A.P.

A topic CODE

Quotation
They needed to develop awareness of how New Zealand Riddiford, N., & Learning 1
English is used for particular purposes, such as to establish or Joe, A. (2006). context
maintain social relationships. To access information or to Using
Authentic data
perform a particular task.
in a workplace
communication
programme.
New Zealand
Studies in
Applied
Linguistics,
11(2), 103-110.

p. 104
An important component of the pragmatics strand of the p. 105 1
course is acquiring skills in analysing discourse and identifying
the socio-pragmatic meanings of New Zealand speech acts in Learning
a range of social and discourse contexts. context
p. 106-107 Learning 1
In many instances, it was at this point that learners began to context
develop awareness of the need for socio-pragmatic
knowledge, and the important part it plays in communication.
Indeed many learners commented that this was not an aspect
of language that had been drawn to their attention before,
and they immediately recognised its value. Many began to
reflect on communication difficulties they had encountered in
the past, which, in retrospect, they realised had probably
stemmed from a lack of socio-pragmatic awareness.
Skilful code-switching operates like metaphor to enrich the p.42 Teaching 1
communication context
Holmes, J.
(2008). An
introduction to
sociolinguistics
(3rd ed.):
Harlow,
England:
Pearson
Longman.

p. 25 learning / 1
People may select a particular variety or code because it teaching
makes it easier to discuss work or school, for instance, using context
the language associated with these domains, rather than the
language of the family domain.

p. 67 Approac 2
In Wales Holmes, J. h
Effective bilingual schooling has generally involved a process (2008). An
known as “immersion’. Children are immersed in the introduction to
sociolinguistics
language (like a warm bath), and it is used to teach them
(3rd ed.):
science, maths and social studies, for instance. They are not Harlow,
‘taught’ the language. It is rather used as a medium of England:
instruction to teach them the normal school curriculum. This Pearson
method has proved very successful in many different Longman.
countries as a means of learning a second language.
QUOTATION A.P.A TOPIC CODE
There is clearly no magic Holmes, J. (2008). An 2
introduction to
Approach
formula for guaranteeing
language maintenance sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
Harlow, England: Pearson
or for predicting
Longman.
language shift.
p. 69
Different factors Issues of 3
combine in different
ways in each social approach
context, and the results
are rarely predictable.

Similar factors Holmes, J. (2008). An Issues of

apparently result in a introduction to 3
stable bilingual situation sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
approach
in some communities Harlow, England: Pearson
but language shift in Longman.
others.
p. 69

This account has

stressed the importance
of economic, social,
demographic and
attitudinal factors.

The degree of success a

group has in resisting the
intrusion of such a
language into all
domains, and especially
the family domain, will
generally account for the
speed of language shift.

Successful resistance
requires a conscious and
determined effort to
maintain the minority
language. “ Wishing will
not make it so”

QUOTATION A.P.A TOPIC

CODE
Finally, it is also Holmes, J. (2008). An ISSUES of approach 3
important to realise that introduction to
pressures towards sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
Harlow, England: Pearson
language shift occur
Longman.
mainly in countries
where monolingualism is p. 69
regarded as normal, and
bilingualism is
considered unusual.

The concept ‘ Holmes, J. (2008). An Approach 2

community of practice’ introduction to
has been adopted by sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
Harlow, England: Pearson
some sociolingusts to
Longman.
permit a focus on social
categories like t hese
which make more sense
p. 198
to participants than
abstract categories such
as class and gender.

Communities of practice
develop around the
activities which group
members engage in Holmes, J. (2008). An
together, and their introduction to APPROACH 2
shared objectives and sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
attitudes. Harlow, England: Pearson
Longman.
We all belong to many
communities of practice
which share particular p. 198
goals and ways of
interacting – family,
sports team, work
group, hiking group, and
so on.
Some may be relatively
long-term; others, such
as a group organising a
party, a dance, a school
fair, or a conference,
will be more temporary
Accommodation theory Holmes, J. (2008). An Approach 2
introduction to
Speech accommodation sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
Harlow, England: Pearson
It tends to happen when
Longman.
the speakers like one
p. 242
another, or where one
speaker has a vested
interest in pleasing the
other or putting them at
ease. Holmes, J. (2008). An
Approach
introduction to 2
Converging towards the sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
speech of another Harlow, England: Pearson
person is usually Longman.
considered a polite p. 242
speech strategy.
It implies that the
addressee’s speech is
acceptable and worth
imitating. Using the
same pronunciation and
the same sort of
vocabulary for instance,
is a way of signalling
that you are on the
same wavelength.
When people simplify Holmes, J. (2008). An Approach 2
their vocabulary and introduction to
grammar in talking to sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
Harlow, England: Pearson
foreigners or children,
Longman.
they are converging
p. 242
downwards toward the
lesser linguistic
proficiency of their
addressees.

When a complicated
technical message is
‘translated’ for the Holmes, J. (2008). An
benefit of someone who introduction to APPROACH
does not know the sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
jargon, speech Harlow, England: Pearson
accommodation is Longman. 2
involved. p. 242

In multilingual Holmes, J. (2008). An Approach 2

countries, such as introduction to
Singapore, India or sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
Harlow, England: Pearson
Zaire, with many
Longman.
varieties to choose
p. 242
from, people may
accommodate to others
by selecting the code or
variety that is most
comfortable for their
addressees.

In a bilingual city like

Montreal, French
Canadians in cafes and
stores often use English
to customers that they
identify as English
speakers in order to
improve their chances
of a good sale.
QUOTATION A.P.A TOPIC CODE
Holmes, J. (2008). An issues of approach 3
Accent divergence also introduction to
occurs. sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
Harlow, England: Pearson
Longman.
p. 244

Where divergent forms

are admired, divergence
can be used to benefit
the diverger.
A small difference, such
as a slight foreign accent
(provided it is one which
is viewed favourably),
can be appealing.

Birgitte Bardot and

Maurice Chevalier
exploited their French
accents in speaking
English to add to their
appeal.
Victor Borge’s Danish
nationality and accent
were both well-
integrated into his
comedy performance to
positive effect.

Directives are concerned approach 2

with getting people to Holmes, J. (2008). An
introduction to
do things.
sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
Harlow, England: Pearson
Longman.
p.273

In general, the
interrogatives and
declaratives are more
polite than the
imperatives, a great
deal depends on
intonation, tone of voice
and context.
Miscommunication is Holmes, J. (2008). An Issues of approach 3
possible between any introduction to
two people, but the sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
Harlow, England: Pearson
potential is greater
Longman.
when different p. 375
sociolinguistic norms are
involved.

When people from Issues of approach 3

different language or Holmes, J. (2008). An
even different dialect introduction to
sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
backgrounds interact,
Harlow, England: Pearson
clashes between Longman.
discourse norms are
possible, with a risk of p. 375
miscommunication.
It has been suggested Holmes, J. (2008). An approach 2
that intelligibility is also introduction to
affected by attitudes. sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
Harlow, England: Pearson
Longman.
People generally find it
easier to understand p. 406
languages and dialects
spoken by people they
like or admire

A closely related point, Approach 2

Holmes, J. (2008). An
at least for majority introduction to
group members, is that sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
people are more highly Harlow, England: Pearson
motivated, and Longman.
consequently often
more successful, in p. 406
acquiring a second
language when they feel
positive towards those
who use it.
Holmes, J. (2008). An
Clearly attitudes to introduction to APPROACH 2
language have sociolinguistics (3rd ed.):
interesting implications Harlow, England: Pearson
both for politicians and Longman.
language teachers.
p. 406

Language attitudes can

have a great influence in
areas such as education.
For ESP learners, Dudl
extracting information
accurately and quickly is
more significant than
language details; that
understanding the
macrostructure comes
before language study,
and that application of
the information in the
text is of paramount
importance.

The reader first

processes the language
and then links the ideas
to what is already
known.