% damped response spectra for the suite of
motions is not less than design response spectrum for the site for
periods ranging from 0.2T to 1.5T seconds, where T is the natural
period of the structure in the fundamental mode for the direction of
response being analyzed.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0306.8 DESIGN AND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS
The design and detailing of the components of the seismic force
-resisting system, except for the structures assigned to Seismic Design
Category A, shall comply with the requirements of this section.
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
0306.8.4.2 Seismic Design Category C
Loading applied to structures assigned to this Category shall, as a
minimum, conform to the requirements of Section 0306.8.4.1. The
seismic design loads of the structures that have plan irregularity Type
H-5 of <Table 0306.4.4> shall be obtained by either of the following
methods:
(1) One hundred percent of the forces for one direction plus 30% of the
forces for the perpendicular direction. Select larger of the two
possible combinations.
(2) The effects of the two orthogonal directions are combined on a
square root of the sum of the square, SRSS, basis.
(0306.8.1)
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
computed in accordance with Section 0306.5.7 or 0306.7.4. A structure
adjoining a property line shall be set back from the property line at
least of the structure.
0306.9.1 General
Architectural, mechanical, electrical, and other nonstructural components
in buildings shall be designed and constructed to resist the equivalent
static forces and displacements determined in accordance with this
section. Where the combined weight of the supported components and
nonbuilding structures exceeds 25 percent of the weight of the structures,
structures shall be designed in accordance with Section 0306.10.
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
that are linked with ductwork or piping by flexible connections and
weigh 100 N or less, provided that the component importance factor,
, is equal to 1.0.
(0306.9.1)
(0306.9.2)
(0306.9.3)
where
:component amplification factor that varies from 1.0 to 2.5
(select appropriate value from <Table 0306.9.1> or <Table
0306.9.2>)
:seismic design force centered applied at the component's
center of gravity and distributed relative to component's
mass distribution
:component importance factor that is either 1.0 or 1.5, as
determined in Section 0306.9.1.4
:averaged roof height of structure with relative to the base
elevation
:component response modification factor that varies from
1.0 to 5.0 (select appropriate value from <Table 0306.9.1>
or <Table 0306.9.2>)
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
:design spectral response acceleration at short period as
determined in Section 0306.3.3
:omponent operating weight
:height in structure of point of attachment of component.
:for items at or below the base
:for items at or above the roof
(0306.9.4)
(0306.9.5)
(0306.9.7)
where
:relative seismic displacement that the component must be
designed to accommodate
:story height used in the definition of the allowable drift in
<Table 0306.4.7>.
δ , δ , δ :deflection at building level or of Structure A
or B, determined by an elastic analysis as defined in
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
Sections from 0306.5.3 to 0306.5.7
:height of upper support attachment at level as measured
from the base
:height of lower support attachment st level as measured
from the base
Δ , Δ :allowable story drift for Structure A or B as defined
in <Table 0306.4.7>
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
③ The maximum force that can be transferred to the connected part
by the component structural system
(3) Determination of forces in anchors shall include the expected
conditions of installation including eccentricities and prying effects.
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0306.10.1 General
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
railroad bridges, nuclear power generation plants, offshore platforms, or
dams.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0306.10.2.1 Weight
For purpose of calculating design seismic force in nonbuilding structures,
the weight shall include dead load and normal operating contents for
items such as tanks, vessels, bins, and contents of piping. The weight
shall include snow and ice loads when these loads constitute 25 percent
or more of the seismic effective weight.
(0306.10.1)
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
0306.10.2.5 Rigid Nonbuilding Structures
Nonbuilding structures that have a fundamental period, , less than 0.06
second, including their anchorages, shall be designed for the lateral force
obtained from the following:
(0306.10.2)
where
:the importance factor as defined in <Table 0306.10.2>
:the site design response acceleration as determined from
Section 0306.3.3
:the total design lateral seismic base shear force applied to a
nonbuilding structure
:nonbuilding structure operating weight as defined in Section
0306.10.2.1
The force shall be distributed with height in accordance with Section
0306.5.5.
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] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0307 SOIL AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
0307.1 GENERAL
This section shall be applied in determining the soil and hydrostatic
pressure.
]]40*-"/%):%3045"5*$13&4463&]]
0308 THERMAL STRESS
0308.1 GENERAL
This section shall be applied in determining the thermal stress.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0309 FLUID PRESSURE AND CONTENTS LOADS IN
STORAGE TANK
0309.1 GENERAL
This section shall be applied in determining the fluid pressure and
contents load in storage tank.
]]'-6*%13&4463&"/%$0/5&/54-0"%4*/4503"(&5"/,]]
0309.3.2.2 Static pressure acting on the storage tank by the contents
consists of unit vertical static pressure, horizontal static pressure, and
vertical friction force shall be considered.
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
0310 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS
COMPONENT LOADS
0310.1 GENERAL
This section shall be applied in determining the transportation equipment
and its component loads.
]]53"/41035"5*0/&26*1.&/5"/%*54$0.10/&/5-0"%4]]
Index
<">
ACROSS-WIND VIBRATION ······························································································· 9, 47
ACROSS-WIND VIBRATION ACCELERATION ········································································ 9
ACTIVE FAULT ······························································································································ 9
addition ············································································································································ 80
aeroelastic instability ······················································································································ 48
AEROELASTIC INSTABILITY VIBRATION ·············································································· 9
air density ································································································································ 47, 53
Air Pressure Vessel ······················································································································ 130
ALONG-WIND VIBRATION ACCELERATION ·········································································· 9
alteration ·········································································································································· 80
analysis procedure ·························································································································· 88
anxiety ············································································································································· 79
arched roofs ···································································································································· 65
ASPECT RATIO ······························································································································ 9
aspect ratios ···································································································································· 47
ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ······················································································ 10
ATTACHMENTS ···························································································································· 10
<#>
background response factor ······························································································ 10, 60, 61
Balanced and unbalanced loads ···································································································· 39
BASE ··············································································································································· 10
BASE SHEAR ································································································································ 10
BASEMENT WALLS ·················································································································· 127
BASIC WIND SPEED ··················································································································· 10
Basic Wind Speed ·························································································································· 54
basic wind speed, in m/s ·············································································································· 54
BEARING WALL SYSTEM ········································································································· 10
BOUNDARY ELEMENT ·············································································································· 10
BRACED FRAME ·························································································································· 10
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM ····································································································· 11
by the roof slope factor ················································································································ 37
]*OEFY]]
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chimneys, tanks ······························································································································· 66
circular cross-section ······················································································································ 47
CONCENTRATED LIVE LOADS ································································································ 29
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME ···················································································· 11
Contact Area ··································································································································· 29
contents load ································································································································· 129
contour ············································································································································· 54
Convergence Effect ·················································································································· 11, 48
critical damping ······················································································································· 62, 63
<%>
DEAD LOADS ························································································································ 11, 27
deflection amplification factor ······················································································· 97, 99, 110
DESIGN EARTHQUAKE ·············································································································· 11
design response spectrum ·············································································································· 85
DESIGN SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION ································································ 11
DESIGN VELOCITY PRESSURE ································································································ 53
design velocity pressure ··································································································· 46, 49, 51
design wind force ··························································································································· 46
DESIGN WIND LOADS FOR WIND FORCE RESISTING MAIN
FRAMES ········································································································································· 11
DESIGN WIND LOADS ON CLADDINGS ··············································································· 52
design wind pressure ··············································································································· 46, 49
DESIGN WIND SPEED ················································································································ 11
Design Wind Speed ······················································································································· 53
diaphragm ········································································································································ 95
DOMINANT OPENING ················································································································ 12
DOUBLE FRAME SYSTEM ········································································································ 12
drift limits ······································································································································· 98
dynamic analysis ··························································································································· 106
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EARTHQUAKE LOADS ··············································································································· 12
Eccentric Exhaust ························································································································· 130
ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME ······················································································· 12
effective upwind slope ··················································································································· 59
ENCLOSED BUILDING ················································································································ 12
Enclosed Buildings ··········································································································· 49, 51, 64
enclosed solid signboards ·············································································································· 68
equivalent lateral force procedure ································································································· 88
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
escarpments ····································································································································· 58
EXPOSURE CATEGORY ············································································································· 12
EXPOSURE CONSTANT ·············································································································· 14
exposure factor ································································································································ 35
external gust effect ························································································································· 62
External Gust Effect Factor ··········································································································· 62
EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT ···················································································· 12
external pressure coefficient ··································································································· 50, 64
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fear ··················································································································································· 79
flat terrain ······································································································································· 56
Flat, Pitched, and Curved Roofs ··································································································· 33
FLAT-ROOF SNOW LOADS ······································································································· 36
flexible buildings ···························································································································· 47
FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM ············································································································· 13
FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE ·············································································································· 13
Flexible Structures ·························································································································· 61
fluid pressure ································································································································ 129
Force Coefficients ··························································································································· 66
FOUNDATIONS ························································································································· 127
fundamental natural frequency ······································································································· 60
fundamental period ········································································································· 86, 93, 123
<(>
gable roofs ······································································································································ 71
GRADIENT HEIGHT ···················································································································· 13
gradient height ··········································································································· 56, 59, 61, 62
Ground snow loads ························································································································ 35
GUST EFFECT FACTOR ············································································································· 13
gust effect factor ··············································································································· 46, 49, 51
GUST EFFECT FACTOR FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE ························································ 13
GUST EFFECT FACTOR FOR WIND FORCE RESISTING
MAIN-FRAMES ····························································································································· 60
<)>
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND SURFACE STARTING ATMOSPHERIC
BOUNDARY LAYER ···················································································································· 14
height above ground surface starting atmospheric boundary layer ············································ 56
hills ·················································································································································· 58
horizontal deflections ······················································································································ 79
]*OEFY]]
HORIZONTAL DESIGN WIND ··································································································· 48
horizontal vibration ························································································································· 79
<*>
IMPORTANCE FACTOR ·············································································································· 14
importance factor ·············································································································· 35, 54, 59
INFLUENCE AREA ······················································································································· 14
influence area ·································································································································· 32
Interference Effect ·························································································································· 48
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT FRAME ························································································· 14
Internal Gust Effect Factors ··································································································· 50, 66
internal pressure ······························································································································ 46
INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT ····················································································· 14
internal pressure coefficient ···································································································· 50, 66
inverted pendulum-type structures ······························································································· 113
irregularity ······························································································································ 87, 113
<->
large span suspension membrane roofs ························································································ 48
large span suspension roofs ··········································································································· 48
lattice frameworks ··························································································································· 68
LEEWARD FACE ·························································································································· 14
leeward walls ·································································································································· 49
level crossing number ···················································································································· 62
light in weight ································································································································ 48
linear interpolation ·························································································································· 54
Liquid Pressure ····························································································································· 129
LIVE LOADS ································································································································· 14
live loads ········································································································································· 28
load combinations ··························································································································· 81
load distribution condition ············································································································· 35
LOADS COMBINATION ·············································································································· 14
low in stiffness ······························································································································· 48
<.>
maximum considered earthquake ··································································································· 83
mean roof height ···························································································································· 47
mean wind speed profile factor ···································································································· 54
Mechanical and electrical components ························································································ 115
MECHANICALANDELECTRICALCOMPONENTS ···································································· 15
MOMENT FRAME SYSTEM ······································································································· 15
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
MONO-SLOPE FREE ROOF ········································································································ 15
mono-slope free roofs ············································································································· 51, 67
Mono-Slope Free Roofs ··············································································································· 67
mono-slope roofs ···························································································································· 74
multi-span gable roofs ···················································································································· 76
</>
natural frequency ···························································································································· 62
natural frequency for the first mode of roof structure ······························································· 63
negative pressures ··························································································································· 70
NOMINAL HEIGHT OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ································· 13
non-dimensional natural frequency ································································································ 63
nonbuilding structure ···················································································································· 122
NONBUILDING STRUCTURES ··································································································· 15
nonstructural components ············································································································· 115
NONSTRUCTURALMEMBER ······································································································ 15
NORMAL MOMENT FRAME ····································································································· 15
<0>
occupancy ········································································································································ 80
occupancy importance ·················································································································· 108
Occupancy Importance Factor ······································································································· 86
occupancy importance factor ········································································································· 92
OPENED BUILDING ·············································································································· 15, 50
opened signboards ·························································································································· 68
overturning effects ·························································································································· 96
<1>
P-delta effects ························································································································ 98, 111
PARTIALLY OPENED BUILDING ····························································································· 15
Partially Opened Buildings ······························································································ 46, 49, 51
peak external pressure coefficient ································································································· 52
PEAK EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT INCLUDING GUST
EFFECT ··········································································································································· 15
Peak external pressure coefficients ······························································································· 70
peak factor ······································································································································ 62
peak internal pressure coefficient ·································································································· 52
PEAK INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT INCLUDING GUST
EFFECT ··········································································································································· 16
peak internal pressure coefficients ························································································· 70, 78
]*OEFY]]
position factor for topographic effects ························································································· 59
positive pressures ···························································································································· 70
Powdered and Grain Contents ····································································································· 129
power law exponent of mean wind speed profile ······································································ 56
PRESSURE ···································································································································· 127
pressure coefficients ······················································································································· 64
projected area ··························································································································· 16, 46
projected breadth of load ·············································································································· 63
<3>
rectangular section ·························································································································· 47
REDUCTION FACTOR ················································································································· 16
reduction factor ······························································································································· 32
reference height ······························································································································ 47
region of seismicity ························································································································ 82
resonance ········································································································································· 60
resonance effect ······························································································································ 62
RESONANCE FACTOR ················································································································ 16
resonance factor ······························································································································ 62
response modification coefficients ······················································································ 104, 123
response modification factor ········································································································ 109
response modifications coefficient ································································································· 99
Response Spectrum Analysis ······································································································· 106
RETURN PERIOD ·················································································································· 16, 54
ridges ··············································································································································· 58
Rigid Structures ······················································································································· 16, 60
roof beam ········································································································································ 63
ROOF DESIGN WIND LOADS ··································································································· 50
Roof design wind pressures ··································································································· 50, 51
ROOF LIVE LOADS ····················································································································· 16
<4>
saw-tooth roofs ······························································································································· 77
seismic base shear ·························································································································· 91
Seismic Design Category ······················································································ 87, 89, 114, 115
SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM ···················································································· 17
SEISMIC FORCES ························································································································· 17
SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENT ························································································· 17
seismic response coefficient ··········································································································· 92
SEISMIC USE GROUP ················································································································· 17
Seismic Use Group ························································································································ 86
] ] %FTJHO-PBETGPS#VJMEJOHTBOE0UIFS4USVDUVSFT"*, ]
SEISMIC ZONE ····························································································································· 17
shape factor of roof ······················································································································· 35
SHEAR WALL ······························································································································· 17
SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM ··································································· 17
SIDE RATIO;RATIO OF BREADTH-TO-DEPTH ··································································· 17
side wall ·········································································································································· 49
similar live load ····························································································································· 35
Similar Live Loads ························································································································· 33
SITE CLASS ··································································································································· 17
SITE COEFFICIENTS ···················································································································· 18
site coefficients ······························································································································· 83
SIZE REDUCTION FACTOR ······································································································· 18
size reduction factor ······················································································································· 62
Special Purpose Roofs ··················································································································· 33
special seismic load ······················································································································· 81
Special wind loads ························································································································· 47
spectral response acceleration ········································································································ 83
STORY DRIFT ······························································································································· 18
story drift ························································································································· 91, 97, 118
STORY DRIFT RATIO ················································································································· 18
STORY SHEAR ····························································································································· 18
STRONG DIAPHRAGM ················································································································ 18
structural roof frames ····················································································································· 46
Surface roughness categories ·································································································· 56, 57
SURFACE ROUGHNESS CATEGORY ······················································································· 12
surface roughness category ············································································································ 53
system overstrength ······················································································································ 104
system overstrength factor ············································································································· 99
<5>
tanks ················································································································································· 66
The basic roof snow load factor ·································································································· 36
The lateral force ····························································································································· 94
thermal factor ·································································································································· 35
THERMAL STRESS ···················································································································· 128
Time history analysis ··················································································································· 111
TOPOGRAPHY FACTOR ············································································································· 18
Topography Factor ··················································································································· 54, 57
torsion ·············································································································································· 96
TORSION VIBRATION ················································································································ 18
tributary ··········································································································································· 33
]*OEFY]]
TRIBUTARYAREA ························································································································ 18
trussed towers ································································································································· 69
TURBULENCE FACTOR ·············································································································· 19
turbulence factor ······················································································································ 60, 61
TURBULENCE INTENSITY ········································································································· 19
turbulence intensity ···································································································· 59, 60, 61, 63
turbulence scale ······························································································································ 61
type factor for topography ············································································································· 59
<6>
uniform live load ···························································································································· 35
UPLIFT ·········································································································································· 127
<7>
VELOCITY PRESSURE ················································································································ 19
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION ······························································································· 19
<8>
wind actions ···································································································································· 60
WIND FORCE COEFFICIENT ······························································································ 19, 51
WIND FORCE RESISTING MAIN FRAMES ············································································ 19
wind force resisting main-frames ·································································································· 46
WIND FORCE RESISTING SUB-FRAMES ··············································································· 20
wind force resistingsub-frames ······································································································ 46
WIND FORCE SPECTRUM FACTOR ························································································ 20
wind force spectrum factor ············································································································ 62
Wind Induced Vibration ················································································································ 47
WIND LOAD ON CLADDING ··································································································· 20
WIND LOADS FOR REFLECTING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION ········································ 20
WIND LOADS ON ROOF FRAMES ·························································································· 20
WIND PRESSURE COEFFICIENT ······························································································ 20
wind speed data ······························································································································ 54
Wind Speed Profile Factor ····································································································· 21, 56
wind tunnel ····································································································································· 70
wind tunnel tests ····················································································································· 47, 64
WINDWARD FACE ······················································································································ 21
windward wall faces ······················································································································ 49
< şࢍ >
100-YEAR-RECURRENCE 10-MINUTE MEAN WIND SPEED ············································· 54
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