FELLOWSHIP BAPTIST COLLEGE

Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental

ART APPRECIATION

2nd Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020

Prepared by:

LORD IVAN A. PANCHO

 Chapter 6
Sculpture
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. discuss the origin of sculpture;

2. recognize the importance of sculpture;
3. demonstrate knowledge about the type, medium and technique of sculpture;
4. display an ability to make sculpture;

As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students the following questions:

1. Why are sculptures made and then displayed in buildings or public areas? What stories or messages
can these sculptures tell us?
2. Is sculpture better than paintings? Why?
3. If you design a relief sculpture for yourself, what story would you tell?
4. Imagine that you are looking at a statue. How do you describe it? Does the appearance of the surface
of the material influence your feelings or thoughts? How?

The Origin of Sculpture

Culpture is from the Latin word sculpere which means “to carve.” The tools used in sculpture are varied and is
changing throughout history. It engages our sense differently than paintings because it occupies space as a
three-dimensional mass through carving, casting modeling or assembling materials (Sheldon, 1968). It has
sought to produce artworks that are as permanent and is working in durable and expensive materials such as
bronze granite, limestone, marble, and stone. More rarely, precious metals such as gold, ivory, jade, and
silver were used for chryselephantine works. More common and less expensive materials were also used for
broader consumption, like cast metals, ceramics, glass, and hardwoods.

The sculpture has long been one of the most popular forms of fine arts and one of the most beautiful
representations of the humankind. It was also used to represent societal concerns, such as morality, politics,
and religion (Witcombe, 1997). For many of years, scuplture has filled many roles in human life. For example,
the earliest sculpture was made to supply magical help to trackers, to represent gods, and to hope of making
their ancient kings becomes immortal. Most common purpose of sculpture during the ancient time is
associated with religion. Different images like a human-made object revered for the spirit are familiar in
many cultures. One of the oldest sculptures discovered is an ivory statuette, dating approximately 30,000 BCE
from a cave at Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany called Löwenmensch (which means a“lion-human”). This
Paleolithic period statue is about 12” tall and depicts a human figure with a feline face.

Another very iconic and famous piece of sculpture is “the Sphinx” of Egypt. This sculpture of an image of
the pharaoh Khafreand is part of a funerary complex for the pharaoh. Egyptian sculpture and all Egyptian art
were on the belief in a life after death wherein the body of their ruler (the pharaoh) was preserved carefully
and buried with some goods with him to provide for his needs forever. The Egyptians often combined features
from various creatures to symbolize ideas. For example, the head of the pharaoh Khafre is added to the
bowing figure of a lion to form the Great Sphinx. This type of masterpiece suggests the combination of human
intelligence and animal strength. The Great Sphinx of Egypt is an enormous sandstone sculpture, measuring
240’ ft. Long and 65’ ft. High.
Importance of Sculpture
 The sculpture is a perceptive-regeneration of reality through the use of three-dimensional form. As a
specialized work of art, its objective is to exemplify a concept by forming a visual equivalent. Since the shape
is the dominant characteristic of sculptures, the human body and animals have been its primary subject. They
are constructed using bronze, clay, ivory as their mediums.

Likewise, the making of Sculpture is with the idea of expressing religious, personal, and political views.
This kind of artwork is meant to create a sense of patriotism, pride, greatness and spiritual respect. Statues
and sculptures have always been an integral part of museums and art history. They become more popular as
decoration items in private homes and office facilities. Sculptures and miniatures have also become more
popular as decoration items, and in the long term, valuable art investments.

Types of Sculptures

Bust. A bust is a sculpted and painted representation of the upper part of the human figure such as the
head, neck, shoulders, chest or breast.

Statue. A statue is a life-size or a larger size of a sculpture of a person or an animal, made of metal, stone
or wood. The world's tallest statue is the 420 feet (128 meters) Spring Temple Buddha in Henan, China.

Architectural. Architectural sculpture is a universal classification used to describe a structural design such
as buildings, bridges, burial chamber and other big projects. It is from a brand of materials which includes
carved stone such as brownstone, cast iron, machine pressed sheet zinc, terra cotta, concrete and other
architectural supplies.

Medium and techniques

Sculpture techniques have the aim of providing practical and technical support through several
procedures. These processes are either additive (added material) or subtractive (material is removed or
carved out). Sculptures primarily use four basic techniques, namely:

Carving. It is a procedure in which the artists cut away objects until reached the desired form. Various
tools are used, depending the materials to be carved and the statue to which the work has progressed.

a. Stone carving- It is a type of sculpture which requires patience and planning. It is a shaping activity of
pieces of rough natural stone through the use of essential hand tools like hammer and chisel.
b. Wood carving- It is the art of shaping objects of wood using cutting tools. It is done through a
specialized carving knife (used to cut or smooth the wood), the slicer saw (used to cut off chunks of
wood), the chisel (used for lines and cleaning up flat surfaces), and the gouge (used in carving hollows,
rounds, and sweeping curves).

Casting. Casting is a method by which a liquid material is usually poured into a frame or pattern, which
contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to harden. It has two types, namely:

a. Glass casting- It is a shaping activity of pieces of rough natural stone through the use of essential hand
tools like hammer and chisel.
b. Slip casting- It is a technique for the mass-production of pottery, especially for shapes not easily made
on a wheel.
Molding. Molding sculpture is an additive process. It is the working of soft or plastic materials(like clay and
wax) by hand to build up or shape to create a form.

Assembling. Assembling is an additive process of gathering and joining different materials to create an
assembled artwork. An example of assemblage is Martin Puryear's network of welded and sandblasted
stainless steel tubes whose joints are bound together by strands of silver and patented bronze.
Basic Sculpture Terms

a. Armature- It is skeleton-like framework used to support the building of paper-mâché, usually made or stiff
wire.
b. Assemblage- It is a three-dimensional art assembly of various materials, often taken from scraps, junk, or
various natural or human-made objects.
c. Base- It is the portion of the work on which the sculpture rest.
d. Craftsmanship- It is a skill with which one uses tools and materials in producing art.
e. Plaster of Paris- It is an excellent white powder which sets hard when blended in the water.
f. Freestanding- It refers to a method when a sculpture is intended to view from all sides.
h. Manipulation- It is a process of shaping an object by a skilled worker.
i. Replica- It refers to a precise reproduction of an artwork.

Activity/Quiz:
a. Sculpture Gallery

First Part: Creating the human Sculpture

Procedures:

1. Divide the class into 5-6 groups. In each group, one or two students are the “clay,” and others are the
“sculptors.”
2. The sculptors “sculpt” their models in the statues of their styles. The sculptors may physically move their
models into a different position.
3. The sculptors may pay attention to even small details like the position of fingers or the facial
expression of the model.
4. When the finished the sculptures, they freeze. If the position is difficult to hold, the “sculpture” may relax,
then position again when the “tour” arrives.

Second Part: Gallery Tour

5. Once all of the artists have completed their artwork, the teacher will let the class have a “tour of the
gallery.” The viewers go to each work and the artist who made it will step forward and explain his/her
masterpiece to the class.
 Activity/Quiz:
Clay Sculpture

Clay is an easy to use and conventional material used to make sculpture. An oven can be used to harden
the material but is not necessary.

Instructions:

1. Have a picture, or sketch the actual object you are going to sculpt in front of you.
2. Make sure you have the materials needed to build a sculpture. You will need polymer clay, aluminum
foil, metal wire, and sculpting tools. You can purchase these supplies at an art /craft store.
3. Start to build the supporting framework of your object in which you will apply the clay. You can make
this supporting structure by crumpling 18 inches of aluminum foil. This will serve as the base platform.
If you are sculpting an animal or human being, the aluminum can act as the base of the body. Shape
the bottom to appear as the torso of the body.
4. Cut wire strips and insert them into the foil. The wire will be in a place where there is need of support.
For example, you can use the wire as hands and legs. Bend the wire to shape the appendages.
5. You can choose to add clay to the wire if you want skinny appendages. If you wish to thick
attachments, add more foil and then add the clay.
6. Cut the block of clay. Knead the clay until it becomes flexible. Apply the clay to the wiring foil. Make
sure the clay goes on smoothly and covered all the spots. Use your fingers to compress out the clay.
7. Use clay sculpting tools to add features to your sculpture. Add facial features and their details.
8. Shape and add feet to your sculpture with clay.
9. Put your sculpture in an oven. Most small sculptures can be put in an oven at 275 degrees for about 30
minutes.

Activity/Quiz:
Soap Sculptures … Soap carving is a way to create sculptures from a bar of soap. As opposed to wood
carving, which is more dangerous and should only be done by skilled individuals, anyone can enjoy carving
creations from soap. Creative soap sculpture can then be displayed, or used as soap.

Required Tools:

Bar Soap
Pencil
Carving Tool (knife, blade cutter, spoon, Popsicle stick)
Newspaper

Instructions:

1. Choose a bar soap. A bigger bar is easier to hold and gives more material to work within the well-
covered area. The tools that you’ll use for carving the soap are pencils, craft sticks (the ones that look
like sticks), toothpicks, and possibly a fork or other tools (depending upon the design that you have in
mind).Choose a tool to use. Popsicle sticks, plastic knives or spoons can be used as simple tools in
carving. Begin by gently holding the soap in your off-hand, making sure not to hold it too tightly or
else you could crush it or overheat it.
 2. Using your pencil, very lightly sketch any major parts of your design directly onto the soap. You could
also use a fine-tipped permanent maker for this, though certain types of markers may absorb into the
soap. Decide on what particular design you would like to make.
3. Take one of your craft sticks and, using gentle-yet-firm motions, begin scrapping of small portions of
the soap bar.
4. As you gradually start to form the soap into the shape that you want, use toothpicks, forks, or other
household items to create a detailed work or surface.
5. To smooth rough patches of your soap use your fingers. Your body heat will serve to soften the soap,
making it easier to create a smooth surface.
6. Once you’ve complete your soap sculpture, store it in a cool and dry location.

Activity/Quiz:
CHAPTER TEST

Essay: Answer the following questions concisely.

1. Why is sculpture considered one of the most popular forms of fine arts? Explain.
2. What are interpretations that are commonly expressed in sculpture?
3. If you are a sculptor, what technique and medium you like most? Why?
4. What are the goals of an artist in creating a sculpture? Explain.
5. Explain how sculpture is associated with Religion and Military?

Activity/Quiz:
CHAPTER TEST
Identification: Identify the following items listed below. Write the correct answer in the space provided
before each number.

1. It is a small group of female Venus figurines found across central Europe.

2. It is a subtractive process whereby the material systematically eliminated from

the outside.
3. It is a form of working wood using cutting tools.
4. It is a human-made object that venerated for the spirit it represented.
5. It is a sculpture in the round depicting one or more people or
animals.
6. It refers to the exact copy or reproduction of an artwork.
7. It is a sculpted or cast representation of the upper part of a human figure
depicting a person’s head and neck.
8. It is a type of sculpture in which objects are suspended and balanced in the
air.
9. It refers to the portion of the work on which the sculpture rests.
10. It is the Latin word of sculpture which means “to carve.”
Chapter 7
Photography
 At the end of the Chapter, the students should be able to:

1. recognize the history and importance of photography;

2. appreciate the “role of third” in photography;
3. discuss the types of photography;
4. demonstrate understanding of the essential components and features of a Camera; and
5. display an ability to do photography

As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students the following questions:

1. Why do people take photos?

2. Do you think Nude Photography as an art expression or a sensual expression? Why or why not?
3. Do you think that a person must possess talent to capture emotion and expression in a picture? Why or
why not?
4. Do you believe in the expression “A photo is worth a thousand words? Why or why not?

The Origin of Photography

he word photography is from two Greek words photos or phos, for “light” and graphe, for “lines” or
“drawing.” Therefore, Photography is described as the art in creating or drawing durable images by recording
light using either photographic film or image sensor (Spencer, 1973). It was first coined by Sir John Herschel in
a lecture before the Royal Society of London, on March 14, 1839. It has become a powerful means of
communication and a mode of visual expression that touches human life in many ways (Eder, 1945).

Importance of Photography

We have always wanted to reproduce the world around us, beginning with cave drawings to painting on
canvas and eventually leading to the invention of photography. Our photographs share so much about who
we are as individuals. It tells what we find beautiful, fascinating, funny, delicious, meaningful, inspiring. It
allows us to showcase our style, interests, relationships, and adventures, to mark the passage of time.
Photography has been used in advertising, books, magazines, newspapers, television, and in research to
convey information and advertise products and services.

The Digital Era of Photography

Until the present times, photography was quite a problematic type of art to maintain. One may have
cameras with different lenses, manual focus, and complicated settings. However, with the advent of digital
cameras, all this complexity vanished. Digital cameras have a different way of saving images. Instead of using
film, it uses a sensor in to save images onto a digital memory card or internal storage ((Tolmachev, 2010; Ma,
2017).
Digital photography is the art of manipulating and producing digital pictures. It uses electronic
photodetectors to capture the image focused by the lens. The captured image is stored as a computer file
ready for digital processing, viewing, and publishing.

The technique in photography originated during early-to-mid 1600s. It started from the camera’s
predecessor known as the camera obscura (a Latin word which means “dark room”). It was a box wherein
when the light went through the pinhole it formed an image on the glass. The famous artists of the
Renaissance who use the obscura were Leonardo da Vinci and Michael Angelo.

In the 1820s, Joseph Niepce, a French scientist improve the lithography, a method of printing technique
which is based initially on the immiscibility of oil and water. Joseph discovered a way to copy engravings onto
glass using a variety of materials (mainly bitumen, a light-reacting asphalt). When light shined through the
paper, it burned an image into dark bitumen, which created an almost identical image from the original.

In the year 1900, photography became available to everybody. Its fame started with George Eastman,
who was the founder of the Eastman Kodak Company.The first camera open to the public was the Kodak no 1.

On October 17, 1969, Willard Boyle and George Smith of Bell Laboratories invented the Charge-Coupled
Device (CCD), a type of sensor that is used to capture an image by taking the light and translating it into digital
data.

In December 1975, the first recorded attempt in the building of a prototype digital camera was made by
Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak. This camera weighed 9 pounds and can record black and white
images to a cassette tape. To view the photos, the Kodak engineers had to develop a unique screen. It was
able to capture a .01 megapixel image (10,000 pixels) and took 23 seconds to record a copy to the tape.

In 1988, the first real digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was produced by the Fuji
DS-1P. During this year, the first JPEG and MPEG standards were fixed. These standards set in place a
universal format which allowed images (JPEG) and video (MPEG) to stored in a compressed form which can be
recorded to a 16 MB internal memory card.

In 1990, Dycam Model became the first commercially available digital camera. It also sold the Logitech
Fotoman. It used a CCD (Charge Couple Device) image sensor, stored pictures digitally, and connected directly
to a computer for download (Said, 1990).

Rule of Thirds Composition

One of the main factors that differentiate a great photograph from an ordinary one is composition, or how
are objects/ subjects placed in the shot. The Rule of Thirds is a great compositional technique for making
photos more dynamic and exciting. It is also a compositional rule for painting and photography.

The Rule of Thirds is also known as the guideline which applies to the process of composing visual images
like in painting, designs, and photographs (Meech, 1991). The instruction proposes that the picture is
visualized as divided into nine equal parts by two equally-spaced horizontal lines and two equally-spaced
vertical lines, and those essential compositional elements should place along these lines. Proponents of
the method claim that aligning a subject with these points create more composition, energy, and tension
(Peterson, 2003).

The Rule of Thirds asserts that an image is most pleasing when its subjects poised along imaginary lines which
divide vertically and horizontally the image into thirds. It is applied by aligning a subject with the guidelines
and their intersection points, placing the horizon on the top or bottom line (Krages, 2005).
 Likewise, using the Rule of Thirds helps produce nicely balanced easy on the eye pictures. Also, as you
have to arrange things relative to the edges of the frame, it helps get rid of small subject surrounded by vast
space’ syndrome.

Types of Photography

Photography is one of the best favorite pastimes that many of us craved. A photograph is definitely worth
a thousand words and has the power to convey a whole new meaning of a particular condition. Different
pictures are made to share its unique characteristics of selectivity, instantaneity, and Credibility (Barrett,
2007). There are several types of photography and thus, several kinds of photographers. The different types
of photography require various techniques, and types of photographer use their talent in their meticulous
field of expertise. The following are some standard photography styles that enjoy a prominent position in the
creative world.

Aerial Photography- It refers to the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated position. It is
acquired through the use of a specialized camera mounted such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, drones,
balloons, kites, parachutes, etc.

Astrophotography- It focuses entirely on taking images from space. This type could vary from the planets
to the stars or any other exciting configurations.

Commercial Photography- It is a photographic work done for commercial purposes, such as corporate
brochures and leaflets, menus in cafes and restaurants, magazine advertising, merchandising, and product
placement. It has various types such as:

a. Advertising photography- This type of photography is used to highlight a product, service, brand or an
individual, in print advertising (such as magazines, newspapers, leaflet, etc).

b. Architecture and interior photography- This photography is used in capturing images of structures and
beauty of an interior space in which photographers use lightning techniques to attract clients.
c. Automotive photography- This photography is utilized by car or automobile companies and
dealerships to promote brand new or existing cars, driving awareness about a car’s features and
benefits to potential clientele.
d. Food photography- This photography is a specialized category of commercial photography which is
used to capture the pictures of various cuisines and menus in an attractive style.
e. Jewellery photographs- This photography is used in highlighting beautiful images of bracelets,
necklace, ring, and other jewellery items.
f. Journalism photography- This photography is the art of taking photographs which are considered as
attractive and goes along with news topics, to substantiate the news story or report.
g. Product photography- This photography is used in capturing excellent images to attractively represents
 a product in advertising. It sometimes includes people as part of the product. It attracts people to see
someone they know or a face that is likable to a product.
h. Sports photography- It is a type of photography which is utilized to write sports news, using excellent
cameras that take sharp pictures of players in action.

Fine Art Photography- It refers to highly creative images that have an abstract influence. These
photographs can be equal to an artist’s expression on painting.

Forensic Photography- It is also known as crime scene photography wherein the work of the
photographer is mainly to capture images for an accurate representation of the scene of the crime.

Headshot Photography- This type of photography focuses mainly on the person’s face. This is also known
as mug shots.

Macro Photography- This type of photography is about close-up images of a specific topic. It is commonly
applied mainly to capture details of organisms or nature that may not be visible to the naked eye.

Nature Photography- It encompasses all forms of photography where the main subject has something to
do with nature. It focuses on landscapes, wildlife, underwater, and plants life as they are in their natural
environment.

Nude Photography- It is about the portrayal of the human body in the naked form.

Portrait Photography- It is all about capturing the mood of a person, with an emphasis on the face and
expression of a person.
Still Life Photography- It is all about capturing objects on camera that are deliberately grouped to create a
particular composition. This requires the photographer to have an excellent lighting technique.

Street Photography- It is all about capturing candid images of public places or even people in their natural
element. It requires the photographer the skill to mingle with people and achieve the best frames.

Travel Photography- It involves capturing images of a particular landscape, traditions, and customs or
even people from different places.

Essential Components and Features of a Camera

Cameras are beneficial devices and used for the sole purpose of capturing still images, may it be for
leisure or security. Any and every camera has some fundamental parts which are very crucial for its
functioning (Dachis, 2001). Some essential components and features of a camera are as follow:

1. Aperture- It is an opening in which light travels through and can be adjusted to control the amount of
light that reached the image sensor.
Built-in Flash- It is used to capture a shot of dimly-lit views. It may automatically fired in some modes.
2. Body. It is the housing for the camera.
3. Focus Point Selection Button- It is used to select the position to set the focus (the AF point) during AF
shooting.
4. Hot Shoe- It is the section of the top of the camera and used to attach a flash unit.
5. Lens- It is the eye of the camera.
6. Lens Mount- It is the section for connecting the exchangeable lens to the camera body.
 7. Lens Mount Index- It is an align mark on the lens and serves as a basis when you are attaching or
detaching a lens.
8. Lens Release Button- It is a button used when you want to disconnect the lens.
9. Live View Shooting (Movie Shooting Switch) - It is used to turn on or turn off the Live View function.
10. MENU Button- It is used to display the menu for adjusting the different camera operations.
11. Multi-Controller Key- It is used to move between the menu items or to move the magnified display to
a different point during image playback.
12. Self-Timer- It is used to delay the time between pressing the shutter button and the camera taking the
subject.
13. Shutter Release Button-It is the button found on many cameras used to take photos.
14. Shutter Speed- It indicates the time interval during which the shutter is open.
15. Viewfinder Eyepiece- It is used to view the image of the subject you want to capture.

Activity/Quiz:
a. Rule of the Thirds

An image could be divided equally by two vertical and two horizontal lines. In general, the four
interactions of these lines will be the most exciting place for the primary subject/s. The four lines and their
intersections are the points of interest, and this is where you should place your subject to create more
balance in your photos.

Apply the rule of the Thirds in these pictures below by putting the grid lines on them with emphasis on the
subjects. (Photo Credit: the author owns all photos below)
 Activity/Quiz:
b. Campus Photo Tour

After giving the theories of basic photography, the class will take a walking tour on the school campus and
be required to take photos that illustrate various concepts such as the Rule of Thirds, standard daytime
exposure, depth of field, and backlighting, etc. After the captured pictures printed, the class will make a
display board and identify the photos which followed the appropriate photo guidelines.

Activity/Quiz:
c. Photo Essay

Let the students create a photo essay that tells a significant story about the student’s life represented by
photographs. The article must have a minimum of5and a maximum of 10 pictures that should mount on
illustration board. The students will write captions for each photo.

Activity/Quiz:
CHAPTER TEST
Picture Analysis: Look at the picture carefully. Make your title of this and explain your reflection about it.
(Photo Credit: The author owns the picture below).

Title:
________________________________________________________________________

Reflection:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 8

Music

At the end of the Chapter, the students should be able to:

 1. recognize the origin and importance of Music;
2. appreciate the role of music in our lives;
3. discuss the essentials in song writing;
4. demonstrate understanding of the different music genres;
5. demonstrate understanding of the classification of musical instruments; and
6. display an ability to do song composition.
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students the following questions:

1. Among the international, national and local singers, whose style do you like most? Why?
2. As an artist, what instrument/s do you consider as the best to be in a musical concert? Why?
3. Explain this saying: “Music is the harmonious voice of creation; an echo of the invisible world.”

The Origin and Importance of Music

he word “music” is from the Greek word mousike, which means “Art of the Muses.” It is the art of arranging
tones in an orderly way to produce a unified and continuous composition. The common elements of music are
pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and
articulation) dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture.

To many people of different cultures, music is an integral part of their way of life. It is an art that puts
sounds together in a way that people like. Most music includes people singing with their voices or playing a
musical instrument, such as drums, piano, guitar, and others.

When music is written on a staff, the pitches (tones)

and their duration are represented by symbols known as
notes. These symbols are put on the lines and in the spaces
between the lines. Each position says which tone must be
played. The higher the note is in the staff, the higher the
pitch of the tone. The lower the notes are, the lower the
pitch of the tone.

Music can also be written, naming them as in the solfa

“Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si/Ti, Do.” The next table shows how each note is represented in the Standard
Notation or chords. This notation was made to make the lecture on music notes simple and easy to read.
What is the Role of Music in Our Lives?

Art and music are fundamental human functions and essential parts of human life. Without music, our life
is a lost, unsure, and probably incapable of venting our emotions (Galindo, 2003). Based on studies, music can
be a right way of helping our imagination goes to new heights. It touches our soul and enables us to express
different moods and emotions. It inspires people and allows us to get in touch with our feelings in a way that
is unique. It allows our body and mind to make a break from the monotony of life.

Likewise, music can kindle the mind. It can inspire ordinary human feelings and bridges gaps between
cultures. It touches our emotional being and shows emotions that are sometimes difficult to articulate. It can
be our day happy or excited.

The Elements of Music

Music is highly useful art that originates in nature and has been taken up by humanity as a way of expression.
It has the power to influence emotional and psychological aspects of behavior. It has major elements, namely:
 1. Harmony (From the Greek harmonia, meaning “joint or agreement”) - It refers to the verticalization of
pitch. It is often thought as the art of combining pitches into chords. These chords are usually
arranged into sentence-like patterns called chord progressions.
2. Key- It is known as tonality, a principle in music composition wherein at the end of the piece there is a
feeling of completion by going back to the tonic.
3. Melody (From a Greek meloidia, which means “singing” or “chanting”)- It refers to the tune of a song
or piece of music.
4. Pitch- It refers to the perceptual property that allows the ordering of sounds on a frequency-related
scale either relative lowness or highness.
5. Rhythm- It comes from a Greek word rhythmos, which means “any regular recurring motion.” It is the
pattern of the sound in time and beats in music.
6. Tempo- It regards to the speed (slow or fast) of a given piece of music.
7. Texture- It refers to how the harmonic materials are combined in a composition. It could be
monophonic (single melodic line), polyphonic (two or more melodic lines) and homophonic (the main
melody accompanied by chords).
8. Timbre- It refers to the quality of the sound (tone) that distinguishes one voice or instrument from
another.

The Essentials in Song writing

The song is a composition for a voice or voices, performed by singing. Musical instruments may accompany a
song, or it may be unaccompanied, as in the case of the cappella songs. It may be for a solo singer, a duet,
trio, or larger ensemble involving more voices. Songs with more than one voice to a part are considered choral
works. Most song writing techniques are about what you should do to succeed. Below are the common
essentials in song writing (Kamien, 1997).

Arrangement. Arrangement in music is considered as a reconceptualization of a previously composed

work. It includes the order in which the sections of music are placed (such as, intro-verse-chorus-verse-
chorus), and the organization of the instrumentation, vocals or other parts of music that make up the song.

Beat and Rhythm. The beat is the speed (tempo) of the song that drives the listener to feel either fast or
slow. On the other hand, the rhythm is the beat that the various instruments such as bass, drum, and guitar
have produced.

Chords (chord progression). It refers to any harmonic set of pitches used to accompany the melody of the
song. It is formed when multiple pitches (notes on a musical instrument) are placed together on staff (a sheet
of music). It comes in different varieties, which includes the augmented chords, major chords, minor chords,
diminished chords, seventh chords, and Neapolitan chords.

Concept (story). All songs have a storyline or concept. Typically, the song title will convey the essence of
that story idea and the words (lyric) will expound upon that idea.

Genre and Style. The genre of the song such as pop, rock, or country is established by the beat and
rhythm of the song. The quality of the song branches out from the genre, such as alternative, hip-hop, punk
rock, or alternative type of music.

Length. The length of a song is always considered, depending on its use. They can be shorter or longer,
but this is the typical length of today’s musical arrangement.

Lyrics. This term comes from the Greek word lyrikos, which means “singing to the lyre.” It describes a concept
of a theme which rhymes in the sections of music.
 Melody. Melody is the harmony of the song that you play or sing. It is the main line of music you’re
making and the basis of the song.

Song Sections. Songs are divided up into sections or components such as intro, verse, chorus, bridge, lead
breaks, etc.
The Different Music Genres
Being involved in a musical event with music-minded people who enjoy the same sort of songs and sounds
can be a good experience. Genres can sometimes be a good-natured way to work with other people and to
introduce new fans to the music you are producing.
Music is a form of art and an organized sound. It voices our emotions harmoniously and pleasantly.
Different genres of music help in soothing one’s disturbed soul in the growth of concentration and cheer us to
live our life joyfully. Some types of music are as follows:
Classical Music. Classical music is a sophisticated form of composition as it requires skills like learning the
ability to coordinate with others musicians.

Folk Music. This type of music reflects the emotions of common people. Cultural and popular music are
the two sub-genres of folk music.

Funk.This music became known in the late 1960s. Funk made rhythm the most important element while
de-emphasizing melody.

Hip-hop Music. Hip-hop music always includes the use of an instrument such as bass, drums, guitar,
piano, violin, and fiddle. In this type of music, the bass is the main instrument. This can be used in different
intensities to emote feelings of anger or pride.

Jazz. Complex and strong beats feature this type of music. The main instruments used for this type of
music are a cornet, trumpet, or violin.

Meta Music. This is a type of music wherein the melody is influenced by the structure of the songs (known
as “information music”).

Opera Music. This genre has a fantastic combination of theatrical art and musical invention and is played
explicitly in big audiences.

Rock Music. This music genre requires the vocals to be accompanied by bass, drums, and guitar.
Sometimes, piano, synthesizer, saxophone, flute, mandolin, and sitar are also in this genre for a more
profound impact. This type of music has several sub-genres, such as hard rock, metal rock, and progressive
rock.

Techno Music. This genre is also known as fusion type of music. This is a form of electronic dance-music
based on African-American music styles like electro jazz and funk.

Trance Music. This type of music is usually performed in clubhouses. This is characterized by fast tempo
and repetitious beats.

Classification of Musical Instruments

A Musical instrument is a tool adapted or created in making musical sounds. It was primarily designed to
emulate natural sounds for ritual purposes. Their vocal range often classifies it in comparison with other
instruments such as the following:
a. Alto Instruments

1. Alto Saxophone- It is a member of the saxophone family of woodwind instruments invented in 1841 by
Adolphe Sax, a Belgian instrument designer. It is a type of device mostly used in classical compositions.

2. French Horn- It is a brass instrument made about 12-13 feet of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared
bell.

3. English Horn (also known as coranglais) - It is a double-reed woodwind instrument in the oboe family.

4. Viola- It is the middle voice of the violin family and between the violin and the cello. It is a bowed string
instrument.

b. Bass Instruments

1. Double Bass- It is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony
orchestra.

2. Bass Guitar- It is a stringed instrument with a longer neck and scale length, with four to eight strings. It is
played mainly with the fingers or thumb, by picking, plucking, slapping, popping, tapping, or thumping.

3. Bass Saxophone-It is one of the largest members of the saxophone family of low range, usually
supported on a stand while being played.

4. Tuba- It is the largest and deep-pitched brass instrument. The Sound is produced by vibrating the lips
into a sizeable cup-shaped mouthpiece.

c. Baritone Instruments

1. Bassoon- It is, a woodwind instrument in the double reed family. It is played by pressing the reed
between the lips and blow to sound the instrument.

2. Baritone Saxophone- It is one of largest members of the saxophone family and is the lowest-pitched
saxophone.

3. Bass Clarinet- It is regularly performed in symphony orchestras, wind ensembles, occasionally in

marching bands, and plays an occasional solo role in contemporary music.

4. Cello (viooncello)- It is a bowed, and sometimes plucked string instrument. It has a hollow wooden body
with two sound holes, and four strings were running along the body and neck.

5. Baritone Horn-It is a wind instrument that consists of a brass tube (usually of variable length) that is
blown using a cup-shaped or pipe-shaped mouthpiece.

d. Soprano Instruments

1. Flute- It is a wind instrument that produces sound through the flow of air from the hole that has an
elaborate set of keys.

2. Violin- It is a small string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths.

3. Soprano Saxophone- It is a woodwind instrument used as a solo and chamber instrument in classical
music or a concert band or orchestra.

4. Trumpet- It is the musical instrument which is usually played by blowing air through closed lips in
 producing a buzzing sound.

5. Clarinet- It is a type of woodwind instrument that has a straight cylindrical tube with a flaring bell and a
single-reed mouthpiece.

6. Oboe- It is a woodwind instrument with a double-reed mouthpiece, a slender tubular body, and holes
stopped by keys.

7. Piccolo- It is the high-pitched woodwind instrument used in orchestras and military bands

e. Tenor Instruments

1. Trombone- It is a musical instrument in which the sound is produced when the player’s vibrating lips
trigger the air column inside the device to vibrate.

2. Tenor Saxophone- It is a medium-sized woodwind instrument that is very prominent in jazz groups and is
one of the essential voices of a concert or marching band.

3. Guitar- It is a stringed musical instrument with a fretted fingerboard, typically incurved sides, and have
six or twelve strings, played by plucking or strumming.

Activity/Quiz:
a. Musical Therapy

Let the students listen or sing the song entitled “Lead Me Lord” by Gary Valenciano and ask them to share
their reflection on the meaning of the song.

Lead me, Lord

Lead me by the hand and help me face the rising sun
Comfort me through all the pain that life may bring
There's no other hope that I can lean upon
Lead me, Lord, lead me all my life

Walk by me
Walk by me across the lonely roads that I may face
Take my arms and let your hand show me the way
Show the way to live in your heart
All my days, all my life

You are my light

You're the lamp upon my feet
All the time my Lord I need You there
You are my light; I cannot live alone
Let me stay by Your guiding love
All through my life
Lead me, Lord

Lead me, Lord

Even though at times I'd rather go along my way
 Hear me take the right direction
Take Your road
Lead me Lord and never leave my side
All my days, all my life

You are my light

You're the lamp upon my feet
All the time my Lord I need You there
You are my light; I cannot live alone
Let me stay by Your guiding love
All through my life

You are my light

You're the lamp upon my feet
All the time my Lord I need You there
(You are my light)
(I just cannot live alone)
Let me stay by Your guiding love
All through my life, all through my days
So Lead me Oh Lord
Lead me, Lord

Activity/Quiz:
b. Song Composition

Divide the class into four groups. Instruct them to compose a song depicting the life of the students or any
theme (focus). Compositions can be in English, Tagalog, or any Filipino dialect. Let this song be presented in
the class with the following criteria: Melody, Beat and Rhythm, as well as Length.

c. Improvised Musical Instrument Making

The Different musical instrument produces sounds in very different ways, but all of them take advantage
of some of the fundamental properties of music.

Let the students make any of variety of interesting and pleasant sounds (Strings, Wind, or Percussion
instrument). Reserve one class period (approximately 45-minutes) for each activity/discussion, and one class
period to finish conversations, conclude, do worksheets, and reinforce terms and concepts. If you have a
more extensive period and a large area to work in, you may want to set up each experiment as a
“workstation” and have student groups move from one station to another.

Activity/Quiz:
CHAPTER TEST

Essay:
1. What is the importance of Music in our lives? Explain.
2. What Original Pinoy Music (OPM) do you like most? Why?
3. What Original Foreign Music (OFM) do you like most? Why?
4. As a musician, what musical instrument/s should you like to play? Why?
5. If you will be given the opportunity to join a song contest, what theme (focus) of the song would you like to
develop? Why?

Activity/Quiz:
CHAPTER TEST
Matching type: Match Column A to Colum B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the box provided
before each item.

Column A Column B
1. This music is categorized by fast tempo and repetitious beats of the a. Lyrics
percussion.
2. It is a device created to make musical sounds. b. Music
3. It describes a concept or a theme which rhyme in rhythmic phrases in c. Notes
the sections of music.
4. It is known as the smallest, highest-pitched member of the family of d. Chords
string instruments.
5. It is the art of arranging tones in an orderly sequence to produce a e. Trance
unified and continuous composition.
6. It refers to the relative lowness or highness that we hear in a sound. f. Tuba

7. It is formed when multiple pitches are placed together on a staff. g. Pitch

8. It is known as the largest and lowest-pitched brass instrument. h. Violin

9. It refers to the symbols of pitches and their duration which written on i. Tempo
a staff.
10. It relates to the speed of a given piece of music. j. Musical Instrument

Chapter 9
Drama

At the end of the Chapter, the students should be able to:

1. recognize the origin and elements of a good Drama;

2. demonstrate knowledge about the types of drama;
3. appreciate the benefits of drama and the role of Artist;
4. identify the forms of drama; and
5. display an ability to do a drama on stage.
 As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will request the students view a Drama Movie and let
them analyse the film by answering the following questions below:

1. What is the title of the story?

2. Who are the main characters of the story?
3. What is the story all about?
4. What is the opening of the story?
5. What is the ending of the story?

The origin and elements of a good Drama

He terms “Drama” is from a Greek word drao, meaning “to do” or “to act.” It is performed by actors and
actresses on radio, television or stage before an audience. Often, it combined with music and dances (Clark,
1965; Banham, 1998).

Drama is a play that is acted out. It is a reflection of the everyday lives of people. It shows how people
seriously or humorously experience some eventful period in their lives. It combines the arts of the actor,
author, director, designer, and others (Bain et al., 1973).

Drama is writing the scene that is intended to be performed by the artists for an audience. The script are
consists of dialogue, the words the actors say, and the stage directions on how and where the actors move
and speak. In a drama, the artist should start with characters that are full, rich, interesting, and different
enough from each other to come up with a good story.
Engaging characters are at the heart of all good drama. Characters should be realistic, even if they are in
an incredible situation. We should be able to empathize or engage with the main characters, even if we don’t
necessarily like them.

A good drama is something that is cool which we always wanted to watch. It is something that appeals to
our emotions, has proper character development, and leaves us wanting to come back for the next episode to
find out what’s going to happen next.

Drama is a favorite form of entertainment for many people. The following are its elements:

1. Audience. The audience is the body of theatre-goers that the writer always had in mind when he/she
wrote the play. The role of the audience is to witness the production and to encourage the actors
through their applause and appreciation.

2. Dialogue. The dialogue is a technique in which playwright used two or more characters to be engaged
in conversation with one another. It has two parts: Inner Dialogue (the characters speak to
themselves and reveal their personalities like a monologue) and the Outer Dialogue (a simple
conversation between two characters in a play).

3. Plot. It refers to the order of events or story that occurred in a play. What the characters do, how they
interact, the course of their lives as narrated by the story, and what happens to them in the end,
constitutes the plot.

4. Stagecraft. It refers to the technical aspects of theatrical production, which include costume design,
lighting, scenic design, stage machinery, sound, and makeup.
 5. Convention. It refers to the technique of actions established by the director to the actors to create a
desired dramatic effect.

6. Genres. It refers to the types of acts used in a drama in showing an emotional and relational
development of realistic characters.

7. Characterization. It is a writer's ability to match the Protagonist against an Antagonist. The

protagonist is the main character in a story while the antagonist is the opposition.

Other Dramatic Elements

Dramatic elements are the center of all drama. They can be used in isolation and are manipulated by a
performer for a spectacular result. The following are the other dramatic elements:

Climax. It is the highest point of dramatic tension or conflict in a story or play. Without the climax, a story
will have lack of excitement or an overarching meaning.

Conflict. It is a vital element of drama and script writing. It is an essential ingredient for all dramatic
performances. It can be between two or more characters, or just one (inner conflict). It can be verbal
(physical) or non-verbal (psychological).

Contrast. The use of variation in a drama is a useful way to focus the audience's attention. Without the
careful use of contrast, a performance is dull and lacks tension. A prominent example of contrast is a sad
scene followed by a happy one.

Focus. It is used interchangeably with the terms concentration and engagement in assisting the performer
in the portrayal of believable personae. It also suggests memorization of word, moves, gestures, and requires
channeling (focusing) of all the performer’s energies into achieving the given goals of a character.

Language. It is the written script that helps achieve any performance. The use of words in performance
can be verbal (vocal) or non-verbal (body language). It can also be sung or chanted as a major means of
communicating the story of the drama to the viewers.

Mood. It refers to the emotion or tone of a performance through a combination of several stagecrafts
and dramatic elements that harmoniously work with each other. The mood of production is linked with
common feelings such as anger, desire, frustration, or pity. It can also be through lighting, sound, movement,
setting, rhythm, contrast, or conflict.
Rhythm. It refers to the speed and timing (beat or tempo) of the play that follows the emotional state of one
or more characters of the performance.

Sound. It is a means of creating an atmosphere or mood in a play. Small props sometimes produced
sound effects that can be used live during a performance.

Space. It refers to the practical use of available area utilized by the actors, such as crawling, bending over,
sitting, or lying down.

Symbol. It refers to the objects or sets and props used in theatre performances. They are intended to
arouse some concept or emotion in the mind of the audience.
 Tension. This can sometimes be similar to the term conflict. The tension form when audience anticipates
specific outcomes in the plot of the story. The development of tension usually parallels the advancement of
the plot, leading to the climax.

Timing. It refers to the dramatic phases or synchronization of movements and gestures of the various
parts of production for theatrical effect.

Types of Drama

1. Tragedy: It is a simulation of an action that is serious, complete, and of absolute magnitude in a play.
It usually depicts the downfall of the protagonist.
2. Comedy: It is a type of dramatic work that is amusing and humorous in its tone, mostly having a
cheerful ending.
3. Problem Play- It is a type of drama that deals with controversial social issues in a realistic manner. It
exposes social ills and stimulates thought and discussion on the part of the audience.
4. Farce-It is a comedy that turns around impossible and exaggerated events.
5. Fantasy- This type of drama is often romantic and contains the elements of the supernatural, magic,
secret societies, and revenge.
6. Melodrama- It is a dramatic work in which the plot is designed to appeal strong emotions and takes
precedence over detailed characterization.

The drama of Historical Interest

1. Ancient Drama- Drama existed in religious ceremonies for the worship of the different gods.
2. Medieval Drama- It dealt with Bible stories and allegorical mysteries.
3. Renaissance Drama- During this period, the Greek and the Roman dramatist were imitated in Italy,
France, Germany, and England. Mask and costumes become popular also during this time.
4. Modern Drama- it was during the last two decades of the 19 th century and the first half of 20 th century
that witnessed a great variety of trends in a stage play. Romanic fantasy, symbolism, expressionism,
impressionism, comedy, and poetic drama reached new heights during this period.

Benefits of Drama and the Role of Artist

Drama is a form of self-expression that exists in every culture of the world. As a unique skill in itself, it is a
topic that is discussed by many colleges and universities. As a versatile, Drama can be in other areas of the
curriculum in the form of activities. Hence, by incorporating these activities into the program, the
studentshave of play-acting. He/she should have technical equipment in his /her facial expression, bodily
poise, gesture, voice, and by-act that enables him /her to perform the character (Putatunta, 2012). Other
benefits of drama are as follows:

1. It develops imagination, creativity, and flexible ways of thinking

2. It promotes concentration, focus, and the ability to pay attention to detail.
3. It helps to master body language, blending body movement and facial expression, coupled with
spoken language to convey oneself.
4. It helps to explore feelings, inner values, and thoughts.
5. It develops the ability to interact and work with others.
6. It helps in building self-confidence and self-esteem.

Drama Forms
 Drama forms are composed of specific structures that define, differentiate, and shape ways in which it is
explored. Often, its forms are the improvisation, movement, scene work, and speech.
a. Movement

1. Clowning- It is the act that draws skill-based exaggerated movements and gestures, to create humor
for the viewers.
2. Dance- It is the execution of a creative, free, and exploratory series of actions performed with or
without music.
3. Mask Work- It is the exploration of movement using a mask to bring the focus to the physical
expression of the body.
4. Mime- It is pantomime acting without words and is through facial expression, gesture, and
movement.
5. Stage Fighting- It is a choreographed movement designed to simulate fighting between actors.
6. Tableau- It is a silent and motionless scene created by actors to draw focus to the central theme of the
drama.

b. Improvisation

1. The character in Role- It is a person role-playing character in a particular situation.

2. Improvisational Drama- It is a spontaneous style of theatre in which there is no set of script and scenes
are created without advance preparation
3. Role Play- It is an activity in which individuals assume identities other than their own
4. Spontaneous Stories- It is a verbal warm-up activity in which narratives are made.

c. Speech

1. Choral Work- It refers to the ensemble speech or singing.

2. Monologues- It is a long speech by a single character.
3. Radio Drama- It is a drama that is intended to be listening instead of viewing.
4. Reader’s Theatre- It is a performance created by actors through reading a script.
5. Recitation- It is the oral presenting of a scripted piece of work that often involves ballads, monologues,
and rhymes.
6. Soundscape- It is the use of various overlapping sound to create an atmosphere
7. Storytelling- It refers to relating stories to an audience.

d. Scene Works
1. Collective Creation- It is a group process of writing an original script
2. Docudrama- It is the use of dramatic devices to illustrate a real-life situation through performance
3. Puppetry- It includes an extensive variety of props that almost anything brought to life by human
hands to create a performance.
4. Story Theatre- It refers to a theatrical production of an existing story where the characters speak every
line of the story.
5.

Activity/Quiz:
CHAPTER TEST
Essay:

1. When can you say the drama is good?

2. What is the role of the playwright in a Theatrical Production?
3. If you are the writer, what type of drama are you going to write? Why?
4. What is the difference between ancient drama and modern drama?
5. Give at least two benefits of drama and briefly explain each.

Activity/Quiz:
CHAPTER TEST

Selection: Select the correct answer from the given choices. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is a type of drama which involves ridiculous or hilarious complications without regard for human values.

a. Tragedy c. Farce
b. Melodrama d. Docudrama
2. An act that draws exaggerated movements and gestures, to create humor for the audience.
a. Dance c. Ask Work
b. Tableau d. Clowning
3. It is acting done without words but through facial expression, gesture, and movement only.
a. Mime c. Stage Fighting
b. Dance d. Tableau
4. It is an activity in which individuals assume identities other than their own.
a. Story Theatre c. Role Play
b. Fantasy d. Character in Role
5. It refers to the ensemble speech or singing.
a. Soundscape c. Storytelling
b. Radio Drama d. Choral Work
6. It is an element of drama that has assembled for the explicit purpose of seeing a play.
a. Plot c. Convention
b. Audience d. Stagecraft
7. It is a play in which the central character faces defeated by some overwhelming threat or disaster.
a. Tragedy c. Coincidence
b. Dramatic Irony d. Tension
8. It is a dramatic element which is often used interchangeably with the terms concentration and
engagement.
a. Rhythm c. Focus
b. Timing d. Space
9. It refers to relating stories to an audience.
a. Recitation c. Climax
b. Conflict d. Story Telling
10. The following, except one, are conventional elements of drama:
a. Contemporary c. Realism b. Chinese Drama d. Greek Drama