MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY

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TIRUNELVELI 627012, TAMIL NADU

II YEAR

DJ3B2 - Part II - English

(From the academic year 2016-17)

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 DJ3B2 - PART II - ENGLISH

Unit I : Prose
1. The Man in Black – Goldsmith
2. Forgetting – Robert Lynd
3. Martin Luther King – R.N. Roy
Unit II : Poetry
1. Tithonus Tennyson
2. Gift of India – Sarojini Naidu
3. Strange Meeting – Wilfred Owen
Unit III : Extensive Reader
1. Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumos
Unit IV : Language Study 1
1. Precise Writing
2. Note Making
3. Telegram & Advertisement
Unit V : Language Study 2
1. Spotting the Errors
2. Vocabulary Test
3. Development of Hints

Text book for Language Study :

Fourth Work Book, Published by MSU and Macmillan

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 Unit I - PROSE
The Man in Black
- Oliver Goldsmith
I. Introduction
This essay is taken from the book ―The citizen of the World written by Oliver
Goldsmith. (Read the brief introduction given in the text book - page 87)
Altangi is an imaginary Chinese traveller visiting England. Goldsmith invents this
charac.. ter to describe through him English life and culture. The eccentricities of the people
are minutely observed and gently satirised. The Man in Black has a heart of gold. But he
wishes to appear stern and hard-hearted. In this he is a ―humorist‖. In his encounter with
beggers, his mask drop soff and the genial kind man is revealed.
The man in Black is described as an autobiographical character. In real life Goldsmith
was always kind to the poor and gave away everything he had.
II. Summary
Altangi, a Chinese traveller visits England. He has great respect for the Man in Black
who is an interesting character. By nature the Man in Black is kind and sympathetic to the
poor. But he seems to be ashamed of his natural benevolence. So, he puts on a stern
appearance. But he cannot maintain this assumed harshness for long. The mask soon drops.
Any superficial observer can see the real man behind it.
The Man in Black and Altangi go out on a tour of the country. They discuss beggars
and poverty. The Man in Black lashes at the poor calling them lazy hypocrites. Everyone of
them is an impostor, and they ―rather merit a prison than relief‖. The Government has taken
steps to relieve their suffering but they roam about everywhere pestering travellers. While the
man in Black is talking in this manner an old man appeals for help. He speaks about his dying
wife and five hungry children, Obviously it is an invented story but the Man in Black is
moved by it. Seeing it Altangi pretends to look another way. The Man in Black steraithily
slips in a piece of silver into the beggar‘s hands while loudly warning the old man against
troubling people like him.
They next see a sailor with a wooden leg, carrying a bundle of chips. He looks
miserable. Pretending to expose the impostor, the Man in Black angrily questions the silor.
But soon he buys the bundle of chips for one shilling to the great surprise and joy of the
sailor. He pretends that he has made a cheap purchase. The inconsistency in his character is
interesting.
Now they see a poor woman in rags with one child in her arms and another on her
back Without minding the presence of Altangi the Man in Black searches in his pocket for a
piece of money. There is none. The man in Black looks more miserable than the woman
because he cannot relieve her. The he remembers the bundle of chips. He puts it into her hand
and walks away.
III. Comprehension
Students should read the answers to the comprehension questions given in page 88 of
the Text Book, in order to have a thorough understanding of the lesson.
1. Why does Goldsmith call the Man in Black a ―humorist in a nation of humorists‖?
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 Goldsmith calls the Man in Black a humorist because of the eccentricities observed in
the latter. The Man in Black is ashamed of his natural benevolence and wishes to appear
harsh. England is a nation of humorists because there are many types of eccentric people.
The word‖ humorist‖ means an eccentric person or one with strange inconsistencies in
manners.
2. What is the real nature of the Man Black?
The Man in Black is really kind and sympathetic to the poor.
3. Summarise briefly the views of the Man in Black regarding beggars and the responsibility
of the State towards them.
The Man in Black speaks against beggary. All beggars are lazy impostors and they
don‘t want to avail themselves of the facilities provided to them by the Government, They
invent stories of suffering and thus appeal to the sympathies of the people. They pester
travellers and visiting foreigners for alms. They bring only discredit to their country.
Therefore they deserve the prison house rather than our sympathy. Only a fool will take pity
on them and help them with money. Helping them means encouraging idleness and
imposture.
4. How did the Man in Black help the beggar in tattered livery?
An old beggar in tattered livery appeals for alms. His dress reveals the fact that he
was once well off. He says he has to support a dying wife and five children. On hearing this
story the Man in Black is visibly moved. He considers it a weakness in his character. There is
a struggle going on in him between his pride and compassion. Altangi pretends to look
another way and thus provides an opportunity for the man in Black to help the old beggar.
The Man in Black slips s silver coin into the lodd man‘s hands. At the same time he warns
him in a loud voice not to trouble passengers.
5. How did he dismiss the soldier with a wooden leg?
On seeing the sailor with a wooden leg, the Man in Black swears that the former is an
impostor. He gets about to prove it. He angrily questions him about how he was thus
disabled. The sailor replies that he was a captain on board a private ship of war and lost his
leg in defending his country. The Man in Black is moved by this story of patriotism and
sacrifice. He wants to help the beggar unobserved by Altangi. So he offers to buy the bundle
of chips carried by the sailor for one shilling. Obviously it is a huge price and the sailor
gladly sells the matches. The Man in Black pretends that he has made a cheap purchase
6. How does he justify the bargain he had made with the soldier? -
The Man in Black proposes to use the matches to light candles. It means saving a lot
of money. Lighting candles by thrusting them into the fire will result in wastage.
7. Narrate the incident that had led to his parting with the bundle of matches.
The Man in Black sees a woman in rags with one child in her arms and another on her
back. She is singing a sad song. The Man in Black cannot withstand the sight of the wretched
woman. He instantly gives up his assumed harshness. Without minding the presence of
Altangi he searches for a piece of money in his pocket. But there is none. The pain felt by
him is more than that seen in the woman. At last he remembers the‘ bundle of chips he
bought from the sailor. He puts it into her hands and walks away.
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IV. Read the following passages and answer the questions giveli below.them in one or
two sentences each (Page 88)’:
1. He may be justly termed an humorist in a nation of humorists, tic
a. Why is ‗he‖ called a humorist?
The Man in Black is a man with strange inconsistencies in his manners. So, he is called
a humorist.
b. What is suggested in the expression ―a Nation of humorists‖?
Altangi considers all English people to be slightly eccentric. It is a mild satire of
English manners.

2. ―Let n assure you, Sir, they are impostors, everyone of them and rather merit a prison than
relief‘.
Why are they called impostors?
Every parish house takes good care of the baggers. Still they are discontented. They come
out and beg telling invented stories of their misery. So they are called impostors.

3. ―Here, master,‖ says he, ―take all my cargo and a blessing into the bargain‖.
a. What does the word ―Cargo‖ suggest? The word suggest that the speaker is a sailor.
b. Why is the speaker glad to sell his Cargo?
The Man in Black Offers to buy the bundle of chips for a huge price.

4. The misery painted in the woman‘s visage was not half so strongly expressed as the
agony in his.
a. How is the misery of the woman expressed?
The woman carries one child in her arms and another on her back. She sings a song. It
is difficult to say whether she sings or cries.
b. What is the reason for the agony in the face of the Man in Black?
The woman miserable. He wants to help her with some money. Seeing that he has no
money about him, he feels more miserable than the woman.

2, Forgetting
- Robert Lynd
I. Introduction
Robert Lynd‘s ―Forecasting‖ is a delightful essay. He analysis. the causes of the
failure of human memory in a light - hearted vein. He argues that a common man‘s memory
is efficient and strong. Forger fullness in an ordinary man renders him ridiculous.

II Summary

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 Robert Lynd marvels at the efficiency of human memory rather than its inefficiency.
The ordinary man‘s memory functions with its usual perfection. He goes through his daily
routine leaving no little item undone.
Psychologists say that one easily forgets about things one wishes to forget. Lynd does
not agree with this. Even in essential matters like taking medicines at the time of meals one
forgets them. The meal itself should be a reminder to take the medicine. The same type of
forgetfulness is found in the matter of posting them. The meal itself should be a remainder to
take the medicine. The same type of forgetfulness is found in the matter of posting letters.
Lynd himself has many times forgotten to post important letters he remembered to write.
Things like umbrellas and walking sticks are easily forgotten during a journey or visit to a
friend‘s house.
Statistics of the lost articles show that the young rather than the adult are more
forgetful. Sportsmen have worse memories. Lynd finds the reason in their dreamy nature.
Sports would be in a dreamland recalling their adventures or errors. When they leave the train
they don‘t remember such prosaic things like cricket bats and balls. The angler forgets about
his fishing rod because he is the most imaginative of men inventing magnificent lies. Poets
and philosophers live in an ideal world, Hence nobody would trust Coleridge or Socrates with
such ordinary things like posting letters
Lynd wonders whether a good memory is altogether desirable Men of good memories
are seldom men of good intelligence Poets and philosophers have the genius of memory and
of intelligence combined Statesmen have poor memories so there are no ideal statesmen
Ordinarily good memory is common So a man without it is regarded as an eccentric
Lynd tells the story of a father who forgot about the infant he took out in a perambulator His
is an exceptional case he deserves ridicule
III Comprehension
1. What makes Lynd wonder at the efficiency of the human memory?
Lynd wonders at the efficiency of the human memory because a common man usually
has a strong memory He remembers telephone numbers and addresses of friends He
remembers every thing an ordinary man is expected to remember in his daily life
2. Mention some instance where man‘s memory is likely to be very feeble.
A man may forget to take the medicines prescribed by his doctor One‘s memory may
be feeble where posting letters is concerned
3. What is the opinion of psychologists regarding forgetting?
Psychologists say that we forget things because we wish to forget them We easily
forget things which we don‘t like
4. How does Lynd disprove the theory of psychologists?
Lynd disproves the theory of psychologists by pointing out that a life long devotee of
medicines like himself also forgets to take them at the appointed hours
5. Give Lynd‘s views on the matter of posting letters.
Lynd observes that people generally forget to post letters It cannot be argued that one
forgets to post some one else‘s letter because one is not interested in it The fact is that one

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forgets to post one‘s own letters Lynd has many times forgotten to post the letters he
remembered to write
6. What makes Lynd conclude that the youth are more forgetful that the adults?
Generally speaking, adults are supposed to have weak memories. But it is the young
who easily forget things. Sportsmen also have worse memories, Lynd attributes it to their
habit of living in a dream land.
7. What excuse does he offer for the forgetfulness of sportsmen and anglers?
The forgetfulness in sportsmen and anglers can be forgiven. They love in an ideal
world always dreaming about their adventures. They derive an intense enjoyment from
dreaming and so forget about such prosaic things as balls or bats.
8. How does Lynd justify the absent - mindedness of Socrates and Coleridge?
Pilosophers and poets like Socrates and Coleridge always think about ideal things that
are more glorious. They have no time to remember the mediocre. Their souls are above
ordinary things.
9. What makes Lynd conclude that statesmen have a poor memory?
Statesmen seem to have bad memories. When two statesmen attempt to recall the
same event, each says that the other‘s account is inaccurate. The facts in the speeches and
autobiogra phies of statesmen are many times challenged.
10. Narrate the anecdote of the father who was absent - minded.
Lynd narrates an anecdote to show that an ordinary man without good memory is an
eccen tric. A father takes out his baby in a perambulator. Leaving the baby outside a bar, he
goes in to have a glass of beer. Forgetting about his baby, he slips through another doors of
the bar. His .wife hap pens to come that way. To her Borrow, she finds the baby sleeping in
the perambulator. She wheels away the perambulator in order to teach her husband a lesson.
But just before lunch her husband returned home smiling cheerfully and asking about the
lunch. He has completely forgotten the fact that he took out the baby.
IV Read the following passages and answer the questions given below them:
a) It is the efficiency rather than the inefficiency of human memory that compels my
wonder.
1) What is the authoc‘s belief about human memory?
The author belives that human memory is very efficient.
2) How does the author prove the efficiency of human memory?
The ordinary man goes through his daily routine without forgetting a single item.
b) Chemists make their fortunes out of the medicines people forget to take.
1) What is generally said about people who forget to take their medicine?
It is said that people forget to take their medicines because people have an
antipathy to pills and potions and are unwilling to take them.
2) How do chemists make their fortune
Chemists have sold their medicines at people have not used them.
c) The fishing rod of reality is forgotten by him as he daydreams over the feats of the
fishing rod of Utopia.
1) Why does he forget the fishing rod of reality?
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 He forgets the fishing rod of reality because he dreams about his adventures
with the ideal fishing rod.
2) What is Utopia?
Utopia is an imaginary ideal country.
3) What does the author say about anglers?
Anglers, like sportsmen, are most imaginative and therefore are absent-minded in
the world of reality.
d) Who would have trusted Socrates or Coleridge to post a letter? They had souls
above such things.
1) Fix the context.
Philosophers and poets are most absent - minded because they are preoccupied
with things more glorious.
2) Who are Socrates and Coleridge?
Socrates is a famous Greek philosopher. Coleridge is an English Romantic poet.
3) What does the author mean by trusting Socrates or Coleridge to Post a letter?
Posting a letter is an example for a most ordinary thing. Socrates or Coleridge
represents philosophers and poets who do not care for ordinary things in this
world.
e) How many men below the rank of a philosopher would be capable of such absent –
mindedness as this?
1) Whose absent - mindedness is referred to?
The absent mindedness of a father is refferred to
2) Explain his absent - mindedness
He took out his baby in a perambulator but completely forgot about it when he
entered a bar.
3) Is his absent - mindedness that of a philosopher?
His absent - mindedness renders him ridiculous because he is an ordinary man. But
such an absentmindedness ma philosopher is something glorious.

3. Martin Luther King

- R.N.Roy
I. Introduction
R.N. Roy writes about Martin Luther King; one of the greatest men produced by the
twentieth century. He lived at a time when the world witnessed more hatred and cruelties than
in any other century. He ranks among the great martyrs of the world - Abraham Lincoln,
Mahatma Gandhi and John F. Kennedy. He fought and died for the cause of the Blacks in the
U.S.A. Inspired by Gandhi he used satyagraha and non-violence as his weapon and won
several victories. Like all great men he died a violent death. That is the treatment that people
like him get from the world.
II. Summary
Martin Luther King was one of the greatest men the world has seen He lived at a time
when the world witnessed more hatred and cruelties than ever.
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 There are many similarities between King and Gandhi. Both believed in the equality
of men, Both used non-Violence as the weapon against any kind of discrimination. Gandhi
fought against the British rule that sapped the strength pf India and enslaved the Indians.
King fought against the White Americans who trampled on the rights of their Black brothers
for ages. Both mounted a revolution on hope and love and non-violence. They rapid hatred
with love In a sense, they fought on behalf of all the poor who suffered from racial, social and
economic discriminations.
King came into prominence with the Montgomery bus boycott of 1956 He secured for
the Black nonsegregated bus travel King learnt the value of organising the Black power and
fighting with non-violence The Negroes had contributed greatly to the growth of America but
they had been treated as second class citizens in their own country King proclaimed that ―no
person can truly exist half slave and half free‖ The Negroes had waited for long They had a
dream that their descen dants at least would enjoy equal social rights King struggled hard to
turn the dream into reality
King achieved many successes He was a powerful orator He suffered ill-treatment and
imprisonment. Still he fought with hope Recognizing his peaceful methods he was awarded
the Nobel prize for peace at the age of 35 the youngest to receive such an honour It was really
sad that such a man was assassinated The world was not yet ready to revive God‘s saints.

III. Comprehension
Answers to comprehension questions (Text book Page 102)
1. What according to RN Roy arc the similarities between Martin Luther King and
Mahatma Gandhi?
Both Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi bear many similarities Both
championed the cause of the downtrodden Both were peaceful warriors and both were shot to
death by assassins
2. What was the contribution of the Blacks to the building of America?
The Blacks have contributed greatly to the building of America. They had done hard
work, dirty work and dangerous work in the mines or the docks and in the blistering
foundries They had defended America in times of peril by fighting bravely
a. Give two examples of racial discrimination practised in America.
The Blacks were denied normal education and normal social opportunities. They
could not attend a school or a public amusement part meant for whites. They could
not enter a motel.
b. Mention a parallel situation in India
In India a large part of the population is treated as untouchables They were denied
social rights.
4. What was Gandhiji‘s weapon against the British rulers?
Gandhi‘s weapon against the British rulers was Ahimsa or non-violence.
5. What were the legitimate aspirations of the Blacks

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 American democracy should not trample on the rights of the Blacks. They should
have the right to share lunch counters schools libraries parks hotels and other facilities with
the Whites
6. What did the Blacks achieve by the Montgomery bus boycott of 1956?
The Montgomery bus boycott was conducted to protest against segregated seating in
buses. It put an end to racial discrimination on public conveyances As a result of it a White
and a Black could travel in the same bus
7. What did king mean by saying, No person can truly exist half slave and half free‖
Instead of treating the Blacks as equals the White Americans had grudgingly granted them
some concessions That resulted in the condition of the Blacks being half slave and half free
8. How were King and his followers treated by the police
The Blacks were slapped and kicked by the police Five hoses and ferocious dogs were
used against them They were put to solitary imprisonment Their women and children
suffered brutal treatment
9. How did King die‖
When King was planning with his staff on the balcony of a hotel to lead a
demonstration, he was shot to death by an assassin.
10. How was King rewarded‖ for his peaceful method of agitation
King was awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 in recognition of his peaceful methods
He was then only thirty five the youngest of all who had received this great honour.
11. With whom is King compared regarding the manner of his death?
King is compared to Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi and John Kennedy. who were
also shot to death.

IV. Answer the questions given below the following passages

Both were peaceful warriors, fighting with the weapon of non-violence against
powers that were armed from head to foot.
I.1. Who are the persons referred to?
Gandhi and King are the persons referred to.
2. Why are they called peaceful warriors?
In their war against oppression, they used love and non-violence as weapons.
3. What did they fight against?
Gandhi fought against untouchability and the British oppression. King fought against
racial discrimination.

II ………….. efficacy of non-violence, and the superiority of moral force over physical
force,and he was inspired by this living Indian example to set right the wrongs that he saw
around him
1. Who is refferred to as the living Indian example?
Gandhi is referred to as the living Indian example.
2. What did king learn from Gandhi?

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 King learnt from Gandhi the effectiveness of non-violence and the superiority of
moral force over physical force

III. The US Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation on Public conveyances, both inter
state and interstate was unlawful.
1. Explain the racial segregation.
In America, the Blacks were not allowed to travel with the Whites in the same bus
This is the racial segregation
2 What was the cause of this ruling by the U S supreme Court?
The Montgomary bus boycott conducted by king was the cause

IV. The burthen of his speech was ―I have a dream‖ - a dream of the time when racialism
will vanish, when children of God will inhabit god‘s earth like brothers and sisters
1. What is the dream about?
The dream is about the time when the Blacks and the Whites in America are treated
as equals.
2. Who had the dream?
All the Blacks in America had this dream

V. ―0 God that madest this beautiful earth, when will it be ready to receive Thy saints
How long, 0 Lord, How Long
1. From where is this quotation taken
The quotation is taken from ―Saint Joan‖, a drama by Bernard Shaw.

2. Why is not the world ready to receive the saint?

People in the world are selfish. They are not bound by love
3. How does this world treat the saints?
The world murders the saints.

Unit II - POETRY
1. Tithonus
(Alfred Lord Tennyson)
Introduction:
Tennyson (1809—1892) is considered to he the most representative and the most
popular poet of Victorian England. He is a master of the lyrical the elegiac, the dramatic and
the epic.
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 The poem. ―Tithonus‖ is based on an ancient Greek myth. He was the handsome
prince of Troy. I-Ic was loved by the god of down, Aurora. She requested Zeus, the chief god,
to favour her lover with immortality. Zeus granted Aurora‘s request. But she forgot to ask
Zeus to grant ‗Tithonus everlasting youth as well As he grew older and older, Tithonus found
that his. immortality was, in fact, torture and not a blessing. Immortal life without everlasting
youth was a curse. Life became unbearable and Tithonus longed for death.
Summary
All things have an end, says, Tithonus. The woods decay and fall. Man tills the field
and then, when his time arrives, he dies and lies buried beneath the earth, Even the swan dies
after having lived for many summers. But the miserable fate of Tithonus is to wither
endlessly and not to have an end like the swan or other men, He calls himself ―A white-haired
shadow rooming like a dream‖.
In a mood of extreme sorrow, Tithonous recalls his days of youth. Once he was truly a
manly man ―So glorious in his beauty‖. So he won the love of Aurora. He was like a god. He
was readily granted his request for immortality. But, alas! Relentless time had one its works.
He was left marred maimed. His lot was unending withering and he lived in the company of a
beloved who possessed unending youth. ―Immortal age beside immortal youth‖. Tithonus can
now see the tears of love and pity in the eyes of Aurora. He pleads with her to take back her
gift of immortality. It is wrong on the part of any man to wish for a life that is different from
the one ordained for all ordinary men.
Aurora is also sad to find her lover withering away in age. His tears create a scrare in
his mind. The old saying is, ―The Gods themselves cannot recall their gifts‖. But Tithonus
does not want this to be true, Aurora should take back this gift of immortality which, in fact
in the absence of immortal youth, is torture. Tithonus again recall his past happy days. He
speaks of Aurora‘s shower of kisses on his moth, forehead and eyelids. Those kisses were
more delicious than the half-opening buds of April‖.
Finally Tithonus asks her not to keep him with here forever. His impassioned plea is,
―Release men, and restore me to the ground‖ The poem shows that death should be welcome
when it is due. Immortality by itself is not a blessing.

Comprehension
1. Why does Tithonus call immortality, cruel?
Tithonus call immortality ‗crue‘ because it has given him only unending old age and not
immortal youth.
2. What picture do the words, ―gleaming halls of morn bring to you?
The phrase ‗gleaming halls of morn‘ refers to the period of his glorious youth.
3. What does ―grey shadow‖ mean?
Tithonus describes himself as ―grew shadow‖ because he no longer consider himself to he
a real human being. He is a shadow.
4. Who do the phrases ‗immortal youth‘ and ‗immortal age‘ stand for?
The phrase ‗immortal youth‘ stands for Aurora and the phrase ‗immortal age‘ stands for
Tithonus.
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5. What is most meet for all?
Destiny had laid down a law that the existence of every living being should have its end.
Death is the necessary end of life. This sound law is considered to be the ‗most meet for
all‘.
6. Who do Aurora‘s tears frighten the speaker?
Aurora is tears frighten Tithonus because those tears show that Aurora is unable to rescue
him from his misery.
7. How was Ilion built?
Illion is another name for the city of Troy. According to legend, Troy was built by
Apollo‘s Music. Stones moved into their places as he played on his flute.
8. Why does ‗I‘ithonus want to escape from the East?
The East is regarded as the home of Aurora. Tithonus does not with to remain any more in
Aurora‘s home in the East. Living there without immortal youth has become a torture for
him. Therefore, Tithonus wants to escape from the East.
9. Why does the poet use the word ‗cold‘ repeatedly in the last stanza?
The repeated use of the word ‗cold‘ in the last stanza offers a contrast to the youthful
passion and love-making described in the early part of the poem.
10. Why does the speaker call men that have the power to die happy‘?
Accordmg to Tithonus, the men who die at the end of their allotted span of life an.
fortunate because they are released from anxieties of life.

Annotation
Model:
Man comes and tills the field and lies beneath.
And after many summer dies the swan
Me only cruel immortality
Consumes.
These lines are taken from the poem ―Tithonus‖ by Alfred Tennyson.
Tithonus contrasts his self-inflicted suffering with the supposedly happy lot of other
men, woods, clouds, human beings and even swans life their allotted time and pass away.
There is an end to their anxieties and worries. But Tithonus alone is tormented by his endless
and withering life. He is withering slowly but cannot doe. Tithonus calls his fate cruel
immortality because the favour of immortality, without the blessing of immortal youth, has
become a source of constant formed and torture.
Exercise: Annotate the following
a) Lol ever this thou growest beautiful
In silence, then before thine answer given
Departest, and thy tears are on my cheek.
b) Release me, and restore me to the ground.
Thou sees all things, thou wit see my grave.

2. The Gift of India

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 (Sarojini Naidu)
Introduction:
Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949) is affectionately called the Nightingale of India. She was
educated in London and Cambridge. She started writing poetry when she \vas just eleven
years old, Sarojiiii Naidu was a political firebrand and a gentle lyricist. She became a disciple
ofGandhiji and entered active politics. She was put in jails many times. She was a political
activist and a poetess.
―The Gift of India‖ (1915) pays a rich tribute to the Indian soldiers who sacrificed
their lives in various battlefields for the British cause. During the First World War, Gandhiji
gave the call for enlishment. So many young Indians joined the British army. These Indian
soldiers displayed exemplary valour and extraordinary courage in various battlefields.

Sarojini Naidu identifies herseliwith Mother India and praises the sacrifice of her
priceless sons in the different theatres of war She asks the British to gratefully remember the
martyrdom of her Sons.
Summary
Mother India addresses Britain and her allies. Mother India has been very generous.
She has given them all that they need. She has given them right gifts of clothes, food and gol.
The priceless treasures of Indian youth have been sent to the Jar off battlefields in the East
and the West. Indian soldiers have fought England‘s war and have died.
Indian soldiers are gathered like pearls in alien graves. They have their eternal sleep
by the Persian waves. They are scattered like shells all over the beaches and deserts of Asis.
Some of the Indian soldiers like wounded with pale brows and broken hands. Ye they are still
brave. Some other Indian soldiers are scattered‖ on the blood-brown meadows of Flander
sand France. They look like blossoms that have been cut down by chance.
Britain and her allies cannot measure the grief of Mother India. Nor can they
understand the agony of her constant vigil for the return of her sons. Thee is despair at the
loss of lives. But their sacrifies gives a sense of pride to Mother Irdia. The anguish ofprayer is
comforted by hope. Victory in war is a mixed affair. The vision of victory is a glorious one,
of course. But the glory is always dimmed by the blood of the dead soldiers. The banners of
victory are torn and red. The banners are torn by the human suffering and stained with the
blood shed by the soldiers.
―The terror and tumult of hate shall cease‖. The war and its violence will come to an
end. Peace will return to the land. When Britain offers ―memorial thanks‖ to the dead soldiers
and ―honours the deeds of the deathless one‖, she should also remember the blood and
bravery of the young Indian soldiers. The poem brings out Sarojini Naidu‘s great love for the
soldiers of India.

Comprehension
1. Who is the speaker in the poem?
Mother India is the speaker in the poem.
2. What has the speaker given to the East and the West?
13 DJ3B2
 The speaker has gifted the priceless treasures of the indian youth to the East and the West,
3. Do the words ―torn from my breast‖ mean that she was acting unwillingly?
Yes, these words do mean that she was acting unwillingly.
4. What are the epithets used to describe the martyred sons?
The epithets used are ―Priceless treasures‖, ―Pearls‖ ―Shells‖, ―blossoms‖, ―The deathless
ones‖ and ―martyrd sons‖.
5. Why does Mother India entertain contradictory feeling pride and despair, hope and
anguish?
Mother India mean is filled with both pride and despair because her sons have achieved
immortal glory at different battlefields. Her hope is that her sons would retutn safe and
unharmed. There is also anguish because many of them do not return.
6. Why does the poetess say that the banners are red and torn?
The flags of victory are torn by the human suffering and stained with the blood shed by the
soldiers. Therefore, the poetess says that the banners are red and torn.
7. When shall peace conic?
Peace shall come when the terror and tumult of hat end.
8. What does the poetess want the British to do?
The poetess wants the British to gratefully remember the martyrdom of her sons.

Annotation
Model:
Gathered like pearls in their alien graves
Silent they sleep by the Persian waves,
Scattered like shells on Egyptian sands,
These lines are taken from the poem ―The Gift of India‖ by Sarojini Naidu.
It is moving picture of the martyred sons of Mother India. Sarojini Naidu uses similes
to portray the deeds of courage and sacrifice by the Indian youth in theatres of war in
different parts of the world.
Indian youth went to far off places like Persia and Egypt to fight England‘s war.
Those young and brave sons of Mother India lie buried in alien lands. Thcy arc like pearls
and shells lying scattered on the beaches of Persia and Egypt.
Exercise: Annotate the following
a) LU! I have flung to the East and West
Priceless treasure toi-n from my breast,
And yielded the sons of my stricken womb.
To the drum-beats of duty, the sabrcs of doom,
b) Can ye measure the grief of the tears I weep
Or compass the woe of the watch I keep?

3. Strange Meeting
(Wilfred Owen)
Introduction:
14 DJ3B2
 Owen (1893-1918) joined the British army during the First World War. He was
wounded in the war-front and was hospitalised in Edinburgh. Poet. Siegfried Sasson was his
fellow-patient there. Sasson encouraged him to write poetry. Thus began Owen‘s poetic
career. Unfortunately, Owen was called back to var and was killed. The pity of it was that
Owen was killed a week before the war ended.
Owen‘s Poetry portrays the grim ground realities of war and its gruesome potentiality
for dehumanising life. Owen‘s account of war is authentic because it is born of personal
experience is theatres of war. He has declared that his subject is ―The pity of war, the poetry
is in the pity‖.
The poem ―Strange Meeting‖, is considered to be Owen‘s master-piece. It is about the
narrator‘s dream or vision in which he meets a German soldier. Every aspect of the meeting
is strange. It is a strange meeting because the place of meeting is hell, and the two soldiers
who meet are already dead. The feelings exchanged between the two soldiers are also strange.
Owen‘s message is that is a folly to glorify war. War is tragic and destructive. Owen‘s young
life was cut shot by cruel war.

Summary
The poet dreams of his meeting a German soldier. He had in fact killed the German
soldier the previous day. It was hell. There were a number of soldier lying unconscious and
wounded. Once of them sprang up to his feet and recognized the poet. He raised his hands as
ifto bless. The German soldier looked very sad and unhappy, they were beyond the sound of
guns and groans. The poet told his ‗strange friend‘ with dead smile that there was no cause
for sorrow in hell. The German soldier replied that it was true but he was unhappy because he
was thinking of the ruined years and the hopelessness of war. He was full of hopes while
alive. He wanted to achieve immortal fame through war. But everything was cut shot by
death. He could have shared his happiness with others. Or he could have left sonic account of
his unhappiness in the form of books or some works. Put his death in the battlefront had
prevented all these possibilities. Fle, in fact, wanted to convey to the world the pity of war,
which is the untold truth about war. In the absence of his message, men would continue to
shed blood and kill people in battlefields. ―They wiil he swift with swiftness of the tigress‖.
He had the courage, wisdom, and self-control not tojoin the people in their backward march,
1-Ic would try to wash of the blood caused by wars by preaching universal love, peace, and
spiritual truths.
Finally the German soldier says, ―I am the enemy you killed, my friend‖. Yes, he was
his enemy yesterday. But today, in hell, he is friend. Let enmity be the story of the past. Let
there be peace and amity today‖ let us sleep now...‖.

Comprehension
1. Comment on the suitability of the title of the poem ―Strange Meeting‖ by Wilfred Owen.
It is strange meeting in view of the place of the meeting, the persons who meet and the
feelings expressed.
2. Explain the term ―Titanic wars‖.
15 DJ3B2
 ―Titanic wars‖ means great wars.

3. What is actually the strange meeting place? The strange meeting takes place is Hell

4. What is meant by ―Sweet wells‖?

It means truths that ―like to deep for taint‖.
5. What is the theme of the poem ―Strange Meeting‖? The theme is war and pity of war.

Annotation
Model:
Course was mine, and I had mystery, Wisdom was mine, and I had mastery;
These lines are taken from the poem ―Strange Meeting‖ by Wilfred Owen. ―The
German soldier says this to the narrator of the poem. The narrator killed him the previous day
in the battle field. The entire poem is the narrator‘s dream or vision.
The narrator and the German soldier meet a second time. The previous meeting was in
the battlefield. They faced each other as soldiers belonging to two opposing armies. The
narrator killed the German soldier.
The present meeting takes place in hell. But there is no enmity betsveen the two now.
The German soldier gives an objective analysis of the pity and the futility of war. lie fears
that people may go on waging svar They may kill or get killed.
The German soldier had divine intuition and self-control. He had courage and
wisdom. Therefore, he did not join others in the backward march.
Mystery = intuition
mastery = self-control

Exercise: Annotate the following

a) Now men will go content with what we spoiled.
Or discontent, boil bloody, and be spilled.
They will be swift with swiftness of the tigress, None will break ranks, though nations trek
from progress.

b) I knew you in this dark, for so you forward

Yesterday though me as you jabbed and killed.

16 DJ3B2
17 DJ3B2
 Unit III - EXTENSIVE READER
The Three Musketeers
(Alexander Dumas)
Retold by Anand Kumar Raju

About the author:

Alexander Dumas, the author of ‗The Three Musketeer‘s is a French writer. He was
born in 1802 at Vil in North France. He was the son of a famous negriod French army general
who served under Napoleon. Since his father did not leave anything for his sustenance, he
underwent quite a lot of difficulties. He started as a clerk of an advocate and left for Paris
later on.
He had acquired a good knowledge of history as a boy. He was also deeply interested
in terrific adventures, conspiracies, fearful plottings and awesome feats of the soldiers of the
16th and 17th centuries. He was greatly inspired by Sir Walter Scott the great historical
novelist and assisted by Auguste Macquet. He wrote for the state at the begining of his career.
But subsequently he have it up and started writing a series of historical romances, which won
for him a great fame. ‗The Musketeers‘ was published 1844, followed by other historical
romances. He worked day and night and wrote 300 works of fiction in order to clear his huge
debts. Among his works the best known as ‗The Count of Monte Cristo‘. The Man in the iron
Mask‘ ‗The Queen‘s Necklac and ‗Chicot the Jester‘ and they have been translated into many
of world‘s major languages.
Dumas has been successful in depicting the atmosphere of history, especially the
religious wars, duels, conspiracies, and intrigues of the period of king Louis XIII in his
novels. Among his many heroes, D‘Artagnanhas attained immortal fame by his
swashbuckling and daring romance. The untiring novelist died in 1870 in his son‘s house
near Dieppe. ut his fame and the characters he has created will never die.

The Story in short:

‗The Three Musketeer‘s is a historical novel. The events took place during the region
of King Louis XIII of France and his able Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu. The story is
about a young Gascon named D‘Artagnan. Though the story is entitled ‗The Three
Musketeers‘ it is actually the story of D‘Artagnan-his adventures-the political intrigues of the
Cardinal, his love and final recognition of his merits. The young hero goes to Paris to seek his
fortune as a musketeer of the king, depending entirely on the strength of his sword. His swift
horsemanship coupled with his presence of mind and bravery earn for him the appreciation of
the king and all his guards. He engages himself in the service of the queen for the sake of his
love for Constance, a sewing woman of the queen. He wins her admiration by bringing the
diamond studs and saving her from the intrigues of the Cardinal. But he had to pay heavily by
losing his dream-girl. Milady, an agent of the Cardinal poisons Constance and fulfills her
revenge on D‘Artagnan. The young-man is determined to take revenue on Milady. He is
unable to bear the pitiful cries of his enemy and would have pardoned her. But Athos has her
executed. Finally the Cardinal accuses him of treason. But he acts wisely by producing a note
18 DJ3B2
of a pardon signed by the Cardinal. The Cardinal could not but admire his presence of mind.
He elevates him to the high rank of a lieutenant of the musketeers. He is aptly rewarded for
his courage, swordsmanship and presence of mind.

1. THE EVENTS AT TILE JOLLY MILLER

Plan:
1. Introduction
2. D‘ Artagnan‘s encounter with the stranger at the Jolly Miller.
3. The stranger takes away the letter to M.De Treville /
4. The Cardinal‘ instructions to the mysterious lady.
5. D‘ Artagnan goes to Paris.
The ‗Three Musketeers is an interesting story. It deals with the adventures of D‘
Artagnan, a Gascon youth. He left Tarbes his native village, for Paris earn his fortune, with a
fUnny-looking horse, fifteen gold pieces and a sword. He also took with him a letter of
introduction to M.De. Travellie, the captain of the Kings‘ musketeers.
On the way he passed through Meung a small town. As he was nearing an in called
the Jolly Miller, he heard a loud laughter. A stranger with a scar on his cheek made funny
remarks about his yellow horse. D‘ Artangnan was iritated by that and Challenged him to a
duel. But the stranger‘s friends broke his sword and attacked him severely. As a result 0‘
Artagnan fell down unconsciously. He was taken to taken kitchen and his would was dressed.
Later hc was removed to a room upstairs.
The landlord informed the stranger that D‘ Artagnan threatened to inform M. Treville
of the matter and told about the letter addressed to Treville. The suspicious stranger took
away the letter, froni D‘, Artagt doublet found in the kitchen. The gentleman asked the
innkeeper to make arrangement for his departure.
D‘Artagnan who had recovered a little later came down. At that time he saw the
stranger talking to a beautiful lady in a carriage. She was Milady, a spy of the Cardinal. The
stranger told her tàgo to England and inform the Cardinal whether the Duke of Buckiagham
had left London. Just. then D‘ Artagnan rushed towards him intending to fight with him. But
the gentleman got on his horse and rode away. The lady went in the opposite direction.
D‘Artagnan cursed the stranger and fried to pursue him. But he fainted again and was taken
to the inn.
During the next few days D‘Artagnan prepared a balm to cure his wounçls. He was angry
to find that his father‘s letter to Treville was stolen. From the innkeeper. D‘Artagnan
understood that it must have been stolen by the stranger. Later on the left for Paris with a
determination to punish the thief

D’ARTAGNAN BECOMES A MUSKETEER

Plan:
1. Introduction.
2. D‘Artagnan‘s encounter with the three musketeers.
3. Events at the Cannelite monastery.
19 DJ3B2
 4, D‘Artagnan fights against the Cardinal‘s men.
5. D‘Artagnan meets the kin-is made a musketeer.
D‘Artagnan, a Cascon youth had an ambition to become a musketeer With a letter
from his father to his friend M. Treville he left for Paris. During his stay at the Jolly Miller, a
stranger stole his letter. Without losing hope he proceeded to Paris to meet M. Treville, his
father‘s friend.
The next day D‘Artagnan met M. Treville and told him of his desire to become a
musketeer.He also informed him how the letter addressed to him by his father was stolen by a
stranger. From his description of the stranger. Treville understood that it was Rockford, who
stole it. He warned D‘Artagnan to be careful in dealing with others Then he started writting a
letter to the director of the Royal Academy for his training.
At that time D‘Artagnan noticed the stranger who stole his letter and ran down to
catch him. In his hurry, he dashed against the wounded Athos. Athos started a wordy quarrel
which ended in Q/t challenging him for a duçl at twelve o‘clock near the Carmen-Deschaux.
At the comer oOi D‘Artagnan picked up another quarrel with Porthos. Porthos challenged
him to a duel at one o‘clock behind the Luxembourg.
By that time the stranger had disappeared. Near hotel D‘Aigullon, D‘Artagnan found
Aramis ‗; talking with some soldiers. Wishing to be friendly with him, he took the
handkerchief that had fallen out his pocket. But Aramis was irritated by this He accused him
of lacking manners aid, challenged him for a duel.
At the appointed time D‘Artagnan went alone to the Carmen Desc‘haux for the duel
with the three misketeers. Athos had been wounded and asked D‘Artagnan to fight with his
seconds. The second happened to be Aramis and Porthos. They were surprised that their
challenger was also the; same man. They were about to begin the duel.
At that time a group of the Cardinal‘ soldiers came their. Jussac, their captain wanted
to arrest them because duelling was forbidden. Athos told him to go away, but former was
bent on arresting them. Then the three musketeers started attacking the Cardinal‘s men.
In the intense fight that followed D‘Artagnan fought along with the musketeers. He
defeated Jussac himself. Soon the whole of paris started talking about that fight. D‘Artagnan
was praised as a hero. The news rached the king. The Cardinal complained to the king that
his soldiers violated the ban on duelling.
The king wanted to know the truth. He summoned Traville. Treville got Jussac
himself to narrate what happened. The king was happy that the fault was not with the
musketeers. I-Ic later summoned the musketeers and D‘Artagnan and rewarded them with
gold coins. He orderedTraville to make D‘Artagnan a musketeer. Thus to his great joy
D‘Artagnan become a musketeer.

3. D’ARTAGRAN FOILS TI CARDINAL’S PLANS

TO DENIGRATE THE QUEEN
OR
20 DJ3B2
 How D’Artagran helped the Queen from becoming a victim of the
evils plans of the Cardinal.
Plan:
1. King‘s ignorance of the Queen.
2. Cardinal‘s plan to reveal the secret love affair of the Queen.
3. Madam Bonaneieux foils the plan of the Cardinal.
4. The role of D‘Artagnan in saving the Queen‘s image.
King Louis XIII was the ruler of France. He was assisted by Cardinal Richelieu in his
administration. The Cardinal was a shrewd and able administrator. There was no filial love
between the King and Queen Anee. The ICing ignored her. The Cardinal was suspicious of
her dealings and tried to know and reveal her secrets. Madam Bonanchaux and D‘Artagnan
were helpful to the queen in foiling the plans of the Cardinal.
The Cardinal came to know ofthe secret love between the queen and the Duke of
Buckingham. The king of Spain was queen Anne‘s brother. Both England and Spain were the
enemies of France. So the Cardinal was extremely watch about the activities of the Queen.
Once the Cardinal sent a message to the Due as if it was sent by the queen herself
asking him to come to France. Accordingly the Due caine to France. I-Ic met the queen and
wanted to take something as a token of her love. The queen gave him a casket of twelve
diamonds, which the king had presented to her,
The cunning Cardinal came to know of this. Fle planned to make use of this incident
to insult the queen and prove that the queen loved the Duke. So he wanted the kin‘g to
arrange a ball. During the ball the queen must wear the diamond studs presented to her by the
king. Since the queen had given the studs to the Due, she would be unable to wear them.
Thus her faithlessness to the king would be exposed.
The queen herself was in a crtitical condition and did not know what to, do. But her
trusted servants were seriously thinking of foiling the Cardinal‘s plans. Madam Bonancieux
fortunately came into contact with D‘Artagran. I-Ic was ready to undertake a risky journey to
London and get the diamonds back from the Duke.
D‘Artagnan informed M.Treville ofthe troubled queen and his intention to help her.
Treville allowed him to take the risky task along with the three musketeers. With a sealed
letter and a costly ring from the queen to raise money the four inseparable and their servants
started their journey.
From the beginning they had to face a lot of obstacles created by the Cardinals men.
D‘Artagnan overcome thim all boldly. His companions were wounded and could not
accompany hint Finally D‘Artagnan successfully reached London with his servant Planchet.
He informed the Duke of the need for the studs. The Duke found that out of the
twelve studs, two were missing. He immediately knew that Milady, a spy of the Cardinal had
stolen them, He got two new studs made exactly like the others in a short time. He have them
to D‘Artagnan and arranged for his safe journey D‘Artagran brought them satèly and handed
them over to the queen before the ball. The queen was greatly relieved of her worries. She
thanked I Artagnan for his great help. She wore the diamond studs at the ball. The king found

21 DJ3B2
the twelve diamonds and could not suspect her. The cardinal was angry that his plans were
upset. His idea of bringing shame upon the queen was totally lost.

4. HOW CONSTANCE WAS SAVED BY

D’ARTAGNAN
Plan:
1. Introduction why Contanee was abducted,
2. Bonancieux approaches D‘Artagnan for help this arrest.
3. Bonancieux‘s house becomes a mouse trap-the return of constances.
4. Constance is served.
Constance was a young beautiful woman. She was the wife of M. Bonancieux, the
land-lord of D‘Artagnan. He godfather M.Del a Porte was one of the officers in the service of
queen Anee. She was the most trusted maid of the queen. The queen told her some of her own
secrets, The Cardinal was aware of this. In order to get the secrets of the queen, the Cardinal
sent his men and carried away Constance.
That afternoon M. Bonancieux came and told D‘Artagnan about his wife‘s abduction.
He asked him to help him get his wife released D‘Artagnan asked Bonancieux if he suspected
any one. Then, Bonaneieux started giving him a description of the abduction. D‘Artagnan
understood that he. was the same stranger who stole his letter at the Jolly Miller. Bonancicux
also showed D‘Artagnan a.letter he had received. It threatened him with dire effects if he
searched for his wife.
While the two men were talking, D‘Artangnan saw his enemy on the road and went to
catch him. On the way he met. Athos and Porthos and told them why he was rusing out. But
before D‘Artagnan reached the road, his enemy had disappeared. Later on D‘Artagnan
consulted his frien4s who were waiting in his room. They decided to restore Constance to her
husband.
King Louix XIII and his wife Queen Anne did not care for each other very much. The
queen, was in love with the Duke of Buckingham, the Prime Minister of England, Her brother
was the king of Spain. Both England and Spain were allies and enemies of France. Cardinal
Richelieu always suspected the queen and wanted to know her secrets. So he had constance
abducted hoping to know the secrets from her.
While the four Men were talking. M. Bonancienx rushed into the room. He wanted
them to same him from the Cardinal‘s men. But D‘Artagnan instead of helping him allowed
the men t arrest him. His Mends knew that D‘Artagnan had allowed Bonancieux to be
arrested with some other plan.
Meanwhile Bonancieux‘s house became a mousetrap. The Cardinals‘ men started
questioning whoever entered the house. The next night he heared the soldiers forcing a
women to speak; D‘Artagnan listened to their conversation and knew that it was Madam
Bonancieux. He immediately

22 DJ3B2
ran down and chased away the Cardinal‘s men. She had fainted because of the unexpected
events. When she recovered she thanked D‘Artagnan, took her to the house of Athos in the
Rue Feron.

5. THE DEATH OF CONSTANCE OF MILDAY’S REVENGE

ON D’ARTAGNAN.
Plan:
1.. Introduction.
2. Constance is abducted by the Cardinal men.
3. Brought to the convent at Bethune.
4. Cardinal employs Milady to move her to a secret place.
5. Milady poisons her & takes revenge.
Constance Bonancieux was the god-daughter of laporte, the queen‘s cloak-bearer. She
was a sewing mind of the queen. She was very young and beautiful, Naturally, the valiant D‘
Artagnan fell in love with her. She was a faithful servant of the queen and was willing to
make any kind of sacrifice for her. At her instance, D‘Artagnan undertook a
dangerousjourney to London and brought beack the diamond studs to win her favour.
After D‘Artagnan‘s successful mission to London. Constance had sent a note asking
him to meet her at ten o‘clock at St. Cloud, opposite the pavillion, Bonancieux came to know
of this and informed the Cardinal. D‘Artagnan promptly went to the pavillion and waited for
Constance for a long time. But she did not turn up. So he suspected somefoul play. On
enquiring an old man became to know that she had been carried away by three men.
D‘Artagnan knew that it was the work of Rochefort, a spy of the Cardinal D‘Artagnan went
and reported the matter to Treville the next morning. Treville promised to seek the help of the
Queen.
D‘Artagnan met his friends, the musketeers and informed them of the abduction of
Constance. Armis promised to get the queen‘s help and save her. Constance had been
imprisoned at Mantes. Soon the queen arranged for her removal to a Carmelite conv!nt at
Bethune D‘Artagnan could go there and take her to a safe place.
But once again, Bonancieux came to know of the safe conduct of Constance to
Bethune. He informed the Cardinal of the matter. The Cardinal immediately engaged Milady
and Rochefort to foil this plan. Both of them would go to Bethune. They should persuade
Constance and take her to a secret place. There they would force her to reveal the secrets of
the queen.
According Milady came to Bethune. She told the abbess that she was the wife of
Athos and was deeply interested in Contance. She met Constance and told her that she had
come there on the instructions of D‘Artagnan to take her to a safe place. She cleverly lied that
the CaidirWs men were quite near them and that they should leave the place quickly.
While taking, she heard the sound of horses. She guessed that D‘Aragnan and his friends
were coming there. Constance was hesitating to go because she was weak. Milady quickly off
offered her poisoned wine. Constance drank it and fainted. In the meantime Milkdy slipped
away from the place.
23 DJ3B2
 D‘Artagnan and his friends arrived there pretty late. They found that she had been
poisoned and tried in vain to revive her. Constance informed them of the presence of Milady
and died soon after. The friends knew that Milady was responsible for her death. Thus
Milady took her revenge upon D‘Artagnan.

6. D’ARFAGNAN’S REVENGE ON MILDAY

Plan:
1. Introduction — an instrument of the Cardinal.
2. Why she considered D‘Artagnan as an enemy.
3. She poisoned Constance to take revenge on D‘Artagnan.
4. Milady is tracked.
5. Various accusations.
Milady was the vilè of Comte de Ia Fere ie. Athos, She was a mysterious woman.
Athos came to know that she had been branded as a public thief. Athos hanged her on a tree
but unfortunately she escaped. She had a husband in England also. She moved with high
dignitaries like the Cardinal, and the lords. So the Cardinal used her as one of his agents.
The Cardinal employed her to remove two diamond studs from the Duke of
Buckingham. But D‘Artagnan foild the Cardinal‘s plan and ever since Milady wanted to take
revenge upon him.
She got a good opportunity to fulfill that. ‗the Cardinal sent her to the cannalite
convent at Bethune in order to remove Constance to a secret place and get a confession from
her Since Constance was hesitating to go with her, she gave her poisoned drink and took
revenge on D‘Artagnan.
D‘Artagnan and his friends came to know of the presence of Milady from the dying
Constance. they immediately knew that she was responsible for her death. After burying hei;
they decided to trace the treacherous \voman. Athos, who knew her past very well took the
lead in tracing her out. Through Planchet, the confirmed that she lived in Armentieres.
He further secured the services of a man in red cloak who had branded her with the
fluer delis. Then they all \vent to a lonely house on the bank of River Lys. ‗this was the secret
hiding place of Milady. She saw Athos looking through a window and screamed. D‘Artagnan
tried to shoot her, but Athos prevented him. They all entered the house and surrounded her.
Then started the trial Milady. D‘Artagnan accused her of poisoning Constance. Athos
started them by the facts that he was married to her as comte dela Fere. He hung her when he
knew that she had been branded as a common thief. But the vicious woman excaped.
The next to accus her was the man in the red cloalc. He was the executioner ofLille. I
said that he was the cause for the death of his brother, a lries. She stole church vessels and
gave them to him to sell. They were caught, He painfully branded his own brother. But
Milady escaped. the angry executioner traced her and branded her also. Even after that she
lived with him and later on married comte dela Fere,
All her accusers now demanded that she must be put to death. I crimes had wearied
men on earth and god in heaven also she was not allowed to talk. ‗the executioner carried her

24 DJ3B2
across the river to the other side and killed her with sword. He threw her body into the river.
Thus ended the life of the mysterious Milady.

7. HOW DID D’ARTAGNAN BECOME A LIEUTENANT

OF THE MUSKETEERS?

How did the Cardinal reward D’Artaguan’s valour and devotion?

Plan:
1. Introduction
2. D‘Artagnan‘s accusation
3. Cardinal accusation
4. D‘Artagnan‘s clever reply
5. Cardinal‘s appreciation and reward
Even since D‘Artagnan met Constance, he loved very much and dared to do anything
for her. But unfortunately, Milady posioned her and took revenge upon him. D‘Artagnan and
his friends in turn executed her.
One day when D‘Artagnan was brooding over the past events in his room, his old
enemy. Rochefort, the man of Meting came to his room, D‘Artagnan drew his sword to attack
him. But Rochefort informed him that he had come to art-est him, tinder the Cardinal‘s
orders. D‘Artagnan surrendered to him without a word. lie was taken to the Cardinal.
The Cardinal started praising D‘Artagnan for bringing the diamond studs ftom the
Duke of Buckingham. The next moment he attacked him as a traitor and enemy of France.
This accusation startled him. But he tactfully argued that if at all anybody could accus him, it
was Milady. But they had tried and executed her
His mentioning of the exectuion of Milady further irritate the Cardinal. Lie accused
them of Murdering her. At that time he produced a note a pardon signed by the Cardinal
himself Lie was picked it up when it fell clown from the hat of Rochefort. The Cardinal was
wonderstruek by the tactful behaviour ofD‘Artagnan. i though it would be in the interest of
the country if the young man‘s talents were properly utilized. He found him a better citizen
than the wicked Milady who caused the death of innocent Constance.
After a few moments of serious consideration, he wrote something in a paper and
handed it over to D‘Artagnan. He asked D‘Artagnanto till it up with his name. D‘Artagnan
least expected that the Cardinal would offer hima commission of lieutenant in Musiceteers.
He was very much touched by this act of the Cardinal. Icnecling down before him he said that
his friends relally deserved the honour better than he himself The Cardinal left the decision to
D‘Artagnan.
D‘Artagnan hastened to meet his friends and offered each one of them the
commission. They declined his offer and unanimously said that he was the appropriate person
for the honour. Then Athos took thepaper and \vrote D‘Artagnan‘s name in it. I-Ic said the
would be willing to serve under him. Thus D‘Artagnan‘s fearlessness and his devoted service
brought him the great honour of lieutenant‘s commission.

25 DJ3B2
 8. THE ROLE AND CHARACTER OF CONSTANCE
BONANCLEUX
Note:
Constance, according to the kcnncr library edition of ―The Three Musketeer‘s is the
niece of M. Bonancieux. But the text-book. The Three Musketeer‘s Retold by Anand Kurnar
Raju, Prescribed for you presents Constance as the wife of M. Bonancieux. In your notes also
Constance is presented as the wife of Bonancieux.
Plan:
1. Introduction.
2. A trusted servant of the Queen.
3. Cardinal abducts her to kno\v the secrets of the Queen.
4. Constance and D‘Artagnan.
5. The tragic end of Constance.
Constance is a very interesting and loveable character created by Alexander Dumas.
She was the wife of M. Bonaneicux the land-lord of D‘Artagnan and the god-daughter of
Porte the queen‘s cloak-bearer. She was a sewing woman and trusted servant of the queen.
Constance was helpful to the queen in foiling the evil plans of the Cardinal. The
Cardinal sent a fake message in the name of the queen to the Duke of Buckingham to visit
her. When he arrived in France, Constance took him to the queen safely, with D‘Artagnan
escorting them. The king informed the queen about a ball in her honour. She had to attend the
ball wearing the diamond studs he had presented her. This was an evil plan of the Cardinal.
But she had gifted them to the Duke and was worried how to get them back before the ball.
Constance once again came to her resuce and go them back through D‘Artagnan. Thus
Constance was really a great solace to the harassed queen.
The Cardinal always suspected that the queen was a threat to the safety ofRance.
Since she was a Spanish lady. In order to know her secrets, he abducted Constance. But she
cleverly escaped from the Cardinal‘s men. She suggested to her husband that he would have
to go to London on a mission of the queen. But theycame to Icow that he had frillen a prey to
the schemes of the Cardinal. So she carefully avoided him and sent D‘Artagnan on the risky
mission. Her husband was more loyal to the Cardinal and informed him of the danger to his
own life.
D‘A.rtagnan was enchanted by the beauty of Constance even since he met her. When
he saw the Duke ofBuckingham in her company, he grew jealous ofhini and got ready to
attack him. But Constance prevented it. 1 lover for her was so great, that he mutely escorted
them to the queen‘s apartments. At her request he even undertook the risky journey to
London and brought back the diamond studs from the Duke. But his love was short-live. She
was abducted again. With the queen‘s help she was traced and brought to the Carmelite
convent at Bethune.
Milady wanted to take revenge on D Artagnan for foiling hci efforts and Caidinal s
plan On the Cardinal s advice she went to thc convent Shc pictendcd to be a fiend of D
Aitagnan and advised her to accompany het to a safe place Poor constance was ovcrcome
with feai and unable to movc Knowing that D Artagnan and his friends would comc to iescuL
26 DJ3B2
hci, she ofteied her poisoned tvine Constance drank it and fainted Before dying she could
only tcll D Ai tagnan and his friends that lady de Winter was there D‘Artagnan and his fiends
understood that it was Milady who has poisoned her. They vowed to take revenge on her
killing Constance.

9. THE ROLE AND CHARACTER OF D’A:RTAGNAN

Plan:
1. Introduction
2. Poves valour - wins appreciation of king-becomes musketeer.
3. Attracted by Constance-risky journey to London to bring back diamond studs
4. Attempts to save Constance - fails
5. Revenge on Milady
6. Rewarded by the Cardinal
D‘Artagnan, a typical Gascon youth had high hopes of becoming a musketeei-. He lift
for Paris with a letter from his father to M. Treville, the captain of the musketeers, He was
quick tempered and was ready to draw his sword with a frown at those who mocked at his
funny yellow horse. Despite the loss of his letter to Treville, he managed to reach Paris and
meet Treville.
He challenged the three musketeers Athos, Prothos and Araniis to a duel. But the duel
turned out to be against the Cardinal‘s men and D. Artagnan became the her of the day by
defeating them. He won the king‘s appreciation and also got some gold coins in recognition
of his valour. The king even advised M.Treville to make him a musketeer. D‘Artagnan‘s joy
know no bounds at this meeting with the king.
Bonancieux the landlord of D‘Artagnam, sought his help to rescue his wife, abducted
by the Cardinal‘s men. But she managed to escape horn them and came to her house without
knowing that it had become a mousetrap. D‘ Artagnam on hearing the cry of a woman went
down and found that it was Constance He chased the spies and saved her from them. He fell
in love with her ever since he saw her. He was willing to do anything for her when the queen
wanted to get the diamond studs back from the Duke D Artagnan was chosen to do the job lot
her because of his valour and faithfulness. D‘Artagnan did it most willing tor the sake of
Constance. Thus he saved the queen Ii out being put to shame by the Cardinal 1k earned a
place in the heart of Constance
But his Love was short—lived. Both Milday and the Caidinal were angry with
D‘ Artagnan for foiling their plan. Milday wanted to take revenge on him. The Cardinal also
wanted to punish hint Constance was once again abducted. The love-Iorn D‘ Artagnan felt a
deep anguish tot Constance. He and his friends made a hectic search for her. With the help of
the Queen she was brought to the convent art Bethune. But before they could meet her.
Milday poisoned her D‘ Artagnan and his friends could only hear the dying words of
Constance, from which they understood that Milad it as responsible for her death.
The death of Constance infhriated D‘Artagnan to take revenge on Milady. The four
friends along with the executioner of Lille tracked her and found her in Armantieres. Her
27 DJ3B2
pitiful cry before her exeution melted D‘Artagnan‘s heart and he tried to prevent it. But Athos
and the others were firm and executed her.
The Cardinal whose plans were upset, finally sent Reochefort to arrest D‘Artagnan.
D‘Artagnan who have been waiting bra long time to fight with his arch enemy, drew his
sword. But rocherfort said he had come to arrest him. D‘Artagnan bowed before law and
surrendered to him. The Cardinal accused him of treason and many other crimes. D‘Artagnan
explained all his activities and pleaded innocence. He surrendered the note ofpardon singed
by the Cardinal himself, which he had picked up earlier Thus he proved his sagacity which
the C aidinal to appreciated The Carciinal felt that D‘Artagnan‘s services could be utilized
better and offered hint the post of lieutenant in musketeers. D‘Artagnan felt that his friends
really deserved it and offered it to hem. Only when they declined it, he wrote his name in the
order signed by the Cardinal. He ever remained a faithful servant of his king and his country.

10. THE ROLE OF CHARACTER OF THE CARDiNAL

Plan:
1. Introduction
2. Suspicious of the Queen
3. Arranges a ball to shame the Queen
4 Abducts Constance - tries to know secrets of Quecn

5. ARRESTS D’ARTAGNAN - ELEVAJ’ES HIM FJNAUX

Cardinal Richelieu is one of the amazing characters created by Alexander Dumas. He

was the Prime minister of France. He was the most powerful man, next only to the king. He
had all the Machiavellian characteristics and can be compared to Chanakya, the able adviser
of king Chandragupta Maurya. By his diplomacy he raised France to its height of glory and
fame.
He was greatly concerned about the safety of France. Fle doubted even the integrity of
the queen. He suspected that the might be a danger to France, since she was a Spanish lady
and might help her brother, the king of Spain, invade France.
There was yet another reason why he suspected the Queen. He came to know of her
secret love for the Duke of Buckinghant. The wily Cardinal got the Duke visit France by
sending a forged letter in his name of Queen. The Queen was really perplexed at the vIsit of
the Duke and wanted to sent him away quickly since the visit was dangerous to both of them.
The Duke was insistent upon taking some gift from the Queen. So, the Queen presented him
with the twelve diamond studs she had received from the king.
Even this secret gift of the diamond studs to the Duke reached the ears of the
Cardinal. Since he wanted to denigrate the Queen, he hatched up another Ian. he advised the
king to conduct a ball in honour of the Queen. I-Ic suggested that the Queen should wear the
twelve diamond studs during the ball.
Meanwhile he sent Milady to England to cut off two diamonds from the twelve given
to the Duke. The troubles Queen fortunately had them brought back through D‘Artagnan.
28 DJ3B2
Who risked his life for the sake of Constance. Thus the Cardinal‘s plan was foiled and the
Queen appeared with the diamond studs at the ball. But the Cardinal cleverly managed the
situation saying the he wanted to present t\vO studs to the queen.
In order to find out the secrets of the Queen, the Cardinal abducted Cohstanee. He
thought of forcing her to reveal the secrets. But she managed to escape, the defeating his
purpose. He acted to be friendly to her husband Bonancieux and gave him money to inform
her where ahouts to him. In the final stage he employed Milady to remove Constance to an
unknown place to know the secrets about the Queen. But Milady utilized the opportunity to
poision her and took revenge on D‘A.rtagnan,
Another Secret agent of the Cardinal was Rochefort, who stole the letter from
D‘Artagnan at the Jolly Miller. D‘Artagnan wanted to fight with him and kill him. Now he
was face to face with his enemy. Unfortunately he had come to arrest D‘ Artagnan. When he
was produced before the Cardinal he start praising him for his brave deeds, but ended
accusing him of treason for his connections with the Duke of Buckingham. Their hanging of
Milady angered him further more. But D‘Artagnanjustified his actions andproduced a note of
pardon signed by the Cardinal. The Cardinal admired the shrewdness of D‘Artagnan and
offered him the post of lieutenant of musketeers. l‘hus the Cardinal recognized and rewarded
merit even in his enemies.

11. THE ROLE AND CARACTER OF MILDAY

Plan:
1. Introduction.
2. A spy of the Cardinal - removes studs from the Duke of Buekingham.
3. At the Carmalite convent - Poisons Constance.
4. Escape to Armentieres.
5. Chased by D‘Artagnan.
6. Her past revealed.
7. Accusation and execution,
Milady was a charming, young French lady but of treacherous nature. I-Icr life was
shouted in myster. She enticed even religious people to do wicked things. She was married to
a French nobleman first and later on to another in England. She had the knack of impressing
people by her sweek talk.
The Cardinal needed very much people like Milady to spy on people of aristocratic
origin. No wonder he utilized the services of Milady to achieve his ends.
He sent Milady with instructions to cut off two diamond studs from the twelve given
to the Duke by the Queen. She did it very tactful. The Duke himself did not know of it until
D‘Artagnan came to get them back for the Queen. But the Due got the studs replaced by
making two new ones and sent them to the queen. The queen‘s honour was saved.
Both the Cardinal and Milady were upset that their plan was [ by D‘Artagnan. Milday
wanted to take revenge on D‘Artagnan, She determined to kill his lady-love, Constance. The
opportunity was provided by the Cardinal again. He sent her to the convent at Bethune with
instruction to take her to an unknown place. She impressed upon the Abbess by pretending to
29 DJ3B2
be anti-Cardinal and induling in court gossip. She informed Constance that she was a friend
of M. Treville and talked about the Queen.
She told her that he Cardinal‘s men would soon arrive there and persuaded her to
accompany her to a safe place. Constance believed her words but was very week to go with
her. Knowing that D‘Artagnan and his revenge on D‘Artagnan. Then she gave her poisoned
wine. Thus she took revenge on D‘Artagnan. Then she disappeared and want to Armentieres.
D‘Artagnan and his friends came to know from the dying Constance, that Milady was
responsible for her death. They went to Annentieres. There Athos and the executioner of Lille
revealed her past shocking history. She had been a nun at Templemar where she fell in love
with a priest happened to be the executioner‘s brother and was sentci td 10 years
imprisonment and branded as a thief by his own brother. Milady fell in love with the jailor‘s
son and escaped. The angry executioner caught her and branded her with the fleur de lis. The
pires also escaped, and together with Milady went to Berry, became a curate and Milady
passed off for his sister. It was here that Comtesse Ia Fere i.e. Athos fell in love with her and
married her. During a hunting expedition he noticed that she had been branded when she fell
down from the horse. I tried to hand her on a tree but she did not die and later escaped to
London.
At London she got married to Lord de Wintel; whom she murdered later on. Then she
became a spy of the Cardinal. She would not deny the accusations of the two. The poisoning
of Constance was her last wicked deed. They were unanimous that she must be put to death.
The executioner tied her hands and took her in a boat to the middle of the river Lys. There he
killed and threw her body into the stream. Thus ended the story of this evil woman,

Essay Questions
1. D‘Artagnan interview with M.de.Treville.
2. D‘Artagnan‘s interest in Milady.
3. Milady‘s attempts to kill D‘Artagnan.
4. The episode of the diamond studs.
5. Narrate how D‘Artagnan offended the three musketeers and how he became their
insepearable friend. -
6. Give an account of how Milady was arrested when she arrived in England, her capacity
and her escape.
7. Do you consider Milady as the heroine of the story? Substantiate your answer.
8. Given an account of the role and character of the Cardinal.
9. Write an essay on the part played D‘Artagnan in the Three Musketeer‘s.
10. What role does Constance play in the novel?
11. Write an essay about the minor characters of the ―The Three Musketeers‖:

30 DJ3B2
31 DJ3B2
 Unit IV - LANGUAGE STUDY - 1
1. Precise Writing
Precise means a restatement in shortened form of the chief ideas points etc. of a
speech or piece of writing. Precise writing is a condensed account of a piece of writing. It is
the main theme of a passage expressed in as few words as possible. Generally it is written to
about one-third the length of the original.
It is very helpful to business men, politicians etc. It should be brief and clear
containing all the essential points All unimportant details should be omitted

Some hints for writing a precis

a. Read the given passage carefully and find out the central idea, the tone whether it is light
hearted, serious or humorous and the nature of it whether descnptive, narrative, reflective
etc.
b. Give a title to the passage
c. Read the passage very carfully till you understand all the ideas contained in it
d. Omit the ideas which are repeated and the unimportant ones
e. Only the essential examples and illustrations should be retained, white discarding the
others f. Quotations, anedotes and figures of speech shalt be left out
g. It should be wntten in your own words and in the third person.

Uses of Precis-writing
It teaches us to express out thoughts, ideas etc clearly, precisely and effectively It
helps us choose words carefully and construct sentences containing only the essential matters
and ideas. It is a great value in pratical life
Write a rough draft first After making necessary changes and corrections in the rough
draft, final draft.

Example
Make a precis of the following passage:
The great advantages of early rising in the good start it gives us in our day‘s work The
early riser done a large amount of hard work before other men have got out of bed In the
early morning the mined is fresh, then there are few sounds or other distractions, so that work
done at that ,time is generally well done, in many cases the early riser also finds time to take
some exercises in the sh morning air, and this exercise supplies him with a fund of energy
that will last until the evening. By beginning so early, he know that he has plenty of time to
do thoroughly all the work he can be expected to do ,and is not tempted to hurry over any part
of it. All this work being finished in good time, he has a long interval of rest in the evening
before the timely hour when he goes to bed. He gets to sleep several hours before midnight at
the time when sleep is most refreshing, and after a sound night‘s rest rises early next morning
in good health and spirits for the labours of a new day.
It is very pain that such a life as this is far more conductive to health than that of the
man W working hours by rising late and so can afford in the course of the day little leisure
32 DJ3B2
for necessary rest. Anyone who lies in bed late must, if he wishes to do a full day‘s work, go
on working to a correspondingly late hour, and deny himself the hour or two of evening
exercise that he ought to take for the benefit of his health But in spite of all his efforts riser,
because he misses the best working hours of the day.
It may be objected to this that some find the perfect quiet of midnight for the best time
for working. This is no doubt true in certain cases. Several great thinkers have found by
experience that their intellect is clearest, and they can write best, when they burn the mid-
night oil. But even in such cases the practice of working late at night cannot commanded.
Few men if any, can exert the full power of their intellect at the time when nature prescribes,
steep, without running their health thereby and of course the injury done to the health must in
the long run have a bad effect on the quality of the work done.

Precise
Benefits of Early Rising
Rising early gives a good start. An early riser can do more work than a late riser since
his mind will be fresh and free from disturbances. He has time in the evening also. He has
sufficient time to sleep. It refreshes him and he is ready to do his work afresh. This kind of
life is conductive to health. A late riser is deprived of alt such advantages. His performance
also will be poor. Those who work late at night cannot be praised though their work is
commendable. Working late is against nature. In the long run their health will be affected.
Also in the long run the quality of their work will be poor.
Abstracting
An abstract is a summary. It is a short account of a piece of writing, a boom, speech
etc. It is a like a precise, reducing the length of a passage. It is shorter than a precis. All the
points, to make a precise, should be borne in mind while abstracting a passage. All the points
in the original must be included. This method is very useful to scientists that a student of
English should have a knowledge of this.

Example:
Make an abstract of the following passage:
Everyone knows the ‗touch-me-not‘ plant, which folds up its leaves when touched.
How the plant is able to do this has been something of a puzzle, and it is only in recent years
that a possible answer has been found.
At the lower end of each leaf is a tiny swelling, called the pulvinus acts as the ‗brain‘
or control centre of the leaf. The folding-up of the leaf is controlled by the pulvinus.
Exactly how this happens is still not very clear. It has been discovered, through some
experiments, that when a mild electric shock is given to the pulvinus controls the folding of
the leaf may not be very different, therefore, from that by which animals art able to control
their muscles.
It is well known that animals cells specially the cells in the nerves and muscles-
contain a small electrical charge. It is this charge which causes the contraction of the muscles.

33 DJ3B2
 When a leaf is touched, there seems to be a change in the pressure of the liquid its cell
Ills change of pressure, it is believed, reaches the pulivans and turns on some kind of
electrical switch as a result, an electrical charge is produced, which makes the pulivans
contract, causing the leaf to fold up.
Make an abstract of the following passage
Abstract
―Touch-Me-Not-Plant
Disturbance of any kind causes touch-me-not‘ plant leaves to fold up. Pulvinus a tiny
swelling controls this action, Mild electric shocks given to the pulvinus cause the leaves to
contract just as a small electric charge causes the contraction of the muscles of animals.
Similarly, the change of pressure inside the cells of leaves produces electrical charge causing
the leaves to fold up.
Exercise: Make an abstract of the following passage
Most people are afraid of snakes-but this fear is as irrational as the fear of ghosts. The
fear of snakes, according to some biologists, may be an instinct passed on to us by our
ancesstors. There may be some truth in this theory because monkeys have a deep, instinctive
fear of phythons and other tree snakes. Or, it might be that we learn the fear of snakes as
children, from grown-ups. Anyway, snakes have been feared and hated for thousand of years,
and in the literature of many countries the snake is regarded as a symbol of evil.
Whatever the true, there is no real reason for the terror which the sight of a snake
causes in most people. Many more people are killed, much more frequently, by motor-cycles
and cigarettes than by snakes. The majority of snakes are harmless, and only too anxious to
avoid human being. Of the poisonous snakes, only those found in the sea arc always
dangerous, being aggressive by nature. They can attack human being for no reason at all,
tabng a fisherman or swimmer by surprise in the ― water, where the man is somewhat
helpless
2. Note Making
The remember everything learnt during your course of study, you must make clear,
neat note of the important things you will need to know, Abbreviations and symbols can be
used.

Example of Note - making

Read the following passage and see the example of note-making.
PETROLEUM
The ancient Babylonians used asphalt (thick oil which oozes out of the ground) to
bind together the bricks of their buildings. The Chinese, Europeans and the Indians of North
America used petroleum in medicine for many centuries, but it \vas the invention of modern
machinery (especially the motor-ear) and the use of oil for lighting that made the oil industiy
grow to its present size.
Petroleum was formed from the remains of tiny sea animals and plants. When those
small animals died their remains fell slowly to the bottom of the sea and were in time covered

34 DJ3B2
with sand and other rocks. The weight of these rocks, and the heat which resulted, caused the
oil to be pressed from the remains.
Now there are some kinds of rocks, such as sandstone, in which there are spaces
between the grains that make up the rock, and water or other liquids can pass through the
rock between the grains. Such rock is called porous rock. Other kinds, which do not allow
liquids to pass through them are known as non-porous rock. Oil Is formed in porous rock that
has non-porous rock above arid below it, which prevents the oil from dispersing. Water is
often found in porous rocks and therefore, where oil is also present, it will be found floating
on the water, since oil is the lighter liquid. Gas is frequently found with the oil.
At first, oil wells were sunk in places where the oil was knowi to exist because it
could be seen coming out of the ground. Today, men who have a great knowledge of rocks
(geologists) use electrical instruments to find whether oil is present deep in the ground. These
geologists have examined most of the world, and know roughly in which parts of the world
the reserves of petroleum are to be found.
Most of the oil fields are found near young mountains. The most important oil-
producinj country is the U.S.A. it produces over half of the world‘s oil most of which comes
from fields around the Rockey Mountains. Further oil fields have been found in Canada and
,North Afriqa. Other important oil centres and Russia, Venezuela, Indonesia and thç Middle
East.
Note-Making Example
Petroleum
I. a. Uses-in medicine for centuries by Chinese, Europeans & Indians otN. America.
b. binds together bricks.
c. oil for lighting
d. for machinery
2. How formed
a. Source-the remains of sea-animals & plants
b. Pressure of the sand and rock caused oil to be pressed.
3. Kinds of Rocks
a. Porous-non porous
b. Oils form in porous r6cks
c. Water found in porous rock-oil floats
d. gas found with oil
4. GeologIsts
a. Know existence of oil
b. can locate reserves of petroleum
5. 011 fields
a. found near youngs mts.
b. plenty in U.S.A. Canada, and N. Africa
c. Other oil centres - Russia, Venezuela, Indonesia and the Middle East.
Some points to Note-making
Notice that
35 DJ3B2
 1. There is a heading
2. There are sub-headings, 1 2, & 3
3. The points are numbered a, b, c etc.
4. The different sections are neatly arranged
5. We use abbreviations
e.g. N - for north
Wt - for weight
mts - for mountains
6. We include only the main points
7. We leave out the smaller details
(Note.: We make abbreviations for notes, but we do not use them in essays)

3 Writing Telegrams
At times we have to send urgent messages to others if necessity arises. Then we have to send
the message through Telegrams.
1. Arul accident admitted hospital
When expanded it reads as follows.
Arul met with an accident and he has been admitted in hospital. So start immediately,
2. Megala‘s betrothal tenth attend.
It means: Your sister Megala‘s wedding has been fixed and the engagement will be held
on tenth You are expected to attend it.
3. List of Standard phrases for greeting Telegrams. Refer Text Book Page 159 & 160 Nos. 1-
7 2l-26,30&3l.
Other Standard Phrases for Telegrams.
18. Kind Remembrances and all god wishes for the independence Day.
19. Sincere greetings for the Republic Day Log Live the Republic
20. My Heartiest Holy greetings to you.
21. Heartiest Gurparb greetings.
22. Greetings on the occasion of Paryushan a day of Universal Forgiveness.
23. Heartiest onam greetings.
24. Wish you a speedy Recovery.
25. Heartiest Ugadi greetings.
26. Congratulations on your victory.
27.. Wish you a Happy Bihu.
28. A Happy Easter.
29. Heartiest greetings on Buddha Jayanthi.
30. Heartiest congratulations on Greh Pravesh.
31. Heartiest Guru Ravidas Purnima Greetings.
CONDOLENCE PHRASE
100 My deepest condolence
Text Book:
Page 161, Answers to Exercise - 1
36 DJ3B2
1. a) i) 8;16;7
ii) 30
iii) 7; 14
iv) 21
b) i) When some one has passed the examination.
ii) When one is going on a journey.
iii) When One has been elected to some office; position e
iv) When one has been ill.
v) When one has died.
Message in full
Your mother is arriving in New Delhi next. Thursday. She is coming by the Tamil
Nadu Express. Please meet her at the station.
When condensed
Mother Arriving New Delhi Tamil Nadu Express Thursday Meet.
Page 162: Exercise 2:
i) Rajy was hurt while playing a match. He is admitted in the General Hospital. Convey this
message to his parents.
ii) Baby is arriving on Monday. Make arrangements for his accommodation.
Do the rest yourself. -
Page 163: Exercise 3
i) Bring all my certificates immediately interview day after tomorrow.
ii) Selected Reader Maths Department Report within a week.
The rest should be done by the students.

WRITING ADVERTISEMENTS
Page 165- Exercises 1
Matching the advertisements with the respective product.
Advertisement Products
1.. Neighbour‘s envy d) OnidaT.V
2. Wear a legend c) Gwalier suiting
3. For men of action satisfaction e) Scissors cigarettes
4. Nobody Imows babies
better than mothers and b) Johnson and Johnson
5. A class of its own f) Bata shoes
6. Are you teeth flat, then a) Close up tooth brush
Why bristles?

Page 166 - Exercise 3

3. Suitable advertisements for the following products.
1. A time - Tested toilet soap for men
Cussions
―IMPERIAL LEATHER‖
37 DJ3B2
 Famous Soap
Keeps Body Always Fresh and Fragrant
Now available in India
A new variety of Biscuits for Dogs
Krypt Dog Biscuits
Rich in Calcium
Make your dog‘s teeth & bones stronger.
A Chemical For Removing stain on Clothes
Robin Liqu’d Blue
Whitens
Removes stains
Kills germs
A New Han fonic
Ramco‘s Herbal hair Tonic
Prevents falling of hair
Helps maintain hair lustre
Reliable, Dependable
Other Examples:
a) Champions Choice
Castrol Super TI Oil
Easy Kick Start
Excellent pickup and peak power
Minimum Engine maintenance
Longer Engineer Life
Significant reduction in exhaust smoke
b) Grasim
Gwalior Suiting
In ACLASS OF ITS OWN
c) Parle ―True gel‖
―Fresh Breathy
Strong Tecth‘?
We‘ve got both
We‘ve got Tru-gel‖

Page No. 166. Exercise -4

iv) Week - end Bakery class:
A short term course in baking and confectionery for house wives and students will be
held at the New College Campus, Madras, on 23rd & 24 the September 1995. Fee for the
course is Rs. 125/ A Contest will be held at the end of the Bakery class and prizes awarded.
v) Bride wanted:
38 DJ3B2
 Wanted a C.SJ. Christian fair, tall, lean bride, age between 21-24 for a post graduate
teacher, working in Kwait, drawing a monthly salary of Ks. 10,000/- No dowry, Caste no bar.
Write to Post Box No. 108, Bombay I.
vi) Situation wanted:
A First Class certificate holder in Civil Engineering graduate seeks employment. 5
Years experience in construction work under an expert-sala expected Ks. 12,000/-p.m.
Contact D. Somu, 19 Church Parkst. Madras?.
Do the rest of the exercise yourself.

39 DJ3B2
 Unit V – LANGUAGE STUDY - 2

1. Spoting The Errors

Text Book pages 173- 183
Concord
Error Correct answer
1. b has
2. b have
3. b is invited
4. No error --
5. c are

Use of Articles — Spotting the wrong articles

Error Correct answer
1. a TheTaj Mahal
2. c a University

3. a Health is wealth
4. No error --
5. b bad news
6. No error --
Use of Prepositions
Error Correct answer
1. No error --
2. b under the bridge
3. c waiting for
4. No error --
5. No error --
6. No error --
Use of Question tags
Error Correct answer
1. c doesn‘the?
2. No error --
3. c aren‘t they?
4. No error --
5. No error --
Usage
Error Correct answer
1. b make for
2. c worked hard
3. b is
4. b are distributed
40 DJ3B2
 5. No error --
6. No error --
7. b has passed
8. c than she
9. C to tea
10. c this is better
11. b scoring

Page 177 Exercise

Error Correct answer
1. Noerror --
2. No error --
3. b is
4. b were
5. No error --
6. c coffee to tea
7. c is better
8. No error --
9. b senior to
10. No error --
11. c different from
12. No error --
13. No error --
14. b when
15. b oldest man
16. No error --
17. No error --
18. c between the two brothers
19. b a useful
20. No error --
21. No error --
22. a he died
23. No error --
24. b resembles her mother
25. a George, Harris and I
26. c to carry my luggage
27. b your and your wife
28. b was prepared to pay
29. b have taken the decision
30. No error --
31. No error --
32. b of writing
41 DJ3B2
33. No error --
34. c nor does his wif
35. a I am unable to
36. a I have
37. c sweet
38. b bought
39. b I would enforce prohibition
40. a a few
41. b many people and luggage
42. No error --
43. e I want to consult
44. No error --
45. No error --
46. b completed
47. b hasbeen destroyed
48. No error --
49. a Do you remember
50. b where I parked
51. b on either side
52. No error --
53. c would have been
54. No error --
55. a The taller
56. No error --
57. No error --
58. b has ever tried
59. a a few
60. No error --
61. c six and seven p.m.
62. c for seven years
63. No errors --
64. a where are you going
65. b enter the house
66. No error --
67. No error --
68. No error --
69. b full of
70. No error --
Do the rest of exercise yourself.

42 DJ3B2
 2 Vocabulary

Page-167
Match the following: Answers
Table - I
Opthalmologist - One who treats troubles and disease of the eye
Gynaecologist - A specialist in diseases peculiar to women -
Paediatrician - One who treats children
Optician - A technician who sells spectacles
Psychiatrist - One who treats mental ailments
Orthodontist - One who straightens crooked teeth
Dermatologist - A specialist in diseases of the sking

Page No. 168-Table- 2

Psychologist - One who studies the human mind
Philatelist - A stamp collector
geologist - One who studies rocks and earth
anthropologist - One who studies mankind
Ornithologist - One who studies birds
Polyglot - One who knows many languages
Numismatist - A coin collector
Archelogist. - One who studies ancient relics and excavations
Table-3
eqpicurean - ―Pleasure is the ultimate good‖
atheist - ―There is no god‖
agnostic - ―No one knows whether god exists‖
stoic - One who does not care about pleasure and pain
egoist - ―All virtues consists in self-interest‖

Page – 169 Table -4

Oedipus Complex - too much of attachment to one‘s mother and hatred, for the
father
anthropology - study of man
theology - study of god and religion
panacea - a cure-all
Philanthropy - Love of mankind
benevolence - kind-heartedness
somnambulism - Walking during sleep
misanthropy - hatred for fellow men

43 DJ3B2
 HOMONYMS AND SIMILARY WORDS
Homonym is a word that is the same in form or sound as another but different in meaning
e.g. hail; hale
hail - greet; give a welcoming cry.
cheerful voices hailed the V.LPs when they entered the hall.
hale - (usually of old persons) strong and healthy
Moses is hale even at the age of eighty.
1. Quiet - calm, free from excitement, trouble, anxiety.
We live a quiet life in the country.
Quiet - completely
Henry has quite recovered from his illness.
2. Pail - vessel
Leela brings a pail of milk every morning.
Pale - bloodless
After the operation you are looking pale.
3. Check - verify
Will you please cheek these figures?
Cheque - Written order to a bank to pay money.
OUR employer gives us our salary cheque on the last day of every month.
4. Tier - row especially of seats
Selvi is in the three tier coach
tear - drop of water coming from the eye Tom shed tears when his dog died
5. tire - become weary
The long talk tired the audience
tyre - band of metal or rubber on the rim of a wheel
The price of t has gone up.
6. dear - loved, lovable
Our mother is dear to us.
dear - a quick running animal
You can see deer near Sankarnager
7. cite - give as an example
Radha cited a verse from a poem by Milton,
Site - a place where something was, is or is to be.
This is the site for the new bus - stand.
8. desert - no people were to be seen
The streets were deserted at the time of riot.
dessert - course of it etc. at the end of a meal.
Without desserts a dinner will be incomplete.
9. reign - rule
In the reign of King Asoka people were safe.
rein (often plural) - long narrow strap fastened to a
bridle for controlling a horse
44 DJ3B2
A horse could be stopped by pulling back the reins.
10. Altar - raised place on which offering are made.
Raju led an old man to the altar to receive Holy Communion.
Alter - make or become different, change in character
appearance, position, size etc.
She had to alter her clothes after, losing weight.
11. anti - against
Your policy is anti - Christian
I received an ante - dated cheque from the manager.
12. assent - Agreement to a proposal
The members did not give their assent to pass the bill.
ascent - act of going up (a mountain, river etc.)
I have never made an ascent in a balloon,
13. Adapt - make something suitable Iota new need etc.
This book is adapted for beginners.
adopt - take somebody into one‘s family as a relation
expecially as a son or daughter
As they had no children of their own they adopted their cousin‘s on.
14. August - anthing
For August we know he may be innocent.
Ought - should
We ought to support our aged parents.
15. Canon - rule or principle
We must not violate the canons of law.
Cannon - (collective singular) a heave gun
Falstaff recruited regamuffins as food for the canon.
16. Canvas - strong coarse cloth used for tents, sails, bags etc.
Canvas bags are very useM to all.
Canvas - go from person to person and ask for votes. orders for
goods, subscriptions etc.
Representatives canvas orders for their goods.
17. Plain - easy to see, hear or understand
The meaning of this passage is quite plain.
Plane - aeroplane
The plane is about to land.
18. Beside - at the side of; close to
The banyan tree is beside the temple.
besides - in addition to; as well as
I have two other motor cycles be this scooter.
19. Bridal - wedding feast, wedding The bridal was attended by a large gathering.
bridle - part of a horse‘s harness
A bridle is necessary to control a horse.
45 DJ3B2
20. rise - increase
The labourers demand a rise in their wages.
rice - pearl white grain
Rice is the staple food of the South Indians.
21. Fair - just
Some merchants charge fiar prices and they are satisfied with fair (reasonable) profits.
fare - money charged for a journey. The Railway Department
raises the train fare every year.
22. Week - any period of seven days
Nowadays we don‘t work six days a week
weak - lacking in strength
This child is too weak to walk.
23. vain - without use, value
The shepher told Mirzah that man was not made in vain.
vein - blood - vessel along which blood flows back to the
heart.
One of his vans burst and he was rushed to the hospital.
24. Liar - person who habitually tells lies
Tom‘s friends don‘t trust him since he is a liar.
lyre - a musical instrument.
Ancient Greeks used lyers.
25. tale - a story
And Thereby Hangs a Tale‘s is a collection of tales.
tail - niovable pait at the end of the body
of the bird animal fish or reptile
Dogs wag their tails to express their gratitude

Text Book: Page 171 - Answers

Exercise - I
Difference in the meaning of the following pairs
1. affect - tact upon
Cold climate afrects the health of some people
effect - bring about
The new principle wants to effect reforms in the college.
2. affection - feeling of fondness, love
Rajy felt great affection for his brother
affection - unnatural behaviour, manner of spealung etc
I hate all affection
3. assent - agreement, approval
The bill s passed by common assent
ascent - act of going or coming up
The ascent of Mount Everest is not an easy thing.
46 DJ3B2
4. artistic - a having natural skill in any of the fine arts
Alan Trevor had artistic skill in painting.
artificial - not real
Artifical pearls are cheaper than the genuine ones.
5. Council - a group of people elected to manage affairs in a city,
country etc.
The Municipal council is in charge of repairing roads.
Counsel - give professional advice to somebody with a problem
The college counsel gives advice to solve the problems of students.
6. Compliment - expression of praise, admiration, approval etc.
Dora sent her friend a valuable book as a compliment.
Complement - thing that goes well or suitably with somehing else or makes it complete.
Rice makes an excellent complement to a curry dish.
7. human - of or characteristic of man
The gardener found a human skill while digging a pit.
humane - having or showing sympathy, kindness, and
understanding.
Humane killer is used for the painless killing of animals.
8. Industrial - of or engaged in industry
Industrial workers should be paid well.
Industrious - hard-working, diligent.
Gopal got an award because he was industrious.
9. Ingenuous - no attempting to deceive or conceal; open; innocent
His ingenuous smile reveals his innocence,
ingenious - clever at finding new or simple solutions for
complete problems.
Some people are ingenious at solving difficult crossword puzzles.
10. Judicial - of or by a court of law
A judicial inquiry was ordered in the theft case.‘
Judicious - showing or having good sense
Ajudicious choice shall be made while electing
M and M.Ps.
11. Dual - two, double.
It is a dual school, for both boys and girls
duel - fight between two persons
D‘artagnan had to fight a duel to prove his valour.
12. disease - illness
Measles is an infectious disease.
Infectious diseases spread by means of germs.
decease - ‗death
The news of the decease of the industrialist was published in the news papers.
13. emigrate - go away from one‘s. country to another to settj there.
47 DJ3B2
 Many people want to emigrate to Canada to make their fortune there.
immigrate - come as a settle (into another country)
Many Europeans immigrated into America to found Colonies there.
14. momentary - lasting for done in, a moment
Momentary weakness has been the cause of many a man‘s downfall,
momentous - important, serious
Sometimes we have to take momentous decision to solve certain problems.
15. stationary . - not moving
A bus collided with a stationary van near the market.
stationery - writing materials Sounder is a dealer in stationery.
16. vain - Without USC,
His hopes to achieve success were in vain.
vein - blood vessel along which blood flows back to the heart.
One of his veins was cut and he ble profusely.

Page No. 172 - Exercise 2

Fill in the blanks, choosing the appropriate works from the alternative given.
Answers:
1) accept 2) access 3) prey 4) brakes
5) principle 6) adopt 7) edition 8) cell
9) chcck 10) jealous 11) stationary 12) deceased
Exercise No.

Fill in the blanks choosing the appropriate words from the alternatives given in
brackets.
1. The well is ……………dry. (quite, quiet)
2. The boys are ……………in the hall. (quite, quiet)
3, The priest is at the …………… (altar, alter)
4. I have given my shirt to the tailor to ……………it. (altar, alter)
5. Artists use …………… for oil—paintings. (canvas, canvass)
6 They …………… for the ensuring election. (canvas, canvass)
7. The camel is the ship of the …………… (dessert, desert)
8. My boss is travelling in a three ……………compartment. (tier, tyre)
9 My house is ……………the river. (beside, besides)
10 Some one has cut the ……………of the monkey. (tale, tail)
11. I he price of ……………has gone up. (rise, rice)
12 Gopal is very ……………in Mathematics. (week, weak)
13. I heie was a trade ……………in Madras last month. (fair, fare)
14. \Ve are expecting the ……………part next week. (bride, bridal)
Ia The Prime Minister is arriving by ……………tomorrow. (plain, plane)

48 DJ3B2
 3. Developing The Given Hints Into an Essay of About 200 Words

An outline is given. It is only a skeleton. Your duty is to clothe the skeleton with flesh
and breathe life into it. You should produce it as a connected whole.

Points to be remembered while developing the given hints into an essay.

1. Read the given hints and form a clear idea of what has been stated there.
2. Follow the outline givpn. Do not omit any point. The order of the points given in the
outline should be kept.
3. Connect the given points naturally.
4. Your writing should be grammatical and idiomatic and in easy simple English.
Example
Machines - man‘s servants - man‘s inventions -have become his masters - the use
ofmachines has brought use more leisure - more energy a curse rather than a blessing -
different kinds of machines -modem civilization - machines are indispensables - in all walks
of life machines are used - mach are destructive too - man must never become a slave to
machines - he must always remain the master.

INVENTION OF MACHINES
Science has helped man to invent various machines which are used for many
purposes. They do the work of man very quickly. For example, Cloth woven by handloms
could now be done by power looms. This not only saves time but also produces cloth on a
large scale. Machines save our time as well as gives leisure to man.
When work was done manually man was strong and healthy. Manual labour was both
work and exercise to him. Now, this privilege has been lost, so many, who only depend do
machines to do their work, have become weak and lazy and lost their health and energy.
A house wife can do all the work with the help ofmachines like grinder, washing
machines, mixie, vacuum cleaner etc. They are very helpful to her to finish her work quickly
without any strain. But they make her lazy. Possessing such machines seems to be a status
symbol. Mass production methods help us buy quality goods cheaply. When it is difficult to
get servants nowadays, these machines are a boon to hosewives.
In spite of the many advantages we get from machines, there are many disadvantages
too. Machines are destructive. For example, a robot can do most of our work but if not
properly handled if could cause destruction. In Jerome K. Jerome ―The Dancing Partner‖, the
mechanical dancer was the cause for Annette‘s death. Man, depending too much on them,
will make himself a slave to them. Man should always be the master and not the slave to
machines.

Exercise
Develop the given hints into an essay of above 200 words
1. Libraries - state of things before invention of printing press - after invention - growth of
libraries - use of libraries - their abuse - attitude with which to approach a library
49 DJ3B2
 conclusion.
2. Social service - education incomplete without inculcation of social virtues - social service
benefits him who does it and him to whom it is done - moral, intellectual political benefits
- creates sense of responsibility and discipline in life e.g. N.S.S. in Colleges.

Letter Writing
We write different types of letters but they are mainly divided into two types Persopal Letter
and Formal Letter
Before you write, think about what you are going to say-not in a vague general sense but in
detail.
While writing a letter the following points must be remembered accuracy, brevity and clarity.
Letters written to relatives, friends, and acquaintances are called Personal Letters. The
others come under the category of Official Letters. (Formal Letters)

PERSONAL LETTERS
Every letter should contain the following parts:
1. Your address
2. The date the letter was written
3. Salutation
4. The body of the letter
5. Subscription (leave-taking)

1. Address and date: (Heading)

The address of the writer and the date are given at the top of the right hand corner.
The date may be written as 18th May 1995 or 18 May 1995 or May, 18, 1995.
In official letters the heading is not written
2. Greeting or salutation
This should be written below the address and date but should begin from the left hand side
of the page, followed by a comma.
a) To members of the family.
My dear Father,! My dear Sister, / My dear
b) While writing to persons, not very intimately you can use Dear Uncle, Dear Joe, etc.
(My dear is more intimate than ‗Dear‘)
When you write to persons much older than you great them as Dear Mr. John! Dear
Mrs.Johnson
Letters written to strangers should be
Dear Sir / Dear Madam,
Out superiors should be greeted as
Dear Sir, or Sir! Dear Madam, or Madam
(N.B The words ‗Respected‘ 1 Sir, should not be used since they are Indianisms)

50 DJ3B2
3. Body of the letter
It is the main part of the letter. It should be written in simple, easy, style. Colloquial
style may be used in personal letters to friends and relations. Long letters should be
divided into paragraph. Avoid adding a postscript.
4. Leave-taking or Subscription
Leave - talang phrase should be written at the right-side of the page, below the body
of the letter, with your signature below it
Yours affectionately! Your affectionate son I Your loving daughter etc.
(There is no apostrophe in ―Yours)
Before leave - taking you can write the lca - taking phrase such as ‗With regards! With
love! etc
5. Superscription or The address on the envelop
This should be written very clearly as follows:
Sri. S. Noel Sam, M.A.,
16, Hospital Road,
Madurai - 2.
625 002.

FORMAL LETTERS
Formal letters are those written to people outside the family or circle of friends usually on
business and can also be called Business Letters. Formal Letters or Business Letters differ
from Personal Letters in many respects. You can write your address at the top right-hand
corner. The address to which the letter is sent will be written above the salutation. If the letter
is to an individual, the greeting or salutation can be Sir!Dear Sir, or Madam, / Dear Madam.
If the writer and the addressee are intimate the salutation can be Dear Mr. Sundar,
In letters written to firms the salutation shall be Sirs / Dear Sir.
End the letter with ‗Yours faithfully‘ / Yours truly.
The body of the letter is different from that a personal letter. It should be clear and as
precise as possible.

MODEL LETTER
A son’s letter to his father after reaching Bombay,
21, Nariman Point,
Bombay-400 001.
24th Aug. 95
My dear Father,
I reached Bombay yesterday morning at 5.00 1 had a very comfortable journey.
Sunder came to the station to meet me and take me to his room. So I had no difficulty.
This morning I went to ON.G.C. and met the Managing Dire He verified all my
certificates. The appointment order was given to me in the afternoon. I shall report for dut
tomorrow morning. In my next letter I shall write to you everything in detail..! am eager to
hear from you.
51 DJ3B2
 Trust that you are all well at home.
With love and kind regards,
Yours affectionately
Tommy.
Address on the envelope: -
To
Dr. Sornasundaram,
15, Church Street,
Nagercoil -629001.

Model Business Letter

49, West Car st.,
Tirunelveli 627 001.
24th Aug. ‗95
To
The Regional Transport Officer,
Tirunelveli - 7.
Sir, Sub: Loss of Driving Licence and Road
Tax Disc - Requisition for Duplicates - reg.
On 15th Aug. ‗95 my bag was lost. It contained my Driving Licence, Road Tax Disc.
and some other paper.
1 shall be thankful if you will issue me a Duplicate Driving Licence and a Road Tax
Disc.
My Driving Licence No. is TNV 1214
My Vehicle No. is TN 72 -9231 Rajdoot Motor Cydle.
I have enclosed the chalan for the payment made towards the fee for issuing them.
Thanking you sir,
Yours faithfully,
R. Mani.
N.B. The modern tendency is toomit punctuation marks while writing letters whether
personal or formal

Exercise
1. Write a letter to your father asking him to send you Rs. 750/ to pay the messi and for your
pocket expense.
2. Write a letter to your friend in Delhi to meet you at the stations.
3. Write a letter to your cousin who was awarded a National Award for the best teacher.
4. Write a letter to your friend who is in hospital suffering from Jaundice.
5. Write a letter to your mother how you fared in you University Examination.
6. Write a letter to the Inspector of Police complaining about the nuisance caused by some
rogues, in your locality.

52 DJ3B2
7. Write a letter to the commissioner of your Municipality about the irregular supply of
drinking water.
8. Write a letter to a Sports company ordering some articles like cricket bats, balls etc.
Write a letter to your Principal requesting him to send you your Transfer Certificate.
10. Write a letter of complaint to the Post Master that the Money Order sent to your brother
has not reached him.

Question Pattern
SECTION - A ( 5 x 5 = 25 Marks)
Answer any FIVE out of EIGHT Questions
SECTION - B ( 5 x 15 = 75 Marks)
Answer any FIVE out of EIGHT Questions

*****

53 DJ3B2