Number System and its Operations

LEADING OBJECTIVES

This lesson -will help you to:

 learn to find place value in numbers beyond 1000.

 study and learn the role of place value in addition, subtraction and multiplication
algorithms.
 understand and study about informal and standard division algorithm.
 learn and study about factors and multiples.

Amazing Facts

 Zero was not even considered a number for the Ancient Greeks. However, they also
questioned whether 1 was a number.
 The Mayans discovered/ developed zero.
 2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with a 2 or a 5.
 Different names for the number 0 include zero naught, naught, nill zilch and zip.
 The name of the popular search engine ‘Google’ came from a misspelling of the word
‘googol’ which is a very large number (the number one followed by one hundred zeros to
be exact)

QUICK CONCEPT WIEW

PLACE VALUE

B The value of the place, or position, of a digit in a number or series is called place value. Each
place has a value of 10 times the place to its right.

The idea of place value is at the heart of our number system.

The concept of place value is as follows:

Beginning with the ones place at the right, each place value is multiplied by increasing powers of
10. For example, the value of the first place on the right is "one" the value of the place to the left
of it is "ten," which is 10 times 1. The place to the left of the tens place is hundreds, which is 10
times 10, and so forth.

The place value of number goes beyond 1000 with the next place value being 10 times greater.
The place values after thousand are ten thousands (10,000), hundred thousand (1,00,000),
millions (10,00,000) and so on.

For easier readability, commas are used to separate each group of three digits, which is called a
period. When a number is written in this form, it is said to be in "standard form" Example: four
hundred sixteen thousand, seven hundred thirty-one can be written as 416,731.    

The role of place value in addition, subtraction and multiplication

algorithms.                             

 The place value of a number starts from right to left in the following order: ones, tens,
hundreds, thousands, ten thousands, hundred thousands, etc.
 Place values are extremely important when doing addition, subtraction and
multiplication.
 When doing addition or subtraction, add or subtract like places, and you may need to
group in addition and ungroup in subtraction to get enough to subtract from.

Misconcept/concept

Misconcept:  Numeral 1 is a prime number

Concept: 1 is neither prime nor composite. It does not have any factors except the number itself.

Misconcept: All prime numbers are odd numbers.

Concept: This is not true, since the number 2 has only 2 factors, 1 and 2, and is also an even
number. 

Example: Add 65,000 and 1500         

65,000+1,50066,500

   Example: Subtract 7,400 from 74,000.                 

74,000−7,40066,500

Role of place value in multiplication algorithms

 The number to be multiplied is the multiplicand.

 The number we are multiplying with is the multiplier.
 Multiplication is repeated addition. Adding multiplicand by multiplier times gives the
product.
Let’s us understand the concept of place value in multiplication, with the help of an example.

Example: Multiply the following numbers: 263 and 64

STEP 1: Multiply the multiplicand by ones digit of the multiplier.

1. Multiply the number in the ones place of the multiplicand with the number in the ones
place of the multiplier.

(263×64)

3×4=12

(1 tens, 2 ones).

Put the 2 in one’s column and carry over 1 to the tens column.

Historical preview

 The Egyptians had a base 10 system of hieroglyphs for numerals. There was no symbol
for zero. They had seven separate symbols (hieroglyphs) for one unit, one ten, one
hundred, one thousand, one ten thousand one hundred thousand, and one million as
shown below:

 Indians were the first to develop a base ten system. They developed methods of
expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols very similar to the decimal
 system we use today with symbols close to the ones we use today. Zero was used to
denote an empty space.

123456789
- = +

Brahmi numerals around 1st century A.D.

2. Multiply the number in the tens place of the multiplicand with the number in the ones
place of the multiplier.

(263×64)

6×4=24+1 (carry over from step 1)

          = 25 (2 hundreds^ tens).

Put the 5 in tens column and carry over 2 to the hundreds column.

3. Multiply the number in the hundreds place of the multiplicand with the number in the
ones place of the multiplier.

(263×64)

2×4=8+2  (carry over from step 2)

 = 10 (1 thousands, 0 hundreds).

Put the 0 in hundreds column and 1 (carry over) in thousands column

STEP 2: Multiply the multiplicand by tens digit of the multiplier

1. Multiply the number in the ones place of the multiplicand with the number in the tens
place of the multiplier. 

(263×64)

  3×6=18

 (1 hundreds, 8 tens).

Put the 8 in tens column and carry over 1 to the hundreds column.

2. Multiply the number in the tens place of the multiplicand with the number in the tens
place of the multiplier.

 (263×64)

 6×6=36+1 (carry over from step 1)

= 37 (3 thousands, hundreds).

Put the 7 in hundreds column and carry over 3 to the thousands column.

3. Multiply the number in the hundreds place of the multiplicand with the number in the
tens place of the multiplier.

(263×64)

2×6=12+3  (carry over from step 2)

= 15 (1 ten thousands^ thousands).

Put the 5 in thousands column and 1 (carry over) in ten thousands column.

STEP 3: Add result of Multiplier 1's and Multiplier 10's results and put the result in the
Product columns.

1052 + 15780 = 16832

Product of 263 and 64 is 16832

To study about informal and standard division algorithm

 Division is equal distribution of a given quantity.

 The number to be divided is the dividend.
 The number which divides is called divisor.
 The answer is called the quotient.
 The number left after division is called the remainder.
Standard Division Algorithms

Unlike addition, subtraction and multiplication, division is performed from left to right.

(Highest place value to lowest place value).

FACTOR AND MULTIPLES

A factor is simply a number that is multiplied to get a product. Factoring a number means taking
the number apart to find its factors — it's like multiplying in reverse.

Here are lists of all the factors of 16, 20, and 45.

16 →,2,4,8,16

20 →1, 2,4, 5,10, 20

45 →1,3,5,9,15,45

Factors are either composite numbers or prime numbers.

Prime .number : A prime number has only two factors, one and itself, so it cannot be divided
evenly by any other numbers. Here's a list of prime numbers up to 100.

Prime numbers to 100

2, 3, 5, 7,11,13,17,19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97

These numbers cannot be factored any further.

Composite numbers: A composite number is any number that has more than two factors. These
numbers can all be factored further. For example, 4 equals 2 times 2, 6 equal 3 times 2, 8 equals
4 times 2, and so forth.

Here's a list of composite numbers up to 20.

Composite numbers up to 20

1. 6, 8, 9,10,12,14,15,16,18, 20

Composite numbers can be written as a product of prime factors. This is called prime
factorization. To find the prime factors of a number, you divide the number by the smallest
possible prime number and work up the list of prime numbers until the result is itself a prime
number.

Example: Find the prime factors of 168.

Since 168 is even, we start by dividing it by the smallest prime number, 2. 168 divided by 2 is
84. 84 divided by 2 is 42. 42 divided by 2 is 21. Since 21 is not divisible by 2, we try dividing by
3, the next biggest prime number. 21 divided by 3 equals 7, and 7 is a prime number. Therefore,
168 is now fully factored.                                                                          

168÷2=84                                                                             

84÷2=42                                                                             

42÷2=21                                                                                             

21÷3=7

 Prime number prime factors =

                                                                     

2×2×2×3×7

To check the answer, multiply these factors and make sure they equal 168.

Greatest Common Factor: The greatest common factor, or GCF, is the greatest factor that
divides two numbers. To find the GCF of two numbers:

1. List the prime factors of each number.

2. Multiply those factors both numbers have in common. If there are no common prime
factors, the GCF is 1.

Example:

Find the GCF of 18 and 24.

Prime factors of

                                                                                  

18=2×3×3

Prime factors of

                                                                          

24=2×2×2×3

There is one 2 and one 3 in common. Therefore, the 6CF =

                                                                                           

2×2=6.

DIVISIBILITY RULES

The simple divisibility rules will help you to find factors of a number.

The number is divisible by:

 2 if the last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8

     (example: 12346);

 3 if the sum of digits in the number are divisible by 3

         (example: 1236, because

                                                                                 

1+2+3+6=12=3×4

);

 4 if the last 2 digits are divisible by 4 (example: 897544, because

                                                                                         

44=4×11

 );
 5 if the last digit is 0 or 5

         (example: 178965 or 40980);

 6 if it is divisible by 2 and 3;
 7 sorry, no rule (you have to divide);
 8 if the last 3 digits are divisible by 8

          (example: 124987080, because

                                                                                        

080=8×10;

 9 if the sum of digits is divisible by 9

         (example: 234612, because

                                                                          

2+3+4+6+1+2=18=9×2);

 10 if the last digit is 0

         (example: 99990);

 100 if the last 2 digits are 0

         (example: 987600);

MULTIPLES

 Multiple of any number is a number which can be divided exactly by that number.
 The Multiples of a number are formed by multiplying it with other numbers like l,2,3,etc.
 A number can have unlimited multiples.
 Each number is a multiple of itself.
 Every number is a multiple of 1.
 Zero is a multiple of every number.
 First multiple of every number is the number itself. So a multiple of a number cannot be
less than the number.
 Multiples of any number are infinite.

How to find multiples of a given number?

Multiply the given number by 1, 2, 3, etc. The products are multiple of the given number.

Example: Multiple of 3 are 3

  

(=3×1),6(=3×2),9(=3×3),12(=3×4),

etc.

LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)

 It is also called Least Common Multiple or Smallest Common Multiple.

 The smallest common multiple of two or more numbers is called the LCM (Lowest
Common Multiple) or the smallest number that can be divided by the given two or more
numbers.
  LCM of two integers a and b is the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of both of a
and of b. Since it is a multiple, it can be divided by a and b without a remainder.

Some important points about multiples:

 It can be used to find the lowest common denominator when adding or subtracting
fractions.
 If any of the given number is 0 (zero) then the LCM of the numbers is also 0 (zero).
 LCM (Lowest Common Multiple) is also known by least common multiple or smallest
common multiple.

How to find LCM of the given numbers.

1. Find the prime factors of the given numbers.

2. Select all the factors which are common to at        

                  Least two numbers once.

3. Select all the factors which are not common to at least two numbers.
4. Multiply all the selected factors. The result is 

                  The LCM of the given numbers.

Example: Find LCM of 10, 15 and 18.

Prime factors of 10: 2, 5

Prime factors of 15: 3, 5

Prime factors of 18: 2, 3, 3

Factors which are common to at least two numbers: 2, 3, 5

Factors which are not common to at least two numbers: 3

LCM =

2×3×5×3=90

VARIABLES: A variable is a symbol for a number we don't know yet. It is usually an alphabet.

Example: in x + 2 = 6, x is the variable.

If it is not a variable it is called a constant.

    Numbers

Numbers are mathematical objects by which we express date, time, distance, position, quantity,
etc. for example,                                          

I reached in the party at 10 o clock - time                                 

My birthday is on 6th march  date.                                      

Distance between the earth and the sun is 15 crore km - distance

3rd planet from the sun is the earth - position.                            

There are 45 tones corn in this godown - quantity.                         

We use ten symbols (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) to write any number.

Like 654544544, 34541540044, 35445154154454, etc.

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     Number System

Number system is a pattern or set of numbers in which one number is related to other number by
one or more algebraic operations. There are various number system. In this chapter we will study
about the following three types of number systems:

(a) Natural number

(b) Whole number

(c) Integers

  Natural Number
Counting starts with 1 and continue till infinite. Counting numbers are called natural numbers.

For example: 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7................ etc.

Note: Natural number starts from 1 and goes to infinity. Therefore, smallest natural number is 1
but largest natural number cannot be found.

Whole Number

When 0 is included with natural numbers, it is called whole numbers zero are called whole
numbers. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ......etc. In other words "Natural numbers together with zero are
called whole numbers."

Note: Whole numbers starts with 0 and goes to infinity. Therefore smallest natural numbers is 0
but largest whole numbers cannot be found.

Integers

To make the natural numbers more informative and efficient so that more complicated problems
can be solved, a new number system was invented in which natural numbers are written with
symbols "-(minus)". This type of number is known as negative numbers. Integers are the
collection of whole numbers and negative numbers. ............ -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4,
+5, +6, + 7 ................ etc.

Note: Integers goes to infinity in either direction. Therefore, neither smallest integer or greatest
integer can be found.

   Face Value

Face value of a number is the number itself.

In the number 874. Face value of 8 is 8 itself. Face value of 7 is 7 itself. Face value of 4 is 4
itself.

Successor     

Successor of a number comes just after the number. In other words when we add a number by 1,
the resulting number is the successor of that number. Like P is a whole number, then P + 1 is
successor of P.
Find the successor of 523604

Solution:

523604+1=523605

Thus 523605 is the successor of 523604

Predecessor 

Predecessor of a number comes just before the number. In other words when we reduce a
number by 1, the resulting number is the predecessor of that number. For example, P is a whole
number then P - 1 is the predecessor of P.

Find the predecessor of 986546

Solution:

986546 - 1= 986545

Thus 986545 is the predecessor of 986546.

 0 was invented by Aryabhata.

 Number system is based on the place value system. If places of the digits in a number are
changed, the number will change.
 Predecessor of the smallest natural number is the smallest whole number.
 Successor of the smallest whole number is the smallest natural number.
 First digit of every numeral is always at unit place but first digit from left has net a fixed place.

 Numbers are mathematical objects by which we express date, time, distance, position, quantity,
etc.
 Number system is a set of numbers where numbers are related with each ether by one or more
algebraic operations.
 Lakhs, creres, arabs, etc. are the periods which are used in the Indian system of numeration.
  Millions, billions, trillions, etc. are the periods which are used in international system of
numeration.
 Successor of a number is greater than the number by
 Predecessor of a number is smaller than the number by 1.

Which one of the following numbers is a whole number as well as a natural number?

(a) 3                                                      

(b) 8

(c) 100                                                  

(d) All of these

(e) None of these

Answer (d)

Explanation

All the whole numbers are also natural numbers except 0.

Which one of the following is not true?                                   

(a) Greatest natural number cannot be found

(b) Smallest natural number is 1

(c) 35 is not an integer

(d) 0 is the smallest whole number

(d) None of these

Answer: (c)

Explanation

All the whole numbers are also integers. Therefore, 35 is also an integer.
 Jack has prepared some sets of numbers which has been given below. Which one of
the following sets is the set of integers?

(a) {0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32}                  

(b) {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}

(c) {-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}       

(d) {9, 4, 8, 3, 2}

(e) All of these

Answer (e)

Make a set of the numbers which comes between 20 to 58. First member of the set
belongs to____.

(a) Natural number                        

(b) Whole number

(c) Integer                                          

(d) All of these

(e) None of these

Answer (d)

P is an integer. Choose the correct option about P.

(a) P is only a negative whole number

(b) P is only a negative natural numbers

(c) P+(-P) is a whole number

(d) P-P is a natural number

(e) None of these

Answer: (c)

If the place value of 8 in a number is 80000, what place does 8 occupies in the number?

(a) Thousands                                  

(b) Ten thousands

(c) Lakhs                                             

(d) Crores

(e) None of these

Answer: (b)

Explanation

From the right 8 is at the fifth position and in the place value chart fifth position from the right is
the position of ten thousands.

If X million is equal to 50 lakh then X =?

(a) 10                                                    

(b) 5

(c) 50                                                    

(d) 500

(e) None of these

Answer: (b)

Explanation

10 akh = 1 million, 50 lakh =5 million

You have to place a digit in a number such that place value and face value of the digit
in the number is equal. At which one of the following places will you place the digit?
(a) Thousands                                  

(b) Tens

(c) Hundreds                                     

(d) Ones

(e) None of these

Answer: (d)

Jack: If we find the place value of each digit of a number and add them then result will be
equal to the number.

Codi: If there is 0 in the middle of the number then you will be wrong. Who is correct?

(a) Jack                                                

(b) Codi

(c) Both are correct                        

(d)Both are partially incorrect

(e) None of these

Answer: (b)

Find the sum of the place value of X and Y in the number 1X0078Y5. If X = Y=2

(a) 2000020                                        

(b) 20020000                         

(c) 2000002                                        

(d) 2200000

(e) None of these

Answer: (a)
 P is a natural number which represents 5 digit greatest number. Which one of the
following is the successor of P?

(a) 99999                                             

(b) 10000

(c) 100000                                           

(d) 100001

(e) None of these

Answer: (c)

Explanation

5 digits greatest number = 99999 Successor of 99999 = 99999 + 1 = 100000

Predecessor of a number, lies ..... to the number on the line.

(a) Left                                                

(b) Right

(c) Either side                                   

(d) Centre

(e) None of these

Answer: (a)

Explanation

Predecessor of a number is smaller than the number. Therefore, it lies left to the number on the
number line.

"Predecessor of n-digit smallest number is (n - 1)". The above statement is:

(a) Correct                                         

(b) Incorrect
(c) Partially correct                         

(d) All of these

(e) None of these

Answer: (a)

Q is a natural number. Find the difference between successor and predecessor of Q

(a) 0                                                      

(b) 1

(c) 2                                                      

(d) 3

(e) None of these

Answer: (c)

Which one of the following is not true?

(a) Sum of successor and predecessor of a number is twice of that number

(b) Successor of a number is always greater than the number

(c) Predecessor of the smallest natural number is the smallest whole number

(d) Predecessor of a number is either smaller or equal to the number

(e) None of these

Answer: (d)

  Place Value

Place value of a digit in a number is the position it occupies according to the place value chart.  
Find place value of each of the digit given in number 86495.

Place value of

8=8×Tenthousand=8 × 10000=80000

Place value of 

6=6×Thousand=6 × 1000=6000

Place value of 

4=4×hundred=4 × 100=400

Place value of 

9=9×ten=9 × 10=90

Place value of 

5=5×one=5 × 1=5