Server (computing) 1

Server (computing)
In computing, the term server is used to refer to one of the following:
• a computer program running as a service, to serve the needs or
requests of other programs (referred to in this context as "clients")
which may or may not be running on the same computer.
• a physical computer dedicated to running one or more such services,
to serve the needs of programs running on other computers on the
same network.
• a software/hardware system (i.e. a software service running on a
dedicated computer) such as a database server, file server, mail
server, or print server.
In computer networking, a server is a program that operates as a
socket listener[1] . The term server is also often generalized to describe
a host that is deployed to execute one or more such programs[2] .
A server computer is a computer, or series of computers, that link
other computers or electronic devices together. They often provide A rack-mounted server computer
essential services across a network, either to private users inside a large
organization or to public users via the internet. For example, when you
enter a query in a search engine, the query is sent from your computer
over the internet to the servers that store all the relevant web pages.
The results are sent back by the server to your computer.

Many servers have dedicated functionality such as web servers, print

servers, and database servers. Enterprise servers are servers that are
used in a business context.

A server computer
Usage
Servers provide essential services across a network, either to private users inside a large organization or to public
users via the Internet. For example, when you enter a query in a search engine, the query is sent from your computer
over the internet to the servers that store all the relevant web pages. The results are sent back by the server to your
computer.
The term server is used quite broadly in information technology. Despite the many server-branded products available
(such as server versions of hardware, software or operating systems), in theory any computerised process that shares
a resource to one or more client processes is a server. To illustrate this, take the common example of file sharing.
While the existence of files on a machine does not classify it as a server, the mechanism which shares these files to
clients by the operating system is the server.
Similarly, consider a web server application (such as the multiplatform "Apache HTTP Server"). This web server
software can be run on any capable computer. For example, while a laptop or personal computer is not typically
known as a server, they can in these situations fulfill the role of one, and hence be labelled as one. It is in this case
that the machine's purpose as a web server classifies it in general as a server.
In the hardware sense, the word server typically designates computer models intended for hosting software
applications under the heavy demand of a network environment. In this client–server configuration one or more
machines, either a computer or a computer appliance, share information with each other with one acting as a host for
the other.
Server (computing) 2

While nearly any personal computer is capable of acting as a network server, a dedicated server will contain features
making it more suitable for production environments. These features may include a faster CPU, increased
high-performance RAM, and typically more than one large hard drive. More obvious distinctions include marked
redundancy in power supplies, network connections, and even the servers themselves.
Between the 1990s and 2000s an increase in the use of dedicated hardware saw the advent of self-contained server
appliances. One well-known product is the Google Search Appliance, a unit that combines hardware and software in
an out-of-the-box packaging. Simpler examples of such appliances include switches, routers, gateways, and print
server, all of which are available in a near plug-and-play configuration.
Modern operating systems such as Microsoft Windows or Linux distributions rightfully seem to be designed with a
client–server architecture in mind. These operating systems attempt to abstract hardware, allowing a wide variety of
software to work with components of the computer. In a sense, the operating system can be seen as serving hardware
to the software, which in all but low-level programming languages must interact using an API.
These operating systems may be able to run programs in the background called either services or daemons. Such
programs may wait in a sleep state for their necessity to become apparent, such as the aforementioned Apache HTTP
Server software. Since any software that provides services can be called a server, modern personal computers can be
seen as a forest of servers and clients operating in parallel.
The Internet itself is also a forest of servers and clients. Merely requesting a web page from a few kilometers away
involves satisfying a stack of protocols that involve many examples of hardware and software servers. The least of
these are the routers, modems, domain name servers, and various other servers necessary to provide us the world
wide web.

Server hardware
Hardware requirements for servers vary, depending on the server
application. Absolute CPU speed is not usually as critical to a server as
it is to a desktop machine . Servers' duties to provide service to many
users over a network lead to different requirements like fast network
connections and high I/O throughput. Since servers are usually
accessed over a network, they may run in headless mode without a
monitor or input device. Processes that are not needed for the server's
function are not used. Many servers do not have a graphical user
interface (GUI) as it is unnecessary and consumes resources that could A server rack seen from the rear

be allocated elsewhere. Similarly, audio and USB interfaces may be

omitted.

Servers often run for long periods without interruption and availability must often be very high, making hardware
reliability and durability extremely important. Although servers can be built from commodity computer parts,
mission-critical enterprise servers are ideally very fault tolerant and use specialized hardware with low failure rates
in order to maximize uptime, for even a short-term failure can cost more than purchasing and installing the system.
For example, it may take only a few minutes of down time at a national stock exchange to justify the expense of
entirely replacing the system with something more reliable. Servers may incorporate faster, higher-capacity hard
drives, larger computer fans or water cooling to help remove heat, and uninterruptible power supplies that ensure the
servers continue to function in the event of a power failure. These components offer higher performance and
reliability at a correspondingly higher price. Hardware redundancy—installing more than one instance of modules
such as power supplies and hard disks arranged so that if one fails another is automatically available—is widely
used. ECC memory devices that detect and correct errors are used; non-ECC memory is more likely to cause data
corruption.
Server (computing) 3

To increase reliability, most of the servers use memory with error detection and correction, redundant disks,
redundant power supplies and so on. Such components are also frequently hot swappable, allowing to replace them
on the running server without shutting it down. To prevent overheating, servers often have more powerful fans. As
servers are usually administered by qualified engineers, their operating systems are also more tuned for stability and
performance than for user friendliness and ease of use, Linux taking noticeably larger percentage than for desktop
computers.
As servers need stable power supply, good Internet access, increased security and are also noisy, it is usual to store
them in dedicated server centers or special rooms. This requires to reduce power consumption as extra energy used
generates more heat and the temperature in the room could exceed the acceptable limits. Normally server rooms are
equipped with air conditioning devices. Server casings are usually flat and wide, adapted to store many devices next
to each other in server rack. Unlike ordinary computers, servers usually can be configured, powered up and down or
rebooted remotely, using out-of-band management.
Many servers take a long time for the hardware to start up and load the operating system. Servers often do extensive
pre-boot memory testing and verification and startup of remote management services. The hard drive controllers then
start up banks of drives sequentially, rather than all at once, so as not to overload the power supply with startup
surges, and afterwards they initiate RAID system pre-checks for correct operation of redundancy. It is common for a
machine to take several minutes to start up, but it may not need restarting for months or years.

Server operating systems

Server-oriented operating systems tend to have certain features in common that make them more suitable for the
server environment, such as
• GUI not available or optional
• ability to reconfigure and update both hardware and software to some extent without restart,
• advanced backup facilities to permit regular and frequent online backups of critical data,
• transparent data transfer between different volumes or devices,
• flexible and advanced networking capabilities,
• automation capabilities such as daemons in UNIX and services in Windows, and
• tight system security, with advanced user, resource, data, and memory protection.
Server-oriented operating systems can, in many cases, interact with hardware sensors to detect conditions such as
overheating, processor and disk failure, and consequently alert an operator or take remedial measures itself.
Because servers must supply a restricted range of services to perhaps many users while a desktop computer must
carry out a wide range of functions required by its user, the requirements of an operating system for a server are
different from those of a desktop machine. While it is possible for an operating system to make a machine both
provide services and respond quickly to the requirements of a user, it is usual to use different operating systems on
servers and desktop machines. Some operating systems are supplied in both server and desktop versions with similar
user interface.
The desktop versions of the Windows and Mac OS X operating systems are deployed on a minority of servers, as are
some proprietary mainframe operating systems, such as z/OS. The dominant operating systems among servers are
UNIX-based or open source kernel distributions, such as Linux (the kernel).
The rise of the microprocessor-based server was facilitated by the development of Unix to run on the x86
microprocessor architecture. The Microsoft Windows family of operating systems also runs on x86 hardware, and
since Windows NT have been available in versions suitable for server use.
While the role of server and desktop operating systems remains distinct, improvements in the reliability of both
hardware and operating systems have blurred the distinction between the two classes. Today, many desktop and
server operating systems share similar code bases, differing mostly in configuration. The shift towards web
Server (computing) 4

applications and middleware platforms has also lessened the demand for specialist application servers.

Servers on the Internet

Almost the entire structure of the Internet is based upon a client–server model. High-level root nameservers, DNS
servers, and routers direct the traffic on the internet. There are millions of servers connected to the Internet, running
continuously throughout the world.
• World Wide Web
• Domain Name System
• E-mail
• FTP file transfer
• Chat and instant messaging
• Voice communication
• Streaming audio and video
• Online gaming
• Database servers
Virtually every action taken by an ordinary Internet user requires one or more interactions with one or more servers.
There are also technologies that operate on an inter-server level. Other services do not use dedicated servers; for
example peer-to-peer file sharing, some implementations of telephony (e.g. Skype), and supplying television
programs to several users (e.g. Kontiki, SlingBox).

Energy consumption of servers

In 2010, servers were responsible for 2.5% of energy consumption in the United States. A further 2.5% of United
States energy consumption was used by cooling systems required to cool the servers. It was estimated in 2010, that if
trends continued, by 2020, servers would use more of the world's energy than air travel.[3]

References
[1] Comer, Douglas E.; Stevens, David L. (1993). Vol III: Client-Server Programming and Applications. Internetworking with TCP/IP.
Department of Computer Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907: Prentice Hall. pp. 11. ISBN 0134742222.
[2] What is a server? (http:/ / www. webopedia. com/ DidYouKnow/ Hardware_Software/ 2005/ servers. asp)
[3] "ARM chief calls for low-drain wireless" (http:/ / www. theinquirer. net/ inquirer/ news/ 1719749/ arm-chief-calls-low-drain-wireless). The
Inquirer. 29 June 2010. . Retrieved 30 June 2010.

External links
• Google’s first server, now held at the Computer History Museum (http://www.techpinas.com/2009/07/
computer-history-museum-tour-videos.html)
Article Sources and Contributors 5

Article Sources and Contributors

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Agateller, Ahoerstemeier, Alansohn, Alexius08, Algebraist, AlistairMcMillan, Alphachimp, AltGeek, Andersrask1977, Andre Engels, Andrejj, Andrew Maiman, Anonymous Dissident,
Antifamilymang, Antipode, Antriver, Arakunem, Aschroepfer, Ashlahaye, Avijja, Babajobu, Bebivegetto, Bencherlite, Beno1000, Bewildebeast, Billjank, BloodDoll, Bloodshedder, Blucalvin,
Bobo192, Bodnotbod, Boothy443, Borislav, Bowman, Brettmahar, Brick Thrower, BurntSky, C777, Calabraxthis, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canterbury Tail, Capricorn42, Casmith 789,
CharlotteWebb, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Chasindream, Cheesepuff22, Chipp, Chocolateboy, Christopher Kraus, Christopherk, Christopherlin, Codo678, Commsserver, Comrade Tux,
Coresystems, Cprompt, CrookedAsterisk, Csabo, Cyan, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DCEdwards1966, DMacks, DMahalko, Daf, Dave Bass, Daverocks, Davidfstr, Dawnseeker2000, Dbrett480,
Demk8, Demnevanni, DerHexer, Designatevoid, Dethomas, DiePerfekteWelle, Discospinster, Dlrohrer2003, Dmsar, Dolda2000, Dono, Dontrustme, Dorvaq, Download, Dushman, Dwarfpower,
Editor2020, ElKevbo, Endlessnameless, Enigma312, Epbr123, Euryalus, Eveis, Ewlyahoocom, Excirial, ExoDude, FTL, Face, Femto, Fleem, Frap, Frappyjohn, FromSpace, Furrykef, Fuzheado,
Galoubet, Garycompugeek, Ghostanime2001, Grand, Guppy, Gurch, Gurklurk, Hadal, HalfShadow, Harryboyles, Haseo9999, HereToHelp, Heron, HexaChord, Hmains, Huji, II MusLiM
HyBRiD II, Icairns, IlyaHaykinson, ImperfectlyInformed, Infraredflower, Inquisitor911, Island, Ixfd64, Izcool, J04n, JD554, JForget, JJJJust, JTN, Jackol, Jafeluv, JamesBWatson, Jannex,
JasonTWL, Jerryobject, Jim.Liu, Jjjeremy, Jkl, Joeyx22lm, Johnnyjohnnyjohnny, Jonathan Hall, Jondel, Jonsonsnazis, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joy, Jrdioko, Juhachi, Jusjih, Jwoodger,
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Kurgus, Kuyabribri, Kvng, Kyng, L Kensington, LaVieEntiere, LanguageMan, LeaveSleaves, Lee, Lee Carre, Legare, Lester, Lewispb, Lexor, Lightdarkness, Lightsup55, Llywrch, Loqi,
Lordwow, MK8, Mac, Manco Capac, Manglecat, Marquez, Master brooks, McLovin377, Mentifisto, Mheyman, Michael Hardy, Mindmatrix, Mipadi, Mipago, Mk*, Morte, Mr Bartels, MrTree,
Mxn, Mysid, Nate Silva, NawlinWiki, Nay Min Thu, Nbarth, Netsnipe, NewEnglandYankee, Nsaa, Nv8200p, OSborn, Oberiko, Oliver Crow, Omarumbero, Orbitroderick, OrgasGirl,
Owlgorithm, P199, Patrick, Patstuart, PaulHanson, Paulwehr, Pboyd04, PeterSymonds, PhilKnight, PiMaster3, Piano non troppo, Pion, Pogogunner, Pol098, Polly Ticker, Poor Yorick,
Potatosalad, Prari, Programming geek, Public Menace, Pursin1, Quarl, Quinobi, R'n'B, Raistlin11325, Ramu50, Realff, Recurring dreams, RedWolf, Rettetast, Rho, Rilak, Rjayres,
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