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    Name: Muhammad Usama Reg: 796-FET/BSME/F18 Assignment Week 10 Course Title: Electronics Engineering (Ee-201)

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    Usama Gulzar
    This document is Muhammad Usama's assignment on phototransistors for his Electronics Engineering course at the International Islamic University, Islamabad. The assignment discusses the introduction, working, circuit, and characteristics of phototransistors. Phototransistors are light-sensitive transistors that convert light signals into electrical signals and provide amplification. They work similarly to normal transistors, except the base current is controlled by the amount of incident light rather than an external voltage supply. The collector current increases proportionally with increasing light intensity.

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    Name: Muhammad Usama Reg: 796-FET/BSME/F18 Assignment Week 10 Course Title: Electronics Engineering (Ee-201)

    Uploaded by

    Usama Gulzar
    171 views6 pages
    This document is Muhammad Usama's assignment on phototransistors for his Electronics Engineering course at the International Islamic University, Islamabad. The assignment discusses the introduction, working, circuit, and characteristics of phototransistors. Phototransistors are light-sensitive transistors that convert light signals into electrical signals and provide amplification. They work similarly to normal transistors, except the base current is controlled by the amount of incident light rather than an external voltage supply. The collector current increases proportionally with increasing light intensity.

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    Phototransistor

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    This document is Muhammad Usama's assignment on phototransistors for his Electronics Engineering course at the International Islamic University, Islamabad. The assignment discusses the introduction, working, circuit, and characteristics of phototransistors. Phototransistors are light-sensitive transistors that convert light signals into electrical signals and provide amplification. They work similarly to normal transistors, except the base current is controlled by the amount of incident light rather than an external voltage supply. The collector current increases proportionally with increasing light intensity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    171 views6 pages

    Name: Muhammad Usama Reg: 796-FET/BSME/F18 Assignment Week 10 Course Title: Electronics Engineering (Ee-201)

    Uploaded by

    Usama Gulzar
    This document is Muhammad Usama's assignment on phototransistors for his Electronics Engineering course at the International Islamic University, Islamabad. The assignment discusses the introduction, working, circuit, and characteristics of phototransistors. Phototransistors are light-sensitive transistors that convert light signals into electrical signals and provide amplification. They work similarly to normal transistors, except the base current is controlled by the amount of incident light rather than an external voltage supply. The collector current increases proportionally with increasing light intensity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    NAME: Muhammad Usama

    REG: 796-FET\BSME\F18

    Assignment Week 10

    COURSE TITLE: ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (EE-201)

    INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY,


    ISLAMABAD

    FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND


    TECHNOLOGY
    Phototransistor
    Introduction:
    A Phototransistor is an electronic switching and current amplification component which relies
    on exposure to light to operate. When light falls on the junction, reverse current flows which are
    proportional to the luminance. Phototransistors are used extensively to detect light pulses and
    convert them into digital electrical signals. These are operated by light rather than electric
    current. Providing a large amount of gain, low cost and these phototransistors might be used in
    numerous applications. It is basically a transistor whose action depends on the application of
    light.

    The phototransistor is basically an enhancement of Photodiode. Both photodiode and


    phototransistor are light sensing device but the sensitivity of phototransistor is somewhat more as
    compared to the photodiode. As phototransistor has the ability to give larger gain than that of the
    photodiode. It is similar to a normal BJT but the only variation is that in phototransistor,
    virtually the base region exists but it is kept unconnected with the external supply.
    This means that as in normal BJT, base current is used to drive the circuit, however, in
    phototransistor light energy falling on the base region acts as the overall input of the device.

    Working:
    It operates on the principle of Photoelectric effect. As it changes light signal incidenting on its
    surface into its electrical equivalent form. And the transistor action permits it to perform
    amplification of the current flowing through it. Its working is almost similar to a normal
    transistor, however; the variation lies in the input current that drives the circuit. And in the case
    of a phototransistor, the incident light generates driving current.

    In the circuit arrangement, we can clearly see that the base region is kept unconnected with the
    external supply voltage and is used as the region for radiation incidence.
    Only the collector region is connected to the positive side of the supply provided along with
    emitter which is connected to the negative side. However, the output is taken at the emitter
    terminal of the transistor.
    When no any light is allowed to incident at the base region of the transistor, the due to
    temperature variation, movement of minority carriers across the junction generates a very small
    current through the transistor which is reverse saturation current basically termed as dark current.
    Here, the base current IB is majorly 0.
    Here, in this case, the output current will be less as compared to supply provided.
    But, when a certain amount of light energy is allowed to fall at the base of the transistor, then
    electron and hole pair gets generated. The applied electric field causes the electrons to move into
    the emitter region, thereby generating large electric current.
    So

    IC=βDC Iλ
    As an intensity of light Iλ on base increases collector current also increases so collector current
    depends on intensity of light.

    ]
    Phototransistor Circuit:
    A phototransistor works just like a normal transistor, where the base current is multiplied to give
    the collector current, except that in a phototransistor, the base current is controlled by the amount
    of visible or infrared light where the device only needs 2 pins.

    Phototransistor Circuit Diagram


    In the simple circuit, assuming that nothing is connected to Vout, the base current controlled by
    the amount of light will determine the collector current, which is the current going through the
    resistor. Therefore, the voltage at Vout will move high and low based on the amount of light. We
    can connect this to an op-amp to boost the signal or directly to an input of a microcontroller. The
    output of a phototransistor is dependent upon the wavelength of the incident light. These devices
    respond to light over a broad range of wavelengths from the near UV, through the visible and
    into the near IR part of the spectrum. For a given light source illumination level, the output of a
    phototransistor is defined by the area of the exposed collector-base junction and the dc current
    gain of the transistor
    Phototransistors available different configurations like optoisolator, optical switch, retro sensor.
    Optoisolator is similar to a transformer in that the output is electrically isolated from the input.
    An object is detected when it enters the gap of the optical switch and blocks the light path
    between the emitter and detector. The retro sensor detects the presence of an object by generating
    light and then looking for its reflectance off of the object to be sensed.

    Characteristics:
    As phototransistors are basically Bipolar NPN Transistors with large base – collector junction,
    the characteristics of a Phototransistor are similar to that of a simple BJT.
    Phototransistors are available as two-leaded or three-leaded devices. In a two-leaded
    Phototransistor, the Base terminal electrically unavailable and the device is completely
    dependent on light.
    Collector terminal is usually at a higher potential than Emitter to induce reverse bias at base –
    collector junction. When there is no light falling on the phototransistor, a small amount of
    leakage current known as Dark Current flows from collector to emitter.
    When there is enough light falling on the base terminal, a base current is produced, which is
    proportional to the intensity of the light.

    The base current will then trigger the amplification process and a collector current with high gain
    flows. The following image shows the collector current characteristics curve.
    From the above curve, it is clear that as the intensity of the light increases, the collector current
    also increases.
    As mentioned earlier, phototransistors are also available as three-terminal devices. In this case,
    the usage of Base terminal is optional. When used, it acts as a regular BJT and when not used, it
    acts as a Phototransistor.

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