Conformation and Soundness: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado USA
Conformation and Soundness: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado USA
Conformation and Soundness: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado USA
McIlwraith 327
Introduction
The factors that predispose the racehorse to catastrophic injury and musculoskeletal
disease continue to be an issue of debate. The cause of racing and training injuries
in the horse is considered to be multifactorial, with genetics, racing surface, number
of starts, age of the horse, pre-existing disease, biomechanics (conformation),
and trauma being implicated as potential etiologic factors (McIlwraith, 1986;
Kobluck et al., 1990; Mohammed et al., 1991; Dolvik and Klemetsdale, 1996).
Each of these factors needs to be evaluated independently to determine its
contribution to the complicated developmental scheme of race injury. Previous
experimental studies on the cause of racing injuries in the horse have focused
primarily on racing surface (Chaney et al., 1973; Hill et al., 1986), number of
starts (Magnusson, 1985; Kobluck et al., 1990; Dolvik and Klemetsdale, 1996),
and trauma (Jeffcott et al., 1982; Rossdale et al., 1985).
A controlled experimental study was needed to answer the question of whether
conformation plays a role in racing injuries. Two studies were done. The purpose
of the first study in racing Thoroughbreds was to make objective measures of
conformation and determine if certain limb conformations predispose the racing
Thoroughbred to musculoskeletal disease (from minor injury to catastrophic injury).
The aim of the racing Quarter Horse study was to make the same determinations.
Thoroughbred Study. Included in this study were 115 three-year-old horses bred
and reared by the same stable. Photographs were taken of horses with markers
placed at designated locations. The slides were scanned, and conformation was
measured using a software program (NIH Image Program). Left lateral radiographs,
as well as photographs from front and rear, were taken. All photographs had a
ruler in place to measure size, and measures could be made of length and angle
using points for identification. In addition to lengths and angles, an objective
method of grading the degree of offset (bench) knee conformation was also used.
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328 Conformation and Soundness
Clinical observations were recorded for each horse, and clinical conditions
(including radiographic diagnoses), as well as subjective evaluation of limb rotation,
were made. Clinical data were recorded as “event” or “no event.” Outcomes with
frequencies greater than 5% remained in the data set for statistical analysis, and
stepwise (forward) logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the
relationship between the binary response of the clinical outcomes, probability,
and the conformation variables by the method of maximum likelihood (Version
6.12, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Odds ratios (OR) of 95% confidence intervals
were calculated to evaluate relative risk of musculoskeletal problems.
Quarter Horse Study. One hundred sixty-two two-year-old Quarter Horse racehorses
in training at Los Alamitos Racecourse, California were included in this study.
The horses had no previous racing history or known racing injury or lameness,
and all were paid up in two-year-old races (futurities). Data were collected in the
same fashion as for the Thoroughbred study, and clinical data were analyzed and
odds ratios calculated in the same fashion as previously described.
Results
was held constant. For every 10% increase in the right hoof angle ratio, the odds
of a right front limb fracture decreased by a factor of 0.52 with right carpal angle
held constant. The dorsal:palmar or dorsal:plantar ratio is the angle of toe in
relationship to the angle of the palmar or plantar surface. It can be assumed that
the increased odds for carpal effusion reported here are associated with improper
hoof balance.
Quarter Horse Study. The length of the humerus was significant for several clinical
entities. For every inch increase in the length of the humerus, the odds for a
proximal first phalanx chip fragment in the left foreleg increased by a factor of
2.3, and the odds of sustaining synovitis/capsulitis increased by a factor of 1.85 in
the left carpus and by 1.7 in the right carpus, all other factors in the model held
constant. The length from elbow to ground was found to be significant in both
carpi. The odds of sustaining a carpal chip fragment in the left foreleg rose by a
factor of 2.06 in the right foreleg and a factor of 2.58 in the left foreleg for every
one inch increase in the length from elbow to ground, assuming all other factors
in the model held constant. The length of the toe was also significant, as when the
length of the toe increased by one inch, the odds of sustaining a carpal chip
fracture increased by a factor of 40.33.
For every degree increase in the angle of the shoulder (i.e., more upright), the
odds of sustaining a proximal first phalanx chip fragment increased by a factor of
1.48. The odds of sustaining synovitis and capsulitis in the carpus decreased by
0.89 with every degree increase in the angle of the shoulder. For every degree
increase in the angle of the left fore pastern (more upright), the odds of sustaining
synovitis and capsulitis in the carpus were increased by a factor of 1.09. As the
knee offset ratio increased by 10%, the odds of synovitis and capsulitis in both
left and right front fetlocks increased by a factor of 2.26.
Discussion
Thoroughbred in light of the common desire of a buyer to have a straight leg and
the common practice of surgically manipulating carpal valgus to achieve a straighter
forelimb. Other significant findings were offset knees being associated with fetlock
problems, long toe being associated with carpal problems, and longer scapula
length decreasing the likelihood of forelimb fractures.
In the Quarter Horses, many of the odds ratios presented close to 1.0, indicating
little importance. However, proximal first phalanx chip fractures, synovitis and
capsulitis of the carpus and coffin joint, and carpal chip fractures were associated
with conformation variables. It is expected that, with greater numbers, other
conformation variables could become significant. The significance of offset knees
was supported by the data with an increase in synovitis and capsulitis, as well as
carpal chip fragmentation.
Information in this article is provided from “The Role of Conformation in
Musculoskeletal Problems in the Racing Thoroughbred and Racing Quarter Horse,”
by C.W. McIlwraith, T.A. Anderson, P. Douay, N.L. Goodman, and L.R. Overly.
References
Acknowledgements