RS1094 Final Opational Maths Grade 9 PDF

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सानोिठमी,भक्तपुर
P]lR5s ul0ft
sIff – 9
n]vsx¿
lbg]z jfUn]
d~h' du|ftL a:ofn
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g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno
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o;sf] k'/} jf cf+lzs efu x'ax' k|sfzg ug{, kl/jt{g u/]/ k|sfzg ug{, s'g}
ljB'tLo ;fwg jf cGo k|ljlwaf6 /]s8{ ug{ / k|ltlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5}g .
;+:s/0f M lj=;+= @)&$
kf7\ok':tssf ;DaGwdf s'g} ;'emfj eP kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|, ;Dkfbg

tyf k|sfzg zfvfdf k7fOlbg'x'g cg'/f]w 5 .
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kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOFb} cfPsf] 5 .
ljBfyL{x¿df /fi6«, /fli6«o Pstf / nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] efjgf k}bf u/fO{ g}ltsjfg\
cg'zfl;t / :jfjnDaL, l;h{gzLn, lrGtgzLn eO{ ;dfj]zL ;dfh lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg lbg
;Sg], eflifs tyf ul0ftLo l;ksf ;fy} lj1fg, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw, jftfj/0f, :jf:Yo
/ hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL 1fg / hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf]] ljsf; u/fpg' h?/L 5 . pgLx¿df snf
/ ;f}Gbo{, dfgjLo d"No dfGotf, cfbz{ / j}lzi6\ox¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{gk|ltsf] efj hufpg
cfjZos 5 . ;dtfd"ns ;dfhssf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'èofpg pgLx¿df ljleGg hfthflt,
lnª\u, ckfª\utf, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt / If]qk|lt ;defj hufpg' / dfgj clwsf/ tyf
;fdflhs d"No dfGotfk|lt ;r]t eO{ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ cfr/0f ljsf; u/fpg' klg cfhsf]
cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{sf] ljz]if Ifdtf phfu/ ug{ P]lR5s ljifox¿sf] klg Joj:yf
ul/g'k5{ . oxL cfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu P]R5s ljifo ;DaGwL dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md,
@)&#, lzIff ;DaGwL ljleGg cfof]usf ;'emfj, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsnufot
lzIff;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg JolSt ;lDdlnt uf]i7L / cGt/lj|mofsf lgisif{sf ;fy} ljleGg
k[i7kf]if0f;d]tnfO{ cfwf/dfgL of] kf7\ok':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
kf7\ok':tsnfO{ o; :j¿kdf Nofpg] sfo{df s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L s[i0fk|;fb sfk|L,
pklgb]{zs b'uf{ sF8]n, k|f=8f= /fddfg >]i7, ;xk|fWofks nIdLgf/fo0f ofbj, ;xk|fWofks
j}s'07k|;fb vgfn, s[i0fk|;fb kf]v/]n, uf]df >]i7, /fhs'df/ dfy]df, clg?b|k|;fb
Gof}kfg]nufotsf] ljz]if of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o; kf7\ok':tssf] ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg x/Lz
kGt, efiff ;Dkfbg lrgfs'df/L lg/f}nf, lrqfª\sg, 6fOk ;]l6ª / n]cfp6 l8hfOg ho/fd
s'OFs]naf6 ePsf] xf] . o; kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}k|lt
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| wGojfb k|s6 ub{5 .
kf7\ok':tsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxTTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;af6 ljBfyL{n]
kf7\oj|mdåf/f nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ dbt k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7\ok':tsnfO{
;s];Dd lj|mofsnfkd'vL, ?lrs/ / l;sf? s]lGb|t agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .
kf7\ok':tsnfO{ cem} kl/:s[t kfg{sf nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, a'l4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{
kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] x'Fbf ;Da4 ;a}sf] /rgfTds ;'emfjsf nflu
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .
lj=;+= @)&$
ljifo ;"rL
j|m=;= PsfO k[i7 ;ª\Vof

1. aLh ul0ft 1
1.1 ;DaGw / kmng 1
1.2 ax'kbLox¿ 23
1.3 cg'j|md / >]0fL 29
2. ;LdfGt dfg 38
3. d]l6«S; 49
4. lgb]{zfª\s Hofldlt 83
5. lqsf]0fldlt 128
6. e]S6/ 176
7. :yfgfGt/0f 198
8. tYofª\s zf:q 229
pTt/ dfnf 254

PsfO 1 aLh ul0ft (Algebra)
1.1 ;DaGw / kmng (Relation and Function)
1.1.0 k'g/fjnf]sg (Review)
(a) tkfO{F;Fu ePsf ?= 2 sf 20 cf]6f l;Ssfx¿ b'O{ hgf ;fyLx¿ …sÚ / …vÚ nfO{ slt
slt cf]6f s;/L lbg ;Sg'x'G5 < 5nkmn u/L tn lbOPsf] tflnsf eg{'xf];\ M
's' 1 2 3 4 5 7 ===== ====
'v' ====== ======= ======= ======= ========== ======== 11 12
(b) ;dLs/0f 2x + y = 18 dfGo x'g] u/L vfnL 7fpFdf eg'{xf];\ M

x 0 ======= ====== ====== ====== ======= =======
y 18 ======= ======= ======= ========== ======== =======
(c) lbOPsf] n]vflrqaf6 laGb'x¿ A, B, C, / D

sf lgb]{zfª\sx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ . pSt laGb'nfO{
j|md};Fu hf]8\bf s]sf] cfs[lt aG5 < A
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . B
D
C
1.1.1 j|mdhf]8f (ordered pair) lrq g= 1.1

lrqdf, /Ldf / /~hg Pp6f kª\ltdf plePsf]
cj:yf b]vfOPsf] 5 . tL b'O{ cj:yfx¿df
s] leGgtf kfpg'eof] < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
;d"x A df b'O{ cf]6f ;b:ox¿ 4 / 5 5g\ .

logLx¿nfO{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwåf/f n]Vbf A = {4,5} /~hg /Ldf /Ldf /~hg
cyjf A = {5, 4} n]Vg ;lsG5 < s] (4, 5) / (5, 4)
n] Pp6} laGb'nfO{ hgfpF5 n]vflrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . lrq g= 1.2
1
(4, 5) / (5, 4) df 4 / 5 nfO{ lglZrt j|mddf
/flvPsf 5g\ .
(4, 5)
(4, 5) df klxn] cfpg] ;b:o (antecedent) 4 / (5, 4)

bf];|f] ;b:o (consequence) 5 5 .
(5, 4) df klxn] cfpg] ;b:o (antecedent) 5 /
bf];|f] ;b:o (consequence) 4 5 .
lrq g+= 1.3
To;}n] cNklj/fd (comma) lrx\g (,) n] 5'6\ofO{ ;fgf]sf]i7 (paranthesis) leq Pp6} ljz]iftf
ePsf hf]8L ;b:ox¿nfO{ plrt j|mddf /flvPsf] 5 eg] pSt ;ª\Vof;lxtsf] j|mdnfO{ j|md
hf]8f elgG5 .
b'O{ cf]6f j|mdhf]8fx¿ a/fa/ x'g ltgLx¿sf j|mdfut ;b:ox¿ a/fa/ x'g'k5{ .
olb (a, b) = (c, d) eP a=c / b=d x'G5, pbfx/0fsf nflu ( ) ( )
tn lbOPsf pbfx/0fx¿af/] sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M

pbfx/0f 1
tn lbOPsf cj:yfdf x / y sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) (x, 8) = (4, y)
(b) (x +2, 4) = (5, 2x + y)
(c) ( ) ( )
;dfwfg
(a) (x, 8) = (4, y)
b'j} a/fa/ j|mdhf]8fx¿df j|mdfut ;b:ox¿ Ps cfk;df a/fa/ x'G5g\ .
 x=4 / y=8
(b) (x + 2, 4)= (5, 2 x +y)
j|mdfut ;b:ox¿nfO{ Ps cfk;df a/fa/ ubf{,
(i) x + 2 = 5
cyjf, x = 5 - 2
cyjf, x = 3
2
(ii) 2x + y = 4
cyjf, 2x3+y=4
cyjf, 6+y=4
cyjf, y=4-6
cyjf, y = -2
 x = 3 / y = -2 x'G5 .
(c) ( ) ( )
j|mdfut ;b:ox¿ Pscfk;df a/fa/ x'g] ePsfn]

(i) (ii)
cyjf, 3x = 9 x 4 cyjf, y=6x6

cyjf, x = cyjf, y = 36
cyjf, x = 12
x = 12 / y = 36
cEof; 1.1.1
1. (a) j|mdhf]8f ;ª\Vofsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
(b) j|mdhf]8f ;ª\Vofsf] s'g} Pp6f pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. tn lbOPsf j|mdhf]8fx¿df s'g s'g a/fa/ 5g\ < sf/0f;lxt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
(a) (3, 4) / (4, 3) (b) (2 -1, 5 + 1) / (5 – 4, )
(c) (18 ÷ 3, 4 x 2) / (2 x 3, 5+ 2) (d) (4 + 5, 21 7) / (3 x 3, 4 - 1)

3. tn lbOPsf cj:yfdf x / y sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) (x, 4) = (5, y)
(b) (x – 1, y + 2) = (6, 7)
(c) (x – 3, y + 7)= (2, - 5)
(d) (2x – 5, 4) = (9, y + 4)
(e) ( ) ( )
4. cfk\mgf] l5d]]sdf /x]sf s'g} cf7 hgfsf] gfd / pd]/sf] j|mdhf]8f agfpg'xf];\ .
3
1.1.2 sf6]{l;og u'0fg (Cartesian product)
lrq 1.4 df lbOPsf] hfgsf/LnfO{
j|mdhf]8fsf ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\, hxfF klxnf]
pd]/ jif{df
;b:o gfd / bf];|f] ;b:o pd]/ -jif{df_
x'g'k5{ . To:t} gfd / pd]/ -jif{df_ j|mdzM
;d"x A / ;d"x B dfGbf A / B sf
;b:ox¿ ;"rLs/0f ljlwåf/f n]Vg'xf];\ . gfd
lrq 1.5 df ;d"x C df /x]sf ;b:ox¿ lrq g= 1.4
1, 3 / 6 tyf ;d"x D df /x]sf ;b:ox¿
2, / 6 nfO{ ;d]6]/ j|mdhf]8f agfOPsf]
5 . tL j|mdhf]8fx¿ j|mdzM (1, 2) (1, 6),
(3, 2), (3, 6), (6, 2), (6, 6) 5g\ .
oL j|mdhf]8fx¿sf] ;d"x {(1, 2), (1, 6),
(3, 2), (3, 6), (6, 2), (6, 6)} tyf
logLx¿nfO{ ;d"xsf] u'0fg {1, 3, 6} x lrq g= 1.5
{2, 6} åf/f n]Vg ;lsG5 .
dfgf}F ;d"x A / B df lglZrt ;b:ox¿ 5g\ . klxnf] ;b:o A af6 / bf];|f] ;b:o B
af6 lnP/ agfPsf ;Dk"0f{ j|mdhf]8fx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ A / B sf] sf6]{l;og u'0fgkmn
elgG5 . o;nfO{ ;ª\s]tdf, A x B = {(a,b): aA, bB} n]lvG5 .
AxB nfO{ k9\bf ;d"x A sf6]{l;og u'0fgkmn -cartesian product_ ;d"x B kl9G5 .
olb A = {1, 3, 5} / B = {2, 4} eP A x B nfO{ tn lbOPcg';f/ n]Vg ;lsG5 M
A 1 3 5
1 2
3
B 2 4 2 4 2 4 5 4
lrq g= 1.6 A B
lrq g= 1.7
A x B = {1, 3, 5} x {2, 4}
= {(1, 2), (1, 4), (3, 2) (3, 4), (5, 2), (5, 4)}
gf]6
(a) olb A x B = eP A =  cyjf B =  x'G5 .
(b) olb, A x B = B x A eP A = B x'G5 .
(c) olb A / B sf] u0fgfTdstf n(A) / n(B) eP n(A x B) = n(A) x n(B) x'G5 .
4
pbfx/0f 1
olb A = {1, 2} / B = {6 } eP AxB kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF, A = {1, 2} / B = {6}
A x B = {1, 2} x {6}
= {(1, 6), (2, 6)}
pbfx/0f 2
olb A x B = {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)} eP ;d"x A / B kTtf nufpg'x]f;\ . ;fy}
n(A), n(B) / n(A x B) klg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A x B = {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
A = j|mdhf]8fsf klxnf] ;b:ox¿sf] ;d"x
={2, 3}
B = j|mdhf]8fsf bf];|f] ;b:ox¿sf] ;d"x
= {4, 5, 6}
To;}n], n(A) = 2, n(B) = 3,
n(A x B) = n(A) x n(B) = 2 x 3 = 6
pbfx/0f 3
olb A = {x : x 5, x  N} / B = { x: x2 – 4 = 0} eP A  B / BA kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A = { x: x  5, x  N}  x2 – 4 = 0
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} cyjf, (x -2) (x + 2) = 0
B = {x : x – 4 = 0}
2
cyjf, x – 2 = 0, x - 2 = 0
= {-2, 2}
cyjf, x = 2, x = -2

cyjf, x = ±2
k]ml/,
olb, A x B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} x {-2, 2}
= { (1, - 2), (1, 2), (2, -2), (2, 2), (3, -2), (3, 2), (4, -2), (4, 2), (5, - 2),(5, 2)}
5
B x A = { -2, 2} x { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= { (-2, 1) (-2, 2), (-2,3), (-2,4) (-2,5), (2,1), (2,2) (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5)}
pbfx/0f 4
olb A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4, 5} / C = {5, 6} eP A x (BC) = (A x B)  (A x C) x'G5 egL
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A = {1, 2, 3,}, B = {3, 4, 5} / C = {5, 6}
To;}n], (BC) = {3, 4,5}  {5, 6}
= {5}
A x (BC) = {1, 2, 3} x { 5}
= {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}
k]ml/, AxB = {1, 2, 3} x {3, 4, 5}
= {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1,5), (2,3), (2, 4), (2,5), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5)}
A x C = {1, 2, 3} x {5, 6}
= {(1, 5), (1,6), (2,5), (2,6), (3,5), (3,6)}
ca, (A x B)  (A x C) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1,5), (2,3), (2, 4), (2,5), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5)}
 {(1, 5), (1,6), (2,5), (2,6), (3,5), (3,6)}
= {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}
A x (BC) = (A x B)  (A x C)
cEof; 1.1.2
1. (a) sf6]{l;og u'0fgsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) ;d"x A / B sf] u0fgfTdstf j|mdzM 3 / 2 5 eg] A x B sf] u0fgfTdstf slt
x'G5 <
2. (a) olb A = {2, 3} / B = {7} eP A x B kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb A = {2, 3} / B = {4, 5, 6} eP B x A kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
3. (a) olb A x B= {(a,1), (a, 5), (a, 2), (b, 2), (b, 1), (b, 5)} eP A, B, n(A), n(B), B x A
/ n(B x A) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
6
(b) olb A x B = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4) (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5) (3, 6)}
eP A, B, n(A), n(B), B x A / n(B x A) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. (a) olb A = {x : x  4, x  N} / B = {x : x2 – 5x + 6 = 0} eP A x B / B x A kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb P = {2 < x < 7, x  N} / Q = {x:x2 = 3x} eP P x Q / Q x P kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
5. (a) olb A = {1, 2}, B ={1,2.3,4} / C = {5, 6} eP A x (BC) = (A x B)  (A x C) x'G5
egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
(b) olb A = {1, 4}, B = {2, 3,6} / C = {2, 3, 7} eP
(i) A x (BC) = (A x B) (A x C)
(ii) A x (B - C)= (A x B) – (A x C) x'G5
6. s'g} b'O{ hgf ;fyLx¿sf] gfdsf] klxnf] zAbnfO{ ;d"x M / clGtd zAbnfO{ N
dfgL M x N / N x M kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
1.1.3 ;DaGw (Relation)

-s_ ;DaGwsf] kl/ro (Introduction to relation)
dfgf}F, ljZjsf s'g} 5 cf]6f b]zx¿sf] ;d"x = {g]kfn, ef/t, cd]l/sf, hfkfg, rLg}
A=
B = ljZjsf s'g} cf7 cf]6f ;x/x¿sf] ;d"x = {k]l/;, d]lS;sf], sf7df8f}F, nfxf]/,
jfl;ª\6g l8=;L, gofF lbNnL, 6f]lsof], a]Olhª\} eP ;d"x A nfO{ ;d"x B ;Fu
hf]8\g] Pp6f zAb æ/fhwfgL (is capital of)Æ 5 eg] Tof] zAbåf/f hf]l8Psf
j|mdhf]8fx¿ s] s] xf]nfg < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
s] pSt hf]8fx¿ -sf7df8f}F, g]kfn_, -gofF lbNnL, ef/t_, -6f]lsof], hfkfg_ -jfl;ª\6g
l8=;L, cd]l/sf_ -a]Olhª, rLg_ x'g\ < oL hf]8fx¿nfO{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwåf/f b]vfpFbf
s:tf] ;d"x x'G5 <
A x B sf slt cf]6f j|mdhf]8fx¿ aG5g\ < s] æ/fhwfgLÆ zAbn] ag]sf j|mdhf]8fx¿sf]
;d"x A x B sf] pk;d"x x'G5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
dfgf}F A/ B b'O{ ;d"xx¿ x'g\ . hxfF A ≠  / B ≠  5 . A x B sf] pk;d"x 'R' 5 . (a, b)
R eP æaRbÆ nfO{ a sf] ;DaGw b (a is related to b) egL kl9G5 .
7
pbfx/0f 1
olb A x B = { (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4),(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 3) (3, 4)} eP,
(a) eGbf sd (is less than) (b) a/fa/ (is equal to) (c) ju{ (is square of ) /
(d) eGbf a9L (is greater than) ;DaGwx¿ s'g s'g x'g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A x B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4) (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4)}
(a) eGbf sd ;DaGw = { (a, b): a<b}
(is less than) = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
(a) a/fa/ ;DaGw = {(a, b): a = b}
(is equal to) = {(2,2), (3, 3)}
(c) ju{ ;DaGw = {(a, b): a = b2}
(is square of) =
(d) eGbf a9L = {(a, b): a>b}
(is greater than) = {(3, 2)}
-v_ ;DaGw hgfpg] tl/sf (Representation of Relation)

olb A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} / B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} eP
A x B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} x {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
= {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6) (1, 8), (1, 10), (2,2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 8), (2, 10), (3, 2),
(3, 4) (3, 6) (3, 8), (3, 10), (4, 2), (4, 4) (4, 6), (4, 8), (4, 1o), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6),
(5, 8), (5, 10)} x'G5 .
oxfF, AXB sf] Pp6f ;DaGw
R = { (1, 10), (2, 8), (2, 10), (3, 8), (3, 10), (4, 6), (4, 8), (4, 10), (5, 6), (5, 8), (5, 10)} 5 .
pSt ;DaGwnfO{ tn lbOPcg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
(i) tflnsf ljlw (Tabulation method)
x 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5
y 10 8 10 8 10 6 8 10 6 8 10
8
(ii) ldnfg lrq ljlw (Mapping -diagram method)
1 6
2
3 8
4
5 10
lrq g= 1.8
(iii) n]vflrq ljlw (Graphical method)
lrq g= 1.9
(iv) j|mdhf]8fx¿sf] ;d"x ljlw (set of ordered-pair method):

R = {(1, 10), (2, 8), (2, 10), (3, 8), (4, 6), (4, 8), (4, 10), (5, 6), (5, 8), (5, 10)}
(v) j0f{g jf ;"q ljlw (description or formula method): R = {(x, y): x + y 10 }
cEof; 1. 1.3 (A)

1. (a) ;DaGwsf] kl/efiff pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) ;DaGw hgfpg] tl/sfx¿ s] s] x'g\ < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
2. olb A x B = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)} eP tn
lbOPsf ;DaGwx¿ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) R1 = {(x, y): x + y =6} (b) R2 = {(x,y): x <y} (c) R3 = {(x, y): y = x2}
9
3. olb A = {1, 2, 3} / B = {2, 3, 4} eP A x B af6 tn lbOPcg';f/sf ;DaGwx¿ kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) eGbfa9L (is more than)} (b) a/fa/ (is equal to)
(c) b'O{ u'0ff (is double of) (d) cfwf (is half of )
(e) ju{ (is square of)
4. olb A = {6,7, 8, 10} / B = {2, 4, 6} eP A x B af6 tn lbOPcg';f/sf ;DaGwnfO{
tnsf cfwf/df k|:t't ug'{xf];\ M
(i) j|mdhf]8fsf] ;d"xåf/f (ii) ldnfg lrqaf6
(iii) u|fkmaf6 (iv) tflnsfaf6
(a) R1 = {(x, y): x + y < 12, xA, xB} (b) R2 = { (x, y): 2x + y> 10, xA, yB}
5. tkfOF{sf] kl/jf/df ePsf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . k|To]s ;b:osf lardf s] s:tf
;DaGwx¿ 5g\ . k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ;DaGwsf] If]q / lj:tf/ If]q (Domain and Range of a Relation)

olb s'g} ;DaGw R = {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16)} eP 'R' sf j|mdhf]8fx¿ klxnf] /
bf];|f] ;b:ox¿sf ;d"x s] x'G5g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
olb R = {(x, y)} eP x sf] ;d"xnfO{ If]q / y sf] ;d"xnfO{ lj:tf/ elgG5 . x / y n]
j|mdhf]8fdf klxnf] / bf];|f] ;b:onfO{ hgfpF5g\ .
dflysf] ;DaGw R sf] If]q {1, 2, ,3 ,4 } / lj:tf/ If]q {1, 4, 9, 16} xf] .
-3_ ;DaGwsf] k|sf/ (Types of Relation):
dfgf}F A x B = {(1, 1), (1, 2),(1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)} 5 .
(i) l/k\mn]lS;e ;DaGw (Reflexive Relation):
oxfF, A x B af6 R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2)} lnFbf
pSt ;DaGw R1 df cfk\mgf] ;DaGw cfkm};Fu 5 . o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ l/k\mn]lS;e ;DaGw
(Reflexive Relation) elgG5 . o;nfO{ ;fª\s]lts ¿kdf xRx n]lvG5 .
(ii) l;d]l6«s ;DaGw (Symmetric Relation):
k]ml/, A x B af6 R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} lnFbf pSt ;DaGwdf klxnf]sf] ;DaGw bf];|f]df x'Fbf
bf];|f]sf] ;DaGw klxnf];Fu 5 . o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ l;d]l6«s ;DaGw (Symmetric
Relation) elgG5 . ;fª\s]lts ¿kdf xRy eP yRx x'G5 . olb x = y eP pSt ;DaGw
PG6L l;d]l6«s (Anti-symmetric) x'G5 .
10
(iii) 6«flGhl6e ;DaGw (Transitive Relation)
To:t}, R3 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} lnFbf, klxnf]sf] ;DaGw bf];|f];Fu, bf];|f]sf] ;DaGw
t];|f];Fu x'Fbf klxnf]sf] ;DaGw t];|f];Fu klg x'G5 . o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ 6«flGhl6e ;DaGw
(Transitive Relation) elgG5 . ;ª\s]tdf o;nfO{ aRb, bRc ePdf aRc x'G5 egL n]Vg
;lsG5 .
olb s'g} ;DaGw l/k\mn]lS;e (reflesive), l;d]l6«s (symmetric) / 6«flGhl6e
(transitive) ltg} cf]6} cj:yfdf eP pSt ;DaGwnfO{ ;dt'No ;DaGw (equivalence
relation) elgG5 .
(iv) ljk/Lt ;DaGw (Inverse Relation):
olb R4 = [(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3)} / R5 = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1)} eP R4 / R5 n] Pscfk;df
ljk/Lt ;DaGw (Inverse Relation) hgfpF5g\, hxfF R4 sf] If]q R5 sf] lj:tf/ / R4 sf]
lj:tf/ R5 sf] If]q 5 . ;DaGw 'R' sf] ljk/Lt ;DaGwnfO{ R-1 n]lvG5 .
pbfx/0f 1
dfgf}F R = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5)} Ps ;DaGw 5 . pSt ;DaGwsf] If]q (Domain),
lj:tf/ (Range) / ljk/Lt ;DaGw (Inverse Relation) kTtf nufpg'x]f;\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, R = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5)}
If]q (Domain) = j|mdhf]8fdf ePsf klxnf] ;b:ox¿sf] ;d"x = {1, 2, 4}
lj:tf/ (Range) = j|mdhf]8fdf ePsf bf];|f] ;b:ox¿sf] ;d"x = {1, 3, 4, 5}
ljk/Lt ;DaGw (inverse relation) = R sf ;b:ox¿sf] j|md kl/jt{g ubf{ aGg] ;d"x
R-1 = {(3, 1), (4, 1) (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 4)}
pbfx/0f 2
1. olb A = {1, 2, 3} / A df kl/eflift ;DaGw R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (2, 3),
(1, 2), (2, 1)} 5 . pSt ;DaGw R, l/k\mn]lS;e (reflexive), l;d]l6«s (symmetric) /
6«fGh]l6e (Transitive) 5 5}g kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (2, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)} 5 .
1R1, 2R2 / 3R3 ePsfn] ;DaGw R l/k\mn]lS;e 5 .
To:t}, 1R2 / 2R1 ePsfn] ;DaGw R l;d]l6«s 5 .
k]ml/, 1R2, 2R3 / 1R3 ePsfn] ;DaGw R 6«fGh]l6e 5 .
11
cEof; M 1.1.3 (B)
1. (a) ;DaGwsf] lj:tf/ If]q eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .
(b) ;dt'No ;DaGw eg]sf] s] xf] < Pp6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
2. lgDg lnlvt ;DaGwx¿sf] If]q / lj:tf/ If]q n]Vg'xf];\ M
(a) R = {(1, 3), (1,4), (2,2), (2, 3) (3, 4)}
(b) R = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 4)}
(c) R = {(2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (3, 6), (3, 7), (4, 7)}
1 5
3. lrqdf lbOPsf] ;DaGw (R) nfO{ j|mdhf]8fsf ¿kdf
2 6
JoSt ug'{xf];\ . pSt ;DaGwsf] (i) If]q (ii) lj:tf/ If]q 3
(iii) ljk/Lt ;DaGw (R-1) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . 7
4
4. olb A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 5 . A df kl/eflift ;DaGw R = {(x,y), x n] y nfO{ l7s

efu hfG5 . ;DaGw R nfO{ j|mdhf]8fsf ¿kdf JoSt u/L
(i) R sf] If]q (ii) R sf] lj:tf/ If]q
(iii) ljk/Lt ;DaGw (R-1) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. k|Zg g= 3 df lbOPsf] ;DaGw R, /]k\mn]lS;e, l;d]l6«s / 6«fGh]l6e s'g s'g x'G5, kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
6. Pp6f ;DaGw R = {(x, y), 1< x < 4, y = 2x + 1} åf/f kl/eflift 5 . pSt ;DaGwsf]
(i) If]q (ii) lj:tf/ (ii) ljk/Lt ;DaGw kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
12
1.1.4. kmng (Function)
kmngsf] kl/ro (Introduction to function)
-s_ lrqdf Pp6f aRrfsf] pd]/cg';f/sf] tf}n
n]vflrqdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pSt n]vflrqsf]
tf}n -ls=u|f=df_
cWoog u/L tn lbOPsf] tflnsf k"/f ug'{xf];\ M
pd]/ -jif{df_
lrq g= 1.10
pd]/ tf}n ldnfg
-jif{df_ x -ls=u|f=df_ y (correspondence, f)
1 8 1 8
2 ======= ======
3 ====== =======
4 ====== =====
5 ====== ======
s] dfly plNnlvt pd]/ / tf}n larsf] ;DaGw Ps ;dfg 5 <
-v_ lbOPsf] ldnfg lrq 1.11 df f: A B sf ;b:ox¿ tn lbOPcg';f/ ;DalGwt 5g\ .
-2 4 (-2 sf] k|ltlaDa 4 cyjf 4 sf] k"j{ k|ltlaDa -2 5 ._
2 4 (2 sf] k|ltlaDa 4 cyjf 4 sf] k"j{ k|ltlaDa 2 5 ._
-39 (-3 sf] k|ltlaDa 9 cyjf 9 sf] k"j{ k|ltlaDa -3 5 ._
16
39 (3 sf] k|ltlaDa 9 cyjf 9 sf] k"j{ k|ltlaDa -3 5 ._
lrq g= 1.11
13
k'gM tn lbOPsf ldnfg lrqx¿ cjnf]sg u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ ;d"xdf 5nkmn
u/L kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
A R1 B A R2 B A R3 B A R4 B
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
2 5 1 2 1 2 -1 1
3 6 2 3 2 3 1
4 4
4 7 3 4 3 -2
5 5
4 5 4 2
6
s] A sf k|To]s s] A sf k|To]s s] A sf k|To]s s] A sf k|To]s

;b:osf] B sf] Pp6f ;b:osf] B sf] Pp6f ;b:osf] B sf] Pp6f ;b:osf] B sf
dfq ;b:o;Fu ;DaGw dfq ;b:o;Fu dfq ;b:o;Fu ;b:o;Fu Pp6f dfq
5< ;DaGw 5 < s] A sf ;DaGw 5 < s] B df ;DaGw 5 <
s'g} ;b:osf] s'g} ;b:ox¿ lagf
k|ltlaDa B df 5}g < ;DaGwsf 5g <
lrq g= 1.12
dflysf ;DaGwx¿dWo] R1 / R3 df ;d"x A sf k|To]s ;b:osf] ;d"x B sf Pp6f dfq
;b:o;Fu ;DaGw 5 . oL ;DaGwx¿ kmng (Function) x'g\ .
dfgf}F ;d"x A / B b'O{ ;d"xx¿ 5g\ .

hxfF A   / B   5 . olb ;d"x A af6 ;d"x B df kl/eflift
ul/Psf] ;DaGw f df ;d"x A sf k|To]s ;b:ox¿sf] Psn
k|ltlaDa ;d"x B df 5 eg] pSt ;DaGw f nfO{ kmng elgG5 .
o;nfO{ f: A  B n]lvG5 . ;ª\s]tdf n]Vbf o;nfO{ y = f(x) hxfF x A / yB x'G5 .
lrq 1.11 df,

(i) k"j{ k|ltlaDax¿sf] ;d"x {-2, 2 -3, 3} nfO{ If]q (Domain) elgG5 .
(ii) k|ltlaDax¿sf] ;d"x {4, 9} nfO{ lj:tf/ (Range) elgG5 .
(iii) B = {4, 9, 16} nfO{ ;xIf]q (co-domain) elgG5 .
(iv) ;xIf]qsf] pk;d"x lj:tf/ x'G5 .
14
lrqdf, x nfO{ k"j{ k|ltlaDa (pre-image), f(x) nfO{ k|ltlaDa
(image), A nfO{ If]q (domain), {f(x)} nfO{ lj:tf/ (Range) / B
nfO{ ;xIf]q (co-domain) elgG5 . f: AB nfO{ kmng f, A b]lv
B [function 'f' from A to B) egL k9\g] ul/G5 eg] 5f]6s/Ldf
y = f(x) (y equals to function of x) n]lvG5 .
pbfx/0f 1
lbOPsf] ldnfg lrqsf cfwf/df f / g kmng x'g\ xf]Ogg\ sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . kmng eP
pSt kmngsf] If]q, ;xIf]q / lj:tf/ s] s] x'g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
(a) f (b)
;dfwfg
oxfF, (a) df lbOPsf] ;DaGw f kmng xf] lsgls A sf k|To]s ;b:osf] B sf Psn ;b:o;Fu
;DaGw 5 .
f sf] If]q = {1, 2, 3}
f sf] ;xIf]q = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
f sf] lj:tf/ = {1, 2, 3}
(b) df lbOPsf] ;DaGw g kmng xf]Og lsgls A df ePsf ;b:ox¿ 1 / 2 sf B df PseGbf
a9L ;b:ox¿;Fu ;DaGw 5 .
cEof; 1.1.4(A)
1. (a) kmngsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) kmngsf] If]q eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. tn lbOPsf s'g ;DaGwx¿ kmng x'g\ / s'g xf]Ogg\ sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ M

(a) (b) (c)
15
(d) (e) (f)
3. tn lbOPsf k|To]s ;DaGwnfO{ ldnfg lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . oL ;DaGwx¿ kmng

x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\, lgwf{/0f ug'{xf];\ . kmng ePdf pSt kmngsf] If]q / lj:tf/ klg
n]Vg'xf];\ .
(a) {(1, 2), (3, 6), (-2, -4), (-4, -8)}
(b) {(-5, 3), (0, 3), (6, 3)}
(c) {(9,-5), (9, 5), (2, 4)}
(d) {(-2, 5), (5, 7), (0, 1), (4, -2)}
3. b}lgs hLjgdf kmng x'g] / gx'g] cj:yfx¿ vf]hL u/L sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ 7f8f] /]vf k/LIf0f (Vertical line test)

s'g} klg kmng y = f(x) nfO{ f = {(x, y)} sf]
¿kdf n]Vg ;lsG5 . pSt kmngnfO{
juf{lª\st sfuhdf klg b]vfpg ;lsG5 .
o;nfO{ n]vflrq (graph) elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu f = {(2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8)} nfO{ n]vflrqdf
lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
lrq g= 1.13
(i) (ii) (iii)

lrq g= 1.14
16
pbfx/0f 1
f: A  B sf nflu A = {-1, 0, 1, 2} / f(x) = 2x + 1, eP f sf] lj:tf/ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF, f(x) = 2x + 1
f(-1) = 2 x (-1) + 1 = -2 + 1 =-1
f(0) =2x0+1=0+1=1
f(1) = 2 x 1 +1 = 2 + 1 =3
f(2) =2x2+1=4+1=5
To;}n] f sf] lj:tf/ {-1, 1, 3, 5} x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 2
olb f(x) = 3x – 5 sf] k|ltlaDa 7 eP k"j{ k|ltlaDa slt x'G5 < kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF f(x) = 3x – 5, f(x) = 7
cyjf, 7 = 3x -5 [f(x) nfO{ k|ltlaDa elgG5 .]
cyjf, 7 + 5 = 3x
cyjf, 12 = 3x
cyjf,
cyjf 4 = x
 7 sf] k"j{ k|ltlaDa 4 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 3
olb f(x +2) = 3x – 2 eP f(2) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF f(x + 2) = 3x - 2
cyjf, f(x + 2) = 3(x +2) - 6- 2
cyjf, f(x + 2) = 3(x + 2) – 8
cyjf, f(x) = 3x – 8 [(x + 2) sf] :yfgdf x /fVbf ]
ca, f(2) = 3 x 2 – 8 = 6 - 8 = -2
21
cEof; 1.1. 4 (D)
1. tn lbOPsf kmngx¿sf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ M
(a) ;Dk"0f{ kmng (b) ck"0f{ kmng
(c) Ps Ps kmng
2. tn lbOPsf cj:yfdf kmngx¿sf] k|ltlaDa cyjf k"j{ k|ltlaDa kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) f(x) = 4x + 5, f(2), f(3), f(5)
(b) f(x) = 2x + 3, f(x) = 7, x = ?
(c) f(x) = 5x -1 = 14,x = ?
3. tn lbOPsf kmngx¿sf] If]q (D) lbOPsf] cj:yfdf lj:tf/ (R) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) f(x) = 2x – 4, D = {1, 0, 3}
(b) g(x) = 3x + 1, D = (1, 3, 5)}
(c) h(x) = 2- 3x, D= {-1,0, 1, 2, 3}
4. (a) olb f(x + 2) = 5x – 8 eP f (x) / f(5) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb f(x + 1) = 3x + 4 eP f(x) / f(3) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
( ) ( )
5. (a) olb f(x) = x - 5 eP f(h), f(x + h) / ( ) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb f(x) = eP f(-1), f( ) ( ) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

6. tkfOF{sf] b}lgs hLjgdf kmngsf] k|of]u s] s;/L ePsf] 5 < 5f]6f] l/kf]6 tof/ u/L
sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
22
1.2. ax'kbLox¿ (Polynomials)

lgDg k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) olb f(x) = x2 – 4 eP f(1), f(2) / f(4) sf] dfg slt x'G5 <
(b) /]vLo kmngsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f n]vL n]vflrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
(c) df x sf] 3ft slt x'G5 <
(d) √ df x sf] 3ft slt x'G5 <
(e) cleJo~hs xy2 + xy + 2 sf] l8u|L slt 5, cflb .
1.2.1 ax'bLosf] kl/ro (Introduction to polynomial)
aLh ul0ftLo cleJo~hsx¿ cyjf kmngx¿ lgDg ltg tl/sfn] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
(i) u'0ffª\ssf cfwf/df
kmng u'0ffª\sx¿ u'0ffª\sx¿sf] k|s[lt
f(x)= 3x2 + 5x- 6 3, 5, -6 k"0ff{ª\sx¿
f(x) = 4x3 - 4, cfg'kflts ;ª\Vofx¿
f(x) = x2 + 12x + 18 1, 12, 18 wgfTds k"0ff{ª\sx¿

( ) √ √ √ , -4, √ , 8 jf:tljs ;ª\Vofx¿
(ii) kmngdf ePsf kbx¿sf cfwf/df
kmng kbx¿sf] ;ª\Vof Gffd
f(x) = 4x 1 Ps kbLo (monomial)
f(x) = 4x +5 2 låkbLo (binomial)
f(x) = 4 x2 + 4x + 7 3 lqkbLo (trinomial)
b'O{ cyjf b'O{eGbf a9L kbx¿ ePsf] kmngnfO{ ax'kbLo elgG5 .
23
(iii) 3ftfª\ssf cfwf/df
kmng l8u|L (degree) kmngsf] gfd
f(x) = 4x + 3 1 /]vLo kmng (linear function)
f(x) = 3x2 + 4x + 5 2 ju{ 3ftLo kmng (quadratic function)
f(x) = x10 + 3x7 + 12 10 ax'3ftLo kmng (polynomial function)
ax'kbLosf] l8u|L hlxn] klg wgfTds k"0ff{ª\s x'G5 .
ax'kbLo eg]sf] Pp6f cfg'kflts cleJo~hs xf] . h;sf k|To]s kbx¿ wgfTds 3ft
ePsf / ltgLx¿nfO{ cr/n] u'0fg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ P(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ====
+anxn sf] :j¿kdf n]Vg] ul/G5 . hxfF a0, a1, a2, ==== an jf:tljs ;ª\Vofx¿ x'g\ / n
wgfTds k"0ff{ª\s xf] . P(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2+==== + anxn nfO{ n 3ftfª\s cyjf n l8u|Lsf]
ax'kbLo elgG5 .
s]xL ax'kbLox¿sf gfd dfly lbOPcg';f/ x'G5 . ax'kbLosf u'0fx¿ k"0ff{ª\ssf
u'0fx¿;Fu d]n vfg] x'G5g\ .
(i) 2x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 4 Ps ax'kbLo xf] lsgls of] 'x' sf] kbdf 3ftLo kmng xf] .
(ii) 2x-3 + 3x2 + Ps ax'kbLo xf]Og, lsgls klxnf] / t];|f] kbdf x sf] 3ft
wgfTds k"0ff{ª\s 5}g .
(iii) olb ax'kbLosf kbx¿ a9\bf] cyjf 36\bf] 3ftfª\scg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\
eg] To:tf] ax'kbLonfO{ :t/Lo :j¿ksf] ax'kbLo (standard form of
polynomials) eGb5g\ .
h:t} M f(x) = 5x4 + 3x2 + 7x + 8 -3ftfª\s 36\bf] j|mddf_
= 8 + 7x + 3x2 +5x4 -3ftfª\s a9\bf] j|mddf_
lbOPsf ax'kbLosf] gfd pSt ax'kbLodf ePsf kbx¿dWo] ;aeGbf 7'nf] 3ftfª\ssf
gfdaf6 /fVg] ul/G5 . dfly lbOPsf] ax'kbLo '4' 3ftfª\sLo ax'kbLo xf] .
(iv) b'O{ cf]6f ax'kbLox¿df Pp6} 3ftfª\s ePsf kbx¿sf] u'0ffª\s a/fa/ eP
ltgLx¿nfO{ a/fa/ ax'kbLox¿ elgG5 .
h:t}M f(x) = 5x3 + 7x + 8 /
g(x) = √
(v) ax'kbLodf ePsf kbx¿df ;fª\lVos (numeral) / ln6/n (literal) u'0ffª\sx¿

x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu f(x) = 5ax df x sf] ;fª\lVos u'0ffª\s 5 / ln6/n
u'0ffª\s a x'G5 .
24
cEof; 1.2.1
1. tn lbOPsf cleJo~hsx¿ dWo] s'g s'g ax'kbLo x'g\ / s'g s'g ax'kbLo xf]Ogg <
sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
(a) 2x + 3 (b) √ (c) √ (d)
2. tn lbOPsf cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;fª\lVos u'0ffª\s / ln6/n u'0ffª\s kTtf

nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) 2xy df y sf] (b) 3x2y df y sf] (c) df xy sf]
3. tnsf kmngx¿sf] l8u|L (degree) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) f(x) = 2x2y (b) g(x) = 3xyz2
(c) f(x) = 3x2 – 4x5 + 2x (d) g(x) = 8x3- √
(e) h(xy) = 6x3y2 + 7xy3 + 7xy4 (f) g(xy) = 3x4y – 5x2y5 + xy3
4. tn lbOPsf ax'kbLox¿nfO{ a9\bf] j|mddf n]Vg'xf];\ M
(a) 2x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 9x4
(b) √
5. tn lbOPsf ax'kbLox¿nfO{ 36\bf] j|mddf n]Vg'xf];\ M
(a) 2x2 – x + 8 + 3x3 (b) x4 + 2x + 1 + 3x3 (c) 4x3 + 2x2 – 3 + 4x2
6. tn lbOPsf ax'kbLox¿dWo] a/fa/ ax'kbLo s'g s'g x'g\, n]Vg'xf];\ M
f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 5x + 6
g(x) = 3x3 – x2 + 7x + 8
h(x) = √ √
k(x) = √ √ √
25
1.2.2 ax'kbLosf lj|mofx¿ (Operations on Polynomial)
3x2, 4x2, 7x, 8x3,-7x2, 4x0 df ;hftLo kbx¿ s'g s'g x'g\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . To:t}
3ftfª\ssf lgod k|of]u u/L x3 x x3 / sf] u'0fgkmn slt slt x'G5,
n]Vg'xf];\ .
s] b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ax'kbLox¿nfO{ hf]8\g, 36fpg / u'0fg ug{ ;lsG5 < 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ hf]8 / 36fpm (Addition and subtraction)
dfgf}F ax'kbLox¿ 4x3 – 3x2 – 7x = p(x), 2x2 – 5x + 7 = q(x) / 3x3 + 5 =r(x) 5g\ .
oL ax'kbLox¿nfO{ hf]8\bf (p(x) + q(x)) + r(x) x'G5 .
oxfF, P(x), q(x) / r(x) sf ;hftLo kbsf u'0ffª\sx¿nfO{ hf]8\bf,
[p(x) + q(x)] + r(x) = (4 + 0 +3)x3 + (-3 + 2 + 0)x2 + (-7 -5 + 0) x + (0 + 7 + 5)
= 7x3 – x2 – 12x +12
ca, 7x3 – 8x2 + 12x + 5 af6 2x3 + 4x2 – 8x 36fpg'xf];\ .
oxfF, p(x) = 7x3 – 8x2 + 12x +5 / q(x) = 2x3 + 4x2 – 8x dfgf}F
ca, p(x) – q(x)
= 7x3 – 8x2 + 12x + 5 – (2x3 + 4x2 – 8x)
= 7x3 – 8x2 + 12x + 5 -2x3 – 4x2 + 8x
= (7 -2)x3 + (-8-4)x2 + (12 + 8)x + 5
= 5x3 – 12x2 + 20x + 5
-v_ u'0fg (Multiplication)
olb f(x) = x2 + x + 1 / g(x) = (x2 – x + 1) eP f(x) x g(x) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
oxfF, f(x) = x2 + x + 1
g(x) = x2 – x +1
ca, f(x). g(x) = (x2 + x + 1). (x2 – x + 1)
= x2(x2 - x + 1) + x(x2 - x + 1) + 1(x2 - x + 1)
= x4 - x3 + x2 + x3 - x2 + x + x2 - x + 1
= x4 + x2 + 1
26
pbfx/0f 1
olb f(x) = 2x -1, g(x) = 2x + 1 / h(x) = 5x2 + 6x + 2 eP f(x).g(x) + h(x) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF, f(x) = 2x - 1, g(x) = 2x + 1, h(x) = 5x2 + 6x + 2
f(x).g(x) = (2x - 1) . (2x - 1)
= (2x)2 - (1)2
= 4x2 - 1
k]ml/, f(x)g(x) + h(x) = 4x2 - 1 + 5x2 + 6x + 2
= 9x2 + 6x + 1
pbfx/0f 2
olb f(x) = 5x + 1, g(x) = 25x2 - 5x + 1 / h(x) = 128x3 - 4x2 + 6x + 9 eP h(x) - f(x).g(x) kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF, f(x) = 5x + 1
g(x) = 25x2 - 5x + 1
h(x) = 128x3 - 4x2 + 6x + 9
ca, f(x).g(x) = (5x + 1). (25x2 - 5x + 1)
= 5x(25x2 - 5x + 1) + 1(25x2 - 5x + 1)
= 125x3 - 25x2 + 5x + 25x2 - 5x + 1
= 125x3 + 1
To;}n], h(x) - f(x).g(x)
= 128x3 - 4x2 + 6x + 9 - (125x3 + 1)
= 128x3 - 4x2 + 6x + 9 - 125x3 - 1
= 3x3 - 4x2 + 6x + 8
cEof; 1. 2.2
1. (a) ax'kbLosf] kl/efiff n]Vg'x]f;\ .
(b) ju{3ftLo kmngsf] pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
27
2. f(x) + g(x) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) f(x) = 3x3 – 4x2 + 5x - 7
g(x) = 2x2 - 3x + x3
(b) f(x) = 7x3 + 4x2 – 5
g(x) = x3 – x2 + 1
3. (a) olb f(x) = x6 – 3x2 – 7 / g(x) = x7 – 2x5 + 2x2 + x + 2 eP g(x) – f(x) kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb h(x) = 3x3 – 7x2 + 5x + 9 / g(x) = 3 – 4x + 5x2 eP h(x) – g(x) kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
4. f(x). g(x) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) f(x) = (x3 - 1), g(x) = (x3 +1)
(b) f(x) = (x2 – x + 1), g(x) = (x + 1)
(c) f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + x – 1
g(x) = x2 – 2x + 4
5. olb f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 5
g(x) = 5 + 7x2 – 3x3 / r(x) = x3 + 7 eP
[f(x) + g(x)] + r(x) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. olb f(x) =
g(x) = / h(x) = x2 + x eP
[f(x) + g(x)] – h(x) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

7. (a) olb f(x) =(x- 1), g(x) = x2 + x + 1 / h(x) = x2 + 2x – x3 eP {f(x) x g(x)} + h(x)
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb f(x) = (x + 2)
g(x) = (x + 3) / h(x) = 2x2 - 4x + 3 eP f(x).g(x) = h(x) k|dfl0ft ug{'xf];\ .
(c) olb f(y) = (2y-1)
g(y)= (4y2 + 2y + 1) / h(y) = 10y3 + 2y2 + 3y - 6 eP h(y) - [f(y) x g(y) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
28
1.3 cg'j|md / >]0fL (Sequence and series)

tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L pTt/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
(a) 2x + 3 sf] l8u|L slt xf]nf <
(b) ax2 + bx + c, b'O{ l8u|Lsf] ax'kbLo x'g clgjfo{ ;t{ s] xf] <
(c) olb f(n) = 2n – 5 eP f(1), f(2), f(3), f(4) sf] dfg slt slt xf]nf <
(d) lrqdf lbOPsf 86 -yf]Knf_ x¿sf] 9fFrfn] s] b]vfpF5 <
1.3.1 cg'j|mdsf] kl/ro (Introduction to sequence)

P =1 P =2 P =3 P=4
dflysf] lrqdf Pp6f 3/df la5fOPsf 6fOnx¿sf] ;+/rgf j|mda4 ¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . p n]
;+/rgfsf] j|mdnfO{ hgfpF5 . n] /ftf] kf/]sf] / n] ;]tf] 6fonnfO{ hgfpF5 eg],
-s_ k|To]s ;+/rgfsf nflu rflxg] /ftf] 6fonsf] ;ª\Vof kTtf nufpg] ;'q 'P' sf kbdf
JoSt ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|To]s ;+/rgfsf nflu rflxg] ;]tf] 6fonsf] ;ª\Vof kTtf nufpg] ;"q 'P' sf kbdf
JoSt ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ hDdf 6fonx¿ kTtf nufpg] ;"q 'P', sf kbdf JoSt ug'{xf];\ <
-3_ s] dflysf ;+/rgfx¿ lglZrt j|mddf /flvPsf 5g < ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
To:t}, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, . . ., . . ., nfO{ lglZrt j|mddf /flvPsf] 5 < o;/L lglZrt
j|mddf /flvPsf] 5 eg] 32 kl5 nuftf/ cfpg] b'O{ cf]6f kbx¿ s] s] xf]nfg <
29
s'g} ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ Pp6f lglZrt lgoddf /flvPsf] 5 eg] pSt lgodcg';f/
/flvPsf] kmngnfO{ cg'j|md (sequence) elgG5 .
dfly 6fonx¿sf] ;+/rgf;Fu cfa4 ;ª\Vofx¿ 2, 4,8, 16 32, . . .,. . . nfO{ cg'j|mdsf]
pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
(i) xfdLn] s'g} a}ª\ssf] art vftf (saving accounts) df /flvPsf] k};f lglZrt
Jofhb/df /flvPsf] x'G5 . klxnf] jif{, bf];|f] jif{, t];|f] jif{, rf}yf] jif{ cflbsf] Jofhn]
Pp6f cg'j|mdnfO{ hgfpF5 .
(ii) 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, ..., .. n] Pp6f cg'j|md agfpF5 . . . . , . .. -Ps k6sdf ltg cf]6f
yf]Knf /fvL sdf (,) nfO{ cg'j|mddf /fVg] ul/G5 h;sf] cy{ o:t} u/L (and so on)
eGg] a'lemG5 . cg'j|mdx¿ lglZrt (finite) / clglZrt (infinite) b'j} x'G5g\ .
kbx¿sf] ;ª\Vof lglZrt ePsf] cg'j|mdnfO{ lglZrt cg'j|md / kbx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
lglZrt gePsf] / clGtd kb kTtf nufpg g;lsg] cg'j|mdnfO{ clglzrt cg'j|md
elgG5 .
pbfx/0f 1
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . ., . . ., df yk b'O{ kbx¿ s] s] xf]nfg < kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . ., df lbOPsf] ;ª\Vofx¿sf] j|mdn] Pp6f kmngnfO{ hgfpF5 h;sf] kl5Nnf] kb,
cl3Nnf] kbeGbf 1 n] a9L 5 . To;}n] yk b'O{ cf]6f kbx¿ j|mdzM 5 + 1 =6 / 6 + 1 = 7
x'G5g\ .
pbfx/0f 2
olb, kmng f(n)= 75 + 5n df n n] k|fs[lts ;ª\VofnfO{ hgfpF5 eg] pSt kmngsf klxnf rf/
kbx¿ kTtf nufO{ cg'j|mddf n]Vg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, kmng f(n) = 75 + 5n
n = 1 /fVbf, f(1) = 75 + 5 x 1
= 75 + 5 = 80
n=2 /fVbf f(2) = 75 + 5 x 2 = 75 + 10 = 85
n = 3 /fVbf, f(3) = 75 + 5 x 3 = 75 + 15 = 90
n = 4 /fVbf, f(4) = 75 + 5 x 4 = 75 +20 = 95
To;}n] pSt ;ª\Vofx¿sf] cg'j|md
80, 85, 90,95, . . ., . . . x'G5 .
30
cEof; 1.3.1
1. tn lbOPsf cg'j|mddf yk b'O{ kbx¿sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) 3, 5, 7, 9, . . ., . . . (b) -4, -2,0, 2,. . ., . . .
(c) 18, 14, 10, 6, 2, . . .,. . . (d) 20, 15, 10, 5, ..., ....
(e) 5, 10, 20, 40 ...., (f) 64, 32, 16, 8, ..., ...
2. oxfF lbOPsf kmngx¿df klxnf 5 kbx¿ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ / tL kbx¿nfO{ cg'j|mdsf
¿kdf JoSt ug'{xf];\ . 'n' n] k|fs[lts ;ª\VofnfO{ hgfpF5 .
(a) f(n) = 3n + 2
(b) f(n) = n2 – 1
(c) f(n) = 2n
(d) f(n) = (-1)n. n2
1.3.2 ;fwf/0f kb (General term)

lbOPsf] lrqdf (n + 10)2 = n2 + 20 n +100 nfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 .
/fVbf lrqdf lbOPsf cfot / ju{x¿sf] If]qkmndf s;/L j[l4 x'G5 < s'g
n = 1, 2, 3, . . ., 10
ju{ cyjf cfotsf] If]qkmnsf] dfg cr/ x'G5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
n2 + 20n + 100 n] s]nfO{ hgfpF5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
tn lbOPsf cg'j|mddf n sf] dfg 1 af6 ;'? x'Fbf n cf}F kb lgsfNg] ;"q s] xf]nf < 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
cg'j|md n cf}F kbsf] ;"q
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . ., . . .
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, . . ., .. .
31
4, 9, 16, 25, . . ., . . .
9, 16, 25, 36, . . ., . . .
s'g} klg cg'j|mddf n cf}F kbsf] dfg s'g} lglZrt ;"qaf6 lgsfNg] ul/G5 . pSt n cf}F kbnfO{
cg'j|mdsf] ;fwf/0f kb (general term) elgG5 .
s]xL cg'j|mdn] ax'kbLosf u'0fx¿ k|bz{g u5{g\ eg] s]xLn] ub}{gg\ .
-s_ ax'kbLosf u'0fx¿ ePsf cg'j|mdx¿
(i) yn = an + b :j¿ksf cg'j|mdx¿
olb s'g} cg'j|mdsf] klxnf] km/s Ps ;dfg cfpF5 eg] To:tf] cg'j|mdsf] ;fwf/0f
kbsf] l8u|L '1' x'G5 .
pSt cg'j|md a + b, 2a + b, 3a + b, 4a + b, ..., an + b vfnsf] x'G5 .
oxfF, a + b, 2a + b 3a + b 4a + b . . .
klxnf] km/s (first difference) a a a

pbfx/0f 18, 14, 10, 6, 2, . . ., . . . sf] ;fwf/0f kb kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
oxfF, 18 14 10 6 2
klxnf] km/s -4 -4 –4 –4 ...

klxnf] km/s Ps ;dfg (-4) ePsfn] of] cg'j|mdsf] ;fwf/0f kb k|yd l8u|Lsf]"an+b"
:j¿ksf] x'G5 .
hxfF, a = -4 / klxnf] kb (a + b) = 18
cyjf, -4 + b = 18
cyjf, b = 22
To;}n] ;fwf/0f kb (tn) = an + b
= - 4n + 22
= 22 – 4n
(ii) tn = an2 + bn + c :j¿ksf cg'j|mdx¿
hxfF n = 1, 2, 3, . . . 5g\ .
32
tn = an2 + bn + c df n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . /fVbf cg'j|md lgDgcg';f/ x'G5 M
cg'j|mdM a+b+c 4a + 2b + c, 9a + 3b + c, 16a + 4b + c, . . .
klxnf] km/s 3a + b 5a + b 7a + b . . .
bf];|f] km/s 2a 2a . . .
oxfF bf];|f] km/s Ps ;dfg (2a) ePsfn] o:tf] cg'j|mdsf] ;fwf/0f kb ju{3ftLo x'G5 .
oxfF, bf];|f] km/ssf] cg'j|mdsf] Ps ;dfg kb = 2a, klxnf] km/saf6 k|fKt cg'j|mdsf] klxnf]
kb = 3a + b
lbOPsf] cg'j|mdsf] klxnf] kb = a +b + c
pbfx/0f 1
cg'j|md 3, 6, 11, 18, 27, 38, . . ., . . . sf] ;fwf/0f kb kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
cg'j|md 3 6 11 18 27 38 ...
klxnf] km/s 3 5 7 9 11 ...
bf];|f] km/s 2 2 2 2 ...

oxfF, bf];|f] km/s Ps ;dfg 5 . of] cg'j|mdsf] ;fwf/0f kbsf] :j¿k an2 + bn + c x'G5 .
hxfF, bf];|f] km/s (2a) = 2 cyjf, a = 1
klxnf] km/ssf] klxnf] kb (3a + b) = 3
cyjf, 3 x 1 + b = 3
cyjf, b = 3 – 3
cyjf, b = 0
cg'j|mdsf] klxnf] kb (a + b + c) = 3
cyjf, 1 + 0 + c= 3
cyjf, c = 3- 1
cyjf, c = 2
To;}n] cfjZos ;fwf/0f kb (tn) = an2 + bn + c = n2 + 2
33
o;}u/L ax'kbLox¿ 2 eGbf a9L 3ftsf klg x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿sf ;fwf/0f kb klg dfly lbOP
h:t} u/L kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 .
-v_ ax'kbLosf u'0fx¿ gePsf cg'j|mdx¿
pbfx/0f 2
3, 9, 27, 81 . . . cg'j|mdsf] km/s lnFbf s] lglZrt km/s k|fKt x'G5 xf]nf <
pSt cg'j|mdsf] n cf}F kb kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg M
oxfF, lbOPsf] c'gj|md 3 9 27 81
klxnf] km/s 6 18 54
bf];|f] km/s 12 36
oxfF km/s Ps ;dfg cfpFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf cjnf]sg / cg'dfgaf6 ;fwf/0f kb
kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 . cyjf tflnsfdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
kb klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] Rff}yf] kfFrf}F
kbsf] dfg 3 =31 9 =32 27 = 33 81 = 34 35
To;}n], ;fwf/0f kb (tn) = 3n

;dfwfg 3
cg'j|md sf] ;fwf/0f kb kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF cg'j|md df kbx¿ nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ tflnsfdf /fVbf
kb ;ª\Vof klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] Rff}yf] n cf}F

kbsf] dfg ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
To;}n], pSt cg'j|mdsf] ;fw/0f kb cyjf n cf}F kb ( ) ( )

x'G5 .
34
pbfx/0f 4
cg'j|md 0, sf] ;fwf/0f kb kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M

;dfwfg
oxfF, bf];|f], rf}yf], 5}6f}F . . . kbx¿sf] dfg C0ffTds 5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ (-1)n+1 åf/f
n]Vg ;lsG5 . lbOPsf] cg'j|mdnfO{ tflnsfdf lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
To:t} M 3gfTds dfgx¿ dfq lnFbf
kb ;ª\Vof klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] Rff}yf] n cf}F
kbsf] dfg ( ) ( )
To;}n] lbOPsf] cg'j|md sf] ;fwf/0f kb ( ) ( ) x'G5 .
cEof; 1.3.2
1. tnsf cg'j|mdx¿sf] ;fwf/0f kb (tn) lbOPsf] 5 . klxnf] kfFr cf]6f kbx¿sf] dfg
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) 3n + 1 (b) 4n – 5 (c) n2 + 4n + 5 (d) 3n2 – 5
2. lgDg lnlvt cg'j|mdx¿sf] ;fwf/0f kb (n) cf}F kb kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, . . . , . . (b) 5, 2, -1, -3, -7, . . . , . . .
(c) 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, . . ., . . . (d) 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, . . ., .. ..
(e) 4, -7, -26, -53., -88,-131, . . ., . . . (f)
(g)
3. lbOPsf lrqfTds cg'j|mdx¿sf] ;fwf/0f kb kTtf nufpg] lgod n]Vg'xf];\ M

(a) (b)
2 4
7 16
12 36
... 64
... 100
... 144
... ...
... ...
35
(c)
(d)
4. tkfO{Fn] b}lgs hLjgdf cg'j|mdsf pbfx/0f sxfF sxfF kfpg'ePsf] 5 . 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg
tof/ u/L sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
1.3.3 >]0fLsf] kl/ro (Introduction to series)

tnsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) ;fwf/0f kb (tn) = 4n – 1 ePsf] cg'j|mdsf] klxnf rf/ cf]6f kbx¿sf] of]ukmn
slt xf]nf <
(b) s] oL rf/ cf]6f kbx¿nfO{ t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 n]Vg ;lsG5 <
(c) t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 nfO{ 5f]6sf/Ldf tn n]Vg ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g <
olb cg'j|mdsf kbx¿nfO{ of]ukmnsf ¿kdf JoSt ul/Pdf To;nfO{ pSt cg'j|md;Fu
;DalGwt >]0fL elgG5 . o;nfO{ '' -sigma or summation_ lrx\gleq ;fwf/0f kb n]vL
hgfOG5 .
h:t}M 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, . . . Pp6f cg'j|md 5 .
of] cg'j|mdsf] ;fwf/0f kb 2n x'G5 .
o;;Fu ;DalGwt >]0fL,
2 + 4+ 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + . . .+ . . . x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 1
;fwf/0f kb tn = (-1)n + 1 2n ePsf] cg'j|mdsf]
(i) klxnf kfFr cf]6f kbx¿sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(ii) oL kfFr cf]6f kbx¿sf] of]ukmn kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(iii) pSt cg'j|mdsf] >]0fLnfO{ '' lrx\g k|of]u u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg M (i) oxfF ;fwf/0f kb(tn) = (-1)n+1 2n df n dfg j|mdzM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 /fVbf
t1 = (-1)1+1 x 21 t2 = (-1)2+1 x 22
= (-1)2 x 2 = (-1)3 x 4
=1x2 = -1 x 4
=2 = -4
36
t3 = (-1)3+1 x 23
= (-1)4 x 8
=1x8
=8
t4 = (-1)4+1 x 24, t5 = (-1)5 x 25
= (-1)5 x 16 = (-1)6 x 32
= -1 x 16 = 1 x 32
= -16 = 32
(ii) t1 + t 2 + t 3 + t 4 + t 5
= 2 + (-4) + 8 + (-16) + 32
= 42 – 20
= 22
(iii) ∑
=∑ ( )
cEof; M 1.3.3
1. (a) cg'j|mdsf] kl/efiff pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) cg'j|md / >]0fLlar leGgtf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
2. tn lbOPsf dWo] s'g s'g cg'j|md / s'g s'g >]0fL x'g\ 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M
(a) 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 (b)
(c) ∑ (d) * +
(e) {(1, 5), (2,7),(3, 9), (4, 11)} (f) 4 + 7 + 10 + 11+ . . . .
(g) 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + . . .
3. tn lbOPsf cg'j|md;Fu ;DalGwt >]0fLnfO{  lrx\g k|of]u u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M
(a) 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, . . .20
(b) -1, 2, -3, 4, -5, 6, -7
(c) (a-1), (a - 2)2, (a -3)3, . . ., . . ., (a - 14)14
4. dfg kTQf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) ∑ (b)∑ ( )
(c) ∑ ( ) (d)∑
37
PsfO 2 ;LdfGt dfg (Limit)
2.0 k'g/fjnf]sg (Review)

tnsf k|Zgx¿ ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) f(x) = x2 – 2x + 3 df f(3) sf] dfg slt x'G5 <
(b) kmng eg]sf] s] xf] < kmng / ;DaGw lar s] km/s 5 <
(c) s] ;a} k|sf/sf ;DaGwx¿ kmng x'G5g\ <
(d) f ={(2,4), (5,25), (7, 49)} sf] If]q (domain) slt x'G5 <
(e) yn = 2n + 1 sf nflu y1, y2, y3, / y4 sf] dfg slt slt x'G5 <
(f) kbx¿sf] dfg a9\bf] j|mddf ePsf] s'g} Pp6f cg'j|md s] xf]nf <
(g) kbx¿sf] dfg 36\bf] j|mddf ePsf] s'g} Pp6f cg'j|md s] xf]nf <
(h) Pp6f k'm6an pkmfbf{ pSt an slt k6s pk|]mkl5 /f]lsG5 xf]nf <
(i) n sf] dfg a9fpFb} hfFbf sf] dfg slt xf]nf <
(j) 50.457 nfO{ bzf+z, ;of+z / k"0f{ ;ª\Vofdf z"GofGt ubf{ s'g s'g ;ª\Vof k|fKt
xf]nfg\ <
2.1 ;fª\lVos cg'j|md (Sequence of numbers)
 , , , , sf yk b'O{ kbx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .\
 ;fdfGo kb (general term) (-1)n ePsf] cg'j|mdsf] klxnf kfFr cf]6f kbx¿ s]
s] xf]nfg\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
tn lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ;d"xdf ug'{xf];\ .
A D E F GH C B
lrq g= 2.1
10 ;]=ld= nDafO ePsf] Pp6f /]vfv08 AB lng'xf];\ . pSt /]vfv08sf] dWolaGb', C

kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . k'gM CA sf] dWolaGb' D kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . To:t} /]vfv08, CD sf]
38
dWolaGb' E kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . oxL j|mddf EC, FC, GC ... sf dWolaGb'x¿ j|mdzM F, G,
H ... kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
oxL k|lj|mof cufl8 a9fFpbf clGtd dWolaGb' s'g laGb'sf] glhs k'U5 < 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
s] AB, AC, AD, DE, EF, FG, GH,... sf] nDafOn] sf] cg'j|md
agfpF5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
o;/L k|fKt x'g] clGtd dWod laGb' / C larsf] b'/L nueu z"Go (0) sf] a/fa/
x'G5 .
0 nfO{ cg'j|md 10, 5, sf] ;LdfGt dfg eGb5g\ . h'g ''0" sf] nueu
a/fa/ (nearly '0') x'G5 t/ l7s ''0" x'Fb}g .
s'g} klg cg'j|mdsf] clGtd kb s'g} lglZrt ;ª\Vofsf] glhs k'U5 t/ l7s Tof] ;ª\Vof
x'Fb}g . ;ª\Vof /]vfdf s'g} jf:tljs ;ª\Vof bfof“tkm{ "+ " / afofFtkm{ "-" sf] glhs
k'U5 . t/ l7s "∞" / "-" xF'b}g .
cEof; 2.1
1. -s_ 0.1, 0.01, 0.001,=== sf] cf7fF} kb slt xf]nf < kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ s] dfly -s_ sf] cg'j|mddf kbx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} hfbf clGtd kb '0' sf]
glhs k'U5 <
-u_ dfly -s_ sf cg'j|mdsf] ;LdfGt dfg slt x'G5 <
2. -s_ 2.1, 2.01, 2.001, 2.0001, === nfO{ sltdf ;LdfGt ug{ ;lsG5 <
-v_ 1.9, 1.99, 1.999, 1.999,==== df k|To]s kbsf] glhssf] k"0f{ ;ª\Vof s'g xf],
n]Vg'xf];\ .
3. Pp6f 8 ;]= ld= nfdf] /]vfv08nfO{ j|mdzM cfwf cfwf ub}{ cf7 k6s cfwf ug'{xf];\ .
cfwf ubf{ cfpg] :yfgx¿nfO{ ;ª\Vof /]vfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ . o;af6 k|fKt lgisif{
5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ .
39
2.2 lrqLo cg'j|md (Sequence of figures)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
lrq g= 2.2
dfly lbOPsf lrqx¿sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgx¿ ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ lrq g= 2.2(i) df lqe'h / j[Ttsf] If]qkmnsf] km/s slt xf]nf <
-v_ lrq g= 2.2 (ii) / lrq g= 2.2 (iii) dWo] ax'e'h / j[Ttsf] If]qkmnsf] km/s
s'gdf sd xf]nf <
-u_ s] lrq g= 2.2 (iv) df eGbf lrq g= 2.2 (v) df j[Tt / ax'ehsf] If]qkmnsf]
km/s sd xf]nf <
-3_ dflysf] cg'j|mddf j[Ttleq ag]sf] ax'e'hsf e'hfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofx¿ a9fpFb} hfFbf
ax'e'h / j[Ttsf] If]qkmnsf] km/s slt xf]nf <
j[Ttleq ax'e'hsf hlt e'hfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} nUof] pSt ax'e'hsf] If]qkmn,
lbOPsf] j[Ttsf] If]qkmn;Fu glhs x'Fb} hfG5 < s'g a]nf ax'e'hsf] / j[Ttsf] If]qkmn
a/fa/ xf]nf < cyjf j[Tt / o;/L w]/} e'hf lnP/ eg]sf] ax'e'hsf] If]qkmnsf] km/s
nueu 0 g} x'G5 . To;}n] ax'e'hsf e'hfx¿ a9fpFb} hf“bf ag]sf] ax'e'hsf] If]qkmnsf]
;LdfGt/ dfg j[Ttsf] If]qkmn x'G5 .
xfdLn] o:tf j[Ttfsf/ cfs[ltleq ag]sf ax'e'hsf 9fFrfx¿ (Patterns) / 6]l;n];g
;DaGwL cfs[ltx¿ cfk\mgf] 3/, ljBfno / cGo sfof{nodf klg b]Vg] u/]sf 5f}F . oL
cfs[ltx¿df ax'e'hsf] ;ª\Vofx¿ a9fpFb} hfFbf b]lvg] Psn lrq j[Tt h:t} x'G5 .
ax'e'hx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} hfFbf aGg] Psn lrqsf] ;LdfGt dfg j[Tt x'G5 .
(i) (ii) (iii)
lrq g= 2.3
40
dflysf lx:6f]u|fd jf k|To]s :tDesf dWo laGb'x¿ hf]8]/ hfg] af/Daf/tf jj|m/]vf
(frequency polygon) sf] k|s[ltsf af/]sf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
lx:6f]u|fddf :tDex¿sf] ;ª\Vof slt k'Ubf pSt jj|m/]vf ;dldtLo (symmetrical)
x'G5 xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
lx:6f]u|fddf :tDex¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} uof] eg] pSt jj|m ;dldtLo (symmetrical)
x'bF } hfG5 .
cEof; M 2.2
1. lrqdf aflx/L ju{sf dWo laGb'x¿ hf]8\bf leqL ju{
aGg] cg'j|md b]vfOPsf] 5 . slt cf]6f ju{;Dd
leqL ju{x¿ agfpg ;lsG5 xf]nf < o;/L aGg]
ju{sf] If]qkmn / kl/ldltsf]
;LdfGt dfg s] xf]nf, n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. lrqdf ltg y/L ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ Ps cfk;df

k|ltR5]lbt ePsf 5g\ . oL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿
k|ltR5]lbt xF'bf slt cf]6f lqe'hx¿ aG5g <
tL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} hfFbf
lqe'hsf ;ª\Vofsf] ;LdfGt dfg s] xf]nf < ljZn]if0f
ug'{xf];\ .
3. j[Ttleq agfOPsf ax'e'hsf 9fFrfx¿ sxfF sxfF b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ . tL
9fFrfx¿df s] s:tf cfs[ltx¿ 5g\ < tL cfs[ltx¿sf] ;LdfGt lrq s] xf]nf <
n]Vg'xf];\ .
4.
dflysf] lrqdf lunf;df e/L kfgLnfO{ k|To]s k6s cfwf cfwf x'g]u/L lkpFbf slt
k6s;Dd cfwf efu kfgL lkpg ;lsG5 xf]nf < cGtdf lunf;df slt dfqfdf kfgL
afFsL /xG5 xf]nf, n]Vg'xf];\ .
41
5. lbOPsf] n]vflrqdf X sf] dfg a9fpFb} hfFbf Y
Y sf] df s] s;/L km/s k/]sf] 5 .
X sf] dfg slt x'Fbf Y sf] df 0 sf] a/fa/ x'G5 <
o:tf] k|s[ltsf] u|fkm cGoq xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf
sxfF sxfF b]Vg kfOG5 < 5f6f] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L
sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . X
2.3 cl;ldt >]0fLsf] of]ukmn (Sum of infinite series):
B C D E F
O A
lrq g= 2.4
lrqdf h:t} OA = 2 PsfO lng'xf];\ . OA sf] dWolaGb' B kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . To:t} BA

sf] dWolaGb' C, CA sf] dWolaGb' D, DA sf] dWolaGb' E / EA sf] dWolaGb' F nuftf/
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . o;/L slt k6s;Dd dWolaGb' kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 < s] o;/L
dWolaGb' kTtf nufpFbf k|fKt x'g] clGtd dWolaGb' A sf] glhs} k'U5 < cyjf l7s A g}
x'G5 . ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
dflysf] lrqdf
OA = 2 PsfO
OB = BA = 1 PsfO
BC = PsfO, OC = OB + BC =( ) PsfO
CD = PsfO , OD = OB + BC + CD =( ) PsfO
DE = PsfO , OE = OB + B C +CD + DE = ( ) PsfO
EF = PsfO , OF = OB + BC +CD + EF = ( ) PsfO
o;}u/L /]vfv08 OA nfO{ nuftf/ cfwf ub}{ hfFbf aGg] >]0fL

x'G5 . w]/}k6s ljefhg ubf{ cGtdf xfdL laGb' A sf] glhs k'Ug ;S5fF} .
oxfF S1= OB = 1 PsfO
S2 = OC =( ) PsfO
42
= 1.5 PsfO
= PsfO
OE
= = 1.875 PsfO
S5 = OF
= = 1.9375 PsfO
o;}u/L, S6, S7, S8, . . .ubf{ "Sn" (n k6s cfwf ubf{) 2 sf] glhs k'U5 .
oxfF 2 nfO{ pSt cg'j|mdsf] ;LdfGt dfg elgG5 . ''Sn"l7s 2 x'Fb}g t/ 2 sf] glhssf]
dfg x'G5 .
o;/L pSt c'gj|mddf nuftf/ cfpg] kbx¿dWo] cl3Nnf] kb (preceding term) / kl5Nnf] kb
(succeeding term) sf] cg'kftsf] lg/k]If dfg (absolute value) 1 eGbf sd x'G5 . To:tf]
cg'j|mdsf] ;LdfGt dfg kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 .
h:t} M sf] ;dfg cg'kft
1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + ======, / ;dfg cg'kftsf] lg/k]If dfg
(Absolute value) 1 eGbf a9L x'gfn] pSt cg'j|mdsf] ;LdfGt dfg Ps lglZrt ;ª\Vofåf/f
hgfpg ;lsFb}g . t/ cg'j|md sf] ;dfg cg'kft(common
ratio)( ) / o;sf] lg/k]If dfg -1 eGbf ;fgf]_ ePsfn] pSt cg'j|mdsf] ;LdfGt dfg s'g}
lglZrt jf:tljs ;ª\Vof x'G5 .
cg'j|md ̅̅̅̅ nfO{ 0.45 + 0.0045 + 0.000045 + ... cyjf
cyjf 45 x 10-2 + 45x 10-4 + 45 x 10-6 + ...
o;/L ag]sf] >]0fL 45 x 10-2 + 45 x 10-4 + 45 x 10-6 + ... sf] clGtd kb 0 sf] glhssf]
wgfTds ;ª\Vof x'G5 . cyjf o; >]0fLsf] n cf}F kbsf] lg/k]If dfg 0 x'G5 .
cEof; 2.3
1. tn lbOPsf s'g s'g cg'j|mdsf] ;LdfGt dfg Ps lglZrt jf:tljs ;ª\Vofsf] x'G5,
n]Vg'xf];\ .
(a) 16 – 8 + 4 – 2 + . . . (b) -8 +4+ (-2) + . . . +( )
(c) 4 + 2 + 1 + . . . (d) 8 + 40 + 200 + . . .
(e) 0.6 + 0.06 + 0.006 + ... (f) ̅̅̅̅
43
2. lrqdf e'hfsf] nDafO 1 PsfO ePsf] ju{nfO{ cfwf ub}{ hfg] j|mddf ag]sf] efunfO{
5fof kf/]/ b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;/L aGg] 5fof kf/]sf k|To]s gofF efusf] cg'j|md s] xf]nf <
olb pSt cg'j|mdn] ju{sf] j|md -klxnf], bf];|f], ====_ nfO{ hgfpF5 / Sn n] ltgLx¿sf]
5fof kf/]sf] efusf] If]qkmnnfO{ hgfpF5 eg] tn lbOPsf] tflnsf eg'{xf];\ M
D C D C D C D C
A B A B A B A B
klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] rf}yf}
n Sn
1 ….
2 …..
3 ….
4 ….
5 …..
6 …..
3. tnsf cg'j|mdsf] n cf}F kb (tn) lbOPsf] cj:yfdf klxnf] 5 cf]6f kbx¿ kTtf
nufO{ ;LdfGt dfg;d]t n]Vg'xf];\ .
(a) (b)
( ) ( )
(c) (d)
2.4 kmngsf] ;LdfGt dfg (Limit of function)

f(x) = x+ 1 sf nflu tn lbOPsf] tflnsf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L eg'{xf];\ M
x f(x) (x, f(x))
-1 0 (-1,0)
-2 ..... .....
0 ..... .....
1 ..... .....
2 ..... .....
3 ..... .....
4 ..... .....
5 ..... .....
f(x) = x + 1 nfO{ n]vflrqdf b]vfpFbf s:tf] cfs[lt aG5 < s] f(x) = x + 1 df k|To]s x
sf nflu km/s f(x) 5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
44
o;/L x1 / x2 j|mdzM 2 sf] glhs k'Ubf cfot ABCD laGb' 4 df ;Lldt ePsf] h:t}
b]lvG5 .
To;}n] f(x) = x2 df f(2) = 4, laGb' 2 df kmngsf] dfg xf] eg] x1 / x2 b'j} 2 sf] glhs
k'Ubf cfotsf] :yfg y– cIfdf laGb' 4 df b]lvg' kmng f(x) sf] laGb' x = 2 df ;LdfGt
dfg xf] . Pp6f kmngsf] s'g} lglZrt laGb'df k|fKt y – lgb]{zfª\s (output) pSt
kmngsf] dfg xf] eg] pSt lglZrt laGb'sf] ;aeGbf glhssf] laGb'df kTtf nufOPsf]
dfg ;LdfGt xf] .
cEof; 2.4
1. (a) olb f(x) = 2x-1 eP f(2) / f(1.99) sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb f(x) = 2x eP f(3) / f(2.99) sf] km/s slt x'G5 . kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) f(x) = 3x + 1 df f(4.99) / f(5.07) nfO{ s'g k"0f{ ;ª\Vofdf z"GofGt ug{ ;lsG5,
n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. (a) (i) f(x) = df s] f(1) n] s'g} lglZrt jf:tljs ;ª\VofnfO{ hgfpF5 <
(ii) x =1.1, 1.01, 1.001 lnFbf f(x) sf dfg s] s] x'G5g\ < kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(iii) x = 0.9, 0.99, 0.999 lnFbf f(x) sf dfg s] s] x'G5g\ < kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(iv) (ii)/ (iii) af6 k|fKt f(x) sf dfgx¿nfO{ s'g k"0f{ ;ª\Vofdf z"GofGt ug{
;lsG5 <
(b) tn lbOPsf] tflnsf eg'{xf];\ M
x 0.1 0.001 0.0001 0.0001 0.00001 0
f(x) =2x+ 3 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....

.
x -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001 -0.00001 0
f(x) = 2x + 3
3. Pp6f sndnfO{, cfFvfeGbf 40 ;]=ld= 6f9f /fVg'xf];\ . pSt sndnfO{ cfFvfeGbf j|mdzM
20 ;]=ld=/ 10 ;]=ld= glhs NofpFbf 40 ;]=ld= 6f9f ePsf] cj:yfdf eGbf s] leGgtf
b]Vg'eof] n]Vg'xf];\ . pSt snd cfFvfnfO{ 5'g]u/L glhs} /fVof] eg] s] snd Tof]
cfFvfn] b]Vg ;S5 < ca of] lj|mofsnfknfO{ ;LdfGt dfg;Fu s;/L hf]8\g ;lsG5 <
ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ / pSt ljZn]if0fnfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
46
2.5 ;LdfGt dfgsf] ;fª\s]lts k|:t'lt (Notational representation of limit)
tkfO{F Pp6f sf]7fdf k|j]z ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . l7s 9f]sf cufl8 cfOk'Ubf sf]7fleqaf6 Ps
hgfn] tkfO{FnfO{ sxfF x'g'x'G5, sltv]/ sf]7fdf k'Ug'x'G5 egL kmf]g u/] eg] s] s:tf]
hjfkm lbg'x'G5 xf]nf < sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
tn lbOPsf] tflnsf eg'{xf];\ M
x 1 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999 2.1 2.01 2.0001 2.0001
f(x) = x + 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
dflysf] tflnsfdf x]/L tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm n]Vg'xf];\ M

(a) x = 1.99 df f(x) = x + 3 sf] dfgnfO{ s'g k"0f{ ;ª\Vofdf z"GofGt ug{ ;lsG5 <
(b) x = 2.07 df f(x) = x+ 3 sf] dfgnfO{ s'g k"0f{ ;ª\Vofdf z"GofGt ug{ ;lsG5 <
(c) 1.99 / 2.0 nfO{ s'g k"0f{ ;ª\Vofdf z"GofGt ug{ ;lsG5 <
(d) x = 2 df f(x) sf] dfg slt x'G5 < dflysf lj|mofsnfkaf6 xfdL 1.99 / 2.01
nfO{ 2 sf] glhs} k'Ubf f(x) klg 5 sf] glhs} k'U5 egL k9\g ;S5fF} .
olb s'g} ;ª\Vof (x) bfofF cyjf afofFaf6 'a' sf] glhs k'Ubf f(x) klg f(a) sf] glhs
k'U5 . o;nfO{ olb x a eP f(x)f(a) n]Vg ;lsG5 . [If x approaches or x tends
to a then f(x) approaches to f(a) or f(x) tends to f(a)] o;nfO{ ;fª\s]lts ¿kdf n]Vbf
limit xa, f(x) = f(a) x'G5 . k9\bf limit x tends to a, f(x) equals to f(a) egL kl9G5 .
dflysf lj|mofsnfkdf 1.99 / 2.07 nfO{ k"0f{ ;ª\Vofsf z"GofGt ubf{ x2 n]Vg
;lsG5 .
cEof; 2.5
1. (a) kmngsf] dfg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) kmngsf] ;LdfGt dfg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
(c) c;Lldt >]0fLsf] s'g} Pp6f pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. (a) 3.004 / 5.005 nfO{ s'g s'g k"0f{ ;ª\Vofdf z"GofGt ug{ ;lsG5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) 1.0001 / 0.999 nfO{ s'g} Pp6} k"0f{ ;ª\Vofdf z"GofGt ug{ ;lsG5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
3. tn lbOPsf ul0ftLo jfSox¿nfO{ ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg'xf];\ M
(a) x, 4 sf] glhs} k'Ubf (x approaches to 4)
(b) y, 5 sf] glhs} k'Ubf (y tends to 5)
47
4. tn lbOPsf ;ª\s]tx¿nfO{ jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ M
(a) x 2 (b) x3 (c) x a (d) lim x2, f(x)
(e) lim x3, f(x) (f) lim x2, f(x) = 9 (g) limit xa, g(x) = g(a)
5. tn lbOPsf] tflnsf k"/f ug'{xf];\ M
(a)
x 0.99 0.99 0.999 1.001 1.0001 x1
f(x) = ..... ..... ..... ..... f(x) 
(b)
x 0.99 0.999 1.01 1.00 x
f(x) = .... ..... ..... ..... f(x) 
(c)
x 0.99 0.999 1.01 1.007 x
f(x) = ..... ..... ..... ..... f(x) 
6. xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] ;LdfGt dfg;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} rf/ cf]6f pbfx/0fx¿
vf]hL sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
48
PsfO 3 d]l6«S; (Matrix)
tn lbOPsf] dlxgfsf] kfqf] / ;fdfgx¿ lsg]sf] lan cjnf]sg u/L lgDg k|Zgx¿df
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
l;=g= ;fdfg kl/df0f b/ -?=_ hDdf

(kg) /sd -?=_
1. lrgL 5 90 450
2. lrp/f 2 70 140
3. bfn 3 180 720
4. g'g 5 20 100
(a) dflysf] kfqf]df 22 ut] s'g af/ k5{ < s;/L kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 <
(b) of] dlxgfdf zlgaf/ slt slt ut] k5{ <
(c) of] dlxgfdf laxLaf/ slt cf]6f k5{g\ <
(d) of] lancg';f/ s'g s'g ;fdfg lslgPsf] /x]5 <
(e) s'g ;fdfgsf] b/ slt /x]5 <
(f) s'g ;fdfg slt cf]6f lslgPsf] /x]5 < pko'St ljj/0fsf ;ª\Vofx¿ dfq s;/L
/fVg ;lsG5 < cEof; u/]/ x]g'{xf];\ .
49
3.1 d]l6«S;sf] kl/ro (Introduction to matrix)
ltg hgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] :t/Ls[t cª\s (Grade point) lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
ljifo
ljBfyL{sf] gfd
ul0ft lj1fg g]kfnL
s';'d 3.2 3.6 3.6
slkn 3.6 3.2 2.8
;fu/ 3.6 4.0 3.2
o; tflnsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg ;lsG5 M
[ ]
oxfF k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] ltg cf]6f ljifodf k|fKt u/]sf] :t/Ls[t cª\snfO{ t];f]{ nfOgdf
/flvPsf] 5, o;nfO{ kªlSt (row) elgG5 . k'gM s'g} Pp6f ljifodf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf]
:t/Ls[t cª\snfO{ 7f8f] nfOgdf /flvPsf] 5 h;nfO{ nx/ (column) elgG5 . o;/L kª\lSt /
nx/df /x]sf ;ª\VofnfO{ ( ), [ ] jf || || lrx\gleq aGb u/L /flvPsf] cfoftfsf/ k|:t'ltnfO{
d]l6«S; elgG5 .
pko'{St d]l6«S;nfO{ nx/ / kª\lStdf b]vfpFbf,
klxnf] nx/ bf];|f] nx/ t];|f] nx/
  
3.2 3.6 3.6  klxnf] kª\lSt
3.6 3.2 2.8  bf];|f] kª\lSt
3.6 4.0 3.2  t];|f] kª\lSt
kª\lSt / nx/sf ¿kdf /x]sf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] cfoftsf/ k|:t'ltnfO{ d]l6«S; (Matrix) elgG5 .
d]l6«S;nfO{ [ ], ' ' jf ( ) ;ª\s]tåf/f aGb ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof d]l6«S;nfO{ cª\u|]hL
j0f{dfnfsf 7'nf cIf/x¿ A, B, C... OToflbn] hgfOG5 . d]l6«S;sf ;b:ox¿ (elements) nfO{
cª\u|]hL j0f{dfnfsf ;fgf cIf/x¿ a, b, c, d… OToflbn] hgfOG5 .
-s_ d]l6«S;sf] j|md (order of matrix)
;fdfGotof s'g} d]l6«S;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ n]lvG5 M
A=[ ]= [ ]
50
dflysf d]l6«S;df nx/ (column) / kª\lSt (row) sf] ;ª\Vof slt slt 5g\ < lbOPsf]
d]l6«S;df nx/ (column) / kª\lSt (row) 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
oxfF d]l6«S; A df ltg cf]6f kª\lSt / ltg cf]6f nx/ 5g\ . of] d]l6«S;nfO{ 3 × 3
d]l6«S; elgG5 . oxfF d]l6«S;sf] j|md 3 x 3 xf] . o;nfO{ A3 x 3 d]l6«S; n]lvG5 cyf{t\
A3 x 3 = [ ]
o;}u/L, P=* + / Q=[ ]
oxfF, d]l6«S; P df b'O{ cf]6f kª\lSt (row) / ltg cf]6f nx/ (column) 5g\ . To;}n]
d]l6«S; P sf] j|md 23 x'G5 eg] d]l6«S; Q df ltg cf]6f kªlSt / Pp6f nx/ 5 .
To;}n] o;sf] j|md 31 x'G5 .
s'g} klg d]l6«S;sf] kª\lStsf] ;ª\Vof  nx/sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ Tof] d]l6«S;sf] j|md
elgG5 .
Am× n d]l6«S;sf]
j|mddf klxnf] ;ª\Vof m n] kª\lSt ;ª\Vof / bf];|f] ;ª\Vof n n] nx/
;ª\Vof hgfpF5 .
pbfx/0f- 1
tnsf d]l6«S;x¿sf] j|md kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) P=[ ] (b) Q=[ ]
(c) A =[ ] (d) B =[ ]
;dfwfg
(a) d]]l6«S; P df Pp6f kª\lSt / ltg cf]6f nx/ ePsfn] o;sf] j|md 1  3 xf] .
(b) d]]l6«S; Q df ltg cf]6f kª\lSt / Pp6f nx/ ePsfn] o;sf] j|md 3  1 xf] .
(c) d]]l6«S; A df ltg cf]6f kª\lSt (row) / ltg cf]6f nx/ (Column) ePsfn] o;sf] j|md
3  3 xf] .
(d) d]]l6«S; B df ltg cf]6f kª\lSt / b'O{ cf]6f nx/ ePsfn] o;sf] j|md 3  2 xf] .
51
-v_ d]l6«S;sf cª\ux¿ (Components of matrix)
tnsf] d]]l6«S; cWoog ug'{xf];\ M
A =* +df
;dfj]z ePsf] a, b, c, d, e, f k|To]s d]l6«S; A sf cjoj jf
;b:ox¿ (elements) x'g\ . ;fdfGotof d]l6«S;nfO{
A=[ ] n] hgfOG5 .
oxfF a11, a12, a13 === ;b:ox¿nfO{ o; ¿kdf k|:t't ubf{ d]l6«S;sf s'g} klg ;b:osf]
kª\lSt / nx/ ;lhn} kTtf nufpg ;lsG5, h:t} a11 klxnf] kª\lSt / klxnf] nx/df
k5{ . a21 bf];|f] kª\\lSt / klxnf] nx/df k5{, To:t} a23 bf];|f] kª\lSt / t];|f] nx/df k5{ .
o;/L d]l6«S;sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ amn sf ¿kdf n]Vg] ul/G5, hxfF m kª\lSt / n nx/sf]
;ª\Vof xf] .
pbfx/0f 2
olb A=[ ] eP
(a) d]l6«S; A sf ;b:o ;ª\Vof n]Vg'xf];\ .

(b) d]l6«S; A sf] j|md slt xf]nf <
;dfwfg
(a) d]l6«S; A df 9 cf]6f ;b:ox¿ 5g\ .
(b) d]l6«S; A sf] j|md 3 x 3 xf] .
pbfx/0f 3
d]l6«S; P = * + eP d]l6«S; P sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ a11, a12, a13, a21, a22 / a23 u/L
n]Vg] xf] eg] a11, a12, a22 / a23 sf] dfg slt slt x'G5 < kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
d]l6«S; P sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ a11, a12, a13, a21, a22 / a23 sf] ¿kdf n]Vbf
P =* + x'G5 / * + =* +
ca b'j} d]l6«S;sf ;ª\ut ;b:ox¿ a/fa/ ePsfn]

 a11 = 8, a12 = 12, a13 = 16
a21 = 1, a22 = 3, a23 = 5
52
cEof; 3.1
1. (a) d]l6«S; eg]sf] s] xf] < o;nfO{ hgfpg] ;ª\s]t klg n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) d]l6«S;sf] j|md eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
(c) d]l6«S;sf cjojx¿nfO{ s]n] hgfOG5 < Pp6f pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
(d) olb P=* + eP d]l6«S; P sf ;b:o ;ª\Vof n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. tnsf d]l6«S;sf] j|md kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(i) A = [ ] (ii) B = [ ]
(iii) C = [ ] (iv) D = [ ]
3. olb M=[ ] eP d]l6«S; M sf] j|md slt xf] < o;nfO{ j|mdsf] ;ª\s]tdf klg
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
4. A=[ ] eP d]l6«S; A sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ a11, a12, a13, a21, a22, a23, a31, a32 / a33
sf] ¿kdf n]Vbf a11, a22, / a32sf] dfg slt slt x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
5. ltg hgf ljBfyL{x¿n] ltg ljifodf k|fKt u/]sf] :t/Ls[t cª\s (grade point) n]vL
Pp6f d]l6«S; agfpg'xf];\ . To;sf] j|md / cjojx¿ ;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
53
3.2 d]l6«S;sf k|sf/x¿ (Types of Matrices)
d]l6«S;sf] agfj6 (structure) cg';f/ d]l6«S;x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
(a) kª\lSt d]l6«S; (Row Matrix)
tnsf d]l6«S;x¿ cWoog u/L lgDg k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
M =[ ]
P=[ ]
(i) d]l6«S; M / P sf] j|md slt 5 <
(ii) logLx¿df slt cf]6f kª\lSt / slt cf]6f nx/ 5g\ <
oL b'j} d]l6«S;x¿sf] Pp6f dfq kª\lSt 5 . o;/L Pp6f dfq kª\lSt ePsf] d]l6«S;nfO{
kª\lSt d]l6«S; (row-matrix) elgG5, h:t} M
A=[ klg Pp6f 1  4 j|mdsf] kª\lSt d]l6«S; xf] . o;}u/L Pp6f dfq
]
kª\lSt / n cf]6f nx/ ePsf] d]l6«S;sf] j|md slt xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
(b) nx/ d]l6«S; (Column Matrix)
tnsf d]l6«S;x¿sf] cWoog u/L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
A=* +, B =[ ]
pko'{St d]l6«S;sf] j|md n]Vg'xf];\ . logLx¿sf kª\lSt / nx/ slt slt cf]6f 5g\ < oL
b'j} d]l6«S;df Pp6f dfq nx/ 5 . o;/L Pp6f dfq nx/ ePsf] d]l6«S;nfO{ nx/
d]l6«S; (column matrix) elgG5, h:t} M
C =[ ] Pp6f 31 j|md ePsf] nx/ d]l6«S; xf] .
o;}u/L m cf]6f kª\lSt / Pp6f dfq nx/ ePsf] d]l6«S;sf] j|md slt xf]nf < 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
(c) ju{ d]l6«S; (Square Matrix)
tnsf d]l6«S;x¿ cWoog ug'{xf];\ M
A=* +
B=[ ]
(i) d]l6«S; A / B sf] j|md slt slt x'G5 <
54
(ii) logLx¿sf] kª\lSt / nx/ ;ª\Vof slt slt 5 <
oL b'j} d]l6«S;df nx/ / kª\lStsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5 . o;/L kª\lSt / nx/sf] ;ª\Vof
a/fa/ ePsf d]l6«S;nfO{ juf{sf/ d]l6«S; (square matrix) elgG5 .
h:t} M P =[ ], Q =* +
(d) cfotfsf/ d]l6«S; (Rectangular matrix)

tnsf d]l6«S;x¿ cWoog ug'{xf];\ M
M = [ ], N=[ ]
pko'{St d]l6«S;x¿sf] j|md slt slt 5 < logLx¿sf] nx/ / kª\lStsf] ;ª\Vof slt
slt 5 < oxfF pko'{St b'j} d]l6«S;df nx/ / kª\lStsf] ;ª\Vof km/s km/s 5 . o;/L
kª\lStsf] ;ª\Vof / nx/sf] ;ª\Vof ;dfg gePsf] d]l6«S;nfO{ cfoftfsf/ d]l6«S;
(Rectangular matrix) elgG5, h:t} M
M=* +, N=[ ] elgG5 .
(e) z"Go jf vfnL d]l6«S; (Zero/Null Matrix)

tnsf d]l6«S;x¿ cWoog u/L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
A=[ ] B=* +
(i) d]l6«S; A / B sf] j|md slt slt x'G5 <

(ii) d]l6«S; A / B sf ;b:ox¿ slt 5g\ <
dflysf b'j} d]l6«S; A / B df ;a} ;b:ox¿ z"Go 5g\ . o;/L ;a} ;b:o z"Go ePsf]
d]l6«S;nfO{ z"Go jf vfnL d]l6«S; (zero/null matrix) elgG5 . cyjf s'g} klg
d]l6«S;sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿ z"Go (zero) ePsf] d]l6«S;nfO{ z"Go d]l6«S; elgG5 .
(f) ljs0f{ d]l6«S; (Diagonal Matrix)
A=[ ], B=* + *a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0]
(i) dfly lbOPsf d]l6«S;x¿sf cjojx¿ slt cf]6f 5g\ . tL s] s] x'g\ <
55
(ii) d]l6«S; A / B df ePsf d'Vo ljs0f{x¿df s] s] ;b:o 5g\ < d]l6«S; A / B
df kª\lSt / nx/sf] ;ª\Vof slt slt 5 < d]l6«S; A / B df ePsf
;b:ox¿df klxnf] ;b:oaf6 clGtd ;b:o;Dd lvlrPsf] cjoj g} ljs0f{ xf] .
o;/L pko'{St d]l6«S;x¿df d'Vo ljs0f{ (leading diagonal) (a11 af6 ;'? ePsf]
ljs0f{_ kg]{ ;b:oafx]s cGo ;a} ;b:ox¿ z"Go (zero) ePsf] juf{sf/
d]l6«S;nfO{ ljs{0f d]l6«S; (diagonal matrix) elgG5 . dflysf d]l6«S;x¿ ljs{0f
d]l6«S;x¿ x'g\ . o:t} cGo d]l6«S;x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
(g) :s]n/ d]l6«S; (Scalar Matrix)
tnsf d]l6«S;x¿ cWoog u/L lgDg k|Zgx¿dfly 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
M=[ ], N=* +, *k ≠ 0+
(i) d]l6«S; M / N sf] j|md slt slt 5 <

(ii) pko'{St d]l6«S; M df d'Vo ljs0f{sf ;b:o s'g s'g x'g\ <
(iii) ltgLx¿sf] dfg slt slt 5 <
o;/L d'Vo ljs0f{sf ;a} ;b:ox¿ Pp6} -a/fa/_ ePsf] ljs0f{ d]l6«S;nfO{ :s]n/
d]l6«S; elgG5 . dflysf d]l6«S;x¿ :s]n/ d]l6«S;x¿ x'g\ . o:t} cGo d]l6«S;x¿
n]Vg'xf];\ .
(h) PsfO jf PsfTds d]l6«S; (Unit or Identity Matrix)
I3 =[ ] I2 = * +
(i) s] I3 / I2 ljs0f{ d]l6«S; x'g\ <

(ii) ljs0f{df kg]{ ;b:ox¿ s] s] x'g\ <
d]l6«S; I3 / I2 df d'Vo ljs0f{sf k|To]s ;b:ox¿ PsfO (1) / afFsL cjojx¿ z"Go
5g\ . To;}n] d'Vo ljs0f{sf k|To]s ;b:ox¿ PsfO (1) ePsf] ljs0f{ d]l6«S;nfO{
PsfTds jf PsfO d]l6«S; (identity or unit matrix) elgG5 .
(i) lqe'hsf/ d]l6«S; (Triangular Matrix)
A=* + ,B=[ ], C = * +, /D=[ ] *a, b, c, d, e, f ≠ 0+
56
oL d]l6«S;sf ljz]iftfx¿ vf]hL ug'{xf];\ . oxfF, d]l6«S; A / B df d'Vo ljs0f{eGbf
tnk6\l6sf ;b:ox¿ z"Go 5g\ . o;/L d'Vo ljs0f{eGbf tnk6\l6sf ;b:ox¿ z"Go
ePsf] juf{sf/ d]l6«S;nfO{ dflyNnf] lqe'hfsf/ d]l6«S; (upper tringular matrix)
elgG5 . To;}u/L dflysf d]l6«S;x¿ C / D df d'Vo ljs{0feGbf dflysf ;b:ox¿
z"Go 5g\ . o;/L d'Vo ljs0f{eGbf dflyk6\l6sf ;b:ox¿ z"Go ePsf] juf{sf/
d]l6«S;nfO{ tNnf] lqe'hfsf/ d]l6«S; elgG5 . ;du|df d'Vo ljs0f{eGbf dfly jf
tnk6\l6sf ;b:ox¿ z"Go ePsf] juf{sf/ d]l6«S;nfO{ lqe'hfsf/ d]l6«S; elgG5 . o:t}
cGo lqe'hfsf/ d]l6«S;x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
(j) ;dldlt d]l6«S; (Symmetric Matrix)
tnsf d]l6«S;x¿ cWoog u/L k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf]; M
A=( ) ( )
(i) d]l6«S; A / B sf ljz]iftfx¿ s] s] 5g\ <

(ii) logLx¿sf nx/ / kª\lSt ;f6f;f6 (inter change) ubf{ s] km/s k5{ <
oxfF d]l6«S; A / B df nx/ (column) nfO{ kª\lSt (row) df kl/jt{g ubf{ k]ml/ pxL
d]l6«S; x'G5 .
h:t} d]l6«S; P=[ ] df nx/nfO{ kª\lStdf kl/jt{g ubf{ aGg] gofF
d]l6«S; Q=[ ] x'G5 . oxfF P=Q x'G5 .
To;}n] Pp6f juf{sf/ d]l6«S;df nx/ (column) nfO{ kª\lSt (row) df / kª\lSt (row)
nfO{ nx/ (column) df kl/j{tg ubf{ d]l6«S;df s'g} kl/j{tg gePdf To:tf] d]l6«S;nfO{
;dldlt d]l6«S; (symmetric matrix) elgG5 .
(k) a/fa/ d]l6«S; (Equal Matrix)
A=* +/ B=* +
d]l6«S; A / B sf ;b:o ;ª\Vof slt slt 5g\ < s] d]l6«S; A / B sf ;ª\ut

;b:ox¿ ;dfg -a/fa/_ 5g\ < To;}u/L M = * +/ N=* + df d]l6«S; M
/ N sf ;ª\ut ;b:ox¿ cyjf a = -2, b = 0, c = 4 / d = -6 5g\ eg] d]l6«S; M = N
x'G5 . o;/L ;dfg j|mdsf b'O{ d]l6«S;sf ;DalGwt ;b:ox¿ klg a/fa/ 5g\ eg]
To:tf] d]l6«S;nfO{ a/fa/ d]l6«S; elgG5 .
57
tnsf d]l6«S;x¿ cWoog u/L lgDg k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
A=* +, B = * +, C = * +
s] d]l6«S; A, B / C sf j|mdx¿ a/fa/ 5g\ <

(i)
(ii) k|To]s d]l6«S;sf ;ª\ut ;b:ox¿ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ / s'g s'g d]l6«S;df ;ª\ut
;b:ox¿ a/fa/ 5g\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
dfly lbOPsf d]l6«S;x¿dWo] A / B sf j|md / ;ª\ut ;b:o a/fa/ 5g\ . o:tf]
cj:yfdf d]l6«S;x¿ A / B nfO{ a/fa/ elgG5 / A = B n]lvG5 . s] d]l6«S;x¿ A / B
a/fa/ 5g\, lsg < t/ C sf ;ª\ut ;b:ox¿ A / B sf ;ª\ut ;b:ox¿;Fu a/fa/
5}gg\ . To;}n] A ≠ C x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 1
olb [ ] * + eP x / y sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, b'j} d]l6«S;x¿ a/fa/ ePsfn] logLx¿sf ;ª\ut ;b:ox¿ klg a/fa/ x'G5g\ .
ctM x + y = 6 ..................... (i)
x - y = 2 ...................... (ii)
;dLs/0f (i) / (ii) nfO{ xn ubf{,
x = 4 / y = 2 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 2
d]l6«S; A = [aij]2x3 / aij = (i x j)2 5 eg] d]l6«S; A agfpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A = [aij]2x3 = ( )
ca, aij = (i x j)2

a11 = (1 x 1)2 = (1)2 = 1
a12 = (1 x 2)2 = (2)2 = 4
a13 = (1 x 3)2 = (3)2 = 9
a21 = (2 x 1)2 = (2)2 = 4
a22 = (2 x 2)2 = (4)2 = 16
a23 = (2 x 3)2 = (6)2 = 36
58
 A =* +
A=* +
pbfx/0f 3
olb [ ] Pp6f PsfTds d]l6«S; eP x, y, p / q sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF, lbPsf] d]l6«S; PsfTds ePsfn]]
[ ] * +
;ª\ut ;b:ox¿ a/fa/ ubf{,

ctM x – 1 = 1 / 2q – 4 = 0
cyjf x = 2 cyjf, 2q =4 cyjf, q=2
k'gM 3p – 6 = 0 / y+2=1
cyjf, 3p = 6 cyjf, y = 1 -2 = -1
cyjf, p = 2  y = -1
 x = 2, y = -1, p=2/ q=2 x'G5 .
cEof; 3.2
1. pbf/x0f;lxt tnsf d]l6«S;x¿sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ M
(a) juf{sf/ d]l6«S; (b) ljs0f{ d]l6«S;
(c) :s]n/ d]l6«S; (d) ;dldlt d]l6«S;
2. tn lbOPsf d]l6«S;sf k|sf/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
(a) [ ] (b) = [ ] (c) * +
(d) [ ] (e) [ ]
3.(a) olb d]l6«S; M = [aij] / aij = 2i + j eP, Pp6f M2  2 juf{sf/ d]l6«S; agfpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb d]l6«S; N= [aij] / aij = i - j eP Pp6f N2 3 cfotsf/ d]l6«S; agfpg'xf];\ .
59
(c) d]l6«S; A = [aij] 5, hxfF aij = (i x j)3 x'g] Pp6f 33 d]l6«S; agfpg'xf];\ .
4.(a) olb A = [ ] [ ] / A= B eP, w, x, y / z sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb [ ] Pp6f PsfTds d]l6«S; eP x, y, p / q sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) tn lbOPsf] cj:yfdf p / q sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
* + * +
3.3 d]l6«S;sf lj|mofx¿ (Operations of matrix)

d]l6«S;sf lj|mofx¿cGtu{t xfdL d]l6«S;x¿sf hf]8, 36fp / u'0fgsf af/]df 5nkmn
ug]{ 5f}F .
-s_ d]l6«S;x¿sf] hf]8 (Addition of Matrices)
s'g} b'O{ cf]6f k;nx¿df ut xKtf cfOtaf/b]lv dª\unaf/;Dd laj|mL ePsf cfn',
uf]ne]F8f / sfpnLsf kl/df0fx¿ (kg) tn tflnsfdf pNn]v u/]adf]lhd 5g\ M
t/sf/L laj|mLsf] kl/df0f
klxnf] k;n bf];|f] k;n
kl/df0f cfn' Uff]ne]F8f sfpnL kl/df0f cfn' Uff]neF]8f sfpnL
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
Aff/ af/
cfOtaf/ 5 7 3 cfOtaf/ 3 4 6
;f]daf/ 4 6 5 ;f]daf/ 5 7 10
dª\unaf/ 7 3 10 dª\unaf/ 8 5 11
dflysf b'O{ cf]6f tflnsf cWoog u/L lgDg k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) cfOtaf/ b'O{ cf]6f k;ndf u/L hDdf slt s]=hL (kg) cfn' laj|mL eof] xf]nf <
(b) dª\unaf/ b'O{ cf]6f k;ndf u/L hDdf slt s]=hL= (kg) sfpnL laj|mL eof] xf]nf <
(c) cfOtaf/b]lv dª\unaf/;Dd b'O{ cf]6} k;ndf u/L k|To]s t/sf/Lx¿ slt slt
s]=hL= laj|mL eof] <
60
pko'{St 5nkmnsf cfwf/df klxnf] k;n / bf];|f] k;nsf k|To]s t/sf/Lsf] laj|mL
kl/df0fnfO{ d]l6«S;åf/f lgDgfg';f/ /fVg ;lsG5 M
A=[ ], B=[ ]
ca d]l6«S; hf]8sf] :j¿kcg';f/ d]l6«S; A / B nfO{ cfk;df hf]8\bf
A+B=[ ]+[ ]= [ ]= [ ]
dflysf lj|mofsnfksf cfwf/df d]l6«S;x¿sf hf]8 lj|mof s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f
;lhn} a'‰g ;lsG5 .
b'O{ cf]6f d]l6«S; hf]8\bf ;dfg :yfgdf /x]sf b'O{ cf]6f ;b:ox¿nfO{ hf]8\b} hfg'kb{5
cyf{t\ ;DalGwt ;b:ox¿nfO{ j|mdzM hf]l8G5 . t;y{, ;dfg j|mdsf d]l6«S;x¿ dfq
hf]8\g ;lsG5 / o;/L hf]8\bf ;ª\ut ;b:ox¿nfO{ dfq hf]8\g'k5{ .
pbfx/0f 1
olb A=* + / B =[ ] eP A+B sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
hxfF, A=* + / B=[ ] 5g\ eg],
d]l6«S; hf]8sf] kl/efiff cg';f/,
A+B=* ++[ ]=[ ]
pbfx/0f 2
olb M=* + / N=* + eP M+N sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M

;dfwfg
oxfF, M=* + / N=* + 5g\ .
ca, M +N =* ++* +
=* +
=* +
61
-v_ d]l6«S;x¿sf] 36fp (Subtraction of Matrices)
dflysf] -s_ cg';f/ klxnf] / bf];|f] k;ndWo] s'g k;ndf s'g af/ s'g lsl;dsf]
t/sf/L slt a9L laj|mL ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f ;lhn} s;/L kTtf nufpg ;lsPnf <
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oxfF b'O{ cf]6f d]l6«\S;x¿sf] hf]8 u/] h:t} d]l6«S;sf] 36fp u/]df pko'{St ;d:ofx¿
xn ug{ ;lsG5 .
dfgf}F A = = [ ] / B= [ ] eP,
A–B=[ ] [ ]
=[ ] =[ ]
o;/L d]l6«S;sf] hf]8 u/] h:t} 36fpdf klg ;dfg j|mdsf d]l6«S;x¿ dfq 36fpg
;lsG5 / 36fpFbf ;DalGwt ;b:ox¿ j|mdzM 36fOG5 .
pbfx/0f 3
olb M= [ ] / N=[ ] eP M-N sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF M= [ ] / N=[ ] 5g\ .
ca M-N=[ ]-[ ]
=[ ]=[ ]
 M - N = [ ]
pbfx/0f 4
olb A = * + / B = [ ] / * + eP A + B - C sf] dfg kTtf

nufpg'xf];\ .
62
;dfwfg
oxfF, A=* + B= [ ] / * + 5g\ .
ctMA +B - C = * ++[ ] * +
=[ ] * +
=[ ]
-u_ d]l6«S; hf]8sf u'0fx¿ (Properties of Matrix Addition)

(i) aGbL u'0f (Closure Property)
P=* + / Q =* +
(a) P+Q s:tf] d]l6«S; aGnf <

(b) P + Q, P / Q sf] j|mdx¿ slt slt x'G5 <
oxfF, P=* + / Q =* +
ca, P+Q =* ++* +
=* +
=* +
ctM d]l6«S; P / Q b'j} 2 x 2 j|mdsf d]l6«S; 5g\ / P + Q klg 2  2 j|mds} d]l6«S; x'G5 .
t;y{, b'O{ cf]6f ;dfg j|mdsf d]l6«S;x¿sf] of]ukmn klg pxL j|mdsf] d]l6«S; x'G5 . hf]8sf]
of] u'0fnfO{ aGbL u'0f (closure propety) elgG5 .
(ii) j|md ljlgod u'0f (Commutative Property)
olb A=( ) / B=( ) eP A + B =( ) +( )
=( )
=( )
k'gM B +A = ( ) ( )
63
=( )
=( )
oxfF A + B = B + A x'G5 .
ctM d]l6«S;x¿sf] hf]8df j|md ljlgdo u'0f x'G5 .
(iii) ;ª\3Lo u'0f (Associative property)
dfgfF} A=* + * + / * +
ca, A + B =* + * +
=* +
=* +
ca, (A +B) + C =* + * +
=* +
=* +
k'gM B+C
=* + * +
=* +
ca, A +(B+ C) = * + * +
=* +
=* +
 (A + B)+ C = A + (B + C)
ctM d]l6«S;x¿sf] hf]8df ;ª\3Lo u'0f x'G5 .
(iv) PsfTds u'0f (Identity property)
dfgf}F A=* + / Z=* +
64
ca, A+Z=* ++* +
= * +
=* + - - - (1)
k'gM Z+A=* ++* +
=* ++* +
=* +
=* + - - - (ii)
oxfF ;dLs/0f (i) / (ii) af6

A+Z=Z+A =A
oxfF Z Pp6f z"Go d]l6«S; xf] . z"Go d]l6«S;df ;dfg j|mdsf] s'g} csf]{ d]l6«S; hf]8\bf
k'gM ToxL d]l6«S; k|fKt x'G5, o;nfO{ d]l6«S; hf]8sf] PsfTds u'0f (identity property)
elgG5 .
(v) hf]8sf] ljk/Lt lgod (Law of additive inverse]
dfgf}F, A=* + / B=* +
ca, A + B= * + * +
=* +
=* +
k'gM B+A=* + * +
=* +
=* +
 A+B=0=B+A
ctM B nfO{ A sf] ljk/Lt d]l6«S; elgG5 .
B = -A x'b
F f A + (-A) = 0 x'G5 .
65
pbfx/0f 5
olb A = ( ) / A+B=O eP B sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . hxfF O, 2 x 2 sf] z"Go

d]l6«S; xf] .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A=( ) / A+B =( )
dfgfF}, B=( )
ca, A +B = O
cyjf, ( ) ( )=( )
cyjf, ( ) ( )
b'j} d]l6«S;x¿ a/fa/ ePsfn] logLx¿sf ;ª\ut ;b:ox¿ klg a/fa/ x'G5g\ .
ctM 8 + c = 0  c = -8
-6 + d = 0  d =6
3 + e = 0  e = -3
0 + f = 0  f = 0
  c = -8, d =6, e = -3 / f = 0
ctM B = ( ) x'G5 . oxfF, A / B nfO{ Pscsf{sf] hf]8sf] ljk/Lt d]l6«S;

elgG5 .
cEof; 3.3
1. (a) d]l6«S;sf] hf]8 / 36fpsf k"j{ ;t{x¿ s] s] x'g\ < n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) d]l6«S; hf]8sf u'0fx¿ s] s] x'g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. (a) tn lbPsf s'g s'g d]l6«S;x¿sf] hf]8 / 36fp ug{ ;lsG5 < sf/0f;lxt
n]Vg'xf];\ .
M=* + N=* +
P=[ ] Q=* +
66
R=* +, S=[ ], T=[ ]
(b) dflysf d]l6«S;sf cfwf/df tnsf dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M

(i) Q + R (ii) M – N (iii) T + Q - R
3. (a) pbfx/0f;lxt d]l6«S; hf]8sf lgDg lnlvt u'0fx¿ k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ M
(i) j|md ljlgdo u'0f (ii) aGbL u'0f
(iii) ;ª\3Lo u'0f (iv) PsfTds u'0f
(b) olb A=* + eP d]l6«S; A sf] hf]8sf] ljk/Lt d]l6«S; kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. (a) olb * + * + * + eP, x / y sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb * + [ ] * + eP, x / y sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) olb* + * + eP, x, y / z sf dfg kTtf

nufpg'xf];\ .
(d) olb ( ) +sf] hf]8sf] ljk/Lt d]l6«S; ( ) eP x / y sf] dfg
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. (a) olb A = [ ] [ ]/ C=[ ] eP tnsf
cj:yfdf d]l6«S; X kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(i) X = A + B + C (ii) A – X = B + C (iii) X – C = B
(b) olbA = * +, B = * + / C=* + eP, lgDg lnlvt cj:yfdf d]l6«S; Y sf]

dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(i) Y = A + B - C (ii) Y – A = B (iii) A + Y = B + C
6. 5/5 hgfsf] ;d"x agfO{ glhs}sf b'O{ cf]6f :6];g/L k;ndf hfg'xf];\ . Ps} lsl;dsf]
s'g} 5 cf]6f :6];g/L ;fdu|Lx¿sf] df}Hbft ;ª\VofnfO{ d]l6«S;sf ¿kdf n]vL b'j}
:6];g/L k;nsf ;f] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] hDdf df}Hbft ;ª\Vof / ;f]xL lbg laj|mLkl5 aFfsL
/x]sf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof kTtf nufpg k|of]u x'g] d]l6«S;sf lj|mofx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
67
3.4. d]l6«S;sf] j|md kl/jt{g (Transpose of Matrix)
s'g} d]l6«S; A = * + eP, o;sf nx/ (column) nfO{ kª\lSt (row) df kl/j{tg
ubf{ s:tf] d]l6«S; aG5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . gofF aGg] d]l6«S; / k'/fgf] d]l6«S; lar s]
s] ;dfgtf / leGgtf x'G5 < 5nkmn u/L dflysf] d]l6«S; A sf] nx/nfO{ kª\lStdf
kl/jt{g ubf{ gofF aGg] d]l6«S; B=[ ] aG5 . o;/L s'g} d]l6«S;sf kª\lStnfO{ nx/
/ nx/nfO{ kª\lStdf kl/j{tg ubf{ k|fKt x'g] d]l6«S;nfO{ lbOPsf] d]l6«S;sf] j|md kl/jt{g
d]l6«S; (transpose matrix) elgG5 . oxfF d]l6«S; B nfO{ A sf] j|md kl/jt{g d]l6«S;
elgG5 . s'g} d]l6«S; A sf] j|md kl/jt{g d]l6«S;nfO{ A' cyjf AT n] hgfOG5 . oxfF, A'
=AT = B x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 1
olb A=* + eP, AT sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A =* +
nx/ / kª\lStnfO{ Pscfk;df kl/jt{g ubf{ -;f6\bf,_ AT = [ ] x'G5 .
d]l6«S;sf] j|md kl/jt{gsf u'0fx¿

(a) dfgfF}, A=* + 5, eg]
AT = * + x'G5 .
k]ml/, d]l6«S; AT nfO{ j|md kl/jt{g ubf{ (AT)T = * +
ctM (AT)T = A x'G5 .

(b) dfgfF}, M = * +
N=* +
ca, MT = * + / NT = * +
ca, M+N=* + * +
=* +
68
=* +
(M + N)T= * +
/ (MT + NT) = * + * +
=* +
=* +
ctM (M + N)T = MT + NT x'G5 .

(c) dfgfF}, P=* +/ k s'g} cr/ /flz xf] eg],
kP = k * +
=* +
(kP)T= * +
ca, PT= * +
PT nfO{ :s]n/ k n] u'0fg ubf{

kPT * + * +
ctM (kP)T = kPT
cEof; 3.4
1. (a) d]l6«S;sf] j|md kl/jt{g eg]sf] s] xf] < pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) d]l6«S;sf] j|md kl/jt{gsf u'0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. (a) lbOPsf] d]l6«S;sf] j|md kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M A=[ ] [ ]
C=[ ] * + E=[ ]
3. olb M=* +/N= * + eP, k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
69
(a) (MT)T = M (b) (M + N)T = MT + NT
4. olb Q=* + eP, Q + QT Pp6f ;dldlt d]l6«S; x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
3.5 d]l6«S;sf] u'0fg (Multiplication of Matrix)

-s_ cr/ /flz / d]l6«S;sf] u'0fg (Multiplication of matrix by a scalar)
s'g} d]l6«S; A=* +eP A + A = * + * +
=* + [ ]
oxfF, A + A = 2A
ctM A + A = 2A = [ ]
o;}u/L, 3A, 4A sf] dfg slt slt xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
o;/L s'g} cr/ /flz (Scalar) n] d]l6«S;nfO{ u'0fg ubf{ d]l6«S;sf] k|To]s ;b:onfO{ ;f]
cr/n] u'0fg ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ d]l6«S;sf] :s]n/ u'0fg klg elgG5 .
pbfx/0f 1
olb A=( ) eP, 3A / kA sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF A=( ) 5,
ctM 3A = 3 ( )
= ( )
=( )
k]ml/, k Pp6f cr/ /flz eP

kA =k( )
=( )
70
pbfx/0f 2
olb M = ( ) ( ) / P Pp6f 22 sf] d]l6«S; eP, 3M +5N -2P = O ePsf]

cj:yfdf P sf] dfg slt x'G5 < hxfF O Pp6f 2x2 z"Go d]l6«S; xf] .
;dfwfg
oxfF M=( ) ( ) / O=( ) 5g\ .
ca, 3M +5N – 2P =0
cyjf, 3( ) ( ) 2P = ( )
cyjf, ( ) ( ) 2P = ( )
cyjf, ( ) 2P = ( )
cyjf, ( ) 2P = ( )
cyjf, ( ) ( )
cyjf, 2P = ( )
cyjf, P= ( )
P=( )
ctM P=( )
-v_ d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fg (Multiplication of Matrices)

8f]Ndfn] 25km/hr sf] ultdf 3 306f, 30km/hr sf]] ultdf 2 306f / 40km/hr sf]
ultdf 2.5 306f;Dd ofqf u/]kl5 cfk\mgf] 3/af6 /fli6«o lgs'~h k'lug\ . pgn] hDdf
slt b'/L kf/ ul/g\ xf]nf < s;/L kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 < cnu cnu ultdf kf/
u/]sf] b'/L slt slt xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
pko'{St hfgsf/Laf6 ljleGg ;dosf] ultnfO{ d]l6«S;sf ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{
;lsG5 M
V=[ ]
k'gM km/s km/s ultsf] ;dofjlwnfO{ klg d]l6«S;sf ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{
;lsG5 M
71
T=[ ]
oxfF, 8f]Ndfn] 3/b]lv lgs'~h;Dd kf/ u/]sf] b'/L kTtf nufpg cnu cnu ult /
;dodf kf/ u/]sf] b'/Lsf] u'0fgsf] of]ukmnaf6 o;/L kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 M
hDdf kf/ u/]sf] b''/L = 25  3 + 30  2 + 40  2.5
= 75 + 60 + 100
= 235km
ca, o; u'0fg k|lj|mofnfO{ d]l6«S;sf ¿kdf n]Vbf
kf/ u/]sf] b'/L (D) = VT
=[ ][ ]
=[ ]
=[ ]
= [235]
ca, oxfF d]l6«S; V, T / D sf] j|md slt slt 5 < logLx¿lar s] ;DaGw 5 < s]
h'g;'s} j|mddf /x]sf d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fg ;Dej x'G5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . k'gM Pp6f
csf]{ pbfx/0f cWoog u/f}F . Pp6f xfplhª sDkgLn] A, B / C ltg df]8]nsf 3/x¿
lgdf{0f u5{ . pSt ltg km/s df]8]nsf 3/df k|of]u ePsf] 9f]sf / ‰ofnsf] ;ª\Vof
lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
3/sf] df]8]n A B C
‰ofn 10 15 25
9f]sf 4 6 10
olb pSt sDkgLsf] kmfu'g / r}t dlxgfdf 3/ lgdf{0fsf] nIo lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 eg],
3/sf] df]8]n kmfu'g r}t
A 4 2
B 3 3
C 2 5
k|To]s dlxgfsf nflu cfjZos ‰ofn / 9f]sfsf] ;ª\Vof slt slt xf]nf < s;/L kTtf
nufpg ;lsG5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
pko'{St hfgsf/LnfO{ d]l6«S;sf ¿kdf k|:t't ubf{
72
H=* + G=[ ]
ca, pSt lgdf0f{ sfo{sf nflu k|To]s dlxgf cfjZos kg]{ ‰ofn 9f]sfsf] ;ª\Vof
lgDgfg';f/ kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 . kmfu'g dlxgfsf nflu cfjZos ‰ofn ;ª\Vof
= 10  4 + 15  3 + 25  2
= 40 + 45 + 50
= 135
To;}u/L r}t dlxgfsf nflu cfjZos ‰ofn ;ª\Vof
= 10  2 + 15  3 + 25  5
= 20 + 45 + 125
= 190
pko'{St, kmfu'g dlxgfsf nflu cfjZos 9f]sf ;ª\Vof
= 4  4 + 6  3 + 10  2
= 16 + 18 + 20
= 54
To;}u/L r}t dlxgfsf nflu cfjZos 9f]sf ;ª\Vof
= 4  2 + 6  3 + 10  5
= 8 + 18 + 50
= 76
pko'{St u0fgf k|lj|mofnfO{ d]l6«S;sf ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
D = HG = * +[ ]
=* +
=* +
oxfF d]l6«S; D sf] klxnf] kª\lStn] ‰ofnsf] ;ª\Vof / bf];|f] kª\lStn] 9f]sfsf] ;ª\Vof
hgfpF5 . To;}u/L klxnf] nx/n] kmfu'g dlxgf / bf];|f] nx/n] r}t dlxgfsf nflu
cfjZos ‰ofn tyf 9f]sfsf] ;ª\Vof hgfpF5 .
o; pbfx/0fdf d]l6«S; H, G / D sf] j|md slt slt 5 < oL d]l6«S;sf] j|md larsf]
;DaGw s] xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
73
o;/L, s'g} b'O{ d]l6«S;x¿df klxnf] d]l6«S;sf] nx/sf] ;ª\Vof / bf];|f] d]l6«S;sf]
kª\lStsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ ePdf dfq tL b'O{ d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fg ;f]xL j|mddf ug{
;lsG5 . d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fg ubf{ klxnf] d]l6«S;sf] kª\lStsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ bf];|f]
d]l6«S;sf] nx/sf] ;DalGwt ;b:o (corresponding element) n] u'0fg u/L
u'0fgkmnx¿ hf]l8G5 . o;/L k|fKt d]l6«S;sf] j|md klxnf] d]l6«S;sf] kª\lSt X bf];|f]
d]l6«S;sf] nx/ x'G5 .
cyf{t\,
Amp x Bpn = Cmn x'G5 .
d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fg k|lj|mofnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
dfgf}F, A =* +/ B = * +
ca, AB = * +* +
of] u'0fgnfO{ r/0fut ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ ul/G5 M

ca, r/0f 1: * +* + * +
r/0f 2: * +* + * +
r/0f 3: * +* + [ ]
r/0f 4: * +* + [ ]
ca, AB = * +* + [ ]
pbfx/0f 3
olb A=* + / B=* +eP AB / BA sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF d]l6«S; A / B b'j}sf] j|md 22 5 ctM AB / BA b'j} u'0fg ;Dej 5 .
ca, AB = * +* +
= * +
=* +=* +
74
k'gM BA = * +* +
=* +
=* +
 AB ≠ BA
ctM d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fgdf j|md ljlgdo lgod nfu' xF'b}g .
pbfx/0f 4
olb A=[ ] / B=* + eP AB / BA kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, d]l6«S; A sf] j|md 3  2 / B sf] j|md 2  2 5 . ctM AB sf nflu A sf] nx/
;ª\Vof = B sf] kª\lSt ;ª\Vof x'G5 . To;}n] u'0fg AB ;Dej 5 . t/ BA sf nflu
d]l6«S; B sf] nx/ ;ª\Vof (2) ≠A sf] kª\lSt ;ªVof (3) . To;}n] u'0fg BA ;Dej
xF'b}g .
ca, AB = [ ]* +
= * +
=[ ]
=[ ]
pbfx/0f 5
olb, * + * + eP d]l6«S; X kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF, d]l6«S; * +sf] j|md 2  1 / d]l6«S; * + sf] j|md 22 ePsfn] d]l6«S;
X sf] j|md 1  2 x'g'k5{ .
dfgf}F, X = [a b]
75
ca, * + [a b] = * +
cyjf, * + * +
cyjf, * + * +
pko'{St d]l6«S;x¿sf ;ª\ut dfgx¿ a/fa/ ubf{,

4a = 20
cyjf, a = 5
/ 4b = 12
cyjf, b = 3
ctM cfjZos d]l6«S; X = [5 3]
pbfx/0f 6
olb M=( eP M2 -2M – 5I = 0 x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\, hxfF I /
) O j|mdzM
2  2 j|mdsf PsfTds / z"Go d]l6«S; x'g\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, M=( ) ( ) / 0=( )
ca, M2 = ( )( )
=* +
=* + * +
ctM M2 – 2M – 5I
=* + * + * +
=* +
=* +
M -2M – 5I = 0 k|dfl0ft eof] .

2
76
-u_ d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fgsf u'0fx¿ (Properties of Matrix Multiplication)
jf:tljs ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u'0fgsf u'0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
;fdfGotof jf:tljs ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u'0fgdf aGbL u'0f, j|md ljlgdo u'0f, ;ª\3Lo u'0f,
ljt/0f u'0f, PsfTds u'0f, Jo'Tj|md u'0f, ljk/Lt u'0fx¿ ljBdfg x'G5g\ . s] oL ;a}
u'0fx¿ d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fgdf klg ljBdfg x'G5g\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
(i) ;ª\3Lo u'0f (Associative Property)
dfgfF}, A=* + * + / * +
ca, AB = * +* +
=* +
=* +
(AB) C = * +* +
=[ ]
=* +
k'gM BC = * +* +
=[ ]
=* +
A(BC) =* +* +
=[ ]
=* +
 (AB)C = A(BC)
cyf{t, d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fg ;ª\3Lo x'G5 .
77
(ii) ljt/0fsf] u'0f (Distributive Property)
dfgfF}, A =* + * +/ * +
ca, B+C =* + * +
=* + * +
/ A (B + c) =* +* +
=* +
=* +
k'g M AB =* +* +
=* +
=* +
AC =* +* +
= [ ]
=* +
/ AB + AC = * + * +
=* + =* +
 A(B+C) = AB + AC cyf{t\, d]l6«S;sf] hf]8 dflysf] u'0fg ljt/0ffTds x'G5 .

To:t} s] (A +B) C = AC + BC x'G5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
(iii) PsfTds u'0f [Identity property]
dfgf}F * + Pp6f juf{sf/ d]l6«S; xf] / I ;dfg j|mdsf] PsfTds e]l6«S;
xf] .
ctM * +
78
ca, AI = * +* +
=[ ]
=* +
IA = * +* +
=[ ]
=* +
 AI = A = IA x'G5 .
cyf{t\, d]l6«S;sf] u'0fgdf PsfTds u'0f x'G5 .
(iv) u'0fgsf] j|md kl/jt{gsf] u'0f (Transpose of Product Property)
dfgf}F, A=* +/ B = * +
ca, AB = * +* +
=[ ]
=* + * +
(AB)T = * +
To;kl5 k'gM AT = * +/ * +
ca, BT AT =* +* +
=[ ]
=* + * +
 (AB)T = BT AT
cyf{t\ s'g} b'O{ cf]6f d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fgkmnsf] j|md kl/jt{g d]l6«S; tL b'O{
d]l6«S;x¿sf j|md kl/jt{g d]l6«S;x¿sf] ljk/Lt j|mdsf] u'0fgkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 .
79
cEof; 3.5
1. (a) tnsf dWo] s'g s'g d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fg ;Dej 5 < sf/0f;lxt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
A= * +, B=* +
C= [ ], D=* +
√ √
E=* +, F = *√ √ +
√ √
G=[ ], H=* +
(b) dfly lbOPsf d]l6«S;x¿df s'g s'g d]l6«S;sf] ju{ -h:t} M A2 = A  A_ kl/eflift
x'G5 < sf/0f;lxt u0fgf klg ug'{xf];\ .
(c) s'g} d]l6«S;sf] 3g -h:t}M -A3 = A  A  A) s'g cj:yfdf kl/eflift x'G5 <
(d) d]l6«S;sf] :s]n/ u'0fg pbfx/0f;lxt kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
(e) d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fgsf u'0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
2. (a) olb A =* + eP 7A sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb A = * +/ B=* + eP 2A + 3B sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) olb L = * +, M = * + / N=* + eP X = 2L + 3M - N x'g] d]l6«S; X
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(d) olb L = * + * + * + eP x, y / z sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(e) olb A = ( ) ( ) / C=( ) eP lgDg cj:yfdf d]l6«S;
X sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M 3A + B + X = C
3. (a) lgDg d]l6«S;x¿sf] u'0fgkmn kTtf nufpgxf];\ M
(i) [ ]* + (ii) * + [ ] (iii) [ ][ ]
80
(b) olb ( ) ( )/ C=( ) eP lgDg d]l6«S;x¿
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) A2 (iv) C2 (v) (A+B)C
(c) olb M=* +/ N=[ ] eP MN / NM kTtf nufO{ t'ngf

ug'{xf];\ .
(d) olb A=* + / B=* + eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
(i) AB≠ BA (ii) (AB)T =BT.AT
(e) olb A =* + / B=* + eP AB Ps z"Go d]l6«S; x'G5 egL

k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ <
(f) olb P = * + / Q=* + eP PQ PsfTds x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ <
4. (a) olb X=* +/ XY = * + eP d]l6«S; Y kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb * +X = * + eP d]l6«S; X kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) olb [ ] [ ] * +eP x, y / z sf] df kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(d) olb P=* + / PQ = * + eP d]l6«S; Q kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(e) olb * +A = 2 * + eP d]l6«S; A kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(f) olb M = * +N = * +/ MN = M + N eP x, y / z sf] kTtf

nufpg'xf];\ .
5. (a) olb X =( / O j|mdzM 2  2 sf PsfTds / z"Go d]l6«S; eP
) I
X2 – 6X + 9I = 0 x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
(b) olb A=* + / Pp6f 22 sf] PsfTds d]l6«S; eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
(A - 2I) (A - 3I) = O
81
(c) olb P = ( eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ . (i) P2 – 2P = O
) (ii) 2P2 = P3
hxfF O Pp6f 2  2 sf] z"Go d]l6«S; xf] .
(b) olb A=* eP A2 – 5A = 14I x'G5 egL b]vfpg'xf];, hxfF, I Pp6f

+
22 j|mdsf] PsfO d]l6«S; xf] .
(c) olb A=( ) ( ) ( ) / ( ) eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
(i) AB ≠ BA (ii) A(BC) = (AB)C (iii) A(B+C) = AB + AC
T T T
(iv) IA = AI = A (v) (AB) = B . A
6. ltg ltg hgfsf] ;d"x agfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf d]l6«S; k|of]usf If]qx¿ vf]hL ug'{xf];\ .
sDtLdf 3 cf]6f If]qaf6 s]xL tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L d]l6«S;sf ¿kdf k|:t't ub}{
d]l6«S;sf lj|mofsf] k|of]usf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
82
PsfO 4 lgb]{zfª\s Hofldlt (Coordinate Geometry)
4. 0 k'g/fjnf]sg (Review)
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf af/]sf ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M

(a) rt'yf{+z slt cf]6f x'G5g\ <
(b) k|To]s rt'yf{+zsf laGb'x¿sf] lgb]{zfª\ssf lrx\gx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
(c) X – cIf / Y – cIfdf kg]{ s'g} laGb'sf lgb]{zfª\sx¿ s] s] x'G5g\ <
(d) tnsf] lrqaf6 laGb'x¿ A, B, C / D sf lgb]{zfª\sx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
(e) laGb' A(x1, y1) / B(x2, y2) larsf] b'/L slt x'G5 <
(f) laGb'x¿ (-5, 2) / (3,1) sf] larsf] b'/L slt PsfO x'G5 <
A
B
D
C
lrq g= 4.1
4.1 laGb'ky (Locus)
tnsf lj|mofsnfk ug'{xf];\ M
(a)tkfO{Fx¿ a; r9\g' ePsf] 5 < Ps k6s a; r9]b]lv cf]ln{Psf] 7fpF;Ddsf]
af6f] s:tf] lyof] < lrq sf]/L s:tf] lrq aG5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
83
lrq g= 4.2
(b) tkfO{Fx¿n] xjfO{hxfh p8]sf] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < tkfO{Fsf] 7fpFaf6 pl8/x]sf]
xjfO{hxfhnfO{ sxfFaf6 sxfF;Dd p8]sf] b]Vg'x'G5 < To;n] cfsfzdf kf/ u/]sf]
xjfO{dfu{ s:tf] 5 <
lrq g= 4.3
(c) tkfOF{x¿n] gbL b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < gbL stftkm{ au]sf] yfxf kfpg' ePsf] 5 <
tkfOF{n] b]v]sf] gbLsf] ;'? laGb'b]lv clGtd laGb';Ddsf] gS;f agfpg'xf];\ .
lrq g= 4.4
lglZrt ;t{x¿sf cfwf/df s'g} rnfodfg laGb'n] to u/]sf] af6f] g} laGb'ky xf] .
Locus is the path traced out by a moving point under certain conditions.
tL ;t{x¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ < tL ;t{x¿ dfGo x'g] / dfGo gx'g] laGb'x¿lar s] km/s 5 <
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} lglZrt laGb'af6 a/fa/ b'/Ldf kg]{ r P(x,y)
laGb'sf] laGb'ky j[Tt xf] . lglZrt laGb' j[Ttsf] s]Gb| /
a/fa/ b'/L j[Ttsf] cw{Jof; xf] . C(h,k)
lrq g= 4.5
84
lbOPsf] j[Ttsf] s]Gb| C(h, k) / kl/lwsf] s'g} laGb' P(x, y) 5 eg],
b'/L ;"qaf6,
r=√
cyjf, r2 = (x -h)2 +(y -k)2 n] j[Ttsf] ;dLs/0f lbG5 . o;nfO{ laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f elgG5 .
o;/L ljleGg HofldtLo ;t{x¿ k|of]u u/L laGb'kysf ;dLs/0f lgsfNg] ul/G5 .
pbfx/0f 1
laGb' (1, 2) ;dLs/0f x2 + y2 + kx + 3y + 6 = 0 ePsf] laGb' kydf k5{ eg] k sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, (x, y) = (1, 2) ;dLs/0f x2 + y2 + kx +3y - 6 = 0 df kg]{ ePsfn]
12 + 22 + k x 1 + 3 x 2 + 6 = 0
cyjf, 1+4+k+6+6=o
cyjf, 17 + k = 0
cyjf, k = -17
  k = -17
pbfx/0f 2
laGb'x¿ (3, 2) / (2, 3) af6 a/fa/ b'/Ldf eP/ rNg] laGb'sf] laGb'ky kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
A(2,3)
B(3,2)
lrq g= 4.6
85
oxfF, laGb'x¿ A(3, 2) / B(2, 3) af6 a/fa/ b'/L eP/ rNg] laGb' P sf] lgb]{zfª\s
(x, y) dfgfF} .
ta, AP = BP
cyjf, AP2=BP2
cyjf, (x - 3)2 +(y - 2)2 = (x - 2)2 +(y - 3)2
cyjf, x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 4y + 4 = x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 -6y +9
cyjf, -2x + 2y = 0
cyjf, -2(x- y) = 0
  x – y = 0 cfjZos laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f xf] .
pbfx/0f 3
X- cIfb]lvsf] b'/L, laGb' (2, 4) b]lvsf] b'/LeGbf bf]Aa/ x'g]u/L rNg] laGb'sf] laGb'ky kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
Y
B(2,4)
P(x,y)
X' X
O A(x,0)
Y'
lrq g= 4.7
oxfF, x– cIfdf kg]{ laGb' A (x, 0), laGb' B(2, 4) / rn laGb' P(x, y) 5 egL dfgf}F
ca k|Zgcg';f/,
AP = 2BP
cyjf, AP2 = 4BP2
cyjf, (x – x)2 + (y - 0)2 = 4{(x - 2)2 + (y - 4)2}
86
cyjf, y2 =4(x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 8y + 16)
cyjf, y2 = 4x2 - 16x + 4y2 - 32y + 80
  4x2 + 3y2 – 16x – 32y + 80 = 0 cfjZos ;dLs/0f xf] .
pbfx/0f 4
olb A(2, 3) / B(-4, 7) lbOPsf laGb'x¿ / P(x, y) rn laGb' eP PA2 = AB2 sf] cj:yfdf
laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A(2, 3) / B(-4, 7) 5g\ . rn laGb' P sf] lgb]{zfª\s (x, y) 5.
ca, PA2 = AB2
cyjf, (x -2)2 + (y -3)2 =(-4 - 2)2 + (7 - 3)2
cyjf, x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 6y + 9 = 36 + 16
cyjf, x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 13 – 36 – 16 =0
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 39 = 0 cfjZos laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f xf] .
cEof; 4. 1
1. (a) b'O{ laGb'larsf] b'/L lgsfNg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) laGb'ky eg]sf] s] xf], n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. tn lbOPsf b'O{ laGb'x¿larsf] b'/L kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) (2, 3) / (4, 3) (b) (-1, 3) / (5, 1)
(c) (1, 2) / (-2, 2) (d) (3, -1) / (-1, -1)
3. (a) laGb'x¿ D(-2,3), E(3,8) / F(4,1) n] ;dlåafx' lqe'h aG5 egL k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ .
(b) laGb'x¿ (3,3), (-3,-3) / (-3√ , √ ;dafx' lqe'hsf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ egL
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
(c) laGb'x¿ (2, 0), (5 2), (2, 4) / (-1, 2) ;dafx' rt'e'{hsf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\
4. s'g s'g laGb'x¿ (3, 2), (4, 3), (5, 0) / (0, -5) ;dLs/0f x2 + y2 = 25 ePsf]
laGb'kydf k5{g\ < kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
87
5. (a) olb ;dLs/0f kx2 – 2y2 – 2x + 3y – 3 =0 df laGb' (2, -1) k5{ eg] k sf]
dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb laGb'ky 3x - y + 7 = 0 df laGb' (k – 1, K + 3) k5{ eg] k sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
6. (a) laGb' (-2, 1) / (4, 1) af6 a/fa/ b'/Ldf rNg] laGb'sf] laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f
lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(b) laGb' (1, 2) / y– cIfaf6 a/fa/ b'/Ldf rNg] laGb''sf] laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f
lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(c) pb\ud laGb'af6 4 PsfO b'/Ldf rNg] laGb'sf] laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(d) laGb' (-2, 5) / x – cIfb]lv a/fa/ b'/L eP/ rNg] laGb'sf] laGb'kysf]
;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
7. (a) b'O{ crn laGb' A(7, 0) / B(-7, 0) / Pp6f rn laGb' P 5 eg] tn lbOPsf]
cj:yfdf laGb' P sf] laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
PA2 + PB2 = AB2
(b) A(3, 2)/ B(7, -4) laGb'x¿ / P(x, y) rn laGb' eP tnsf cj:yfdf
laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(i) PA = PB (ii) AP = 2PB (iii) PA2 = AB2
8. (a) laGb' (2, -3) b]lvsf] eGbf laGb' (0, 2) b]lvsf] b'/L cfwf x'g] u/L rNg]
laGb'sf] laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(b) laGb' (0, -2) b]lvsf] eGbf laGb' (1, 0) b]lvsf] b'/L bf]Aa/ x'g] u/L rNg]
laGb'sf] laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(c) laGb' (0, 2) b]lvsf] eGbf laGb' (3, 0) sf] b'/L t]Aa/ x'g] u/L rNg] laGb'sf]
laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(d) x– cIfb]lvsf] eGbf laGb' (3, 4) b]lvPsf] b'/L bf]Aa/ x'g] u/L rNg] laGb'sf]
laGb'kysf] ;dLs/0f lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(e) y – cIf b]lvsf] eGbf laGb' (-2, 5) b]lvsf] b'/L cfwf x'g] u/L rNg] laGb'sf]
laGb'ky kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
88
9. (a) tkfO{Fsf] ljBfnosf] k|fª\u0fsf] Pp6f s'gfnfO{ pbud laGb' lnO{ k|fª\u0fsf]
s'g} b'O{ :yfgsf] lgb]{zfª\s lgsfnL tL b'O{ :yfglarsf] b'/L kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ . [PsfO ld6/df lng'xf];\ .]
(b) laGb'kysf] k|of]u s'g s'g If]qdf ug{ ;lsG5 < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .
4.2 v08;"q (Section Formula):

cg'kft eGgfn] s] a'lemG5, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
B C
A
i.
B
A ii. lrq g= 4.8
dfly lrq 4.3 (i) / (ii) df b'/L AB / BC gfkL ltgLx¿sf] larsf] cg'kft AB:BC kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
Y
B(x2,y2)
P(x,y) m2
N
P(x1,y1) m1
A M
X' O X
D F E
Y' lrq g= 4.9
89
dflysf] lrqdf A(x1, y1) / B(x2, y2) hf]8\g] /]vfnfO{ P(x,y) n] m1:m2 sf] cg'kftdf ljefhg
u/]sf] 5 .
ca, ADOX, BEOX, PFOX, AMPF / PNBE lvrf}F .
lrqdf, AM =DF = OF = OD = x – x1,
PN = FE = OE – OF = x2 – x
PM = PF – MF = PF – AD = y – y1
BN = BE – NE = BE – PF = y2 – y
AP = m1 / BP = m2 5 .
;dsf]0fL lqe'hx¿ PMA / BNP ;d¿k x'G5g\ .
  [ ;d¿k lqe'hsf ;ª\ut e'hfx¿sf] cg'kft ePsfn]]
cyjf,
cyjf, m2x - m2x1 = m1x2 - m1x
cyjf, m2x + m1x = m1x2 + m2x1
cyjf, x(m1 + m2) = m1x2 + m2x1
cyjf, x=
To:t}, y=
 (x, y) = ( )
s]xL ljz]if cj:yfx¿ (Some special cases)

(i) olb P(x, y) laGb'x¿ A(x1, y1) / B(x2, y2) hf]8\g] /]vfv08sf] dWolaGb' xf] eg]
AP = BP / AP:BP = m1:m2 = 1:1 x'G5 .
ta, P(x, y) =( ) B(x2, y2)
=( )
=( ) P(x, y)
A(x1, y1)
90
(ii) olb P(x, y)n] laGb'x¿ A(x1, y1) / B (x2, y2) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ aflx/af6
sf] cg'kftdf ljefhg ubf{ AP:BP = m1: m2 x'G5 .
P(x, y)
B(x2, y2)
A(x1, y1)
  
 (x, y) = ( )
pbfx/0f 1
(a) laGb'x¿ (1, 7) / (6, -3) hf]8g] /]vfv08nfO{ 2:3 sf] cg'kftdf ljefhg ug]{ laGb'sf]
lgb]{zfª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, (x1, y1) = (1, 7)
(x2, y2) = (6, -3)
m1 : m2 = 2:3
(x, y) = ?
ca,
(x, y) =( )=( )
=( )=( )
=( )
(b) laGb'x¿ (5, -2) / (9,6) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ aflx/af6 3:1 sf] cg'kftdf ljefhg
ug]{ laGb'sf] lgb]{zfª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, (x1, y1) = (5, -2), (x2, y2) = (9, 6)
/ m1:m2 = 3:1 aflx/af6
(x, y) = ?
91
ca, (x, y) = ( )
=( )
=( ) = (11, 10)
pbfx/0f 2
laGb' (3, -2) n] laGb'x¿ (1, 4) / (-2, 16) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ s'g cg'kftdf ljefhg ub{5 <
;dfwfg
oxfF, (x1, y1) = (1, 4), (x2, y2) = (-3, 16) / (x, y) = (3, -2)
cg'kft m1:m2 = ?
ca, x=
cyjf,
cyjf, 3m1 + 3m2 = -3m1 + m2
cyjf, 6m1 = -2m2
cyjf,
cyjf,
laGb' (3, -2) n] laGb'x¿ (1, 4) / (-3, 16) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ aflx/af6 1:3 sf] cg'kft
ljefhg ub{5 .
pbfx/0f 3
laGb' (2, 1) n] laGb'x¿ (1, -2) / (p, q) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ 1:2 sf] cg'kftdf ljefhg ub{5
eg] (p, q) sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, (x, y) = (2,1), (x1, y1) = (1, 2), (x2, y2) = (p, q) / m1:m2 = 1:2
ca, x=
92
cyjf, 2=
cyjf, 2=
cyjf, p+2=6
cyjf, p=6-2=4
To:t}, y=
cyjf, 1=
cyjf, 1=
cyjf, q-4=3
cyjf, q =7
 (p, q) = (4, 7)
pbfx/0f 4
laGb'x¿ (1, -3) / (4, 3) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ ltg a/fa/ v08df ljefhg ug]{ laGb'x¿sf
A(1, -3)
;dfwfg
P(x', y')
Q(x'', y'')
B(4, 3)
dfgf}F, A(1, -3) / B(4, 3) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ laGb'x¿ P(x', y') / Q(x'', y'') n] ltg a/fa/
v08df ljefhg ub{5 .
laGb' P sf nflu, (x1, y1)= (1, -3), (x2, y2) = (4, 3)
/ m1:m2 = AP : BP = AP : (PQ + BQ) = AP : (AP + AP) = AP : 2AP = 1 : 2
(x, y)= (x', y') = ?
ca, ( )
93
cyjf, ( )
=( )
= (2, -1)
To:t}, PB sf] dWolaGb' Q x'g] ePsfn]
(x1, y1) = (2, -1), (x2, y2) =(4, 3) / dWolaGb' (x'', y'') = ?
ca, (x'', y'') = ( )
=( ) = (3, 1)
ctM laGb'x¿ (1, -3) / (4, 3) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ ltg a/fa/ v08df ljefhg ug]{ b'O{
laGb'x¿ j|mdzM (2, -1) / (3, 1) x'g\ .
pbfx/0f 5
laGb'x¿ (-2, -1), (1, 0), (4, 3) / (1, 2) ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ egL k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ .
A(-2,-1) D(1, 2)
;dfwfg
B(1, 0) C(4, 3)
oxfF, A(-2, 1), B(1, 0), C(4, 3) / D(1, 2) rt'e'{h ABCD sf zLif{laGb'x¿ 5g\ .
ca, ljs0f{ AC sf] dWolaGb' =( )
=( ) = (1, 1)
To:t}, ljs0f{ BD sf] dWolaGb' =( )
=( ) = (1, 1)
ctM b'j} ljs{0fx¿sf] dWolaGb' Pp6} ePsfn] rt'e'{h ABCD ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h xf] . cyf{t
lbPsf laGb'x¿ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ .
94
cEof; 4. 2
1. (a) v08¿ksf] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) v08¿ksf ljz]if cj:yfx¿ s] s] x'g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. tn lbOPsf laGb'x¿ hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ lbOPsf] cg'kftdf leqk6\l6af6 ljefhg
ug]{ laGb'sf] lgb]{zfª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) laGb'x¿ (6, -10) / (-4, 14) cg'kft 3:4 (b) laGb'x¿ (3, 5) / (-2, -7) cg'kft 3:2
(c) laGb'x¿ (4, 3) / (6, 3) cg'kft 2:5
3. tn lbOPsf laGb'x¿ hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ aflx/k6\l6af6 lbOPsf] cg'kftdf ljefhg
ug]{ laGb'sf] lgb]{zfª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) laGb'x¿ (-3, 2) / (6. 5) cg'kft 2:1 (b) laGb'x¿ (-3, 2) / (4, -4) cg'kft 4:3
(c) laGb'x¿ (3, -2) / (-3, -4) cg'kft 1: 2
4. (a) laGb' (-2, 2) n] laGb'x¿ (-4, 6) / ( ⁄ ) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ s'g

cg'kftdf ljefhg ub{5 <
(b) laGb' (1, 3) n] laGb'x¿ (4, 6) / (3, 5) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ s'g cg'kftdf
ljefhg ub{5 <
(c) laGb' ( ⁄ ⁄ ) n] laGb'x¿ (3, -5) / (-7, 9) hf]8g] /]vfv08nfO{ s'g
cg'kftdf ljefhg u5{ .
5. (a) laGb'x¿ (-3, -6) / (1, -2) hf]8\g] /]vfv08sf] dWolaGb' kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) laGb'x¿ M(1, 4) / N(x', y') hf]8\g] /]vfv08sf] dWolaGb' (-2, 2) eP (x', y')
sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ <
(c) s'g} /]vfv08sf] dWolaGb' (4, 3) / Ps5]p laGb' (0, 2) eP csf]{ 5]psf]
laGb' kTtf nufpg'xf];\ <
(d) /
A(2, -1), B(- 1, 4) C(-2, 2) 5 eg] ABC sf k|To]s e'hfsf dWolaGb'x¿
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. lbOPsf laGb'x¿nfO{ a/fa/ ltg efudf ljefhg ug]{ laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) A(1, -3) / B(4, 3) (b) P(1, -2) / Q(-3, 4) (c) M(-5, -5) / N(25, 10)
95
7. (a) laGb'x¿ (2, 3) / (5, 6) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ x– cIfn] s'g cg'kftdf
ljefhg u5{ <
(b) laGb'x¿ (-4, 5) / (3, -7) hf]8\g] /]vfv08nfO{ y– cIfn] s'g cg'kftdf
ljefhg u5{ .
(c) laGb'x¿ (7, -3) / (-2, -5) hf]8\g] /]vfv08df (3, y) laGb' kb5{ eg] y sf]
dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ <
(d) (2, 3) / (-6, 5) hf]8\g] /]vfv08df (x, - 5) laGb' kb5{ eg] x sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
8. lbOPsf laGb'x¿ ;dfgfGt/ r't'e'{hsf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug'xf];\ .
(a) (1, 2), (3, 0), (7, 4) / (5, 6) (b) (-1, 0) (3, 1) (2, 2) / (-2, 1)
(c) (3- 2) (4, 0) (6, -3) / (5, -5)
9. tn lbOPsf ltg cf]6f laGb'x¿ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf j|mdzM ltg zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\
eg] rf}yf] zLif{laGb'sf] lgb]{zfª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(a) A(2, 3), B(4, -1) / C(0,5) (b) A(2, 6), B(6, 2) / C(12, 4)
(c) (1, 2), (3, 1) / (5, 3)
10. (a) laGb'x¿ (1, 2), (3, 0), (x, 4) / (5, y) ;dfgfGt/ rt'{e'sf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\
eg] x / y sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(b) b'O{ cf]6f zLif{laGb'x¿ j|mdzM (3, 2) / (5, 10) ePsf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf
ljs0f{x¿ laGb' (3, 4) df sfl6Psf 5g\ eg] afFsL zLif{laGb'x¿ kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
11. v08;"q k|of]u u/L k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsg] HofldtLo lrqsf u'0fx¿ s] s] x'G5g\ <
5nkmn u/L ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
4.3 l;wf/]vfsf] ;dLs/0f (Equation of Straight Line)

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf af/]df ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) l;wf/]vf / jj|m/]vfdf s] km/s 5 <
(b) lbOPsf] tflnsfsf cfwf/df n]vflrqdf laGb'x¿ kTtf nufO{ hf]8\g'xf];\ .
s:tf] lrq aG5 atfpg'xf];\ .
x 0 1 2 3
y 2 3 4 5
(c) ;dLs/0f x + y – 1 = 0 sf] u|fkm lvRg'xf];\ . s:tf] lrq aG5, atfpg'xf];\ .
96
-s_ cIfx¿;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f (Equation of Straight Line Parallet
to Co-ordinate Axes)
i. y – cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f (Equation of Line Parallel to Y - axis)
Y B
a x=a
O
X' X
A
Y'
lbOPsf] lrqdf /]vf AB, y – cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ 5 / y –cIfb]lv AB ;Ddsf] b'/L a PsfO 5 .
ct M AB df kg]{ k|To]s laGb'sf] x – lgb]{zfª\s a x'G5 . To;sf/0f x = a /]vf AB sf]
;dLs/0f xf] . olb /]vf AB, y- cIfsf] afofFk6\l6 / y – cIfb]lvsf] b'/L a x'G5 eg] o;sf]
;dLs/0f s] x'g;S5 < 5nkmn u/L kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
pbfx/0f 1
y- cIfb]lv 6 PsfO bfoFfsf] b'/Ldf /xg] / y– cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f
kTtf nufO{ lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF y– cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f x=a x'G5 .
y –cIfb]lv 6 PsfO bfofFF kg]{ /]vfsf nflu a=6
ta, cfjZos /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f x=a
cyjf, x=6
cyjf, x -6 =0
97
Y B
6 x-6 = 0
X' X
A
Y'
pbfx/0f 2
X-cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] / laGb' (-2, 5) af6 hfg] ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f x=a
of] /]vf laGb' (-2, 5) af6 hfg] ePsfn], a = -2
 rflxPsf] ;dLs/0f x=a
cyjf, x = -2
cyjf, x+2=0
ii. x -cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f (Equation of a line parallel to x- axis)
A B
X' O X
Y'
98
dflysf] lrqdf /]vf AB, X – cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ 5 / X – cIfaf6 b PsfOsf] b'/Ldf 5 . of]
/]vfdf kg]{ k|To]s laGb'sf] y – lgb]{zfª\s b x'g] ePsfn] /]vf AB sf]] ;dLs/0f y = b x'G5 .
olb /]vf AB, X – cIfsf] tn / X – cIfb]lv b PsfO b'/Ldf k5{ eg] /]vf AB sf] ;dLs/0f s]
x'g ;S5 < 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
pbfx/0f 3
X– cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] / lgDg laGb'x¿af6 hfg] l;wf /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(i) (5, 6) (ii) (-4, -4)
;dfwfg
(i) l;wf/]vfsf] ;dLs/0f y=b -dfgf}F_
of] /]vf laGb' (5, 6) af6 hfg] ePsfn] b = 6 x'G5 .
  rflxPsf] /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f y=6
cyf{t y–6=0 x'G5 .
(ii) l;wf/]vfsf] ;dLs/0f y =b -dfgf}F_
of] /]vf laGb' (-4, -4) af6 hfg] ePsfn],
b = -4
  rflxPsf] /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f y = -4
cyf{t y+4=0 x'G5 .
-v_ e'msfj v08 ¿k (Slope Intercept Form)
i. e'msfj (Gradient or slope)
A
B  O
C
tkfO{Fx¿n] cfk\mgf] 3/df e¥ofª /fv]sf] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < e¥ofªnfO{ s;/L /flvPsf]
x'G5 < cjnf]sg / ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .
99
e¥ofªnfO{ leTtfdf cf8 nufP/ 9NsfP/ cyjf e'msfP/ /fv]sf] x'g'k5{ . To;/L e'msfP/
/fVbf e¥ofªnfO{ slt e'msfpg] jf slt 9NsfP/ /fVg] eGg] tYonfO{ g} e¥ofªsf]
hldg;Fusf] e'msfj elgG5 .
ii. b'O{ laGb'x¿ (x1, y1) / (x2, y2) hf]8\g] /]vfsf] e'msfj
Y
Q(x2, y2)
P(x1,y1) 
R

X' X
A M N
Y'
dfgf}F laGb'x¿ P(x1, y1) / Q(x2, y2) eP/ hfg] /]vf PQ n] x– cIfnfO{ laGb' A df sf6]sf]
5 / wgfTds lbzfdf PAX =  sf]0f agfPsf] 5 .
lrqdf PMOX, QNOX / PRQN -lvrf}F_
ta, PR = MN = ON – OM = x2 - x1 /
QR = QN – RN = QN – PM = y2 – y1 x'G5 .
QPR = PAX =  x'G5 .
ca ;dsf]0fL PRQ df tan
cyjf, tan =
cyjf, tan =
ctM /]vf PQ sf] e'msfj (m) = tan = x'G5 .

Pp6f l;wf /]vfsf] e'msfj (slope or gradient) pSt /]vfn] x – cIf;Fu wgfTds lbzfdf
agfPsf] sf]0fsf] tangent x'G5 . o;nfO{ m jf tan åf/f hgfOG5 . b'O{ cf]6f laGb'x¿
A(x1, y1) / B(x2, y2) hf]8\g] /]vfsf e'msfj (m) = x'G5 .
100
pbfx/0f 4
laGb'x¿ (4, 5) / (6, 7) hf]8\g] /]vfsf] e'msfj kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, (x1, y1) = (4, 5) / (x2, y2) = (6, 7)
ctM e'msfj (m) =
ii. y-v08 (y- intercept)

Y
Y
3 B
4
X' O A X
X' O A X
Y'
Y Y'
Y
B
A A
5 X' O X
-2
X' X B
A O
A
Y' Y'
lbOPsf lrqx¿df /]vf AB n] y- cIfnfO{ laGb' B df sf6]sf] 5 / pb\ud laGb' O b]lv B
;Ddsf] b'/L j|mdzM 3, 4, 5 / -2 5g\ . oL b'/LnfO{ g} /]vfsf] y- v08 (y- intertcept) elgG5 /
;fdfGotof o;nfO{ c n] hgfOG5 .
101
Y
P(x,y)
B 
N
c

X' X
A O M
Y'
dflysf lrqdf ;/n /]vf AB n] x – cIf;Fu wgfTds lbzfdf agfPsf] sf]0f BAX = 5 .
o;sf] y- v08 OB = c 5 . o;df kg]{ s'g} laGb' P(x, y) af6 PM OX lvrf}F . BN PM
lvrf}F . PBN =BAX =  x'G5 .
;dsf]0fL lqe'h PNB df,
tan =
cyjf, m =
cyjf, m =
cyjf, m =
cyjf, m =
cyjf, y – c = mx
cyjf, y = mx + c
(i) olb /]vf AB pb\ud laGb'af6 hfG5 eg] c=0 x'G5 / o;sf] ;dLs/0f
y = mx + 0
cyjf, y = mx x'G5 .
(ii) /]vf AB, x – cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ ePdf,
m = tan0° = 0 x'G5 /
/]vfsf] ;dLs/0f y = mx + c
cyjf, y = ox + c
cyjf, y=c x'G5 .
102
pbfx/0f 4
;/n /]vf 2x – 10y = 8 sf] e'msfj / y– v08 kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, 2x – 10y = 8
cyjf, 2x – 8 = 10y
cyjf, y=
cyjf, y=
cyjf, y=
cyjf, y= nfO{ y = mx + c ;Fu t'ngf ubf{,

e'msfj (m) = /
y –v08(c) =
pbfx/0f 5
y –v08 3 x'g] u/L y- cIfnfO{ sf6\g] / x– cIf;Fu 60 sf] sf]0f agfpg] ;/n /]vfsf]
;dfwfg
oxfF, y – v08(c) = 3
e'msfj (m) = tan = tan 60 =√

ca, ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f y = mx + c
cyjf, y=√
cyjf, √
103
cEof; 4.3 (A)
1. (a) l;wf/]vfsf] e'msfj eg]sf] s] xf] <
(b) l;wf/]vfsf] y – v08 s;/L lgsflnG5 <
(c) l;wf/]vfsf] ;dLsf/0f e'msfj v08 ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. y- cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] / lgDg lnlvt laGb'af6 hfg] ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f
lgsfNg'xf];\ M
(a) (2, 3) (b) (5, -2) (c) (-4, 5)
3. x– cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] / lgDg lnlvt laGb'af6 hfg] ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) (-3, 2) (b) (3, -4) (c) (3, 6)
4. y- cIfb]lv lgDg lnlvt b'/Ldf /xL y – cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] /]vfx¿sf ;dLs/0f
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) 3 (b) -7 (c)
5. x– cIfb]lv lgDg lnlvt b'/Ldf /xL x– cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] /]vfx¿sf]

;dLs/0fkTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(a) 3 (b) (c)
6. tnsf tflnsfdf e'msfj / y – v08 eg'{xf];\ M

;dLs/0f e'msfj y – v08
(a) y =3x +2
(b) y = 5x -2
(c) y =-2x +4
(d) y = 12x
(e) y=
(f) 2y -10x = 8
(g) x +y +1 = 0
(h) x–y=5
(i) 5y = 5x +3
(j) y =√
7. lgDg lnlvt cj:yfdf ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
e'msfj = 5, y – v08 = 3
e'msfj = -2, y – v08 = -1
104
e'msfj = 3, pb\ud laGb' eP/ hfg]
e'msfj = / laGb' (0, 1) eP/ hfg]
e'msfj = / y – v08df =
Y – v08 = -3 / e'msfj (m) = tan 30
Y – v08 = -5 / e'msfj (m) = tan 60
Y – v08 = 3 / e'msfj (m) = tan (-60 )
Y – v08 = 7 / e'msfj (m) = tan 120
pb\ud laGb' eP/ hfg] / x – cIf;Fu 45° sf] sf]0f agfpg]
(c) v08 ¿k (Intercepts from)

s'g} ;/n /]vfsf] x– v08 / y– v08 s;/L kTtf nufpg'x'G5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
Y
B(o, b)
A(a, 0)
X' X
O a
Y'
dflysf] lrqdf ;/n /]vf AB n] x – cIfsf] laGb' A(a, 0) / y – cIfsf] laGb' B(0, b) df
sf6]sf] 5 . cyf{t OA = a / OB = b 5 . oL efux¿nfO{ j|mdzM x v08 / y – v08 elgG5 .
s'g} /]vfn] x – cIfdf sf6]sf] laGb'b]lv pb\ud laGb';Ddsf] efunfO{ x – v08 (a) elgG5 .
To:t} s'g} /]vfn] y – cIfdf sf6]sf] laGb'b]lv pb\ud laGb';Ddsf] b'/LnfO{ y–v08 (b)
elgG5 .
105
Y
R P(x, y)
b
y
x Q A
X' X
O a
Y'
dflysf] lrqdf ;/n /]vf AB n] x– cIfsf] laGb' A / y cIfsf] laGb' B df sf6]sf] 5 . ctM
OA = a / OB = b 5 .
AB df kg]{ s'g} laGb' P(x, y) af6 PQOX / PROY lvrf}F / OP hf]8f}F .

lrqdf, PQ = y / PR = QO = x 5 .
ca, BOA sf] If]qkmn= PBO sf] If]qkmn + POA sf] If]qkmn
cyjf,
cyjf, OA.OB = OB.PR + OA.PQ
cyjf, a. b = b. x + a. y
cyjf, 1=
cyjf, bx + ay = ab
cyjf,
oxL /]vf AB sf] ;dLs/0f xf] .
pbfx/0f 1
;/n /]vf 3x + 4y = 24, sf X- v08 / Y– v08 kTtf nufpg'xf];\M
106
;dfwfg
oxfF, 3x + 4y = 24
cyjf,
cyjf,
cyjf, nfO{ ;Fu t'ngf ubf{,
x – v08 (a) = 8 / y – v08 (b) = 6
pbfx/0f 2
x – v08 = 3 / y – v08 = -4 ePsf] ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF, x –v08 (a) = 3
y –v08 (b) = -4
/]vfsf] ;dLs/0f
cyjf,
cyjf,
cyjf,
cyjf, 4x – 3y = 12
cyjf, 4x – 3y - 12 =0
pbfx/0f 3
cIfx¿df a/fa/ kl/df0f t/ ljk/Lt lrx\gsf v08x¿ agfpg] / laGb' (3, -4) eP/ hfg]
;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, x v08 (a) = a eP, y-v08 (b) = - a x'G5 .
ca, /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f
107
cyjf,
cyjf,
cyjf, x – y = a - - (i)
k]ml/ ;dLs/0f (i) laGb' (3, -4) eP/ hfg] ePsfn] 3- (-4) =a
cyjf, 3 + 4 =a
cyjf, a=7
k]ml/, a sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf, x–y=a
cyjf, x–y=7
cyjf, x –y – 7 =0
cEof; 4.2 (B)

1. (a) ;/n /]vfsf] x– v08 eg]sf] s] xf] <
(b) v08 :j¿kcg';f/ l;wf /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. tnsf ;dLs/0fx¿n] lbg] /]vfsf] x– v08 / y– v08 kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) 4x – 3y -12 = 0 (b) 5x + 3y + 15 = 0 (c) 8x – 5y + 60 = 0
(d) 9x+ 2y – 30 = 0 (e) 2x + y -1 = 0

(a) x – v08 =3 / y- v08 = -4 (b) x – v08 = -3 / y- v08 =4
(c) x – v08 =5 / y- v08 = 10 (d) x – v08 = -2 / y- v08 =3
(e) x – v08 = -2 / y- v08 = -3 (f) x – v08 = / y- v08 =

(a) laGb' (5, 6) eP/ hfg] / cIfx¿df a/fa/ v08x¿ agfpg]
(b) laGb' (2, -1) eP/ hfg] / cIfx¿df a/fa/ v08x¿ agfpg]
108
(c) laGb' (3, 4) eP/ hfg] / cIfx¿df a/fa/ v08x¿ agfpg]
(d) laGb' (2, 6) eP/ hfg] / cIfx¿df a/fa/ v08x¿ agfpg]
(e) cIfx¿df a/fa/ kl/df0f t/ ljk/Lt lrx\gsf v08x¿ agfpg] / laGb'
(2, 3) eP/ hfg]
(f) cIfx¿df a/fa/ kl/df0f t/ ljk/Lt lrx\gsf v08x¿ agfpg] / laGb'

(4, -5) eP/ hfg]
(g) cIfx¿df a/fa/ kl/df0f t/ ljk/Lt lrx\gsf v08x¿ agfpg] / laGb'

(6, -5) eP/ hfg]
(h) cIfx¿df a/fa/ kl/df0f t/ ljk/Lt lrx\gsf v08x¿ agfpg] / laGb'

(3, 4) eP/ hfg]
(i) y-v08 eGbf x– v08 bf]Aa/ x'g]u/L cIfx¿nfO{ sf6\g] / laGb' (3. 2)
eP/ hfg]
(j) laGb' (3, 4) eP/ hfg] / x– v08 / y– v08sf] of]u 15 x'g]
5. (a) s'g} /]vfsf] x / y – cIfx¿leq k/]sf] c+znfO{ laGb' (3, -2) n] ;dl4efhg
ub{5 eg] ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) laGb' (2, 3) n] s'g} /]vfsf cIfx¿ larsf] c+znfO{ ;dlåefhg ub{5 eg] ;f]
/]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) laGb' (2, 3) n] s'g} /]vfsf cIfx¿ larsf] c+znfO{ 3:4 sf] cg'kftdf
ljefhg u5{ eg] ;f] /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
109
-3_ nDa¿k (Normal or Perpendicular Form)
Y
B(o, b)
D
b
p
A(a, 0)

X' a X
O
Y'
lbOPsf] lrqdf ;/n /]vf AB n] x- cIfsf] laGb' A / y- cIfsf] laGb' B df sf6]sf] 5,
ODAB lvlrPsf] 5 hxfF OD = p / DOA=  5 . ;dsf]0fL ODB df BOD = 90°- x'G5
/ OBD = (180° - ) - 90° x'G5 . OA = a / OB = b dfgf},F
ta, sin =
cyjf, sin =
 b= 
/ ;dsf]0fL ODA df, cos =
cyjf, cos = 
 a=

ca, v08¿kaf6 AB sf] ;dLs/0f,

cyjf,
 
 
cyjf,
  
110
-ª_ lbOPsf ;dLs/0fnfO{ k|dfl0fs ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f (Reduction of the given equation
in the standard forms)
dfgf}F x, y rn/flz / a, b, c crn/flz eP x / y nfO{ k|yd l8u|Ldf JoSt ul/Psf] /]vfsf]

;fwf/0f ;dLs/0f (general equation of first degree), ax +by + c = 0 x'G5 . of] ;/n /]vfsf]
;dLs/0fsf] ;fwf/0f :j¿k xf] . of] ;dLs/0fnfO{ e'msfj v08, v08¿k / nDa ¿kdf
lgDgcg';f/ ¿kfGt/ ug{ ;lsG5 M
i. e'msfj v08 ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f
oxfF, ;dLs/0f ax +by + c =0
cyjf, by = -ax –c
cyjf, y= nfO{ y = mx + c ;Fu t'ngf ubf{,

-x sf] u'0ffª\s
e'msfj (m) =
y sf] u'0ffª\s
– crn/flz
y – v08 (c) =
y sf] u'0ffª\s
ii. v08¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f

oxfF, ax + by + c = 0
cyjf, ax + by = - c
cyjf,
cyjf, nfO{ ;Fu t'ngf ubf{
-c - crn/flz
x- v08 (A) = =
a x sf] u'0ffª\s
/ y sf] u'0ffª\s
y- v08 (B) = =
– crn/flz
iii. nDa¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f

oxfF, ;dLs/0f ax + by + c =0 nfO{ k n] b'j}lt/ u'0fg ub{f k(ax + by + c) = 0,
k sf] s'g} lglZrt dfg ePsf] cj:yfdf of] ;dLs/0f nDa¿ksf] ;dLs/0f
xcos + y sin - p = 0 ;jf{ª\u ¿kn] a/fa/ (identically equal) x'G5g\ egL dfgf}F .
111
cyf{t\ xcos + ysin - p = k(ax + by + c) - - - (i)
cyjf, xcos + ysin- p =xka + yk b + kc
cyjf, k(ax+by + c) = 0 / x cos + y sin - p= 0 nfO{

Ps Ps a/fa/ (identical) dfGbf,
 cos = k a ............... (ii)
sin = k b ............. (iii)
  ca, ;dLs/0f (ii) / (iii) nfO{ ju{ u/L hf]8\bf,

cos2 + sin2 = k2 (a2 + b2)
cyjf, 1 = k2 (a2 + b2)
cyjf, k2 =
  k=
√
k sf] dfg (i) df k|lt:yfkg ubf{

xcos + ysin
√
cyjf, x cos + ysin

√ √ √
t'ngf ubf{,cos = √
, sin=
√
/ P=
√
oxfF p nDasf] b'/L ePsfn] o;sf] dfg wgfTds x'g] u/L ± cyjf – lrx\g lng'k5{ .
pbfx/0f 1
pb\ud laGb'b]lv s'g} /]vf;Ddsf] b'/L 4 PsfO 5 / ;f] nDan] x– cIf;Fu 60 sf]0f agfPsf]
5 eg] /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, nDab'/L (p) = 4, sf]0f () = 60
ca, nDa¿kaf6, xcos + ysin = p
cyjf, x.cos60 + y.sin60 = 4
112
cyjf, x.cos60 + y.sin60 = 4
√
cyjf,
√
cyjf,
cyjf, √
cyjf, x √
 x √ cfjZos ;dLs/0f xf] .

pbfx/0f 2
;dLs/0f √ nfO{ nDa¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF √
√
cyjf,
√ √ √(√ ) √(√ )
√
cyjf,
√
cyjf,
of] ;dLs/0fnfO{ xcos + ysin = P ;Fu t'ngf ubf{,
√
cyjf, cos = cyjf, cos = cos 150°
cyjf, sin = cyjf, sin = sin 150° / p = 1
ctM nDa¿ksf] cfjZos ;dLs/0f

xcos150 + ysin150 = 1 x'G5 .
113
cEof; 4.3 (C)
1. (a) ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f nDa¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) l;wf/]vfsf] ;dLs/0fsf ltg k|dfl0fs ¿kx¿ s] s] x'g\ < tL ¿kdf
;dLs/0fx¿ s] s] x'G5g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
(a) P =1 PsfO  = -60 (b) P = 4 PsfO  = 30
(c) P =2 PsfO  = 90 (d) P = 4 PsfO  = 120
(e) P =2 PsfO  = 150 (f) P =9 PsfO  = 60
(g) P = 3 PsfO  = 120 (h) P = 13 PsfO  = 45
(i) P = PsfO  = 135 (j) P=√ PsfO  = 150
hxfF P pb\ud laGb'af6 /]vf;Ddsf] nDab'/L /  nDan] x– cIf;Fu agfPsf] sf]0f xf] .
3. lgDg lnlvt ;dLs/0fx¿nfO{ nDa¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{xf];\ M
(a) 2x – 3y = 5 (b) x = y - √ (c) x – y + 4 =0
(d) 3x + 4y = 15 (e) x + √ (f) x – y = 5
(g) 5x = 12y + 13 (h) x = y (i) √
(j)
√
4. lgDg lnlvt ;dLs/0fx¿nfO{ e'msfj v08¿k / v08¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{xf];\ M

(a) √ (b) x – y = 6 (c) x – y =
(d) 3x – 2y + 8 = 0 (e) 3x – 4y =8 (f) 5x + 6y =-1
5. lgDg sfo{x¿ u/L Pp6f k|ltj]bg agfP/ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ M

i. l;wf/]vfsf 5 cf]6f ;dLs/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
ii. pSt k|To]ssf] u|fkm lvRg'xf];\ .
iii. pSt k|To]s ;dLs/0fx¿nfO{ ltg cf]6f k|dfl0fs ¿kdf abNg'xf];\ .
114
-r_ laGb' e'msfj ¿k (Point slope form)
B
Y P(x1, y1)
 O
X' X
A
Y'
dflysf] lrqdf ;/n /]vf AB sf] e'msfj (m) = tan 5 / y– v08 c 5 . e'msfj
v08¿kaf6 AB sf] ;dLs/0f
y = mx + c - - - (i) x'G5 .
olb of] /]vf P(x1, y1) eP/ hfG5 eg]
y1 = mx1 + c
cyjf, c = y1 - mx1 -- - (ii) x'G5 .
;dLs/0f (ii) af6 c sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf,
y =mx + y1 - mx1
  y – y1 = m(x – x1) nfO{
laGb' e'msfj ¿ksf] ;dLs/0f elgG5 .
olb dflysf] /]vf pb\ud laGb' eP/ hfG5 eg] ;dLs/0f s] x'G5 < kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
pbfx/0f 1
X–cIf;Fu 30 sf] sf]0f agfpg] / laGb' (2, -2) eP/ hfg] /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, e'msfj (m)= tan30 = √
laGb' (x1, y1) = (2, -2)
ca, laGb' e'msfj ¿kaf6, (y –y1) = m(x –x1)
cyjf, y-(-2) = √
cyjf, (x -2) = √
cyjf, x- 2 =√ √
cyjf, √ √
 √ √ h'g /]vfsf] cfjZos ;dLs/0f xf] .
115
-5_ b'O{ laGb' ¿k (Two points form)
Y
B(x2, y2)
P(x, y)
A(x1, y1)
O X
X'
Y'
dfgf}F, ;/n /]vf AB laGb'x¿ A(x1, y1) / B(x2, y2) eP/ hfG5 . AB df s'g} csf]{
laGb' P(x, y) klg k5{ . ta AB /]vfsf] e'msfj (m) = x'G5 .
ca, e'msfj (m) = / laGb' (x1, y1) lnP/ laGb' e'msfj ¿kcg';f/ /]vf AB sf]
;dLs/0f

of] ;dLs/0fnfO{ sf] ¿kdf klg n]lvG5 .
pbfx/0f 2
laGb'x¿ (4, 3) / (2, -3) hf]8\g] ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, (x1, y1) = (4, 3) / (x2, y2) = (2, -3)
ca, b'O{ laGb' ¿kaf6,
y – y1 =
cyjf,
cyjf, y -3 =
cyjf,y – 3 = 3( -4)
cyjf,y- 3 = 3x -12
cyjf,3x – y = 9
 3x – y- 9 = 0
o;/L s'g} ltg cf]6f laGb'x¿ Pp6} /]vfdf k5{g\ eg] To:tf laGb'x¿nfO{ ;d/]vLo
(collinear) elgG5 .
116
pbfx/0f 3
laGb'x¿ (1, -4), (2, 5) / (3, 14) ;d/]vLo laGb'x¿ x'g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, (x1, y1) = (1, 4) / (x2, y2) =(2, 5)
ca, b'O{ laGb'¿kaf6

y – y1 =
cyjf, y – (-4) =
cyjf, y + 4 = 9(x - 1)
cyjf, 9x – y – 9 -4 = 0
cyjf, 9x – y – 13 = 0 - - - - (i)
afFsL laGb' (x, y) = (3, 14) ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf,
9 x 3 – 14 – 13 = 0
cyjf, 27 - 27, = 0
cyjf, 0 = 0
ct M lbOPsf laGb'x¿ ;d/]vLo laGb'x¿ x'g\ .
cEof; 4. 3 (D)
(a) ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f laGb' e'msfj ¿kdf s] x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) b'O{ laGb'¿ksf] ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. tnsf ;/n /]vfsf ;dLs/0fx¿ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) x – cIf;Fu 135 sf]0f agfpg] / laGb' (1, -2) eP/ hfg]
(b) x – cIf;Fu 60 sf]0f agfpg] / laGb' (2, -2) eP/ hfg]
(c) x – cIf;Fu 45 sf]0f agfpg] / laGb' (2, 1) eP/ hfg]
(d) x – cIf;Fu 30 sf]0f agfpg] / laGb' (1, 3) eP/ hfg]
(e) x – cIf;Fu 150 sf]0f agfpg] / laGb' (4, 5) eP/ hfg]
(f) x – cIf;Fu tan-1( ) sf]0f agfpg] / laGb' (1, 2) eP/ hfg]
3. lbOPsf laGb'x¿ eP/ hfg] ;/n /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) (2, -3) / (-4, 4) (b) (-2, 0) / (0, 4) (c) (0, 2) / (1, 0)
(d) (3, 4) / (4, 3) (e) (2, -3) / (-4, 9) (f) (3, 4) / (5, 6)
117
(g) (-1, 3) / (6, -7) (h) (01, -a) / (b, 0) (i) (a, 0) / (0, b)
(j) (a,b) / (a + b, a-b)
4. lgDg lnlvt ltg laGb'x¿ ;d/]vLo (collinear) x'g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
(a) (2, 0), (0, 3) / (6,-6) (b) (-3, 0), (0, -6) / (-1, -4)
(c) (-5, 3), (-10, 6) / (5, -3) (d) (1, 4), (3, -2) / (-3, 16)
(e) (3a, 0), (0, 3b) / (a, 2b) (f) (a, b + c), (b, c + a) / (c, a + b)
5. tnsf ltg laGb'x¿ ;d/]vLo 5g\ eg], P sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) (-2, 1), (p, 3) / (2, 5) (b) (4, -2), (1, 2) / (-2, p)
(c) (5, 1) (1, -1) / (11, p)
6. (a) zLif{laGb'x¿ (1, 4), (2, -3) / (-1, -2) ePsf] lqe'hsf e'hfx¿sf] ;dLs/0f
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) zLif{laGb'x¿ (1, 0), (0, 1) / (2, 3) ePsf] lqe'hsf ltg cf]6f dlWosfx¿sf]
(c) zLif{laGb'x¿ (2, 2), (2, 8) / (-6, 2) ePsf] lqe'hdf zLif{laGb' (2, 2) af6
lvr]sf] dflWosfsf] ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(d) laGb'x¿ (-1, 3), (1, -1) / (5, 1) lqe'hsf zLif{laGb'x¿ 5g\ eg] (-1, 3) af6
lvlrPsf] dlWosfsf] nDafO / ;dLs/0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
4.4 s'g} laGb' / ;/n /]vflarsf] b'/L (Perpendicular Distance from a

Point to a Line)
s'g} laGb'b]lvsf] s'g} ;/n /]vf;Ddsf] b'/L s;/L kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ laGb' (x1, y1) / /]vf xcos + ysin = p ;Ddsf] b'/L
Y
D
P(x,y)
B N
Q
M
O
X'  A C X
Y'
118
dflysf] lrqdf /]vf AB nfO{ xcos + ysin= p n] hgfpF5 / P(x1, y1) af6 hfg] /]vf CD
5 . olb AB CD eP pb\ud laGb'af6 lvlrPsf nDax¿ OM / ON n] x – cIfdf pxL sf]0f
 agfpF5g\ . oxfF, OM = P 5 . CD sf] laGb' P af6 AB df PQ nDa lvrf}F .
ca, /]vf CD n] pb\ud laGb'af6 lvlrPsf] nDab'/L ON = P1 / CD n] x – cIf;Fu
agfPsf] sf]0f  5 To;}n] CD sf] ;dLs/0f xcos + ysin = p1 x'G5 .
of] /]vfdf laGb' P(x1, y1) kg]{ ePsfn],
x1 cos + y1sin = p1 x'G5 .
ca, laGb' P(x1, y1) b]lv xcos + ysin= p ;Ddsf] b'/L,
PQ = MN = ON – OM = P1 – p = x1cos + y1sin- p
-v_ laGb' (x1, y1) b]lv ax + by + c = 0 ;Ddsf] b'/L

xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, ;dLs/0f ax + by + c = 0 sf] nDa¿k (normal form)
√ √ √
x'G5 .
ca, laGb' (x1, y1) b]lv √ √ √

;Ddsf] b'/L
 d =|   |
=| |
√ √ √
d=| |
√
dflysf] ;'q k|of]u u/L b'O{ cf]6f ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ larsf] b'/L kTtf nufpg s]
ug'{knf{ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
pbfx/0f 1
/]vf 3x -4y + 15 = 0 / laGb' (2, 1) larsf] b'/L kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF, 3x – 4y + 15 =0 nfO{ ax + by + c = 0 t'ngf ubf{,
a = 3, b = -4, c = 15
/ laGb' (x1, y1) = (2, 1)
b'/L (d) = <
ca, d=|
√
|
119
=| |
√
= PsfO
pbfx/0f 2
;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ 4x + 3y = 8 / 4x +3y = 12 larsf] b'/L kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF, 4x + 3y = 8
cyjf, 4x + 3y – 8 = 0 - - - - - (i)
/ 4x + 3y = 12
cyjf, 4x + 3y – 12 = 0 - - - - (ii)
/]vf (i) / (ii) larsf] b'/L / /]vf (i) df kg]{ s'g} laGb' / /]vf (ii) larsf] b'/L Pp6}
x'G5 . ta, /]vf (i) df kg]{ laGb' lng ;lsG5 .
olb y=0 lng] xf] eg]
cyjf, 4x + 3 x 0 – 8 = 0
cyjf, 4x = 8
x=2
laGb' D(x1, y1) = (2, 0) /]vf (i) df k5{ . ;dLs/0f (ii) nfO{ ax + by + c = 0 ;Fu
t'ngf ubf{ a = 4, b = 3 / c = -12 x'G5 .
ca, (x1, y1) = (2, 0) / /]vf (ii) larsf] b'/L
d=| |
√
=| |=| |
√
= PsfO .
120
cEof; 4.4
1. laGb' (m, n) / /]vf ax + by + c = 0 larsf] b'/L slt x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. lgDg lnlvt cj:yfdf lbOPsf /]vf / laGb' larsf] b'/L lgsfNg'xf];\ M
(a) x – y + 4 = 0; (5, 6) (b) √
(c) − x -2√ (d) 3x + 4y = 4; (7, 4)
(e) 5x - 12y = 0; (-2, 1) (f) 4x -3y +2 = 0; (2, 4)
(g) 12x – 5y = 1; (3, 0) (h) 4x - 2y + 5 = 0; (0,5)
(i) 3x - 4y + 15 = 0, (2, 1) (j) (x + y = 2) / (5, 5)
3. tnsf ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ larsf] b'/L kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) 2x + 2y + 10√ = 0 / x + y + 3√
(b) 3x + 5y – 11 =0 / 3x + 5y + 23 = 0
(c) 6x + 8y +10 = 0 / 3y + 4y + 17 = 0
(d) 3x + 4y – 6 = 0 / 3x + 4y + 5 = 0
(e) 3x + 4y – 6 =0 / 3x + 4y + 5 = 0
(f) 12x + 5y = 0 / 12x + 5y – 26 = 0
(a) olb laGb' (a, 3) af6 /]vf 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 ;Ddsf] b'/L 4 PsfO eP a sf]
dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(b) olb laGb' (1, 5) b]lv /]vf, 3x – 2y + k = 0 ;Ddsf] b'/L √ PsfO eP k
sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(c) olb (-2, m) b]lv /]vf 4x – 3y + 10 = 0 ;Ddsf] b'/L 4 PsfO eP m sf] dfg
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(d) olb laGb' (2, 3) b]lv /]vf Px – 4y + 7 = 0 ;Ddsf] b'/L 5 PsfO eP p sf]
dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ .
4.5 lgb]{zfª\s k|of]uåf/f lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf] If]qkmn (Area of

triangle and quadrilateral using co-ordinaters)
(a) lqe'hsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg] ;"q s] s] 5g\ <
(b) ;dnDa rt'eh '{ sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg] ;"q s] xf]nf <
(c) If]qkmnsf] PsfO s] x'G5 <
(d) If]qkmn wgfGTds dfq x'G5 ls C0ffTds klg x'G5, lsg <
C0ffTds If]qkmn cfof] eg] s] ug'{k5{ <
121
(e) s] lgb]{zfª\ssf] k|of]u u/L If]qkmn lgsfNg ;lsPnf <
o; kf7df xfdLx¿ lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf] zLif{laGb'x¿sf] lgb]{zfª\s lbOPsf] cj:yfdf
If]qkmn lgsfNg] tl/sfsf af/]df cWoog ug]{ 5f} .
-s_ lqe'hsf] If]qkmn (Area of Triangle)
Y
A (x1,y1)
C (x3,y3)
B (x2,y2)
X' O X
M D N
Y'
dflysf] lrqdf A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) / C(x3, y3) lqe'h ABC sf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ . ADOX,
BMOX / CNOX
lrqdf M MD = OD –OM = x1 – x2
DN = ON – OD = x3 – x1
MN = ON – OM = x3 – x2
BM = y2 , AD = y1, / CN = y3 5 .
lqe'haf6 ABC sf] If]qkmn
= ;dnDa rt'e'{h ABMD + ;dnDa rt'e'{h ADNC - ;dnDa rt'e'{h BMNC
= [ ]
= [ ]
[ ]
122
= [ ]
lqe'h ABC sf] If]qkmn A= | |
olb s'g} ltg cf]6f laGb'x¿ ;d/]vLo 5g\ eg] ltgLx¿n] agfPsf] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn slt
x'G5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn (Area of Quardilateral)
D(x4,y4)
C(x3,y3)
A(x1,y1) B(x2,y2)
dflysf] lrqdf A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), (x3, y3) / D(x4, y4) rt'e'{h ABCD sf zLif{laGb'x¿
x'g\ hxfF ljs0f{ AC hf]8f}F .
ta rt'e'{h ABCD sf] If]qkmn

= lqe'h ABC sf] If]qkmn + ADC sf] If]qkmn
= [x1y2 – x2y1 + x2y3 – x3y2 + x3y1 – x1y3] + [x1y3 – x3y1 + x3y4- x4y3 + x4y1 – x1y4
= [x1y2 – x2y1 + x2y3 – x3y2 + x3y1 – x1y3 + x1y3 – x3y1 + x3y4 – x4y3 + x4y1 – x1y4]
= [x1y2 – x2y1 + x2y3 – x3y2 + x3y4 + x3y2 + x3y4 – x4y3 + x4y1 – x1y4]
 rt'e'{h ABCD sf] If]qkmn

= |[ ]|
dflysf If]qkmn lgsfNg] ;'qx¿ zLif{laGb'x¿ lgDgfg';f/ n]v]/ agfpg ;lsG5 M

lqe'hsf] If]qkmn (A) = |[ ]|
123
/ rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn
(A) = |[ ]|
gf]6 M lqe'hsf] If]qkmn = | |
/ rt'{e'hsf] If]qkmn = | | x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 1
zLif{laGb'x¿ (2, -3), (3, 2) / (-2, 5) ePsf] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn slt x'G5 < kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, zLif{laGb'x¿ (x1, y1) =(2, -3), ( ) /( )
lqe'hsf] If]qkmn
| |
|[ ]|
|[ ]|
| |
| |
= 14 ju{ PsfO
pbfx/0f 2
laGb'x¿ (1, 4), (3, -2) / (-3, 16) ;d/]vLo x'G5g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A(1, 4), B(3, -2) / C(-3, 16) ABC sf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ egL dfgf}F .
124
ta, ABC sf] If]qkmn | |
|[ ]|
| |
| | ju{ PsfO
ABC sf] If]qkmn= 0 ePsfn] lbOPsf laGb'x¿ ;d/]vLo x'G5g\ .
pbfx/0f 3
zLif{laGb'x¿ j|mdzM (3, 4), (0, 5), (2, -1) / (3, -2) ePsf rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn slt x'G5 <
;dfwfg
oxfF rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn | |
| |
| |
| |
= 11 ju{ PsfO
125
cEof; 4.5
1. (a) lgb]{zfª\ssf cfwf/df lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) ltg cf]6f laGb'x¿ ;d/]vLo x'g cfjZos ;t{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. lgDg lnlvt zLif{laGb'x¿ ePsf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ M
(a) (3, -4), (-2, 3) / (4, 5) (b) (-3, 2), (5, -2) / (1, 3)
(c) (1, 2), (-2, 3) / (-3, -4) (d) (2, 3), (-4, 7) / (5, -2)
(e) (4, 6), (0, 4) / (6, 2) (f) (a, b), (b, c) / (c, a)
(g) (c, a), (c+ a, a) / (c- a, -a) (h) (a, c+ a), (a, c) / (-a, c- a)
(i) (2, 2), (6, 2) / (4, 4) (j) (0, 2), (5, 2) / (2, 4)
3. lgDg lnlvt laGb'x¿ ;d/]vLo x'G5g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
(a) (1, 4), (3, -2) / (-3, 16) (b) (-5, 1), (5, 5) / (10, 7)
(c) (3, 1), (-2, 1) / (d) (-1, 0), (2, 2) /
(e) (0, 2), (1, 2) / (2, 2) (f) (3x, 0), (0,3y) / (x, 2y)
(g) (a, b + c), (b, c + a) / (c, a + b) (h) (1, 2), (2, 3) / (2, 4)
(i) (0, 2), (1, 3) / (2, 4) (j) (1, 3), (2, 4) / (3, 5)
4. tnsf laGb'x¿ rt'e'{hx¿sf j|mlds zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ eg] rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn
lgsfNg'xf];\ M
(a) (3, -2), (-5, 6), (7, -4) / (-1, 2) (b) (1, 1), (3, 4) (5, -2) / (4, -7)
(c) (1, 2), (6, 2), (5, 3) / (3, 4) (d) (-3, 1), (4, -4), (2, 6) / (7, 1)
(e) (-1, 6), (-3, -9), (5, -8) / (3, 9) (f) (4, 3), (-5, 6), (-7, -2) / (0, -7)
(g) (-3, 5), (4, -3), (6, 4) / (5, 6) (h) (3, 1), (2, 4), (0, 0) / (5, 3)
(i) (6, 8), (6- 4), (4, -2) / (0, 10) (j) (0, 0), (4, 0), (4, 4) / (0, 4)
5. (a) olb laGb'x¿ (2, 7), (3, 6) / (a, 5) ;d/]vLo x'g\ eg] a sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ M
(b) olb (a, 0), (0, a) / (x, y) Pp6} /]vfdf k5{g\ eg] k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
(c) olb (3, a), (4,5) / (1, 6) zLif{laGb'x¿ ePsf] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn 5 PsfO 5
eg] a sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
126
(d) olb (p, 2 – 2p), (1 – p, 2p) / (-4, 6 – 2p) laGb'x¿ ;d/]vLo 5g\ eg] P sf]
6. (a) A, B / C sf lgb]{zfª\sx¿ j|mdzM (6, 3), (-3, 5) / (4, -2) 5g\ . olb P
laGb'sf] lgb]{zfª\s (x, y) 5 eg] k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M x'G5 .
(b) P, Q, R laGb'x¿sf] lgb]{zfª\sx¿ j|mdzM (-1, 5), (-3, 1) / (5, 7) x'g\ . olb
L,M / N laGb'x¿ j|mdzM QR, RP / PQ sf dWolaGb'x¿ x'g\ eg] PQR = 4
(LMN) x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
(c) A, B, C / D laGb'x¿sf] lgb]{zfª\sx¿ j|mdzM (6, 3), (-3, 5), (4, -2) / (k, 3k)
5g\ . olb 5 eg] k sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(d) olb P(k, k + 1), Q(0, 7), (2, -1) / S(3, -2) rt'e'{h PQRS sf zLif{laGb'x¿
5g\ / rt'e'{h PQRS sf] If]qkmn PRS sf] If]qkmnsf] 8 u'0ff 5 eg] k sf]
7. (a) tkfO{Fsf] ljBfnosf] v]nd}bfgsf] Pp6f lqe'hfsf/ efudf lrx\g

nufpg'xf];\ . s'g} :yfgnfO{ pb\ud laGb' (origin) lnP/ tL laGb'x¿sf
lgb]{zfª\s kTtf nufO{ pSt lgb]{zfª\s k|of]u u/L ;f] lqe'hfsf/ efusf]
If]qkmn kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) tkfO{Fsf] 3/sf] cfFugsf lardf kg]{ s'g} laGb'nfO{ pb\ud laGb' lng'xf];\ .
cfFugsf s'gfx¿sf] lgb]{zfª\s k|of]u u/L ;f] cfFugsf] If]qkmn -PsfO
ld6/df_ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
127
PsfO 5 lqsf]0fldlt (Trigonometry)

(a) ;dsf]0f lqe'hdf ;a}eGbf nfdf] e'hf s'g xf] <
(b) ;dsf]0f lqe'hdf e'hfx¿sf] ;DaGw s] x'G5 <
5.1 sf]l0fs gfk (Measurement of angles)
tnsf lrq cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ M

k|f/lDes /]vf OX ;Fu kl/j|mdL /]vfx¿ OP / OP n]
agfPsf sf]0fx¿nfO{ s] s]n] hgfOPsf] 5 < o;df –
n]Vg'sf] cy{ s] x'g;S5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
kl/j|mdL /]vfn] k|f/lDes /]vfdf 38Lsf] ljk/Lt lbzfdf 3'Dbf agfPsf] sf]0fnfO{ wgfTds sf]0f
/ 38Lsf] ;'O{sf] lbzfdf 3'Dbf agfPsf] sf]0fnfO{ C0ffTds sf]0f elgG5 .
tnsf] lrqdf ;/n /]vfx¿ XOX' / YOY' laGb' O df nDa eO{ sfl6Psf 5g\ . o;/L sfl6Fbf
;dtn ;tx slt efudf ljefhg ePsf] 5 < k|To]s efunfO{ s] elgG5 < k|To]s efudf
slt l8u|Lsf] sf]0f aGb5 < OX nfO{ k|f/lDes /]vf dfg]/ kl/j|mdL /]vf OP nfO{ 38Lsf] ;'O{sf]
ljk/Lt lbzfdf 3'dfpFbf ag]sf sf]0fx¿ , ,  /  j|mdzM s'g s'g rt'yf{+zdf ag]sf 5g\ .
ltgLx¿ k|To]ssf] dfg slt x'g ;S5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
128
-s_ sf]0f gfksf ljleGg k4ltx¿ (Different System of Measurement of Angle)
sf]0fx¿nfO{ s'g s'g PsfOdf gfKg ;lsG5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . xfn k|rngdf /x]sf
sf]0f gfKg] k4ltx¿dWo] k|d'v ltg cf]6f k4ltx¿ o; k|sf/sf 5g\ M
(i) if6\bzf+zs k4lt (sexagesimal system)
(ii) ;tf+zs k4lt (centesimal system)
(iii) j[TtLo gfk k4lt (circular measure system)
(i) if6\bzf+zs k4lt (Sexagesimal System)
o; k4ltdf sf]0fnfO{ l8u|L ()) PsfOdf gflkG5 . o; k4ltnfO{ British system klg
elgG5 . kl/j|mdL /]vfn] k|f/lDes /]vf;Fu Ps kmGsf] nufpFbf 360) sf] sf]0f aGb5 /
Ps ;dsf]0fdf 90) x'G5 . k|To]s 1) nfO{ 60 ldg]6 / 1' nfO{ 60 ;]s]G8 (60'') df
ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 .
)
1 ;dsf]0f = 90
)
1 = 60'
1' =60''
pbfx/0f 1
(a) 15' 30'' nfO{ ;]s]G8df abNg'xf];\ .
)
(b) 20 10' 12'' nfO{ l8u|Ldf abNg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
)
(a) oxfF 60 15' 30''
=
=
= 236930''
)
(b) 20 10'2''
= = 20.17°
129
(ii) ;tf+zs k4lt (Centesimal System)
o; k4ltdf sf]0fnfO{ u|]8 (grade) (.g) PsfOdf gflkG5 . o; k4ltnfO{ French system
elgG5 . kl/j|mdL /]vfn] k|f/lDes /]vf;Fu Ps kmGsf] kl/j|md0f ubf{ 400g sf] sf]0f
aGb5 / Ps ;dsf]0fdf 100g x'G5 . k|To]s 1g nfO{ 100 ldg]6 -100'_ ldg]6 / k|To]s 1'
nfO{ 100'' ;]s]G8 (100'') ljeflht ul/Psf] 5 .
1 ;dsf]0f = 100g
1g = 100
1' = 100''
pbfx/0f 2
(a) ;]sG] 8df abNg'xf];\M 270g50'40''
(b) u|]8df abNg'xf];M\ 45g 40' 90''
;dfwfg
(a) 27g 50' 40''
= (27  100  100 + 50  100 + 40)''
= (270000 + 5000 +60)11 = 275049''
(b) 45g 40' 90''
=( )
=( )
=( )
=( ) = 45.409g
(iii) j[TtLo gfk k|0ffnL (Circular Measure System)

of] sf]0f gfKg] dfgs k4lt xf] . o; k4ltdf sf]0fnfO{ /]l8og (radian) (c) PsfOdf
gflkG5 . /]l8og (1c) sf] sf]0f eg]sf] j[Ttsf] s]Gb|df j[Ttsf] cw{Jof; a/fa/sf] rfkn]
agfPsf] sf]0f xf] .
/]l8og sf]0fsf] k|fdfl0fs PsfO
(standard unit) xf] .
lrqdf  AOB= 1c x'G5 .
130
kl/j|mdL /]vfn] k|f/lDes /]vf;Fu 1 kmGsf] nufpFbf 2c sf] sf]0f aGb5 . To:t} j[Ttsf]
s]Gb|df aGg] k"/f sf]0f klg 2c x'G5 .
;fWo 1 "/]l8og Pp6f crn sf]0f xf] ."
s]Gb|laGb' 0 / cw{Jof; OA = r ePsf] Pp6f j[Tt lvrf}F . cw{Jof; r ;Fu a/fa/ nDafO
ePsf] rfk ̂ lnP/ s]Gb|Lo sf]0f AOB = 1c sf] sf]0f lvrf}F / Jof; AC hf]8f}F
̂
ca, ̂ [s]Gb|Lo sf]0f / ;Dd'v rfksf] ;DaGwaf6]
)
cyjf, [ AOC = ;/n sf]0f = 180 / ̂ = cw{j[Ttsf] kl/lw = r]
  1c =
)
180 /  b'j} crn /flz ePsfn] 1c Pp6f crn sf]0f xf] .
;fWo 2
cw{Jof; r ePsf] j[Ttdf nDafO l ePsf] rfkn]
s]Gb|df agfPsf] sf]0f  sf] dfg  = x'G5 .
s]Gb| O / cw{Jof; OA = r ePsf] j[Tt lvrf}F . oxfF r
a/fa/ nDafO ePsf] ̂ rfkn] s]Gb|df AOB =1c sf]
sf]0f / ̂ ePsf] rfkn] s]Gb|df AOC =  sf]0f
agfpF5 .
̂
ca, = ̂
cyjf,
 
131
pbfx/0f 3
cw{Jof; 5 cm ePsf] j[Ttdf 9cm sf] rfkn] s]Gb|df slt /]l8ogsf] sf]0f agfpF5 <
;dfwfg
oxfF, cw{Jof;sf] nDafO (r) = 5cm
rfksf] nDafO (l) = 9cm
s]Gb|Lo sf]0f () =<
ca,  = 1.8c
-v_ l8u|L, u|]8 / /]l8og larsf] ;DaGw (Relation between degree, grade & radian)
tnsf tflnsfx¿df l8u|L, u|]8 / /]l8ogsf] ;DaGw k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
tflnsf 1
sf]0f l8u|L u|]8 /]l8og
Ps kl/j|md0f 360° 400g 2c
Ps ;dsf]0f
tflnsf 2
90 =100g 10g = 900 180 =c c= 180 c= 200g 200g = c
10 =  
= =
pbfx/0f 4
(a) 70g nfO{ l8u|Ldf abNg'xf];\ .
(b) 135 nfO{ u|]8df abNg'xf];\ .
(c) 40° nfO{ /]l8ogdf abNg'xf];\ .
(d) 90g nfO{ /]l8ogdf abNg'xf];\ .
(e) nfO{ l8u|Ldf abNg'xf];\ .

(f) nfO{ u|]8df abNg'xf];\ .
132
;dfwfg
(a) oxfF, 1g = (d) oxfF,
200g = c
70g =
1g =
 70g = 63g
(b) oxfF, 90g =
180 = 200g 90g =
10 = (e) oxfF,
1350 =
 135 = 150g 1c =
(c) oxfF,
180 = c  = 45
0
1 = (f) oxfF
400 = 1c =
 40° =
  = 125g
pbfx/0f 5
b'O{ sf]0fx¿sf] of]u 100° / km/s 20g eP ltgLx¿sf] gfk l8u|Ldf kTtf nufpg'xf]; .
;dfwfg
cfjZos sf]0fx¿sf] dfg x / y dfgf}F .
k|Zgcg';f/
x + y = 100 --- (i)
/ x – y = 20g
cyjf, x – y = 20 
cyjf, x – y =18° - - - (ii)
ca, ;dLs/0f (i) / (ii) hf]8\bf
x + y = 100°
x – y = 18°
2x = 118
133
cyjf, x = 59
k]ml/, x sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf
59 + y = 100
cyjf, y = 100 - 59
cyjf, y = 41
ctM cfjZos sf]0fx¿ 59 / 41 x'g\ .
pbfx/0f 6
Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf b'O{ Go"gsf]0fx¿sf] km/s eP tL sf]0fx¿sf] dfg l8u|Ldf kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
dfgf}F ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf b'O{ Go"gsf]0fx¿sf] dfg x / y 5 .
oxfF, x + y + 90 = 180
cyjf, x + y = 90 -- - -(i)
/ x–y=
cyjf, x–y=
cyjf, x – y = 20 - - - (ii)
;dLs/0f (i) / (ii) hf]8\bf
x + y = 90
x –y = 20
2x = 110
cyjf, x=
cyjf, x = 55
k]ml/, x sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf
55 + y = 90
cyjf, y = 90 – 95
cyjf, y = 35
ctM tL sf]0fx¿sf] dfg 55 / 35 x'G5 .
134
pbfx/0f 7
Ps hgf 5fqfn] lkª v]Nbf lkªsf] s]Gb|af6 1.5c sf] sf]0f aG5 . olb lkªsf] nDafO 8m 5
eg] 5fqfn] Ps k6sdf lkªdf s]Gb|af6 Psftk{m slt b'/L kf/ ul5{g\ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxFf lkªsf] nDafO = j[Tt cw{Jof; (r) = 8m
s]Gb|Lo sf]0f () = 1.5c
kf/ u/]sf] b'/L (l) =<
ca,
cyjf, 1.5 =
cyjf, l = 8 1.5
cyjf, l = 12m
 Ps k6sdf 5fqfn] lkªdf s]Gb|af6 Psftk{m 12m b'/L kf/ ul5{g\ .

pbfx/0f 8
38Lsf] ldg]6 ;'O{ / 306f ;'O{sf] lardf 7:20 aHbf slt /]l8ogsf] sf]0f aG5, kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
38Ldf 7:20 ah]sf] a]nf ldg]6sf] ;'O{ l7s rf/df / 306fsf] ;'O{ cyjf 7 / 8 sf]
lardf aGg] sf]0fsf] Ps ltxfO efu k"/f ul/;s]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] 306f ;'O{ / ldg]6 ;'O{sf
larsf] sf]0f = [b'O{ cf]6f j|mdfut cª\s larsf] sf]0f = ]
= 90° + 10° = 100° = /]l8og
135
cEof; 5.1
1. ;]sG] 8df abNg'xf];\ M
(a) 45 35' 25'' (b) 60 50' 40'' (c) 30 40' 50''
(d) 55 30' 10'' (e) 10 25' 48'' (f) 55 56' 28''
2. l8u|Ldf abNg'xf];\ M
(a) 25 45' 30'' (b) 30 15' 15'' (c) 49 50' 25''
(d) 44 35' 25'' (e) 80 50' 20'' (f)76 26' 33''
3. ;]sG] 8df abNg'xf];\ M
(a) 30g 20' 10'' (b) 25g 15' 10'' (c) 45g 35' 25''
(d) 30g 12' (e) 26g 15'' (f) 47g 48' 49''
(a) 50g (b) 81g (c) 135g (d) 160g (e) 70g (f) 250g
5. u|]8df abNg'xf];\ M
(a) 50g 40' 8'' (b) 40g 32' 33'' (c) 56g 85' 50''
(d) 45g 35'' (e) 37g 50' (f) 98g 42' 37''
(a) 45 (b) 270° (c) 18 (d) 36 (e) 108 (f) 54
7. (a) s'g} ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf] Pp6f sf]0f 60g eP afFsL sf]0fsf] gfk l8u|Ldf kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf] Pp6f Go"gsf]0f 63 5 eg] aFfsL sf]0fsf] gfk u|]8df
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) Pp6f lqe'hsf ltg cf]6f sf]0fx¿sf] gfksf] cg'kft 2:3:4 eP ltgLx¿sf] gfk
l8u|Ldf lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(d) Pp6f lqe'hsf sf]0fx¿sf] cg'kft 5:7:8 eP ltgLx¿sf] dfg u|]8df kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(e) lqe'hsf klxnf] sf]0f 72 5 . afFsL sf]0fx¿sf] cg'kft 1:3 eP ;a} sf]0fx¿sf]
gfk u|]8df kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(f) rt'e{'hsf 4 sf]0fx¿sf] cg'kft 3:4:5:6 ltgLx¿sf] gfk l8u|Ldf kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
136
8. /]l8ogdf abNg'xf];\ M
(a) 70 (b) 150 (c) 120 (d) 30 (e) 45 (f) 50g
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
11. (a) Ps ;dsf]0fsf] efusf] dfg /]l8ogdf slt x'G5 <

(b) Ps ;dsf]0fsf] 40% sf] /]l8og dfg slt x'G5 <
(c) s'g} ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf] Pp6f sf]0f 60 eP afFsL sf]0fsf] dfg /]l8ogdf kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(d) Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf] Pp6f sf]0fsf] dfg 50g eP afFsL sf]0fsf] gfk /]l8odf
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(e) ;/n sf]0fsf] Ps ltxfOsf] /]l8og dfg slt x'G5 <
(f) Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf b'O{ Go"gsf]0fx¿sf] km/s eP ltgLx¿sf] dfg
u|]8df kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
12. tnsf k|To]s cj:yfdf 38Lsf] 306f ;'O{ / ldg]6 ;'O{ larsf] sf]0fsf] dfg j[TtLo
gfkdf kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) 4:00 (b) 1:30 (c) 6:45 (d) 4:30
13. (a) olb Pp6f j[Ttsf] 44cm sf] rfkn] s]Gb|df 60 sf] sf]0f agfpF5 eg] ;f]
j[Ttsf] cw{Jof; kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) Pp6f j[Ttsf] 15cm rfkn] s]Gb|df 81 sf] sf]0f agfpF5 eg] j[Ttsf] cw{Jof;
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) 15cm sf] rfkn] s]Gb|df sf] sf]0f agfpF5 eg] j[Ttsf] cw{Jof;sf] nDafO
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(d) 18cm cw{Jof; ePsf] j[Ttdf 16.2 cm rfkn] s]Gb|df slt l8u|Lsf] sf]0f
agfpF5 <
137
(e) s'g} j[Ttsf] cw{Jof; 7.254cm 5 . 3.8 cm sf] rfkn] To;sf] s]Gb|df slt
l8u|Lsf] sf]0f agfpF5 <
(f) Pp6f 38Lsf] ldg]6 ;'O{ 3cm nfdf] 5 . 20 ldg]6df ;'O{sf] 6'Kkf]n] slt b'/L kf/
u5{ <
(g) Pp6f ufO{nfO{ 10m nfdf] 8f]/Ln] lsnfdf afFlwPsf] 5 . 8f]/L tlGsg] u/L
3'ld/x]sf] a]nf 8f]/Ln] sf]0f agfpF5 eg] ufO{n] kf/ u/]sf] b'/L kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(h) Pp6f 3f]8fnfO{ 11m nfdf] 8f]/Ln] lsnfdf afFlwPsf] 5 . 8f]/L tGsg] u/L
3'ld/xFbf 8f]/Ln] lsnfdf 70 sf] sf]0f agfpF5 eg] 3f]8fn] 3'd]sf] b'/L kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(i) 20.5cm sf] b'/L 3'Dbf k]G8'ndn] s]Gb|df 5° sf] sf]0f agfpF5 eg] pSt j[Ttfsf/
af6f]sf] kl/lw kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(j) s'g} JolSt k|ltldg]6 100m sf b/n] j[Ttfsf/ af6f]df 3'Dbf 36sec df j[Ttsf]
s]Gb|df 56° sf]0f agfpF5 eg] pSt j[Ttfsf/ af6f]sf] kl/lw kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
14. olb D, G / C n] j|mdzM s'g} sf]0fsf] l8u|L u|]8 / /]l8og dfg lbG5 egL k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ M
5.2 lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric Ratios)

-s_ kl/ro
lgDg k|Zgx¿sf af/]df ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) lqe'h eg]sf] s] xf] < lqe'hnfO{ s;/L juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
(b) lqsf]0fldlt zAbsf] zflAbs cy{ s] x'G5 < cg'kft eGgfn] s] a'e\mg' x'G5 <
(c) lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿ s;/L aG5g\ <
(d) tnsf ;dsf]0f lqe'hx¿df e'hfx¿larsf] ;DaGw kfOyf]uf]/; ;fWocg';f/
s] x'G5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s lqe'hdf e'hfx¿sf ;Defljt ;a}
cg'kftsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
Q
138
tnsf] ;dsf]0fL lqe'hsf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / ;Gbe{ sf]0f  sf cfwf/df ;Dd'v e'hf,
(opposite side) cf;Gg e'hf (adjacent side) / s0f{x¿ (hypotenuse) af6 aGg]
;Defljt ;a} cg'kftx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ M
tkfO{Fx¿n] agfpg' ePsf cg'kftx¿ dWo] opposite side/hypotenuse nfO{ sine,

cyjf, 5f]6s/Ldf sin elgG5 . To:t}, nfO{ cosine / 5f]6s/Ldf cos
elgG5 / nfO{ tangent / 5f]6s/Ldf tan elgG5 . ;Gbe{ sf]0fsf] ;Dd'v
e'hfnfO{ nDa perpendicular (p), s0f{ hypotenuse (h) / cf;Gg e'hf base(b) n]
hgfOG5 .
oxfF, sin = =
cos = =
tan = =
oL ltg cf]6f cg'kftx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft elgG5 . logsf Jo'Tj|md

cg'kftx¿ (reciprocals) j|mdzM
, nfO{ cosecant, secant / cotangent elgG5 .
logLx¿nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf j|mdzM cosec, sec / cot n]lvG5 .
cosec  = =
sec  = =
cot  = =
139
-v_ lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] ;DaGw (Relation of Trigonometric Ratios)
(i) sin  cosec =
  sin  = / cosec =
(ii) cos sec =
  cos = 
/ sec = 
(iii) cot tan =
   cot = 
/ tan =
(iv) tan = = =
⁄
  
⁄
(v) cot = =
⁄
  
⁄
pbfx/0f 1
olb cos = eP afFsL lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, cos =
cyjf, dfgf}F
ca, P=√ √
=√
=√ = 3k
sin =
tan =
cot =
140
sec =
/ cosec =
pbfx/0f 2
olb tan = eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF, tan = ⁄
ca, L.H.S =
⁄
= =
⁄
= =
= 18 = R.H.S. k|dfl0ft eof] .

j}slNks ljlw
oxfF, tan =
cyjf, p = 3, b = 4 dfgf}F
ctM √ √ √
L.H.S:
⁄
= = =
⁄
= = = = R.H.S. k|dfl0ft eof] .
141
cEof; 5.2
1. (a) olb sin = eP afFsL lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb sec  = eP afFsL lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
√
(c) olb cot  = eP afFsL lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

√
(d) olb cos = eP afFsL lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

(e) olb cosecA =√ eP afFsL lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\
2. (a) olb tan = eP sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb cot = eP sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) olb sin = eP sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(d) olb cos = eP sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(e) olb cot = eP sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ .
3. olb cosA = / eP lgDg lqsf]0fldtLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
4. (a) olb cosA = eP, / secA sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

(b) olb cot = eP x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
(c) olb sin = eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M √
(d) olb tan = eP sin = x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
142
5.3 s]xL ljlzi6 sf]0fx¿sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric Ratios of Some
Special Angles)
lgDg k|Zgx¿sf af/]df ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) PsfO j[Tt eg]sf] s] xf] <
(b) kl/j|mdL /]vfn] k|f/lDes /]vf;Fu s:tf] cj:yfdf 0 / 90 sf] sf]0f agfpF5 <
(c) s:tf] lqe'hnfO{ ;dafx' lqe'h elgG5 <
(d) ;dafx' lqe'hsf k|To]s sf]0f slt l8u|Lsf x'G5g\ <
(e) ;dafx' lqe'hsf] zLif{sf]0fsf] cw{s cfwf/df s] x'G5 <
(i) 0 / 90 sf lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftsf] dfg
lrqdf k|f/lDes /]vf OX df kl/j|mdL /]vf OP n]
POX agfPsf] 5 . PMOX lvrf}F . olb OP /]vf
OX ;Fu vlK6g uof] eg] POX slt x'G5 < 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
;dsf]0fL PMO df olb OP = OM ePsf] cj:yfdf
POX= 0 / PM = 0 x'G5 .
ta, sin0 =
cos0° =
tan0°
cot0 =
sec0 = /
cosec0 = cosec0 =
To:t}, OP /]vf, OY ;Fu vlK6bf POX = YOX =90 x'G5 . OP = PM / OM = 0 x'G5 .

ca, ;dsf]0fL POM df
sin 90 =
cos90 =
tan90 =
cot90 =
143
sec90 =
cosec90 =
(ii) 30 / 60 sf lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft

lrqdf k|f/lDes /]vf OX ;Fu kl/j|mdL /]vf OP n]
POX = 30 agfPsf] 5 . OP sf] cw{Jof; lnP/
j[Tt agfcf}F . PM OX lvrf}F / j[Ttsf] laGb' Q
;Dd nDAofcf}F . lrqdf QOM slt l8u|L x'G5 .
OPQ s:tf] lqe'h aGb5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\, olb
OP = OQ = 2a 5 eg] PM sf] dfg slt x'G5 <
kfOyfuf]/;sf] ;fWo k|of]u u/L OM sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dsf]0f OMP df sin30 =
To:t}, cGo ;a} lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

;dsf]0fL OMP df cos60 =
o;}u/L afFsL lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

(iii) 45° sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftsf] dfg
lrqdf k|f/lDes /]vf OX ;Fu kl/j|mdL /]vf OP n]
agfPsf] sf]0f POX = 45 5 .
PM OX lvrf}F . lrqdf ;dsf]0fL OMP df OPM
sf] dfg slt x'G5 kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . o; cj:yfdf
OMP s:tf] lqe'h xf] < s] OM = PM x'G5 <
olb OM = PM = a dfGg] xf] eg] OP sf] nDafO slt
x'G5 < kfOyfuf]/;sf] ;fWo k|of]u u/L k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ .
ca, sin 45 =
√ √
o;}u/L afFsL ;a} lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
144
tflnsf M ljlzi6 sf]0fx¿sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft
cg'kft÷sf]0f 0 30 45 60 90
sin 0 ⁄ √ 1
√
cos 1 √ ⁄ 0
√
tan 0 1 √ ∞
√
cosec ∞ 2 √ 1
√
sec 1 √ 2 ∞
√
cot ∞ √ 1 0
√
pbfx/0f 1
dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M sin245 . cosec230° - sec260
;dfwfg
oxfF, sin245 .  cosec230 – sec260
=( )
√
= = 2 – 4 = -2
pbfx/0f 2
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M sin60 cos30 + cos60 sin30 = sin90
;dfwfg
L.H.S = sin60 cos30 + cos60 sin30
√ √
= = = =1
R.H.S = sin90 = 1
L.H.S = RHS k|dfl0ft eof] .
145
pbfx/0f 3
olb  = 60 ,  = 30 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M sin(-) = sin cos -cossin
;dfwfg
oxfF, = 60
 =30
ca, LHS = sin (-)
= sin (60° - 30°)
= sin30° =
RHS = sin cos- cos sin

= sin60°.cos30° – cos60°.sin30°
√ √
=
 LHS = RHS k|dfl0ft eof] .
cEof; 5.3
1. dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M
(a) Sin45 cos45 – sin230
(b) Cos30 cos45 – sin30 sin45
(c) 2sin60 sin90 + cos60° cos0°
(d)
(e)
(f) 2sin230 – 3cos245 + tan260
(g) 3tan245 – sin260 - cot2 30 + sec2 45
(h) 4sin260 + 3tan2 30 – 8sin 45 cos45
(i) Cot245 + cosec245
(j)
146
2. c = 180 eP dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) Sin2 - cos2
(b) ( )( )
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g) )
(h)
(i)
(j) cos
3. k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
(a) sin2 60 – cos260 =
(b) 2sin30 cos30 = sin60
(c)
(d)
(e) √ √
(f) tan 60 + 4 cos245° + cos230 = 9
2
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j) =
(k) √
(l)
147
(m)
(n)
4. x sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M

(a) tan245 (–cosec60 ) = x cos450.sin45 cot60
(b) 3sin60 + x. cos30 tan45 = x cot 30
(c) 12x tan245 – 12 sin260 – 6cot230 + 4sec245 = 17
(d) sin30 + 2cot230 + x cos230 = 8 + tan245 +cos60
(e) x + 3tan230° + 4cos230° = 2sec245° + 4 sin260°
5. olb  = 30° eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
(a) cos2 = sin
(b) cos2 = 1-2sin2

(c) cos2 = 
(d) sin2 = 2Sin.Cos

(e) sin3 = 3sin - 4sin3
6. olb = 0 ,  = 30 ,  = 45 /  =90 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
(a) tan2 + tan2 + tan2 + sin2 =

(b) tan( + ) = 
(c) cos( -) = cos cos + sin sin
5.4 lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf ;j{;ldsfx¿ (Identities of Trigonometric Ratios)

(a) s:tf ul0ftLo jfSo (Mathematical Statement) nfO{ ;j{;ldsf elgG5 <
(b) ;j{;ldsf (Identity) / ;dLs/0f (equation) lar s] km/s 5 <
(c) lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf s'g} 2 cf]6f ;j{;ldsfx¿ agfpg'xf];\ .
148
kfOyfuf]/; ;fWoaf6 k|fKt x'g] lqsf]0fldtLo ;DaGw
(Relation of Trigonometric Ratios from Pythagoras Theorem)
A
h
b

C b B
lrqdf ;dsf]0fL ABC df k|;ª\usf]0f ACB =  5 . ;f] sf]0fsf nflu sin = ,

cos = x'G5 .
kfOyfuf]/f; ;fWoaf6,
AB2 + BC2 = AC2
cyjf,
cyjf,
cyjf,
cyjf, ( ) ( )
cyjf,
cyjf,
;j{;ldsf (i) af6,
km]l/, √
√
;j{;ldsf (i) nfO{ b'j}tkm{ cos2 n] efu ubf{
cyjf,
cyjf,
149
;j{;ldsf (ii) af6,
sec = √
To:t},
/ tan = √
To:t}M ;j{;ldsf (i) nfO{ b'j}tkm{ sin2 n] dfq ubf{,
cyjf,
cyjf, 
k]ml/, ;j{;ldsf (iii) af6
cosec =√
To:t}, cot2 =cose2 - 1
/ cot =√
pbfx/0f 1
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M sinA secA = tanA
;dfwfg
oxfF, LHS = sinA secA
= sinA.
= tanA = R.H.S k|dfl0ft eof] .

pbfx/0f 2
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M sec2A – cosec2A = tan2A – cot2A
;dfwfg
sec2A – cosec2A = tan2A – cot2A
L.H.S = sec2A – cosec2A
= 1 + tan2A – (1+cot2A)
= 1 + tan2A – 1 – cot2A
= tan2A – cot2A
= R.H.S k|dfl0ft eof] .
150
pbfx/0f 3
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
;dfwfg
L.H.S =
= sinA cosA
pbfx/0f 4
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M =√
;dfwfg
oxfF, L.H.S =√
=√
=√
=√
= =
= sec + tan
pbfx/0f 5
;dfwfg
oxfF, L,H.S =
151
=
= ( )
=( )
=( )
=( )
=
= (-cot + cosec)2
= [-(cot – cosec)]2
=
= RHS k|dfl0ft eof] .
pbfx/0f 6
;dfwfg
oxfF, L.H.S. =
= -
- -
=
= cosA + sinA
= sinA + cosA
152
pbfx/0f 7
;dfwfg
oxfF L.H.S =
=
( )
=
( )
=
=
= 1 + 2cot2A
pbfx/0f 8
;dfwfg
L.H.S =
=
= tanx + secx
153
pbfx/0f 9
;dfwfg
oxfF L.H.S =
=
( )
=
( )
={ }{ }
= =1
= R.H.S. k|dfl0ft eof] .

pbfx/0f 10
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M (2-cos2A) (1+2cot2A) = (2+cot2A) (2-sin2A)
;dfwfg
oxfF, L.H.S. = (2 – cos2A) (1+2cot2A)
= * +
= * +
= * +
= * +
=( )
( )
=* +
154
=( )
=( )
=( )
=
= (1 + cot2A + 1) (2 – sin2A)
=
pbfx/0f 11
cyjf,
;dfwfg
L.H.S =
= 2secB = =
  = RHS k|dfl0ft eof] .
cEof; 5.4
1. u'0fg ug'{xf];\ M
(a) (sinA+sinB)(sinA-sinB) (b) (1-cos)-(1+cos)
(c)(1+sin) (1-sin) (d) (1+cot2A) (1-cot2A)
(e) (1+sin) (1-sin) (1+sin2) (f) (1+tan) (1-tan)(1+tan2)
2. v08Ls/0f ug'{xf];\ M
(a) cos2A –sin2A (b) sec2A – cosec2A
155
(c) cos2A+sin2A.cos2A (d) tan3-cot3
(e) Sec4 - cosec4 (f) sin2x + 3sin x + 2
(a) cotA sinA = cosA (b) cosA cosecA =cotA
(c) sec sin cot = 1 (d) tan cos = sin
   
(e) 
 (f)  
 
(a) cos2 -cos2.sin2 = cos4
(b) (1-cos2) (1+tan2) = tan2
(c) (1 + cot2A) (1-sin2A) = cot2A
(d) Sin2 + sin2.cot2 = 1
(e) sin (1+ cot2) = cosec
(f) cosA (1+tan2A) = secA
(g) (sinx - cosx)2 = 1 – 2sinx cosx
(h) (1-sin2A) cosec2A = cot2A
(i) cos√  √ 
(j) cos . cosec√ 
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
(i) (j)
(k) (l)
(m) –
(n) (0)
√
156
(a) √
(b) √
(c) √
(d) √
(e) √ √
(f) √
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(a)
(b) (3-4sin2).(sec2-4tan2)=(3-tan2).(1-4sin2)
(c) (3-4sin2). (1-3tan2A)= (3-tan2A) = (4cos2A-3)
(d) (3-4 cos2A).(cosec2A – 4cot2A) = (3 – cot2A). (1- 4 cos2A)
(e) sec4A (1-sin4A) – tan2A = 1
(f)
157
5.5 s'g} sf]0fsf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric Ratios of any angle)
bf];|f] rt'yf{+z klxnf] rt'yf{+z
t];|f] rt'yf{+z rf}yf] rt'yf{+z
dflysf lrqdf /]vfx¿ XX1. / YY1 laGb' 0 df k/:k/ nDa eO{ sfl6Psf 5g\ . OX
nfO{ k|f/lDes /]vf dfgL kl/j|mdL /]vfnfO{ 38Lsf] ljk/Lt lbzfdf 3'dfpFbf cj:yfx¿
OP1, OP2, OP3 / OP4 n] wgfTds sf]0fx¿ j|mdzM klxnf] bf];|f], t];|f] / rf}yf]
rt'yf{+zdf k/]sf 5g\ . oL k|To]s cj:yfdf tL sf]0fx¿sf lqsf]0fldtLo dfgx¿df kg]{
c;/af/] ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
s] xfdLn] agfpg ;Sg] ;a} sf]0fx¿ tL rt'yf{+zdf kb{5g\ <
pbfx/0fsf nflu M 750 = 2  360 + 30 klxnf] rt'yf{+zdf kb{5 .
To:t} 1235 = 3  360 + 155 bf];|f] rt'yf{+zdf kb{5 . X
o;/L h'g;'s} sf]0f lng'xf];\ Tof] sf]0f s'g} g

s'g} rt'yf+{zdf kb{5 . Y1 Y
X1
158
-s_ C0ffTds sf]0f (-) sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft
(Trigonometric ratios of Negative angle ( -))
dfgf}F ;Fu}sf] lrqdf k|f/lDes /]vf OX ;Fu
kl/j|mdL /]vf OP n] agfPsf] POX =  / P sf]
lgb]{zfª\s P(x, y) 5 . OP = r cw{Jof; lnP/ j[Tt
lvrf}F . PM  OX lvrf}F / PM nfO{ nDAofpFbf
j[Ttsf] laGb' P' df sf6\5 / P' sf] lgb]{zfª\s
P(x, -y) x'G5 / OP' n] OX ;Fu agfPsf] P'OX =
- x'G5 .
;dsf]0fL lqe'h PMO df sin = / cos =
x'G5 .
ca, sin (-)= 
cos (-)= 
tan (-)= 
cot(-) =
sec(-) =
/ cosec(-) =
-v_ (90 - ) sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric Ratio of (90 - ))

;Fu}sf] lrqdf, k|f/lDes /]vf OX df kl/j|mdL /]vf OP
n] agfPsf] sf]0f POX =  5 . OP = r sf] cw{Jof;
lnP/ Pp6f j[Tt agfcf}F . laGb' P (x,y) nfO{ y = x sf]
/]vfdf k/fj{tg ubf{ k|fKt x'g] k|ltlaDa P' sf]
lgb]{zfª\s (y, x) x'G5 / P'OY = 5 . lrqdf,
P'OX = 90 -  x'G5 .
ca, sin(90 ) = sinP'OX = sf] y – lgb]{zfª\s
= =
= cos 
k'gM cos (90 -) =cosP’OX = sf] x– lgb]{zfª\s

= = = sin
159
ca, tan (90°- ) =
= cot
o;}u/L, sec(90°- ) = 
/ 
-u_ sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric Ratio of
;Fu}sf] lrqdf k|f/lDes /]vf OX ;Fu

kl/j|mdL /]vf OP n] agfPsf] sf]0f POX
=  5 . dfgf}F P sf] lgb]{zfª\s (a, b) 5 . r
= OP cw{Jof; lnP/ Pp6f j[Tt lvrf}F .
laGb' P(a,b) nfO{ s]Gb| O af6 wgfTds
lbzfdf 90 sf] sf]0fn] kl/j|mdf ubf{ k|fKt
k|ltlaDa P' sf] lgb]{zfª\s P' (-b, a) /
P'OX = 90 +  x'G5 .
ca, sin (90° +) = sin P'Ox
=
sf] y lgb]{zfª\s
= =
= cos 
k'gM cos (90 +) = cos P'OX
= sf] y– lgb]{zfª\s
= = =
= -sin
ca, tan (90 +) =
= =
= - cot
cot(90 +) =
160
o;}u/L, sec(90 +) =
/
-3_ (180 -) sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric Ratio of (180 -))
oxfF, sin (180 - ) = sin {90 + (90 -)} / cos(180°- ) = cos{90° + 90° - )}
= cos (90 -) = -sin(90° - )
= sin = - cos
k'g M sec(180°- )
= = = -sec
/ cosec(190° - )
= = = cosec
o;}u/L, tan (180 - ) =
k'g M cot (180 -)=
-ª_ (180 +) sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric ratios of (180° + )

oxfF, sin (180 + ) = sin {90 + (90 + )}
= cos (90 + )
= -sin
cos (180 + ) = cos {90 + (90 + )}
= -sin (90 +)
= -co 
k'gM tan (180 +) = tan {90 +(90 + )}
= - cot (90 +)
= - (-tan)
= tan
o;}u/L, cot (180 +) =
sec (180 +) =
/ cosec (180 +) =
161
-r_ (270° – ) sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric Ratio of (270° -)
oxfF, sin (270 -) = sin {180 + (90 - )}
= -sin (90 - )
= - cos
cos(270 -) = cos {180 + (90 )}
= -cos (90 - )
= -sin
 
k'gM tan(270 -) =  

cot(270 -) =  

o;}u/L, sec(270 -) =  


cosec(270 -) =  

-5_ (270° + ) sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric ratios of (270 +)

oxfF, sin (270 + ) = sin{180 + (90 +)}
= -sin(90 + ) = -cos
cos (270 + ) = cos {180 +(90 +)}
= -cos (90 +)
= -(-sin) = sin
 
k'g M tan (270° + ) = 
 
cot (270 + ) =  

o;}u/L, sec (270 + ) = 

 
cosec(270 + ) = 
 
-h_ (360 -) sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric ratios of (360 -))
oxfF, sin (360 -) = sin {270 + (90°-)}
= -cos (90 -)
= -sin
cos(360 - ) = cos{270° + (90° – )}
162
= sin(90° – )
= cos
k'gM tan(360 - ) = tan(270 + (90 -)
= –cot (90 - )
= = -tan
cot (360 - ) =  

o;}u/L, sec (360 - ) =  


cosec (360 - ) =  

-em_ (360 + ) sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft

(360 + ) sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft s;/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 < 5nkmn u/L lgisif{
n]Vg'xf];\ .
pbfx/0f 1
dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M
(i) cos 150 . sin 120 + sin2150 + cos2120
(ii) cos
;dfwfg
(i) Cos 150 . sin 120 + sin2150 + cos2120
= cos (90 + 60 ) sin (90 + 30 ) + sin2(90 + 60 ) + cos2 (90 + 30 )
= sin60 . cos30 +cos260 + sin230°
√ √
=
= =
(ii)
= ( )
=0
163
pbfx/0f 2
;/n ug'{xf];\ M
(i)
(ii)
;dfwfg
(i)
(ii)

=
= = =
= cosec sec
pbfx/0f 3
(i) sin65 +cos35 = cos25 + sin55
(ii) cos240 . cos120 – sin220 . cos150 = 1
;dfwfg
(i) sin65 +cos35 = cos25 + sin 55
L.H.S = sin65 + cos35
= sin (90 - 25 ) + cos (90 - 55 )
= cos 25 + sin55
(ii) cos240 . cos 120 – sin120 . cos150 = 1
L.H.S = cos240 . cos120 – sin120 .cos150
= cos(180 + 60 ). cos (90 + 30 ) – sin(90 +30 ) cos(90 +60 )
= - cos60 .(-sin30 ) – cos 30 . (-cos60 )
√ √
=
164
= = =1

pbfx/0f 4
x sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M
tan2 135 – sin260 = x sin135 . cos45 . tan60
;dfwfg
oxfF, tan2 135 – sin260 = x sin135 . cos45 . tan60
cyjf, tan2(90 + 45 ) – sin260 = x.sin(90 + 45 ).cos45 . tan60
√
cyjf, cot245° -( )
√
√
√
cyjf, (1)2 –
√
cyjf,
√
cyjf,
 √
cEof; 5.5
1. dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M
(a) cos 870 (b) sin1230 (c) cosec (-1200 )
(d) tan ( ) (e) sin( ) (f) cos ( )
(g) sin2( ) ( )
(h) sin2( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
165
(n)
(o)
(p) sin(-690°) cos (-300°) + cos (-750°) sin (-240°)
(q) tan (315°).cot (-405°) + cot (495°). (-tan 585°)
2. ;/n ug'{xf];\ M
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
( )
(h)
( )
(i)
(j)
( )
(a) tan 9 . tan27 = cot63 cot 81
(b) cos25 . cos65 – sin25 . sin65 = 0
(c) tan 32 + cot 53 – cosec 80 = tan 37 + cot 58 – sec10
(d) sin 81 + sec54 + tan 18 = cos9 +cos27 + cosec36 + cot72
(e) sin 90 .sin27 + sin 63 . Sin81 = cos9 . cos27 cos63 cos81
(f) tan 9 . tan27 . tan 45 = tan63 . tan81 = 1
(g) cos24 .cos120 – sin120 cos150 = 1
√
(h) cos240 . Sin300 –sin330 cos300 =
166
(i) cos120 .sin150 +cos33 .sin33 =-1
(j) sin420 . Cos390 + cos (-300 ) sin (-330 ) =1
(k) cot + cot( ) ( )
(l) sin2( ) ( )
(m) sin ( ) ( )
(n) cos3
4. x sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M

(a) cosec (90 +) + x.cos. cot(90 + ) = sin (90 +)
(b) xcot (90 +) + tan(90 +) sin+ cosec (90 +) = 0
(c) tan2135 - cosec260 = xcos(180 -45 ) sin 45 .cot 60
(d) 3sin 420 + x.cos120 tan 225 = x cot 120
(e) 2cot 120 – xsin120 cos 180 = tan 150
(f) tan(180 - ) cot (90 +) + x cos (90 +). Cos (90 -) = sin sin(180 -)
(g) xcot tan (90 + ) = tan (90 + ) cot (180 - ) + xsec (90 + ) cosec.
(h) xtan (180 +A ) cot (90 +A) = tan (180 - A). tan(360 - A) + cosec (90 – A ).
cosec(90 + A )
(i) xtan (90 - A ) cos (90 +A) . sin (180 - A). cot (90 - A) = cosec (270 – A )
(j) tan(90° + A) cot (180° - A) + sec (90° + A). cosec A = xcot A tan (90° + A)
167
5.6 ldl>t sf]0fsf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles)
(a) b'O{ sf]0fx¿ A / B sf ldl>t sf]0fx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ <
(b) PsfO j[Tt eg]sf] s] xf] <
(c) PsfO j[Ttdf kg]{ s'g} laGb'sf] lgb]{zfª\s lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftdf s;/L n]Vg
;lsG5 <
b'O{ sf]0fx¿ A / B sf] of]u (A + B) / km/s (A -B) nfO{ A / B sf ldl>t sf]0fx¿ elgG5 .
pb\ud laGb'df s]Gb| ePsf] / cw{Jof; Ps PsfO lnP/ agfOPsf] j[Tt PsfO j[Tt
xf] .
dflysf] lrqdf s]Gb| O / cw{Jof; OP= 1 PsfO ePsf] PsfO j[Ttdf kg]{ laGb' P(x,y)
af6 PMOX lvrf}F . OP n] OX ;Fu agfPsf] sf]0f POX =  dfgf}F .
oxfF, ;dsf]0fL lqe'h OMP df,
sin  =
cyjf, sin = cyjf, sin = cyjf, y = sin
To:t}, cos =
cyjf, cos  =
cyjf, cos =
cyjf, x =cos
PsfO j[Ttdf kg]{ s'g} laGb' P 5 / OP n] OX ;Fu  sf]0f afpF5 eg], P sf] lgb]{zfª\s
P(x,y) = (cos, sin ) x'G5 .
168
-s_ ldl>t sf]0f
(A + B) / (A - B) lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft (Trigonometric ratios of
compound angles (A + B ) and (A-B)}
dflysf] lrqdf s]Gb| O af6 PsfO j[Tt lvlrPsf] 5 . POS= A / POQ =B dfgf}F .
ta, QOS = A +B x'G5 . hxfF laGb' S(1,0), X- cIfdf kb{5 . SOR = -B agfcf}F .
ta PQR sf] dfg A - B x'G5 .
lrqdf laGb'x¿ P,Q, R / S sf lgb]{zfª\sx¿ lgDgcg';f/ n]Vg ;lsG5 M
P(cosA, sinA)
Q (cos(A +B), sin(A +B))
R (cos(-B), sin(-B)) / S(1,0))
ca b'/L ;"qaf6,
SQ2 = {(cos(A +B)-1}2 +{sin(A + B)-0}2
= cos2(A +B) – 2 cos(A +B). 1 + 12 + sin2(A+ B)
= 1 + 1 – 2 cos (A + B)
= 2 – 2 cos (A + B)
= 2{1-cos (A + B)}
To:t},
PR2 = [(cosA – cos(-B))2 + (sinA – sin(-B))2]
= (cosA - cosB)2 + (sinA + sinB)2
= cos2A – 2cosA cosB + cos2B + sin2A + 2sinA sinB + sin2B
= cos2A + sin2A + cos2B + sin2B -2 [cosA cosB – sinA sinB]
= 1 + 1 -2[cosA cosB – sinA sinB]
169
= 2 -2[cosA cosB – sinA sinB]
= 2[1- (cosA cosB-sinA sinB)]
t/ SQ2 = PR2 [a/fa/ s]Gb|Lo sf]0fn] agfPsf hLjfx¿sf] ju{ ePsfn]]
cyjf, 2{1- cos(A +B)] = 2[ 1- (cosA cosB – sinA sin B)
cyjf, cos(A +B) = cosA cosB – sinA sin B
/ cos (A-B) = cos{A +(-B)}
= cosA.cos(-B) - sinA.sin(-B)
= CosA.CosB + SinA.SinB
ca, sin(A +B) = cos [90 –(A +B)]
= cos [(90 –A) –B]
= cos (90 -A). cosB + sin(90 -A).sinB
= sinAcosB + cosAsinB
 sin (A +B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
/ sin (A -B) = sin {A +(-B)}
= sinAcos(-B) + cosA.sin(-B)
= sinAcosB - cosAsinB
To:t}, tan (A +B) =
= =
 tan (A + B)=
To:t}, tan(A - B) =
o;}u/L, cot(A + B) =
/ cot(A - B) =
170
pbfx/0f 1
ldl>t sf]0f k|of]u u/L sin75 sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, 75 = 45 + 30
cyjf, sin75° = sin(45 + 30 )
cyjf, sin75 = sin45 .cos30 + cos45 .sin30
√
=
√ √
√
=
√
√
  sin75 =
√
pbfx/0f 2
olb sin A = ⁄ / cosB = eP cos(A +B) sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF, sinA = ⁄
  cosA = √
=√ ⁄ =√ ⁄ =√ =
/ cosB=
 sinB =√
=√ ( ) =√ ( ) =√ =
ca, cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB

=
= =
171
pbfx/0f 3
olb tan = / tan = eP + x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF, tan =
tan  =
ca, tan ( + ) =
cyjf, tan ( + ) = = =
  tan ( + ) = 1
cyjf, tan ( + ) = tan
  +  = k|dfl0ft eof] .
pbfx/0f 4
;dfwfg
oxfF, L.H.S =
=
= cot B – cotA
pbfx/0f 5
;dfwfg
oxfF, RHS = tan58
172
=
√ √
=
√ √
=√
√
= L.H.S k|dfl0ft eof] .

pbfx/0f 6
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M tan20 + tan72 + tan 88 = tan 20 tan72 tan88
;dfwfg
oxfF, 20 + 72 = 92
cyjf, tan(20 + 72 ) = tan 92
cyjf,
cyjf
cyjf,
cyjf,
k|dfl0ft eof] .
cEof; 5.6
1. ldl>t sf]0f k|of]u u/L dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M
(a) cos15 (b) sin15 (c) tan15 (d) cos75 (e) tan75
(f) sin105 (g) cos105 (h) tan105
(a) cos15 – sin15 = (b) cos105 + cos15 =
√ √
(c) sin105 + cos105 = (d) sin75 – sin15 =

√ √
(e) tan15 + cot15 = 4
173
3. olb cosA = / sinB = eP tnsf lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) sin (A + B) (b) cos(A +B) (c) tan(A+B) (d) sin(A -B)
(e) cos(A -B) (f) tan (A- B)
(a) cot(A + B) =
(b) cot(A - B) =
(c) cos (A +B)cos(A-B) = cos2A – sin2B = cos2B – sin2A
(d) sin(A +B) sin(A - B) = cos2B – cos2A = sin2A – sin2B
(e) sin(x+y) + sin (x - y) = 2sinx cosy
(f) sin (x + y) – sin (x - y) = 2cosx siny
(g) cos(x + y) – cos(x–y) = -2sinx siny
(h) cos(x + y) + cos (x -y) = 2cosx cosy
(i)
(j) tan=
5. tnsf k|To]s cj:yfdf A +B = x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M

(a) tanA = / tanB = (b) tanA = / tanB =
(c) tanA = / tanB = (d) tanA = / tanB
(e) cotA = / cotB = 21 (f) cotA = /cotB = 2p+ 1

(g) cosA = / cosB =
√
(h) cosA =
√
/ cosB =
√
(i) sinA =
√
/ sinB =
√
(j) cosA =
√
/ cosB =
√
(a) tan 56 – tan11 = 1 + tan 56 tan11
(b) tan30 + tan15 = 1 – tan30 tan15
(c) tan20 + tan25 + tan20 tan25 = 1
(d) tan7A – tan4A – tan3A = tan7A tan4A.tan3A
174
(e) tan44 + tan56 + tan80 = tan80°tan56°tan44°
(a) cos18° – sin18° = √ sin27°
(b) sin65° + cos65° = √ cos20°
(c)
(d)
(e)
8. olb A +B = eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M

(a) 1 – tanB tanB = tanA + tanB (b) (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2
(c) (cotA-1) (cotB -1) =2
(a) sin (A + B +C) = cosA cosB cosC [ tanA + tanB+tanC – tanA tanBtanC]
(b) cos(A + B +C) = cosAcosB cosC [1-tanB. tanC –tanA tanB]
(c) tan(A +B +C)=
175
PsfO 6 e]S6/ (Vector)

(a) tkfOF{sf] prfO slt 5 <
(b) tkfO{Fn] lzIfsnfO{ cfk\mgf] 3/ ljBfnoaf6 1 km 6f9f 5 eGg'eof] eg] lzIfsn]
tkfO{Fsf] 3/sf] k"/f l:ylt yfxf kfpg' xf]nf < k"/f l:ylt yfxf kfpg b'/L (1km)
afx]s c¿ s] hfgsf/L cfjZos knf{ <
(c) ;Fu}sf] lrqdf Pp6f dfG5] :yfg P
af6 k|lt306f 15km sf b/n] bf}8bf
2 306fdf
(i) slt 6f9f k'Unf <
(ii) s'g :yfgdf k'Unf <
(d) pSt dfG5] :yfg P af6 /]vf PB ;Fu slt
l8u|L sf]0f agfP/ l;wf /]vfdf lx8\bf :yfg
C df k'Unf <
lrq g= 6.1
6.1 e]S6/sf] kl/ro (Introduction to vector)
tf}n, an, b'/L, 1fg, 3gTj, If]qkmn, efjgf dWo] s'g s'g s'/f gfKg ;lsPnf < gfKg
ldNg] /flz g} ef}lts /flz (Physical quantity) x'g\ . oL b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ .
(i) :s]n/ (scalar) / (ii) e]S6/ (Vector)
(i) :s]n/ (scalar)
;fdfGotof kfgL slt tfkj|md k'u]kl5 pDnG5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . kfgL 100 C
tfkj|md k'u]kl5 pDnG5 . o;f]eGbf dfg cyf{t ;ª\Vof (100) / PsfO ( C) n]
tfkj|mdnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf j0f{g ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} dfly k|Zg (a) sf] pTt/ lbFbf
tkfO{Fn] cfk\mgf] prfO 5.5 lkm6 5 eGg'eof] eg] prfO k"0f{ ¿kdf j0f{g x'G5 . o:tf
dfg x'g] ef}lts /flz g} :s]n/ x'g\ . b'/L (distance), j]u (speed), ;do (time) cflb
:s]n/ x'g\ .
æh'g ef}lts /flznfO{ To;sf] dfg -;ª\Vof / PsfO_ (magnitude) n] dfq k"0f{ ¿kdf
j0f{g ug{ ;lsG5, To;nfO{ :s]n/ elgG5 .Æ
176
(ii) e]S6/ (Vector)
dflysf] k|Zg (c) dfly 5nkmn ubf{ 15km nfO{ 2 n] u'0fg u/]/ dfG5] 2 306fdf
30km 6f9f k'Unf eGg t ;lsPnf t/ pm s'g lbzf -:yfg_ df k'Unf eGg] yfxf kfpg
;lsPnf, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . oxfF, xfdLnfO{ pm s'g lbzfdf bf}l8/x]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf
gx'Fbf;Dd sxFf k'Unf eGg ;lsFb}g . pm k"j{ bf}8]sf] 5 eg] 30km kf/ u/]/ :yfg B df
k'Unf jf klZrd bf}8]sf] 5 eg] :yfg A df k'Unf . To;}n], oxfF dfG5]sf] lj:yfkg
(displacement) yfxf kfpg lbzf clgjfo{ yfxf x'g'k5{ . o:tf lbzfdf e/ kg]{ ef}lts
/flz g} e]S6/ x'g\ .
æh'g ef}lts /flznfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf j0f{g ug{ To;sf] dfg ;Fu;Fu} lbzf klg rflxG5,
To;nfO{ e]S6/ /flz elgG5Æ, h:t} M ult, k|j]u o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
-s_ e]S6/ hgfpg] tl/sf
;Fus} f] lrq 6.2 df s'g} laGb' O(0,0) af6 A(x, y)
df lj:yfkg eof] eg] pSt lj:yfkgnfO{ lgb]{lzt
/]vfv08 (directed line segment) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n]
hgfOG5 . oxfF O ;'?sf] laGb' (initial point) xf]
eg] A lj:yfkg ePkl5sf] laGb' (terminal point)
xf] . To;}n] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ e]S6/ xf] . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] O af6 A df
ePsf] lj:yfkgnfO{ hgfpF5 eg] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] A af6 O lrq 6.2
df ePsf] lj:yfkgnfO{ hgfpF5 . To;}n] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ km/s e]S6/ x'g\ .
;fdfGotof, e]S6/nfO{ uf9f cª\u|]hL cIf/ (boldface letter) n] hgfpg] rng eP
klg n]vfOdf cª\u|]hL cIf/sf] dfly lt/ arrow k|of]u u/]/ hgfOG5 . dflysf] lrq
6.1 df ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nfO{ a jf n] hgfpg ;lsG5 .
nfO{ e]S6/ a eg]/ kl9G5 . lrq 6.1 df ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] kª\lt lj:yfkg x / nx/
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
lj:yfkg y x'g\, To;}n] lgb]{zfª\sdf ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , (→) nfO{ kª\ltdf (x, y) / nx/df ( )
n]lvG5 . oxfF, x nfO{ x – v08 (x - component) / y nfO{ y v08 (y - component)
elgG5 .
lrq 6.3 df laGb'x¿ P(x1,y1) / Q(x2 y2) hf]8]/ e]S6/ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ag]sf] 5 . laGb'x¿ P / Q af6 j|mdzM PM / BN x – cIf
(x -axis) df nDa (perpendicular) / laGb' P af6 PRQN
lvRbf, PR = MN = x2 – x1 / QR = y2 – y1 x'G5 .
R
oxfF ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
sf] kª\lt lj:yfkg PR xf] eg] nx/ lj:yfkg
QR xf] . To;}n] lgb]{zfª\sdf ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nfO{ kª\ltdf (x2 - x1,
y2 – y1) / nx/df ( )
lrq g= 6.3
177
oxfF ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] x – v08 x 2 – x 1 / y - v08 y2 – y1 x'g\ .
-v_ e]S6/sf] kl/df0f (Magnitude of a vector)
lrq 6.4 df OM / AB sf] nDafO slt xf]nf <
To:t} lrq 6.2 df OA sf] / lrq 6.3 df PQ sf]
nDafO s;/L lgsfNg ;lsPnf <
s'g} b'O{ laGb'x¿ larsf] b'/Lsf] ;"q k|of]u u/]/ dfly
pNn]v ul/Psf /]vfv08x¿sf] nDafO lgsfNg
;lsG5 . s'g} e]S6/ hgfpg] lgb]{lzt /]vfv08sf]
nDafOnfO{ g} pSt e]S6/sf] kl/df0f elgG5 . lrq lrq 6.4
6.2 df OA sf] nDafO √ ePsfn] → → sf]
kl/df0f √ PsfO x'G5 . o;nfO{ | | n] hgfpg] rng 5 . [(|⃗⃗⃗⃗| ) nfO{ a sf]
lg/k]If dfg (modulus a) eg]/ kl9G5 . ]
To:t}, lrq 6.3 df ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

| | |⃗⃗⃗⃗| √ PsfO
;du|df, e]S6/sf] kl/df0f = (x - v08)2 +(y - v08)2 PsfO
h:t}M olb eP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

| | √ PsfO
nDafO wgfTds lrx\gdf dfq JoSt ul/g] x'gfn] e]S6/sf] kl/df0f klg wgfTds
x'G5 .
-u_ e]S6/sf] lbzf (Direction of a vector)
lrq 6.5 df /]vfv08 OR n] wgfTds x – cIf
(positive x-axis) ;Fu slt l8u|L sf]0f agfpFnf <
olb pSt sf]0f  eP,
tan =
  = 45
lrq 6.5
oxfF, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] wgfTds x –cIf;Fu 45 sf]0f agfPsf]
5 . oxL sf]0f (45°) nfO{ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] lbzf elgG5 . lrq 6.2 df ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] wgfTds x -
cIf;Fu agfPsf] sf]0f AOM = xf] . ToxfF, OM = x / AM = y ePsfn]
To;}n], ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] lbzf  = tan-1 ( ) x'G5 .

To;}u/L, lrq 6.3 df tan =
178
To;}n], ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] lbzf  =tan-1( ) x'G5 .
;du|df, e]S6/sf] lbzfM  = tan-1( v08 )
v08
h:t}, ⃗ sf] lbzf  = tan-1( ) = 33.69°
-ª_ e]S6/sf v08 / lbzfsf] ;DaGw

X – v08 Y – v08 lbzf (sf]0f - )
wgfTds (+ve) z"Go (0) = 0
C0ffTds (-ve) 0 = 180
0 wgfTds  = 90
0 C0ffTds  = 270
wgfTds wgfTds 0° <  < 90°
C0ffTds wgfTds 90 <<180
C0ffTds C0ffTds 180 << 270
wgfTds C0ffTds 270 << 360
pbfx/0f 1
(a) nfO{ tL/ lrq (arrow diagram) df b]vfpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
nfO{ tL/ lrqdf b]vfpFbf,
(b) olb n] laGb' A(3, 2) nfO{ B(6,5) df lj:yfkg u5{ eg]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ hgfpg] lrq lvRg'xf];\ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nfO{ nx/ e]S6/df JoSt ug'{xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nfO{ ;Fu}sf] tL/ lrqdf b]vfpFbf
km]l/,
A(3, 2) = (x1, y1)
B(6,5) =(x2, y2)
sf] x – v08 = x2 – x1 = 6 -3 =3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] y v08 = y2 - y1 = 5 – 2 = 3
To;}n], ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( )
179
pbfx/0f 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] kl/df0f / lbzf kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF,
 x – v08 = -4
y – v08 = 3
ca, → sf] kl/df0f →
| |
= (x – v08)2 + (y – v08)2
√
= 5 PsfO
olb n] wgfTds x– cIf;Fu agfPsf] sf]0f  eP tan =
v08
v08
or, tan =
oxfF, x- v08 C0ffTds (-ve) / y-v08 wgfTds (-ve) ePsfn] 90 <<180
 = 180 – 36.87 ( )
= 143.13°
To;}n],→ sf] kl/df0f 5 PsfO / lbzf 143.13° x'g\ .
pbfx/0f 3
olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] laGb' A(5,3) nfO{ laGb' B(8,1) df lj:yfkg u5{ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] laGb' P(2,0) nfO{
Q(-1,2) df lj:yfkgf u5{ eg] k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
| | |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
;dfwfg
oxfF, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf nflu
A(5,3) = (x1, y1)
B(8,1) = (x2, y2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] kl/df0f ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
| | √
=√
=√
=√ PsfO
180
To:t}, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf nflu
P(2,0) = (x1, y1)
Q(-1,2) = (x2,y2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] kl/df0f ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
| | √
=√
=√
=√ PsfO
t;y{, |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
| | k|dfl0ft eof] .
cEof; 6.1
1. e]S6/ / :s]n/sf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
2. tnsf /flzx¿ e]S6/ jf :s]n/ s] x'g\ < sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ M
b'/L (distance), lj:yfkg (displacement), an (force), j]u (speed), ult (velocity),
sfd (work), 3gTj (density), If]qkmn (Area), cfotg (volume), k|j]u
(acceleration)
3. tnsf e]S6/nfO{ tL/ (arrow) lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ M
(a) → (b)→
(c) → (d) →
4. olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] laGb' A nfO{ B df lj:yfkg u5{ eg] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nfO{ tL/ lrqdf b]vfO{ nx/df
JoSt ug'{xf];\ .
(a) A(2,5), B(-1,0) (b) A(-6,4), B(0,-1)
5. tnsf k|To]s e]S6/sf] kl/df0f / lbzf kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) → (b) → (c) → √
6. olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] P nfO{ Q df lj:yfkg u5{ eg] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nfO{ nx/df JoSt ug'{xf];\ . ;fy} ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
sf] kl/df0f / lbzf kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(a) P(2,-2), Q(7,-5) (b) P(4, -2), Q (6, 1)
7. A olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] A nfO{ B df / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] c nfO{ D df lj:yfkg u5{g\ eg] k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ .
181
→ →
| | | |
(a) A(-5,4), B(0,2), C(1,-1), D (6, -3) (b) A(4, 5), B(7, -3), C(-1,-3), D(2,-11)
8. A(-3,2), B(2, 4), c(x, 3) / D(2, -2) rf/ laGb'x¿ x'g\ . olb →
| |
→
| |
eP x sf] dfg
slt xf]nf <
9. sIffdf 3/3 hgfsf] ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . ;d"xsf k|To]s ;b:on] cfk\mgf] 3/, ;dfh /
ljBfnodf x'g] u/]sf ef}lts /flzsf] ;"rL agfO{ ;d"xdf k|:t't u/L ;a}sf] ;dfj]z
u/L gofF ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . ca tL /flzx¿ :s]n/ jf e]S6/ s] x'g\ sf/0f;lxt
5nkmn u/L 5'6\6f5'6\6} ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
6.2 e]S6/sf k|sf/ (Types of vector)

(i) nx/ e]S6/ (column vector)
lrq 6.5 df ⃗ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
⃗ sf x - / y- v08x¿ slt lsl;dn] n]Vg ;lsPnf < 5nkmn ug'{xf;\ .
oxfF ⃗ sf x - / y - v08x¿ nx/df n]lvPsf 5g\ . o;/L s'g} e]S6/sf

( ) df ⃗
v08x¿ nx/df n]v]/ ;fgf] sf]i7n] 3]l/Psf 5g\ eg] To;/L hgfPsf e]S6/x¿ nx/
e]S6/ x'g\ .
h:t}M ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ) → ( )
(ii) kª\lt e]S6/ (row vector)
dflysf] ⃗ ( ) nfO{ csf]{ tl/sfn] klg n]Vg ;lsPnf <

dflysf] ⃗ ( ) nfO{ ⃗ klg n]Vg] rng 5 .
oxfF x - / y – v08x¿ kªltdf n]v]/ cNklj/fd (comma) 5'6\ofP/ ;fgf] sf]i7n]
3]l/Psf 5g\ . o;/L hgfOPsf e]S6/nfO{ kª\lt e]S6/ elgG5, h:t}, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
( ) ⃗
(iii) l:ylt e]S6/ (Position vector)

lrq 6.6 df ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] ;'?sf] laGb' s] 5 < s] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] A sf]
l:yltnfO{ hgfpnf < olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] A sf] olb 0(0,0) nfO{
A(x,y) df lj:yfkg u5{ eg] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] A(x,y) sf] l:ylt
(position) hgfpF5 . oxfF, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nfO{ l:ylt e]S6/
elgG5 . l:ylt e]S6/sf] k|f/lDes laGb' hlxn] klg
pb\ud laGb' 0(0,0) x'G5 . lrq g= 6.6
182
(iv) PsfO e]S6/ (unit vector)
e]S6/ ⃗ /⃗ sf kl/df0f kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . s] ltgLx¿sf] dfg 1
PsfO 5 < kl/df0f 1 PsfO x'g] e]S6/nfO{ PsfO e]S6/ elgG5 . s'g} e]S6/ ⃗ nfO{
To;sf] kl/df0f ⃗⃗⃗⃗
| | n] efu ubf{ cfpg] e]S6/ g} ⃗ lbzfsf] PsfO e]S6/ xf] . o;nfO{
̂ n] hgfpg] rng 5 .
→
To;}n], ̂
→
| |
h:t}M ⃗ eP ⃗ lbzfsf] PsfO e]S6/

→ xi + yj
̂ ( )
→
| |
√ = x(1,0) + y(0,1)
= (x ,0) + (0,y)
x - / y – cIf/;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] PsfO e]S6/nfO{
j|mdzM ̂ = (1,0) / ̂ = (0, 1) n] hgfOG5 . = (x + 0,0 +y)
= (x,y)
s'g} e]S6/ ⃗ nfO{ ⃗ = x ̂ + y ̂ n]Vg ;lsG5 .
(v) z"Go e]S6/ (Zero or null vector)

olb s'g} e]S6/n] A(x,y) nfO{ A(x,y) df g} lj:yfkg u5{ eg] Tof] e]S6/sf] kl/df0f
slt xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oxfF pko'{St e]S6/sf] kl/df0f z"Go (0) x'G5 . o;/L z'Go kl/df0f x'g] e]S6/nfO{
z"Go e]S6/ elgG5 . ⃗ z'Go e]S6/ xf] .
(vi) C0ffTds e]S6/ (Negative vector)
olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ eP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ klg (3,2) n]Vg ldNnf < oxfF ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] laGb' A nfO{ B df
lj:yfkg u/]sf] 5 eg] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] laGb' B nfO{ A df lj:yfkg u/]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿nfO{
hgfpg] /]vfv08sf] nDafO (kl/df0f) a/fa/ eP klg lbzf Pscsf{sf ljk/Lt 5g\ .
o;/L kl/df0f a/fa/ t/ lbzf ljk/Lt x'g] e]S6/nfO{ C0ffTds e]S6/ elgG5 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
/ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Pscsf{sf C0ffTds e]S6/ x'g\ .
oxfF ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ x'G5 .
h:t}M ⃗ / ⃗ Pscsf{sf C0ffTds e]S6/ x'g\ .
183
(vii) a/fa/ e]S6/x¿ (Equal vectors)
lrq 6.7 df ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf kl/df0f / B
lbzf kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . s] ltgLx¿sf]
kl/df0f a/fa/ 5 < s] lbzf klg ;dfg
5< D
oxfF ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] laGb' A nfO{ B df hlt A
kl/df0fdf h'g lbzfdf lj:yfkg u/]sf]
5 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] laGb' C nfO{ D df Tolt g}
kl/df0fdf ToxL lbzfdf lj:yfkg u/]sf] C
5. lrq 6.7
o;/L kl/df0f / lbzf b'j} cfk;df a/fa/ x'g] e]S6/x¿nfO{ a/fa/ e]S6/ elgG5 .
⃗ /⃗ a/fa/ x'g x1 = x2 / y1 = y2 x'g'k5{ .
(viii) ;dfg / c;dfg e]S6/x¿ (Like and unlike vectors)
lrq 6.8 df ⃗ / ⃗ sf kl/df0f leGg 5g\ t/
ltgLx¿sf] lbzf ;dfg 5 . o;/L kl/df0f →
hlt;'s} eP klg lbzf ;dfg x'g] e]S6/x¿nfO{
;dfg e]S6/ elgG5, h:t} M ⃗ / ⃗ →
b
;dfg e]S6/ x'g\ . To:t}, / ⃗ sf →
c
kl/df0f km/s 5g\ clg lbzf ljk/Lt 5g\ .
o;/L kl/df0f hlt;'s} eP klg lbzf ljk/Lt
→
x'g] e]S6]/x¿nfO{ c;dfg e]S6/ elgG5 . d
h:t} M /⃗ c;dfg e]S6/ x'g\ . lrq 6.8

;dfg jf c;dfg e]S6x¿ ;dfgfGt/ (parallel jf collinear) e]S6/ x'G5g\ .
pbfx/0f 1
olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] laGb' M(3, 1) nfO{ N(5, - 2) df lj:yfkg u5{ eg] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nfO{ xi + yj :j¿kdf
JoSt ug'{xf];\ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ lbzfsf] PsfO e]S6/ klg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, M(3,1) = (x1, y1)
N(5,-2) = (x2, y2)
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (5 – 3,-2 - 1)
= (2, -3) = 2i – 3j
184
ca, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] kl/df0f |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| √ √ √ PsfO
→
k'gM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ lbzfsf] PsfO e]S6/ =→
√
(
√ √
)
| |
pbfx/0f 2
olb ⃗ ( ) Pp6f PsfO e]S6/ eP y sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF ⃗ ( ) PsfO e]S6/ ePsfn] |⃗ |
ca, |⃗⃗⃗⃗| √( )
or, √
or,
or,
or,
y=
pbfx/0f 3
olb / eP / ;dfg e]S6/ x'g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .

;dfwfg
oxfF
⃗ sf] lbzf () = tan -1( ⁄ )
= tan -1( )
To:t}, ⃗
⃗ sf] lbzf () = tan -1 ( ⁄ )
= tan -1( ) = tan-1( )
oxfF ⃗ / ⃗ sf] ;dfg lbzf ePsfn] ltgLx¿ ;dfg e]S6/ x'g\ .
185
pbfx/0f 4
olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] A(2, 2) nfO{ B(5, 6) df / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] C(3, 0) nfO{ D(6,4) df lj:yfkg u5{g\ eg]
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;dfwfg
oxfF A(2, 2) = (x1, y1)
B(5, 6) = (x2, y2)
ca, →
= (5 – 2, 6 -2) = (3, 4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] kl/df0f |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | √ √ PsfO
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] lbzf () = tan-1( )
k]ml/, C(3,0) = (x1, y1)

D(6, 4) = (x2, y2)
ca, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (6 – 3, 4 -0)
= (3,4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] kl/df0f ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

| | √ PsfO
⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] lbzf () = ( )
oxfF, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf kl/df0f a/fa/ / lbzf ;dfg ePsfn] ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 5
A (1, 3), B(-3,1), C(-1,-1) / D(x, y) rf/ laGb'x¿ x'g\ . olb ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ eP x / y sf dfg
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, → sf nflu
B(-3, 1) = (x1, y1)
C(-1, -1) = (x2, y2)
→ = (x2 – x1, y2 - y)
186
= (- 1 + 3, -1 -1) = (2, -2)
To:t}, → sf nflu
A(1, 3) = (x1, y1)
D(x, y) = (x2, y2)
→ = (x 2 – x 1, y2 – y1)
= (x - 1,y - 3)
ca, k|Zgcg';f/, ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗

Or, (2, -2) = (x -1, y- 3)
X –v08 /v08 a/fa/ ubf{,
y-
2 = x -1 / -2 = y – 3
cyjf, x = 2+ 1 cyjf, y = -2 + 3
x=3  y =1
t;y{, x sf] dfg 3 / y sf] dfg 1 x'G5 .
cEof; 6.2
1. kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ M
(a) PsfO e]S6/ (b) l:ylt e]S6/ (c) ;dfg e]S6/
2. ;Fu} lbOPsf] lgoldt if6\e'h (Regular hexagon)
ABCDEF df a/fa/, ;dfg, c;dfg / C0ffTds
e]S6/x¿ klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .
3. tn lbOPsf e]S6/x¿sf] lbzfdf PsfO e]S6/ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M

(a) (b) ⃗
4. olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] laGb' A nfO{ B df lj:yfkg u5{ eg] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nfO{ xi + yj :j¿kdf JoSt
ug'{xf];\ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ lbzfsf] PsfO e]S6/ klg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(a) A(5.6), B(-2, 0) (b) A(-2, 1), B(-1, -2)
5. (a) olb (x, 1) PsfO e]S6/ eP x sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb(√ √
) PsfO e]S6/ eP y sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
187
6. ;Fu}sf] lrqdf , /
5g\ eg] tnsf k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M
(a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;Fu a/fa/ x'g] e]S6/ s'g xf] <
(b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;Fu a/fa/ x'g] e]S6/ s'g xf] <
(c) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;Fu a/fa/ x'g] b'O{ cf]6f e]S6/ s'g s'g x'g\ <
(d) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;Fu a/fa/ x'g] C0ffTds e]S6/ s'g s'g x'g\ <
(e) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] C0ffTds e]S6/ s'g xf] <
(f) sf] C0ffTds e]S6/ s'g xf] <
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
7. tn lbOPsf hf]8L e]S6/x¿ ;dfg jf c;dfg s] 5g\ < kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) ⃗ ( ) / ⃗ ( ) (b) ⃗ ( )/ ⃗ ( )
8. (a) olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] A(2, -1) nfO{ B(3, 3) df / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] C(-2-6) nfO{ D(-1, -2) df
lj:yfkg u5{g\ eg] k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
(b) olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] P(2,-3) nfO{ Q(4,-2) df / ⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] R(1,-4) nfO{ S(-1, -5) df
lj:yfkg u5{g\ eg] k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
9. (a) dfgf}F A(0,-3), B(2,5), C(-2, -3) s'g} ltg laGb'x¿ x'g\ . olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ eP D sf]
(b) dfgf}F A(-1,y), B(0,4), C (-1, 3) / D(x, 6) s'g} rf/ laGb'x¿ x'g\ . olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
eP x / y sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
10. tkfOF{n] b}lgs hLjgdf xfn;Dd e]S6/sf] k|of]u sxfF sxfF kfpg' ePsf] 5 < vf]hL
u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
188
6.3 e]S6/sf lj|mofx¿ (Operations of vectors)
-s_ e]S6/nfO{ :s]n/n] u'0fg (Multiplication of a vector by scalar)
e]S6/ ⃗ / ⃗ sf] dfg / lbzf kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . ltgLx¿lar s]
;dfgtf 5 < ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . oxfF ⃗⃗⃗⃗
| | nfO{ 2 n] u'0fg ubf{ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
| | x'G5 clg
⃗ / ⃗ sf lbzf ;dfg 5g\ .
To;}n], ⃗
= 2(3, 2)
=2⃗
oxfF ⃗ nfO{ 2 -:s]n/ ;ª\Vof_ n] u'0fg ubf{ ⃗ aG5 .
olb ⃗ Pp6f e]S6/ / K s'g} :s]n/ 5 eg] ⃗ nfO{ K n] u'0fg ubf{ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
x'G5 . oxfF ⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] kl/df0f ⃗ sf] k u'0ff x'G5 . k wgfTds (+ve)
x'Fbf ⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] lbzf ;dfg x'G5 eg] K C0ffTds (-ve) x'Fbf ⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf lbzf ljk/Lt
x'G5 . K wgfTds jf C0ffTds h] x'Fbf klg ⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗ Ps cfk;df ;dfgfGt/ x'G5g\ .
B
h:t}M olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 5g\ .
eg] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ → Q
oxfF ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
| | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
| |
A P
clg ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf lbzf Ps cfk;df ljk/Lt 5g\ . / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;dfgfGt/ 5g\ . To;}n] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
-v_ e]S6/ hf]8 (Addition of vectors)
e]S6/sf] kl/df0f dfq geO{ lbzf klg x'G5 . s] b'O{ e]S6/x¿ aLh ul0ftsf ;fwf/0f
lgodsf cfwf/df hf]8\g ;lsG5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
s] ;Fu}sf] lrq 6.0 df ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n]Vg ;lsG5 <
sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] laGb' A nfO{ B df / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] laGb' B nfO{ C df lj:yfkg u5{g\ eg] ltgLx¿sf]
;du| lj:yfkg ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (laGb' A af6 C ;Ddsf] lj:yfkg_ n] lbG5 . cyf{t ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf]
of]ukmn ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ x'G5 .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
189
e]S6/ hf]8sf] of] lgodnfO{ e]S6/ hf]8sf] lqe'h lgod (Tringle law of vector addition)
elgG5 .
olb Pp6} j|mddf lnPsf lqe'hsf b'O{ e'hfx¿n] kl/df0f / lbzf b'j}df b'O6f e]S6/x¿nfO{
hgfpF5 eg] tL e]S6/x¿sf] of]ukmn ToxL lqe'hsf] ljk/Lt j|mddf lnPsf] t];|f] e'hfsf]
kl/df0f / lbzf;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 .
lrq 6.10 df, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Or, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Or, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
oxfF ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;a} Pp6} j|mddf 5g\ .

To:t}, lrq 6.11 sf] AOB df e]S6/ hf]8sf]
lqe'hsf] lgodcg';f/ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
or, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
lrq 6.11
oxfF ⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ l:ylt e]S6/x¿ x'g\ .
To;}n], ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] l:ylt e]S6/ -A sf] l:ylt e]S6/ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
lrq 6.12 sf] OAC df e]S6/ hf]8sf] lqe'h lgod

cg';f/ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OAC df nfO{ Pp6f e'hf / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nfO{ ljs0f{ dfg]/ Pp6f ;dfgfGt/
OB lrq 6.12
rt'e'{h OACB agfpFbf, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ x'G5 .
To;}n], ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
oxfF ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;a}sf] k|f/lDes laGb' O xf] .

e]S6/ hf]8sf] of] lgodnfO{ e]S6/ hf]8sf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h
lgod (parallelogram law of vector addition) elgG5 . lrq 6.13
olb Pp6} laGb'af6 ;'? ePsf b'O{ e]S6/x¿sf] kl/df0f / lbzfnfO{ Pp6f ;dfGt/ rt'e{'hsf
b'O{ cf;Gg e'hfx¿n] hgfpg ldN5 eg] tL e]S6/x¿sf] of]ukmn ToxL laGb'af6 ;'? ePsf]
pSt rt'e'{hsf ljs0f{sf] kl/df0f / lbzf;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 .
Pp6} j|mddf ePsf b'O{ e]S6/x¿nfO{ hf]8\g lqe'h lgod k|of]u ul/G5 eg] Ps} laGb'af6 ;'?
ePsf b'O{ e]S6/x¿ hf]8\g ;dfgfGt/ rt'{e'h lgod k|of]u ul/G5 . s] b'O{eGbf a9L
e]S6/x¿ dfly elgPsf b'O{ lgodn] hf]8\g ldN5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
190
olb xfdLnfO{ of]ukmn lgsfNg' k/]sf rf/ e]S6x/x¿ ⃗ , ⃗ , , / ⃗ nfO{
kl/df0f / lbzfdf lrq 6.14 df b]vfOPsf] k~re'h ABCDE sf
e'hfx¿ AB, BC, CD / DE n] j|mdzM hgfpg ldN5 eg],
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ [e]S6/ hf]8sf] lqe'h lgod]

lrq 6.14
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ [e]S6/hf]8sf] lqe'h lgod ]
of] e]S6/ hf]8sf] lqe'h lgodsf] lj:tfl/t ¿k xf] . o;nfO{ e]S6/x¿ hf]8sf] ax'e'h
lgod (polygon law of vector addition) elgG5 . oL lgodcg';f/ olb b'O{eGbf a9L
e]S6/x¿sf] of]ukmn lgsfNg' 5 eg] e]S6/x¿nfO{ Ps} j|mddf lnPsf ax'e'hsf
e'hfdf JoSt ul/G5 / ltgLx¿sf] of]ukmn ljk/Lt j|mddf lnPsf] clGtd e'hfsf]
kl/df0f / lbzf;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 .
-u_ nx/ e]S6/x¿sf] hf]8
olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( )/ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( )5 eg] A / B sf lgb]{zfª\sx¿ j|mdzM (x1, y1) / (x2, y2)
x'G5g\ . OA / OB nfO{ cf;Gg e'hf lnP/ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{h OACB (lrq 6.15) /rgf
u/f}F . AMOX, BNOX, CPOX / BQCP lvrf}F .
oxfF,  AOM CBQ
To;}n], OM = BQ = NP = x1
CQ = AM = y1
ca, OP = ON + NP = x2 + x1
PC = PQ +QC = NB + QC = y2 + y1
 C sf lgb]{zfªsx¿ = (x1 + x 2, y1+ y2)
lrq 6.15
cyf{t ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( )
ca, e]S6/ hf]8sf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h lgodcg';f/ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Or, ( ) ( ) ( )
o;/L, nx/ e]S6/x¿ hf]8\bf e]S6/x¿sf] x– v08nfO{ x– v08;Fu / y– v08nfO{ y-

v08;Fu hf]8\g'k5{ .
h:t}, olb ( )/ ⃗ ( ) eP
⃗ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
191
-3_ e]S6/ hf]8sf u'0fx¿
olb ⃗ / e]S6/x¿ / k s'g} :s]n/ eP
(i) ⃗ ⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗ klg e]S6/ x'G5g\ . -aGbL u'0f_ (closure property)
(ii) ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ x'G5 . -j|md ljlgod u'0f_ (commutative property)
(iii) ⃗ (⃗ ) (⃗ ⃗)x'G5 . -;ª\3Lo u'0f_ (associative property)
(iv) ⃗ ⃗ x'G5 . -ljk/Lt u'0f_ (inverse property)
(v) (⃗ ⃗) ⃗ ⃗ x'G5 . (ljt/0fsf] u'0f_ (distributive property)
(vi) x'G5 . -PsfTds u'0f_ (identity property)
-ª_ e]S6/x¿sf] 36fp (subtraction of vectors)
s] ⃗ ⃗ nfO{ ⃗ ⃗ n]Vg ;lsG5 < e]S6/x¿sf] hf]8 / 36fpdf s] ;dfgtf 5 <
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oxfF, ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
To;}n] b'O{ wgfTds e]S6/x¿ ⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗ sf] 36fp eg]s} Ps wgfTds / csf]{
C0ffTds ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ e]S6/x¿sf] hf]8 xf] .
lrq 6.16 df ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
cyjf, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗
olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Pscsf{sf C0ffTds e]S6/ eP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
ca, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Or, ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
  ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
km]l/, olb ( ) / ⃗ ( ) eP
⃗ ( )
lrq 6.16
ca, ⃗ ⃗
=( ) ( )
=( ) ( )
192
To;}n] nx/ e]S6/x¿sf] 36fp lj|mofdf x – v08af6 x – v08 / y – v08af6 y –
v08 36fOG5 .
h:t}M ( ) / ⃗ ( ) eP ⃗ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
pbfx/0f 1
e]S6/ ⃗ /⃗ cfk;df ;dfgfGt/ 5g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, ⃗ /⃗
Or, ⃗
Or, ⃗ ⃗
t;y{, / ⃗ cfk;df ;dfgfGt/ 5g\ .
pbfx/0f 2
olb ( )/ ⃗ ( ) eP ⃗, ⃗ / ⃗ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, ( )/ ⃗ ( )
ca, ⃗ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
⃗ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
/ ⃗ ( ) ( )
=( ) ( )
=( )=( )
pbfx/0f 3
;Fu}sf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h ABCD df ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ eP
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nfO{ / ⃗ sf] ¿kdf JoSt ug'x
{ f];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ CB / DA ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{sf ljk/Lt
e'hf ePsfn]
193
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
e]S6/ hf]8sf] lqe'h lgodcg';f/
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
k'gM e]S6/ hf]8sf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h lgodcg';f/
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=⃗ ⃗
AC sf] dWolaGb' P ePsfn]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ⃗ ⃗
pbfx/0f 4
olb laGb'x¿ A / B sf l:ylt e]S6/x¿ j|mdzM / eP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ca, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

= /
=
=
pbfx/0f 5
 ABC df BC sf] dWolaGb' M eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;dfwfg
oxfF, ABC df BC sf] dWolaGb' M xf] .
ABM df, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
194
ACM df, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;dLs/0fx¿ (i) / (ii) hf]8\bf,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
oxfF, BC sf] dWolaGb' M ePsfn], ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
To;}n], ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ k|dfl0ft eof] .

pbfx/0f 6
;Fu} lbOPsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD df b'O{ ljs0f{x¿sf]
k|ltR5]bg laGb' P xf] . k'gM O s'g} laGb' xf] eg] k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;dfwfg
oxfF, e]S6/ hf]8sf] lqe'h lgodaf6
AOP df, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BOP df ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
COP df, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DOP df, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

ca ;dLs/0fx¿ (i), (ii), (iii) / (iv) hf]8\bf
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
P b'O{ ljs0f{x¿sf] dWolaGb' ePsfn]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
To;}n], ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ k|dfl0ft eof] .
195
cEof; 6.3
1. olb eP lgDg e]S6/x¿ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) (b) (c)
2. tnsf hf]8f e]S6/x¿ cfk;df ;dfgfGt/ 5g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M

(a) ( ) ⃗ ( ) (b) ( ) ( ⁄ )
3. olb ⃗ / ⃗ eP k sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

4. olb / ⃗ eP tnsf e]]S6/x¿ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) ⃗ (b) ⃗ (c) ⃗
(d) ⃗ (e) ⃗ (f) ⃗
5. (a) olb ⃗ / ⃗ eP kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

(b) olb ⃗ / eP ⃗ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) olb ⃗ / ⃗ eP kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] A(-3,0) nfO{ B(-2,4) df / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ n] C(4,1) nfO{ D(0,5) df lj:yfkg u5{g\
eg] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
7. olb ⃗ / m = 2 eP l;4 ug'{xf];\ M
(a) ⃗ ⃗ (b) (⃗ ) ( ⃗)
(c) ( ⃗) ( ⃗)
8. ;Fu}sf] lrqdf tnsf e]S6x¿ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M

(a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (c) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(d) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
9. olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ eP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

10. (a) olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ eP olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb laGb'x¿ A / B sf l:ylt e]S6/x¿ j|mdzM / eP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) olb P sf] l:ylt e]S6/ ⃗ / Q sf] l:ylt e]S6/ ⃗ eP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
196
(d) olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ) / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ) eP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
11. ;Fu}sf] lrqdf tnsf lj|mofx¿ b]vfpg] A

u/L 5'6\6f5'6\6} tL/ lrq lvRg'xf];\ .
𝑎
(a) ⃗ (b) ⃗
O B
(c) ⃗ (d) ⃗
𝑏⃗
12. ;Fu}sf] lgoldt if8\e'hdf olb ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
eP tnsf e]S6/x¿ / ⃗ df JoSt ug'{xf];\ M
(a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (c) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (d) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
13. Pp6f lgoldt k~re'h ABCDE df k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
14. ;Fu}sf] ABC df D, E / F j|mdzM BC, CA / BA sf dWo

laGb'x¿ eP, k|dfl0ft ug'x{ f];\ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
15. e]S6/x¿sf] hf]8 / 36fpnfO{ aLh ul0ft / d]l6«S;x¿sf] hf]8 36fp;Fu t'ngf
ug'{xf];\ . e]S6/nfO{ :s]n/n] u'0fg ug{ ldn] e}mF s] b'O{ e]S6/x¿ u'0fg ug{ ldN5 <
e]S6/ u'0fgsf af/]df cWoog ug'{xf];\ . lzIfs;Fu k/fdz{{ lnO{ k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L
sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
16. b}lgs hLjgdf e]S6/ lj|mofx¿sf] k|of]u sxfF sxfF x'G5 < vf]hL ug'{xf];\ / Ps
k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
197
PsfO 7 :yfgfGt/0f (Transformation)
(a) :yfgfGt/0f eg]sf] s] xf] < of] slt k|sf/sf] x'G5 <
(b) lbOPsf lrq 7.1 df ABC nfO{
(i) /]vf l -k/fj{tg cIf_ df k/fj{tg ubf{ sxfF
/ s:tf] k|ltlaDa aG5 <
(ii) C0ffTds lbzfdf laGb' O sf] jl/kl/ 9
kl/j|md0f ubf{ sxfF / s:tf] k|ltlaDa lrq g= 7.1
aG5 <
(iii) e]S6/ → sf] kl/df0f / lbzfdf lj:yfkg ubf{ sxfF / s:tf] k|ltlaDa aG5 <
(c) s'g} HofldtLo cfs[ltnfO{ k/fjt{g÷kl/j|md0f÷lj:yfkg ubf{ cfpg] k|ltlaDa

cfs[lt;Fu ;d¿k jf cg'¿k s] x'G5, lsg <
(d) s'g} laGb' A(4, - 5) nfO{ (a) x – cIf (b) y – cIfaf6 k/fjt{g u/L ag]sf] k|ltlaDasf]
lgb]{zfª\s slt x'G5 .
7.1 :yfgfGt/0fsf] kl/ro (Transformation)
s'g} j:t' P]gfdf x]bf{ To;sf] k|ltlaDa b]lvG5 . 38Ldf ldg]6 ;'O{ 0 ldg]6af6 90
C0ffTds 3'd]/ 15 ldg]6df k'U5 . tkfO{Fn] 6]ansf] Ps s'gfaf6 cfk\mgf] lstfa csf]{
s'gfdf ;fg'{eof] eg] lstfasf] l:ylt kl/j{tg x'G5 . yf]/} xfjf ePsf] a]n'g k'mSbf
a]n'gsf] cfsf/ a9\5 .
dfly plNnlvt 36gfx¿df j:t'sf] t'ngfdf k|ltlaDasf] l:ylt jf cfsf/ kl/j{tg
ePsf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf kl/j{tg g} :yfgfGt/0f x'g\ .
:yfgfGt/0fn] s'g} lglZrt u'0fsf cfwf/df s'g} HofldtLo cfs[ltsf] l:ylt jf cfsf/
b'j}df kl/jt{g NofpF5 .
;Fu}sf] lrq 7.2 df ABC sf] :yfgfGt/0f kl5sf]
k|ltlaDa A'B'C' xf], hxfF A, B / C sf k|ltlaDa
j|mdzM A', B' / C' x'g\ . s'g} HofldtLo cfs[ltnfO{
:yfgfGt/0f u/fpFbf cfs[ltsf k|To]s laGb'sf]
k|ltlaDadf ;ª\ut laGb' x'G5 .
lrq g= 7.2
198
aLh ul0ftdf kmngn] klxnf] ;d"xsf k|To]s ;b:o x sf] bf];|f] ;d"xsf] s'g} Ps
;b:o y ;Fu ;DaGw /fv] e}mF Hofldltdf :yfgfGtf/0fn] s'g} j:t'sf] k|To]s laGb' x n]
To;sf] k|ltlaDasf] s'g} Ps laGb x' ;Fu ;DaGw /fV5 . To;}n], :yfgfGt/0fnfO{
ldnfg (mapping) klg elgG5 .
:yfgfGt/0fsf k|sf/
aGb ul/Psf] 9f]sf vf]Nbf 9f]sfsf] l:yltdf kl/j{tg cfpF5 . s] 9f]sfsf] cfsf/df klg
kl/j{tg x'G5 < a]n'g k'ms]kl5 To;sf] cfsf/ a9\5 . o;/L :yfgfGt/0fkl5 cfs[ltsf]
t'ngdf k|ltlaDasf] l:ylt jf cfsf/ jf b'j}df kl/j{tg cfpF5 . o;}sf cfwf/df
:yfgfGt/0fnfO{ ;dldtLo (isometric) / c;dldtLo (non-isometric) u/L b'O{ efudf
ljefhg ul/G5 M
(i) ;dldtLo :yfgfGt/0f (Isometric transformation) M h'g :yfgfGt/0fkl5
cfs[ltsf] t'ngfdf k|ltlaDasf] l:yltdf kl/j{tg cfpF5 t/ cfsf/df kl/j{tg
cfpFb}g, To;}nfO{ ;dldtLo (isometric) :yfgfGt/0f elgG5 . o;df cfs[lt /
k|ltlaDa cg'¿k x'G5g\ . of] :yfgfGt/0fcGtu{t k/fjt{g, kl/j|md0f / lj:yfkg
kb{5g\ .
(ii) c;dldtLo :yfgfGt/0f (Non-isometric transformation) M h'g
:yfgfGt/0fkl5 cfs[ltsf] t'ngdf k|ltlaDasf] cfsf/df kl/j{tg cfpF5
To;nfO{ c;dldtLo (Non -isometric) :yfgfGt/0f elgG5 . of]
:yfgfGt/0fcGtu{t lj:tf/ kb{5 .
7.2 k/fjt{g (Reflection)
;Fu}sf] lrq 7.3 df ABC nfO{ k/fjt{gsf]
cIf /]vf LM df k/fjt{g u/]kl5 k|ltlaDa
A'B'C' ag]sf] 5 . lrqsf cfwf/df lgDg
k|Zgx¿dfly 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) AP, A'P; BQ, B'Q / CR, C'R
gfKg'xf];\ . s] kl/0ffd cfpF5 kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . lrq g= 7.3
(b) APL, BQL / CRL gfKg'xf];,\ s] kl/0ffd cfpF5 kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) s] ABC / A'B'C' cg'¿k / ;d¿k 5g\, lsg <
dflysf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/sf cfwf/df k/fj{tgsf lgDg u'0fx¿ n]Vg ;lsG5 M
1. j:t' / k|ltlaDa k/fj{tg cIfaf6 ;dfg b'/Ldf x'G5g\ . cyf{t AP = A'P,
BQ = B'Q, CR = C'R
2. j:t' / k|ltlaDa pN6f] cfs[ltsf ¿kdf x'G5g\ .
3. j:t' / To;sf] k|ltlaDa hf]8\g] /]vf k/fjt{g cIf;Fu nDa x'G5 .
cyf{t AA' LM, BB' LM / CC'LM
199
oxfF k|ltlaDasf lgb]{zfª\sx¿sf] :yfg ablng'sf ;fy} lrx\g klg ablnPsf 5g\ .
To;}n] P(x, y) nfO{ y= -x /]vfdf k/fj{tg ubf{ k|ltlaDa P(-y,-x) x'G5 .
cyf{t, →
-u_ /]vf x = a af6 k/fjt{g
x = a s:tf] /]vf xf] < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
;Fu}sf] lrq 7.6 df x = 3 /]vf b]vfOPsf] 5
h;sf k|To]s laGb'df x – lgb]{zfª\s pxL
(3) / y – lgb]{zfª\s km/s km/s 5g\ .
lrqdf /]vf EF sf laGb'x¿ E(1, 4) / F(-1,
3) nfO{ x = 3 /]vfdf k/fjt{g u/fpFbf
cfpg] k|ltlaDa E'F' sf laGb'x¿ E' / F' sf
lgb]{zfª\s slt 5g\ < E(1,4) sf] k|ltlaDa
E'(5, 4) = F'(2  3 -1, 4) / F(-1, 3) sf]
k|ltlaDa F'(7, 3) = F' [2  3 – (-1), 3] oxfF
cfs[lt / k|ltlaDasf y – lgb]{zfª\s pxL
5g\ eg] x – lgb]{zfª\s km/s 5g\ . sf/0f s]
xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . lrq g= 7.6
To;}n], P(x, y) nfO{ x = a /]vfdf k/fjt{g u/fpFbf k|ltlaDa P'(2a - x, y) x'G5 .
cyf{t, →
-3_ /]vf y = b af6 k/fjt{g
y = b s:tf] /]vf xf] < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
;Fu}sf] lrq 7.7 df y =3 /]vf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
h;sf k|To]s laGb'sf y – lgb]{zfª\s pxL (3) /
x – lgb]{zfª\s km/s km/s 5g\ lrqdf /]vf GH
sf laGb'x¿ G(2, 4) / H(-1, -4) nfO{ y = 3
/]vfdf k/fjt{g u/fpFbf cfpg] k|ltlaDa G'H' sf
laGb'x¿ G' / H' sf lgb]{zfª\s slt slt 5g\ <
G(2, 4) sf] k|ltlaDa G'(2, 2) = G'(2, 2  3 - 4)
H(-1, -4) sf] k|ltlaDa
H' (-1, 10)= H' [-1, 23 -(-4)]
oxfF, cfs[lt / k|ltlaDasf x – lgb]{zfª\s pxL
5g\ eg] y – lgb]{zfª\s km/s 5g\ sf/0f s]
xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . lrq g= 7.7
To;}n], P(x, y) nfO{ y = b /]vfdf k/fjt{g u/fpFbf k|ltlaDa P'(x, 2b - y) x'G5 .
201
cyf{t →
pbfx/0f 1
lbOPsf] lrqdf ABC nfO{ k/fj{tg cIf L df k/fj{tg u/fpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF, 5fof kf/]/ b]vfOPsf] A'B'C' g} ABC sf] k|ltlaDa xf] .

pbfx/0f 2
ABC sf zLif{laGb'x¿ A(2, -1), B(-3, 0) / C(-4, -2) 5g\ . ABC nfO{ /]vf y = x df k/fjt{g
ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDa A'B'C' sf] zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ / b'j} lqe'hnfO{
n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
→
To;}n], →
→
→
ABC / k|ltlaDa A'B'C' nfO{ ;Fu}sf] n]vflrqdf
b]vfOPsf] 5 .
pbfx/0f 3
ABC sf zLif{laGb'x¿ A(5, 3), B(-1, -2) / C(-3. 2) 5g\ .
(a) ABC nfO{ y = -x /]vfdf k/fjt{g ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDa A'B'C' sf] zLif{laGb'x¿sf
lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) k'gM A'B'C' nfO{ x = -3 /]vfdf k/fjt{g ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDa A"B"C" sf]
zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ . ABC, A'B'C' / A"B"C" nfO{ Pp6}
202
;dfwfg
(a) xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
→
To;}n], →
→
→
(b) xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
→
To;}n], →
→ ]
→ ]
 ABC, A'B'C' / A" B" C" nfO{ tnsf] n]vflrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 M
pbfx/0f 4
olb Q(-1, 3), R(-2,-3), S(3, 2) / T(3, 5) rt'e{'h QRST sf] zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ . rt'e{'h QRST
nfO{ y = 2 /]vfdf k/fjt{g ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDa rt'e{'hsf] zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]vL b'j}
rt'eh '{ nfO{ n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
→
To;}n], →
203
→ ]
→
rt'e'h
{ QRST / k|ltlaDa rt'e'{h Q'R'S'T' nfO{ tnsf] n]vflrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
pbfx/0f 5
(a) olb k/fjt{g R1 n] A(3, 5) nfO{ A' (-3, 5) df n}hfG5 eg] k/fjt{gsf] cIf kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) olb k/fjt{g R2 n] B(5, -2) nfO{ B' (-2, 5) df n}hfG5 eg] k/fjt{gsf] cIf kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
(a) oxfF, A(3, 5) →
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, →
lbOPsf] cfs[lt / k|ltlaDasf lgb]{zfª\s y –cIfdf ePsf] k/fjt{g;Fu ldNg] ePsfn]
R1 n] y – cIfdf ePsf] k/fjt{g hgfpF5 .
(b) oxfF, →
dfgf}F R2 n] /]vf l df ePsf] k/fjt{g hgfpF5 .
;Fu}sf] lrqaf6, BB' sf] dWolaGb'sf]
lgb]{zfª\s = ( ) ( ) B(5,-2) ( ) B'(-2,5)
204
5. / S(2, 1) Pp6f rt'e'{h PQRS sf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ M
P(-1,3), Q (-3, -1), R(3, -4)
(a) rt'e'{h PQRS nfO{ /]vf y = -x df k/fjt{g ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDasf]
zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ / b'j} cfs[lt / k|ltlaDanfO{ Pp6}
(b) rt'e'{h PQRS nfO{ /]vf x = 1 df k/fjt{g ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDasf]
zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ / b'j} cfs[lt / k|ltlaDanfO{ Pp6}
6. tnsf cj:yfx¿df k/fjt{gsf cIf kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) → (b) →
(c) → (d) →
7. ABC sf zLif{laGb'x¿ A(2, 3), B(3, 2) / C(1, 1) 5g\ . ABC nfO{ y – cIfdf k/fj{tg
ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDa A'B'C' nfO{ k'g M x =-3 df k/fjt{g ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDa A" B"
C" sf] zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{Zffª\s n]Vg'xf];\ . ltg cf]6} lqe'hx¿nfO{ Pp6} n]vflrqdf
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
8. XYZ nfO{ k/fjt{g ubf{ X' Y' Z' aG5 hxfF X' Y' Z' sf] zLif{laGb'x¿ x' (4, -2),
Y' (8, -2) / Z' (8, 4) 5g\ . olb XYZ sf] Pp6f zLif{laGb' x(2, -4) eP afFsL
zLif{laGb'x¿ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . ;fy} k/fjt{gsf] cIf klg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. k/fjt{gsf u'0fx¿ s] s] 5g\ < ;dtn P]gfdf x]bf{ cfs[lt / k|ltlaDa Ps csf{sf
bfofF afofF pN6f x'G5g\ t/ tndfly pN6f lsg x'Fb}gg\ < b}lgs hLjgdf k/fjt{gsf]
k|of]u sxfF sxfF x'G5 < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L Ps n]v tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .
206
7.3 kl/j|md0f (Rotation)
;Fu}sf] lrq 7.8 df ABC nfO{ laGb' O sf]
jl/kl/ C0ffTds kl/j|md0f u/fpFbf
A'B'C' ag]sf] 5 . ;fy} lrq 7.9 df laGb'
P nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ wgfTds 90
kl/j|md0f u/fpFbf k|ltlaDa P' ag]sf] 5 . lrq g= 7.8
lrqsf cfwf/df lgDg k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
(a) s] ABC sf k|To]s laGb' Pp6}
lbzfdf plTts} sf]l0fs lj:yfkg
ePsf 5g\ <
(b) AA', BB' / CC' hf]8\g'xf];\ / oL
ltg cf]6} /]vfx¿sf] nDafw{s lrq g= 7.9
lvRg'xf];\ . s] ltgLx¿ Pp6} laGb'df ldng eP <
(c) laGb' P' nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ slt l8u|L C0ffTds kl/j|md0f u/fpFbf
k|ltlaDa P' g} aG5 <
(d) ABC / A' B' C' cg'¿k jf ;d¿k s] 5g\, lsg <
dflysf k|Zgx¿sf pTt/sf cfwf/df kl/j|md0fsf lgDg lnlvt u'0fx¿ n]Vg ;lsG5 M
(a) kl/j|md0fn] ;dtn ;txdf /x]sf HofldtLo cfs[ltsf k|To]s laGb'nfO{ Pp6}
lbzfdf / plTts} sf]l0fs lj:yfkg u5{ .
(b) kl/j|md0fn] cfs[lt / k|ltlaDasf ;ª\ut laGb'x¿ hf]8\g] /]vfsf] nDafw{s
kl/j|md0fsf] s]Gb|laGb' eP/ hfG5 .
(c) j:t' / To;sf] kl/j|md0fsf] k|ltlaDa cg'¿k x'G5g\ .
(d) kl/j|md0fsf] s]Gb| dfq Pp6f ckl/jt{gLo laGb' x'G5 .
(e) s'g} laGb'af6  n] C0ffTds lbzf -38Lsf] ;'O{ 3'Dg] lbzf_ df ePsf]
kl/j|md0f g} ToxL laGb'af6 (360 - ) n] wgfTds lbzf -38Lsf] ;'O{ 3'Dg]
lbzfsf] pN6f] lbzf_ df ePsf] kl/j|md0f xf] .
207
oxfF,
(a) AA' / BB' hf]8\g'xf];\ .
(b) AA' sf] nDafw{s P1,Q1 / BB' sf] nDafw{s P2 Q2 lvRg'xf];\ .
(c) P1Q1 / P2Q2 sfl6Psf] laGb' 0 g} kl/j|md0fsf] s]Gb|laGb' xf] .
(d) AO / A'O hf]8\g'xf];\ / AOA' = BOB' gfKg'xf];\ h'g kl/j|md0fsf] sf]0f xf] .
pbfx/0f 3
zLif{laGb'x¿ A(2, 4), B(5, 1) / C(-3, 2) ePsf] ABC nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ wgfTds
lbzfdf rf}yfO kl/j|md0f ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDa A'B'C' sf zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ .
ABC / A'B'C' nfO{ Pp6} n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
]
→
To;}n], →
→
→
ABC / k|ltlaDa A'B'C' nfO{ ;Fu}sf] n]vflrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
pbfx/0f 4
PQR sf zLif{laGb'x¿ P(-4, 6), Q(-1, -2) / R(3, -5) 5g\ . PQR nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/
38Lsf] ;'O{ 3'Dg] lbzfdf 90 kl/j|md0f ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDa P'Q'R' sf] zLif{laGb'x¿sf
lgb]{zfª\s n]vL b'j} lqe'hnfO{ n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
]
To;}n],
P(-4, 6)  p'(6,4)
Q(-1, -2)  Q'(-2, 1)
R(3, -5)  R' (-5,-3)
PQR / P'Q'R' nfO{ ;Fu}sf] n]vflrqdf
b]vfOPsf] 5 .
210
pbfx/0f 5
A(2, 1), B(1, -2), C(-3, -2) / D(-5, 1) ;dnDa rt'e'{h ABCD sf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ . ABCD
nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ 180 n] kl/j|md0f ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDa rt'e'{hsf] zLif{laGb'x¿sf
lgb]{zfª\s n]vL b'j} rt'e'{hnfO{ n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
]
→
To;}n],
A(2, 1)  A'(-2, -1)
B(1, -2)  B'(-1, 2)
C(-3, -2)  C' (3,2)
D(-5, 1)  D' (5, -1)
rt'e'{hx¿ ABCD / A'B'CD' nfO{ ;Fu}sf] n]vflrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
pbfx/0f 6
olb laGb' A(-4, 3) nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ kl/j|md0f u/]/ k|ltlaDa A'(3, 4) x'G5 eg]
kl/j|md0fsf] sf]0f / lbzf kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A(-4, 3)  A'(3, 4)
cyf{t
p(x, y)  P'(y'-x)
of] ;DaGwn] pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ C0ffTds lbzfdf ePsf] Ps rf}yfO (-90 ) kl/j|md0f
hgfpF5 .
pbfx/0f 7
A(2, 3), B(1, 5) / C(-2, 4) zLif{laGb'x¿ ePsf] ABC nfO{ /]vf y = x df k/fj{tg u/L
k|ltlaDa A'B'C' kfOof] . k]ml/, A'B'C' nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ wgfTds lbzfdf rf}yfO
kl/j|md0f u/L k|ltlaDa A"B"C" kfOof] . A'B'C' / A"B"C" sf zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s
n]vL ltg cf]6} lqe'hnfO{ n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A(2, 3), B(1,5) / C(-2, 4) ABC sf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ .
xfdLnfO{ yfxfF 5, →
211
(a) olb ABC nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ 38Lsf] ;'O{ 3'Dg] lbzfdf Ps rf}yfO
kl/j|md0f u/fOPsf] 5 .
(b) olb ABC nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ 180° n] kl/j|md0f u/fOPsf] 5 .
(c) olb ABC nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ +90 n] kl/j|md0f u/fOPsf] 5 .
5. A(3, 7), B(1, -1) / C(6, 8) ABC sf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ . ABC nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf]
jl/kl/ wgfTds lbzfdf cw{ kl/j|md0f u/fpFbf aGg] k|ltlaDa lqe'hsf]
zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ / b'j} lqe'hnfO{ n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
6. ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'hsf zLif{laGb'x¿ A(2,1), B(5, 1) C(4, 4) / D(1, 4) 5g\ . ABCD nfO{
pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ -90 n] kl/j|md0f ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDasf] zLif{laGb'x¿sf
lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ / b'j} rt'e{'hnfO{ Pp6} n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
7. olb R1, R2, R3 / R4 n] pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ x'g] kl/j|md0fnfO{ hgfpF5 eg]
kl/j|md0fsf] sf]0f / lbzf kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(a) A(-3, 4) → A' (3, -4) (b) B(4, 5) → B' (-5, 4)
(c) C(-1,- 2) → c' (-2, 1) (d) D(6, -7) → D' (6, - 7)

8. (a) A(5, 2), B(3, 1) / C(2, -4) zLif{laGb'x¿ ePsf] ABC 5 . ABC nfO{ pb\ud
laGb'sf] jl/kl/ +90 n] kl/j|md0f ubf{ A'B'C' aG5 / A'B'C' nfO{ pb\ud
laGb'sf] jl/kl/ 180 n] kl/j|md0f ubf{ A"B"C" aG5 eg] A'B'C / A"B"C"
sf zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]vL n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
(b) PQR sf zLiflaGb'x¿ P(3, 4), Q(-2, 6) / R (1, -5) 5g\ . PQR nfO{ /]vf
x = -2 df k/fjt{g u/L aGg] k|ltlaDa P'Q'R' nfO{ k]ml/ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/
+270 n] kl/j|md0f u/fpFbf P"Q"R" aG5 eg] P'Q'R / P" Q"R" sf
zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s kTtf nufO{ ltg cf]6} lqe'hnfO{ Pp6} n]vflrqdf
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
9. k/fjt{g / kl/j|md0fsf u'0fx¿ t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . s'g} laGb' P(x,y) nfO{ x – cIfdf
k/fjt{g ubf{ cfpg] k|ltlaDanfO{ k]ml/ y- cIfdf k/fjt{g ubf{ cfpg] k|ltlaDa / ToxL
laGb' P(x, y) nfO{ pb\ud laGb'sf] jl/kl/ 180 n] kl/j|md0f ubf{ cfpg] k|ltlaDadf s]
;dfgtf / leGgtf 5 < b}lgs hLjgdf kl/j|md0fsf] k|of]u sxfF sxfF x'G5 < ;d"x
5nkmnaf6 k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
213
7.4 lj:yfkg (Translation)
;Fu}sf] lrqdf ABC sf] lj:yflkt k|ltlaDa A'B'C
xf] . oxfF ABC sf k|To]s zLif{laGb' slt PsfO bfofF
/ slt PsfO dfly lj:yfkg ePsf 5g\ < 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
lrq g= 7.13
;Fu}sf] lrq 7.14 df PQR nfO{ lbOPsf] e]S6/ ⃗ sf]

lbzf / kl/df0fdf lj:yfkg ubf{ sxfF k'U5 <
oxfF laGb'x¿ P, Q / R af6 ;Fu a/fa/ / ;dfgfGt/

x'g] u/L j|mdzM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ lvr]/ laGb'x¿ P', Q' /
R' hf]8\bf P'Q'R aG5 h'g PQR sf] lj:yflkt
k|ltlaDa xf] .
To;}n] lj:yfkgn] s'g} klg laGb' jf j:t'nfO{ lbOPsf]
lbzfdf lglZrt b'/Ldf :yfgfGt/0f ub{5 .
s] dflysf PQR / P'Q'R' cg'¿k 5g\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . lrq g= 7.14
lj:yfkgdf lgb]{zfª\ssf] k|of]u

;Fu}sf] lrq 7.15 df A(2, 3) sg} laGb' xf] . of]
laGb'nfO{ 1 PsfO bfofF / 2 PsfO dfly lj:yfkg
ubf{ lj:yflkt k|ltlalDasf] lgb]{zfª\s slt x'G5 .
oxfF, 1 PsfO bfofF eGgfn] wgfTds x – cIflt/ /
2 PsfOdfly eGgfn] wgfTds y – cIflt/ eGg]
a'lemG5 . o;nfO{ hf]8f ;ª\Vofdf ( ) cyjf
(1, 2) n] hgfpg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ lj:yfkg e]S6/
elgG5 . lrq g= 7.15
dflysf] lrq 7.15 df A(2, 3) lj:yfkg e]S6/ ( ) n] lj:yfkg ubf{ k|ltlaDa A'(3, 5)
5.
( )
D A(2, 3) →
o;/L, lj:yfkg e]S6/ ( ) n] laGb' P(x, y) nfO{ P'(x + a, y +b) df lj:yfkg u5{ .
214
( )
cyf{t, P(x, y) →
pbfx/0f 1
tnsf] HofldtLo cfs[ltnfO{ lbOPsf] sf] kl/df0f / lbzfdf
lj:yfkg ug'{xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF, rt'e'h
{ ABCD sf] lj:yflkt k|ltlaDa A'B'C'D' xf] .
pbfx/0f 2
( )
laGb'x¿ A(3, 1) / B(-4,2) nfO{ lj:yfkg e]S6/ n] lj:yfkg ubf{ cfpg] k|ltlaDasf
;dfwfg
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
( )
P(x, y) →
To;}n],
( )
A(3, 1) →
( )
→
pbfx/0f 3
X(7, -9) / Y(-1, -1) hf]8\g] /]vf XY nfO{ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf] kl/df0f / lbzfdf lj:yfkg ubf{ cfpg]
k|ltlaDa X'Y' sf laGb'x¿ X' / Y' sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, X(7, -9) / Y(-1, -1) b'O{ laGb'x¿ x'g\ .
215
→ / →
To;}n], → → →
ca,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( )
X(7, -9) →
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( )
Y(-1, -1) →
pbfx/0f 4
olb M(-4, 3) nfO{ s'g} lj:yfkg e]S6/n] M'(4, 4) df lj:yfkg u5{ eg] lj:yfkg e]S6/
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . ;fy}, pSt lj:yfkg e]S6/ k|of]u u/L N(2, -5) sf] k|ltlaDa kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
dfgf}F, lj:yfkg e]S6/ ( ) xf] .
( )
ca, M(-4, 3) →
t/ k|Zgcg';f/ M' (4, 4) xf] .
To;}n], (4, 4) = (-4 + a,3 +b)
4 = - 4 +a / 4 = 3 +b
 a=8 / b=1
( )
t;y{, lj:yfkg e]S6/ ( ) xf] . k]ml/, N(2, -5) → = N'(10, -4)
pbfx/0f 5
olb ABC sf] zLif{laGb'x¿ A(-2, 1)m B(-2, -4) / C(1, 4) eP ABC nfO{ e]S6/
T =( ) .
;dfwfg
oxfF, A(-2, 1), B)-2, -4) / C(1, 4) tyf lj:yfkg e]S6/
T =( ),
( )
216
( )
(c) olb → eP a / b sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . ( ) n] laGb'
V(-5, 4) nfO{ s'g laGb'df lj:yfkg u5{, n]Vg'x]f;\ .
7. ABC sf zLif{laGb'x¿ A(1, -1), B(-2, 2) / C(3, 3) eP ABC nfO{ e]S6/ ( ) n]

lj:yfkg ubf{ aGg] k|ltlaDa A'B'C' sf] zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ . ;fy}
ABC / A'B'C' nfO{ n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
8. s'g} PQR sf zLif{laGb'x¿ P(3, 1), Q(-1, 2) / R(4, -2) 5g\ . PQR nfO{ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sf]
kl/df0f / lbzfdf lj:yfkg ubf{ aGg] lqe'hsf zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s kTtf
nufO{ b'j} lqe'hnfO{ Pp6} n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
9. olb A(1, 8), B(-3, 9), C(0, 13) / D(4, 12) Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD sf
zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ eg],
(a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ k|of]u u/L ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD nfO{ lj:yfkg u/L aGg] k|ltlaDasf]
zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ / b'j} rt'e'{hnfO{ n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
10. A(-4, 6), B(3 - 2) / C(1, 2) ABC sf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ . ABC nfO{ ( ) e]S6/n]
A'B'C' df lj:yfkg u5{ eg] ( ) e]S6/n] A'B'C' nfO{ A"B"C" df lj:yfkg
u5{ . A'B'C' / A"B"C" sf zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]vL / ltg cf]6}
lqe'hnfO{ Pp6} n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
11. s'g} laGb' P(x, y) nfO{ x = 1 /]vfdf k/fj{tg u/]/ cfpg] k|ltlaDanfO{ k]ml/ x = 3
/]vfdf k/fjt{g ubf{ cfpg] k|ltlaDa / pSt laGb' P(x, y) nfO{ lj:yfkg e]S6/
T(4, 0) n] lj:yfkg ubf{ cfpg] k|ltlaDa t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . o;af6 s] lgisif{ lgsfNg
;lsG5 <
12. lj:yfkgsf u'0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ < b}lgs hLjgdf lj:yfkgsf] k|of]u sxfF sxfF x'G5 <
5nkmnaf6 n]v tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
218
7.5 lj:tf/Ls/0f (Enlargement)
;Fu}sf] lrq7.16 df O s'g} lglZrt laGb' xf] / ABC Pp6f
lqe'h xf] .OA, OB / OC hf]8\g'xf];\ . ca, OA1 = 2OA,
OB1 = 2OB / OC1 = 2OC x'g] u/L A1B1C1 agfpg'xf];\ .
To:t},
OA2 = / OC2 = x'g] u/L A2B2C2
agfpg'xf];\ . s] oL ltg lqe'hx¿ cg'¿k jf ;d¿k 5g\ <
lrq g= 7.16
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oxfF, A1B1 = 2AB, B1C1 =2BC, C1A1 = 2CA / A2B2 = x'G5 .
To;}n], ABC sf] 2 u'0ff cfsf/ a9]sf] k|ltlaDa A1B1C1 xf] . oxfF 2 nfO{ lj:tf/sf] gfkf]
(scale factor (k)) elgG5 .
k=
To:t}, ABC sf] u'0ff cfsf/ 36]sf] k|ltlaDa A2B2C2 xf] . oxfF lj:tf/sf] gfkf] (k) xf] .

oxfF, ABC sf] cfsf/ 'O' nfO{ s]Gb| agfP/ a9]sf] jf 36]sf] 5 . pSt laGb' 'O' nfO{
lj:tf/Ls/0f s]Gb| (centre of enlargement) elgG5 . oxfF, laGb' (A) To;sf] k|ltlaDa
(A1/A2) / lj:tf/Ls/0f s]Gb| O Pp6} /]vfdf kb{5g\ .
o;/L HofldtLo cfs[ltsf] cfsf/ lglZrt lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| / lj:tf/sf] gfkf]sf
cfwf/df x'g] kl/jt{g g} lj:tf/Ls/0f xf] .
;Fu}sf] lrq 7.17 df PQR Ps HofldtLo cfs[lt xf] /
O lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| xf] . oxfF, OP, OQ / OR
hf]8\g'xf];\ clg ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
x'g] u/L P'Q'R' agfpg'xf];\ . PQR sf] cfsf/ 36]sf]
k|ltlaDa P'Q'R' xf], hxfF lj:tf/sf] gfkf] k= 5. lrq g= 7.17
oxfF, cfs[lt / k|ltlaDa lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb|sf] Pp6} lbzfdf 5g\, lsg xf]nf < 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
To:t} lrq 7.18 df STU Ps HofldtLo cfs[lt / O
lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| x'g\ . SO, TO / UO hf]8\g'xf];\ clg
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ x'g]u/L S'T'U'
agfpg'xf];\ . lrq g= 7.18
219
oxfF, cfs[lt STU / k|ltlaDa S'T'U' lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb|sf] ljk/Lt lbzfdf 5g\ . To;}n]
STU sf] cfsf/ 36]sf] k|ltlaDa S'T'U' xf] hxfF lj:t/sf] gfkf] k = 5.
dflysf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df lj:tf/Ls/0fsf u'0fx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
1. lj:tf/sf cfs[lt / k|ltlaDa ;d¿k x'G5g\ .
2. lj:tf/sf] gfkf] k>O eP cfs[lt / k|ltlaDa lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb|sf Ps} lbzfdf
k5{g\ .
(a) k > 1 eP k|ltlaDasf] cfsf/ a9\5 .
(b) 0 < k<1 eP cfs[lt / k|ltlaDasf] cfsf/ 36\5 .
3. lj:tf/sf] gfkf] k<0 eP cfs[lt / k|ltlaDa lj:tf/Ls/0f s]Gb|sf] ljk/Lt lbzfdf
kb{5g\ / k|ltlaDa cfs[ltsf] pN6f] b]lvG5 .
(a) k<-1 eP k|ltlaDasf] cfsf/ a9\5 .
(b) -1 < k< 0 eP k|ltlaDasf] cfsf/ 36\5 .
4. | | eP cfs[lt / k|ltlaDasf] cfsf/ a/fa/ x'G5 .
5. lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| ckl/jt{gLo laGb' xf] .
lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| O(0,0) / gfkf] k eP/ x'g] lj:tf/Ls/0f nfO{ E(O, k) jf
E[(0, 0), k] n]Vg] rng 5 .
pbfx/0f 1
tnsf cfs[ltx¿nfO{ lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| O / lbOPsf] lj:tf/sf] gfkf] k lnP/ lj:tf/
ug'{xf];\ .
(a) (b) (c)
;dfwfg
(a) (i) AO, BO / CO hf]8\g'xf];\ .
(ii) k = 2 ePsfn] OA' = 2OA, OB' = 2OB /
OC' = 2OC x'g]u/L A', B' / C' lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ .
(iii) A', B' / C' hf]8]/ A'B'C' agfpg'xf];\ h'g ABC sf]
220
lj:tf/sf] k|ltlaDa xf] .
(b) (i) AO, BO / CO hf]8\g'xf];\ .
(ii) K = ePsfn] OA' =
/ OC' = x'g]u/L A', B' / C' lrx\g
nufpg'xf];\ .
(iii) A' B' / C' hf]8g\xf];\ h'g ABC sf]
lj:tfl/t k|ltlaDa xf] .
(c) oxfF, k<O ePsfn] k|ltlaDa cfs[ltsf] pN6f] x'G5 <

(i) AO, BO, CO / DO hf]8\g'xf];\ .
(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ x'g]u/L AO nfO{ C' ;Dd
BO nfO{ B' ;Dd, CO nfO{ C' ;Dd / DO nfO{ D' ;Dd nDAofpg'xf];\ .
(iii) A', B', C' / D' hf]8]/ rt'e'{h A'B'C'D' agfpg'xf];\ h'g rt'e'{h ABCD sf]
k|ltlaDa xf] .
pbfx/0f 2
lbOPsf] lrqdf ABC sf] k|ltlaDa A'B'C' eP lj:t/sf] s]Gb| /
gfkf] kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
AA' BB' / CC' hf]8\g'xf];\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ laGb' O df sfl6g] u/L

nDAofpg'xf];\ . laGb' O g} lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| xf] .
ca, OA, OA', OB, OB' / OC, OC' gfKg'xf];\ .
oxfF,A / A', B / B' C / C' tyf O sf] Pp6} lbzfdf 5g\ .

To;}n], lj:tf/sf] gfkf] x'G5 .
221
lj:tf/Ls/0fdf lgb]{zfª\ssf] k|of]u
(i) lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| pb\ud laGb' O x'Fbf
;Fu}sf] lrq 7.19 df A(1, 2), B(-2, 3) / C(-1, -

3) zLif{laGb' ePsf] ABC nfO{ lj:tf/sf] gfkf]
k = 2 / s]Gb| O lnP/ lj:tf/ ug'{xf];\ /
k|ltlaDasf] zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ .
] lrq g= 7.19
oxfF, →
]
→
]
→
oxfF, k|ltlaDasf x - / y – lgb]{zfª\s cfs[ltsf ;ª\ut x - / y- lgb]{zfª\ssf] 2
-gfkf] = k) u'0ff 5g\ . o; cfwf/df lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| pb\ud laGb' 0 / gfkf] k x'Fbf
P(x, y) sf] k|ltlaDa P'(kx, ky) x'G5 .
]
cyf{t\ → x'G5 .
(ii) lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| s'g} laGb' (a, b) x'Fbf
;Fu}sf] lrq 7.20 df A(1, 2), B(-1, 2) / C(-1, -1)
zLif{laGb'x¿ ePsf] ABC nfO{ k = 3 / s]Gb|
P(-2, 1) lnP/ lj:tf/ ug'{xf];\ / k|ltlaDasf]
zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ .
lrq g= 7.20
oxfF,
]
→ ]
]
→ ]
]
→ ]
o; cfwf/df lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| (a, b) / gfkf] k x'Fbf P(x, y) sf] k|ltlaDa P' [kx-(k-
1)a, ky-(k- 1)b] x'G5 .
222
]
cyf{t, → ]
dfgf}F, A(x, y) nfO{ gfkf] k / s]Gb| P(a, b) lnP/ lj:tf/ ubf{ k|ltlaDa A'(x', y') aG5 .
oxfF, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
clg, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
/ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ca, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

or, (x' – a, y' -b) = k (x – a, y - b)
or, x'- a = k(x - a) / y' – b = k(y - b)
or, x' = kx - ka + a or, y' = ky – kb + b
 x' = kx – (k - 1) a  y' = ky – (k - 1) b
]
To;}n], A(x, y) → ]
= A'(kx - ka + a, ky - kb + b)
pbfx/0f 3
laGb' A(-3, 4) / B(5, 8) nfO{ tnsf cj:yfx¿df lj:tf/Ls/0f ug'{xf];\ M
(a) E (0, 3) (b) E* + (c) E[(1, 2), 2]
;dfwfg
oxfF, A(-3, 4) / B(5, 8) lbOPsf laGb'x¿ x'g\ .
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
]
P(x, y) →
lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| / gfkf] E[0, 3] x'Fbf,
]
ca, A(-3, 4) →
]
B(5, 8) → ]
223
(b) lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| / gfkf] ] x'Fbf
]
A(-3, 4) → ]
]
B(5, 8) → ]
(a) lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| / gfkf] E[(1, 2), 2} x'Fbf
]
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, → ]
]
ca, → ]
= A' (-7, 6)
]
→ ]
= B'(9, 14)
pbfx/0f 4
A(-2, -1), B(2, 3) / C(1, 1) laGb'x¿ ABC sf zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ . lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| O(0,0)
/ lj:tf/sf] gfkf] k = 3 lnP/ ABC sf] lj:tfl/t k|ltlaDasf] zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ / b'j} lqe'hnfO{ Pp6} n]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF, ABC sf zLif{laGb'x¿ A(-2, -1), B(2, 3), C(1, -1)
lj:tf/Ls/0f s]Gb| O / lj:tf/sf] gfkf] k = 3
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
]
P(x, y)→
]
ca, A(-2, -1) → ]
]
B(2, 3) → ]
]
C(1, -1) → ]
ABC / A'B'C nfO{ ;Fu}sf] n]vflrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
224
pbfx/0f 5
PQR sf zLif{laGb'x¿ P(3, 0), Q(0, 2) / R (3, 2) 5g\
lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] (1, 1) / lj:tf/sf] gfkf] k = -2 lnP/
PQR sf] lj:tf/sf] k|ltlaDa P'Q'R' sf]
zLif{laGb'x¿sf lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg'xf];\ . ;fy} b'j} lqe'hnfO{
;dfwfg
oxfF P(3, 0), Q(0, 2) / R(3, 2) laGb'x¿ PQR sf
zLif{laGb'x¿ x'g\ . lj:tf/sf] s]Gb| = (1, 1) / k = -2
]
To;}n],
]
→
]
→
]
→



PQR / k|ltlaDa P'Q'R' nfO{ n]vflrqdf
b]vfOPsf] 5 .
pbfx/0f 6
Pp6f lj:tf/Ls/0fn] laGb' A(2, 3) nfO{ A' (6, 9) / B(1, 4) nfO{ B' (3, 12) df lj:tf/ u5{
eg] lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| / gfkf] kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
dfgf}F lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] s]Gb| (a, b) / lj:t/sf] gfkf] k 5 .
ca,
]
→ ]
 2k – (k-1) a = 6 . . . . (i) / 3k – (k-1)b = 9 . . . . (iii)
225
(b) olb lj:tf/Ls/0f * + n] laGb' A(-1, 6) nfO{ A' (1, 2) df lj:tf/ u5{ eg]
a / b sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. s'g} laGb' P(x, y) nfO{ lj:t/Ls/0f E[O, k1] n] lj:tf/ ubf{ cfpg] k|ltlaDanfO{ k]ml/
lj:tf/Ls/0f E[0, k2] n] lj:tf/ ubf{ cfpg] k|ltlaDa / pSt laGb' P(x, y) nfO{
lj:tf/Ls/0f E[O,k1.k2] n] lj:tf/ ubf{ cfpg] k|ltlaDa;Fu t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . o;af6 s]
lgisif{ lg:sG5 n]Vg'xf];\ .
10. lj:tf/Ls/0fsf u'0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ < b}lgs hLjgdf lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] k|of]u sxfF sxfF
x'G5 < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L Ps k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
228
PsfO 8 tYofª\s zf:q (Statistics)

Pp6f ljBfnosf] sIff 9 df cWoog/t 11 hgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] tf}n -kg_ df
lgDgcg';f/ 5 M
52, 53, 37, 40, 35, 51, 48, 45, 55, 46, 47
pSt tYofª\ssf cfwf/df lgDg k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) pSt tYofª\snfO{ a9\bf] j|md -ascending order_ jf 36\bf] j|mddf -descending
order_ df s;/L k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 <
(b) o;/L j|md ldnfP/ /fVbf lardf kg]{ dfg slt x'G5 <
(c) pRrtd / Go"gtd dfg lar slt km/s 5 <
tYofª\snfO{ a9\bf] jf 36\bf] j|mddf ldnfP/ /fVbf l7s lardf kg]{ dfg dlWosf xf] .
s]Gb|Lo dfg kTtf nufpg] Pp6f ljlw dlWosf xf] . o;n] tYofª\ssf] ljt/0fnfO{ b'O{
a/fa/ v08df ljefhg ub{5 . ;a}eGbf 7'nf] jf ;a}eGbf ;fgf] cª\sn] dlWosf dfly
s'g} k|efj kfb}{g, lsgls dlWosfsf] d"No larsf s]xL cª\sx¿n] dfq lglZrt ub{5 .
ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fKtfª\ssf cfwf/df j|md lgwf{/0f -ranking_ u/L d"Nofª\sgdf Go"gtd,
dWod / pRrtd :yfg k|bfg ug{;d]t dlWosfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . ca lgDg lnlvt
k|Zgx¿df yk 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) tYofª\s eg]sf] s] xf] <
(b) af/Daf/tf eg]sf] s] xf] <
(c) ;l~rt af/Daf/tfn] s] hgfpF5 <
(d) cª\s ul0ftLo dWos jf cf};t eg]sf] s] xf] <
(e) j}olSts / vl08t >]0fL eg]sf] s] xf] <
8.1 rt'yf{+zx¿ (Quartiles)
j}olSts / vl08t >]0fL
sIff 9 sf 15 hgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ul0ft ljifosf] PsfO k/LIffsf] k|fKtfª\s
lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
67, 70, 65, 75, 78, 93, 95, 82, 80, 92, 72, 84, 90, 87, 85
of] tYofª\snfO{ a9\bf] j|mddf Pp6f /]vfdf /fVbf lGfDgcg';f/ b]lvG5 M
65| 67| 70| 72| 75| 78| 80| 82| 84| 85| 87| 90| 92| 93| 95
229
of] /]vfnfO{ b'O{ a/fa/ efudf ljefhg ug]{ laGb' -;ª\Vof_ s'g xf] < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
of] >]0fLnfO{ rf/ a/fa/ efudf ljefhg ug{ slt cf]6f laGb' -;ª\Vof÷cª\s_
lng'knf{ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oxfF ltg cf]6f laGb' -;ª\\Vof÷k|fKtfª\s_ n] lbOPsf] >]0fLnfO{ rf/ a/fa/ efudf
ljefhg ub{5 . Go"gtd dfgaf6 u0fgf ubf{ rf}yf] kb cyf{t 72, cf7f}F kb cyf{t 82,
/ af/f}F kb cyf{t\ 90 n] of] >]0fLnfO{ rf/ a/fa/ efu -c+z_ df ljefhg u5{ . o;/L
s'g} tYofª\snfO{ rf/ a/fa/ efu -c+z_ df ljefhg ug]{ dfgnfO{ rt'yf{+z elgG5 .
oxfF 72 nfO{ klxnf] rt'yf{+z (Q1), jf tNnf] rt'yf{+z (lower quartile) 82 nfO{ bf];|f]
rt'yf{+z (Q2) jf dlWosf / 90 nfO{ t];|f] rt'yf{+z (Q3) jf dflyNnf] rt'yf{Fz (upper
quartile) elgG5 .
ca, s'g} tYofª\ssf] rt'yf{FzLo dfgx¿ s;/L kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 < 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ . dflysf] tYofª\sdf hDdf 15 cf]6f tYofª\sx¿ jf laGb'x¿ 5g\ . o;sf]
cjnf]sgaf6 j}olSts / vl08t >]0fLdf
klxnf] rt'yf{+z (Q1) =( ) cf}F kb, Q2 = 2 ( )cf}F kb,
bf];|f] rt'yf{+z jf dlWosf (Q2) = ( ) cf}F kb, /
t];|f] rt'yf{+z (Q3) = 3 ( ) cf}F kb x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 1
lgDg tYofª\ssf ltg cf]6f rt'yf{+zx¿ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
18, 20, 15, 20, 18, 22, 24, 28, 12,18, 22, 24, 15, 20, 18, 20, 22, 15, 28
;dfwfg
lbOPsf] tYofª\snfO{ a9\bf] j|md / af/Daf/tf tflnsfdf /fVbf,
dfg af/Daf/tf ;l~rt af/Daf/tf
12 1 1
15 3 1+3=4
18 4 4+4=8
20 4 8 + 4 = 12
22 3 12 + 3 = 15
24 2 15 + 2 = 17
28 2 17 + 2 = 19
N =19
230
ca, ;"qcg';f/,
klxnf] rt'yf+{z (Q1) = ( ) cf}F kb
=( ) cf}F kb
= 5 cf}F
kb = 18
-kfFrf}F kb, ;l~rt af/Daf/tf 8 ePsf] :yfgdf kb{5 ._
bf];|f] rt'yf{+z (Q2) = 2 ( ) cf}F kb
=2( ) cf}F kb = 10 cf}F kb = 20
(10 cf}F kb, ;l~rt af/Daf/tf 12 ePsf] :yfgdf kb{5 ._

/ t];|f] rt'yf+{z (Q3) = 3( ) cf}F kb
=3( ) cf}F kb = 15 cf}F kb = 22
(15 cf}F kb, ;l~rt af/Daf/tf 17 ePsf] :yfgdf kb{5 ._

8.2 bzf+zsx¿ (Deciles)
Pp6f nfdf] 8f]/LnfO{ b; a/fa/ efudf ljefhg ug{ slt 7fpFdf sf6\g'knf{ < 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
sIff 9 sf 20 hgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|fKtfª\s lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
40, 42, 45, 35, 70, 45, 55, 62, 65, 65, 33, 46, 70, 80, 75, 44, 49, 82, 90, 95
– of] tYofª\snfO{ a9\bf] jf 36\bf] j|mddf ldnfP/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
– o; tYofª\snfO{ bz a/fa/ efu -c+z_ df ljefhg ug]{ dfgx¿ kTtf nufO{
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
o;/L s'g} tYofª\ssf] ljt/0fnfO{ bz a/fa/ efu -c+z_ df ljefhg ug]{ dfgnfO{
bzf+zs (Deciles) elgG5 . logLx¿nfO{ j|mdzM D1, D2, ............. D8, D9 n] hgfOG5 .
j}olSts / vl08t >]0fLdf bzf+zs kg]{ :yfg lgDg ;"q k|of]u u/L kTtf nufpg
;lsG5 M
Dn = n( )cf}F kb
oxfF, n = 1, 2,.........9
/ N = hDdf kb ;ª\Vof jf af/Daf/tf
231
pbfx/0f 2
tnsf] tYofª\ssf] klxnf], bf];|f] / ;ftf}F bzf+zs dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
48, 50, 34, 29, 40, 36, 42, 55, 56, 38, 55, 52, 47, 45, 58, 62, 54, 57, 44
;dfwfg
lbOPsf] tYofª\snfO{ a9\bf] j|mddf /fVbf,
29, 34, 36, 38,40, 42, 44, 45, 47,48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62
ca, klxnf] bzf+zs (D1) kg]{ :yfg =
= bf];|f] kb
ctM klxnf] bz+fzssf] dfg (D1) = 34
bf];|f] bz+fzs (D2) kg]{ :yfg =
= = 4 cf}F kb
= rf}Fyf] kb
ctM bf];|f] bzf+zssf] dfg (D2) = 38
o;}u/L ;ftf}F bzf+zs (D7) kg]{ :yfg = = 14 cf}F kb
ctM ;ftf}F bzf+zLo dfg (D7) = 55
pbfx/0f 3
tnsf] tYofª\saf6 t];|f] / cf7f}F bzf+zs dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
k|fKtfª\s 15 25 35 45 55 65 75
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 4 7 9 5 6 4 5
232
;dfwfg
pko'{St tYofª\snfO{ ;l~rt af/Daf/tf tflnsfdf k|:t't ubf{,
k|fKtfª\s (x) ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (f) ;l~rt af/Daf/tf (c.f)
15 4 4
25 7 4 + 7 = 11
35 9 11 + 9 = 20
45 5 20 + 5 = 25
55 6 25 + 6 = 31
65 4 31 + 4 = 35
75 5 35 + 5 = 40
N = 40
ca, t];|f] bzf+zLo dfg (D3) =
= = 12.3 cf}F kb
= 35
k]ml/,
cf7f}F bzf+zLo dfg
D8 = = = 32.8 cf}F kb = 65
8.3 ztf+zs (Percentile)

Ps ld6/ nfDff] n6\7LnfO{ 100 cf]6f a/fa/ efudf x'g] u/L sf6\g slt 7fpFdf
sf6\g'knf{ < tL k|To]s efusf] nDafO slt xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
25 hgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] prfO (cm) df lgDgcg';f/ 5 M
125, 123, 128, 144, 137, 146, 135, 143, 149, 152, 155, 150, 141, 131, 134, 149,
153, 122, 120, 119, 115, 127, 136, 142, 140
pko'{St tYofª\snfO{ a9\bf] j|mddf n]Vg'xf];\ . o:f} tYofª\snfO{ ;o a/fa/ efu jf
cª\zdf ljefhg ug]{ dfgx¿ kTtf nufO{ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
s'g} klg tYofª\snfO{ ;o a/fa/ v08df ljefhg ug]{ 99 cf]6f laGb'x¿nfO{ ztf+zs
(percentile) dfg elgG5 . oL dfgx¿nfO{ j|mdzM P1, P2, P3,......P99 n] ;ª\s]t ul/G5 .
233
rt'yf{+z / bzf+zs h:t} ztf+zs dfg kTtf nufpg] ;"q lgDgcg';f/ 5 M
j}olSts tyf vl08t >]0fLsf nflu n cf}F ztf+zs dfg kg]{ :yfg Pn = n cf}F kb
pbfx/0f 4
tnsf] tYofª\saf6 kfFrf}F / aofl;cf}F (82 cf+}F ) ztf+zs dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
32, 33, 55, 47, 20, 50, 25, 12, 66, 68, 49, 17, 43, 40, 19, 54, 22, 29, 18
;dfwfg
lbOPsf] tYofª\snfO{ ;fgf]b]lv 7'nf] j|mddf ldnfP/ /fVbf,
12, 17,18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 32, 33, 40, 43, 47, 49, 50, 54, 55, 66, 68
ca
kfFrf}F ztf+zs dfg Pn = cf}F kb
P5 = cf}F kb
= cf}F kb
= 1 cf}F kb = klxnf] kb
ctM kfFrf}F ztf+zs dfg P5 = 12
k'gM 82 cf+}F ztf+zs dfg
Pn = n cf}F kb
= P82 = cf}F kb
= cf}F kb
= 16.4 cf}F kb
cyf{t, P82, 16 cf}F kb / 17 cf}F kbsf] lardf k5{
ct M P82 = = 54.5
pbfx/0f 5
tnsf tYofª\saf6 b;f}F ztf+zs dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
dfg 5 15 25 35 45 55 65
af/Daf/tf 4 6 10 20 10 6 4
234
;dfwfg
pko'{St tYofª\snfO{ ;l~rt af/Daf/tf tflnsfdf k|:t't ubf{,
dfg (x) af/Daf/tf (f) ;l~rt af/Daf/tf
5 4 4
15 6 4 + 6 = 10
25 10 10 + 10 = 20
35 20 20 + 20 = 40
45 10 40 + 10 = 50
55 6 50 + 6 = 56
65 4 56 + 4 + 60
N = 60
ca b;f}F ztf+zLo dfg

Pn = n( ) cf}F kb
P10 = cf}F kb = cf}F kb
= 6.1 cf}F
kb = 15
oxfF, P10 sf] dfg 6.1 cf}F kb ePsf] :yfgdf cyf{t\ ;l~rt af/Daf/tf 10 ePsf] ;DalGwt
kb 15 x'G5 .
cEof; 8.1
1. (a) j}olSts / vl08t >]0fL eg]sf] s] xf] < pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
(b) rt'yf{+zLo dfg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < Q1 kTtf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
(c) bzf+zLo dfg eg]sf] s] xf] < logLx¿nfO{ s]n] hgfOG5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
(d) zt+fzs dfg eg]sf] s] xf] < logLx¿nfO{ s]n] hgfOG5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
(e) j}olSts / vl08t >]0fLsf] bzf+zs / ztf+zs dfg kTtf nufpg] ;"qx¿
n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. tnsf] tYofª\saf6 Q1, Q2 / Q3 kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) 9, 3, 5, 9, 12, 10, 3, 5, 12, 10, 15, 9, 7, 15, 10, 16, 20, 9, 20, 4, 3, 5, 9
(b) 15, 20, 22, 15, 20, 12, 22, 15, 25, 20, 26, 25, 26, 25, 15
235
3. (a) lgDg lnlvt tYofª\ssf cfwf/df klxnf] / t];|f] rt'yf{+zx¿sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ M
k|fKtfª\s 25 35 45 55 65 75
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 5 15 10 8 6 2
(b) lgDg lnlvt tYofª\ssf cfwf/df bf];|f] / t];|f] rt'yf{+zx¿sf] dfg kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ M
k|fKtfª\s 5 15 25 35 45 55
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 3 7 15 5 8 2
4. (a) tnsf] tYofª\ssf klxnf], rf}yf] / cf7f}F bzf+zs dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
20, 22, 29, 28, 10, 20, 25, 35, 40, 42, 47, 51, 55, 57, 52, 26, 19, 33, 60
(b) tnsf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df bf];|f] / ;ftf}F bz+fzs dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
48, 50, 34, 29, 56, 40, 14, 62, 28, 70, 22, 30, 74, 13, 47, 20, 53, 63, 68, 65,
25, 19, 70, 73, 79, 74, 27, 33, 18
(c) tnsf] tYofª\saf6 kfFrf}F / 5}6f}F bz+fzLo dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
jiff{ (mm) 35 45 55 65 75 85
lbg 7 3 10 5 3 2
(d) 30 k"0ff{ª\ssf] Pp6f k/LIffdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|fKtfª\s lgDgcg';f/ 5 M

k|fKtfª\s 5 10 15 20 25 30
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 3 7 6 2 5 7
dflysf] tflnsfaf6 rf}yf] / gjf}F bzf+zLo dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

5= (a) tnsf] tYofª\saf6 rfln;f}F / gAa]cf}F ztf+zs dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
3, 5, 7, 9, 17, 11, 13, 23, 33, 37, 29, 41, 47, 43, 51, 57, 93, 63, 59, 83
(b) tnsf] tYofª\saf6 alTt;f}F / krf;f}F ztf+zs dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
prfO (cm) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
la?jfsf] ;ª\Vof 10 6 15 8 4 5 3
236
8.4 ljr/0fzLntf (Dispersion)
sIff 9 sf b'O{ cf]6f ;d"xsf 11/11 hgfsf] Pp6f k/LIffsf] k|fKtfª\s lgDgcg';f/ 5 M
;d"x …sÚ 40, 43, 45, 50, 52, 55, 58, 60, 65, 67, 70
;d"x …vÚ 10, 15, 32, 44, 48, 55, 62, 66, 78, 95, 100
pko'{St tYofª\s cWoog u/L lgDg k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) ;d"x …sÚ / …vÚ sf] dWos / dlWosf slt slt 5 <
(b) oL b'j} ;d"xdWo] s'g ;d"xsf ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\s /fd|f] 5 / lsg <
(c) s] dWos / dlWosfn] dfq} s'g} tYofª\ssf ;a} u'0fsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{{ ;S5 <
(d) ;d"x …sÚ / …vÚ sf] k|fKtfª\s lar t'ngf ug{ s] s:tf r/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
;fdfGotof ljleGg tYofª\ssf] u'0fsf] JofVof ug{ s]Gb|Lo k|j[lTtsf] dfkg cyf{t dWos /
dlWosfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . t/ logLx¿n] tYofª\sx¿ dWolaGb'af6 s;/L ljrlnt ePsf 5g\
eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbb}gg\ . s'g} tYofª\ssf] dWolaGb'sf] ;fk]Ifdf k}mnfj6 jf ljrngsf]
dfkgnfO{ ljr/0fzLntf elgG5 . s'g} klg r/ jf tYofª\s cf};t jf dWolaGb'af6 slt
kl/df0fdf 5l/Psf], k}mlnPsf] jf ljrlnt ePsf] jf tn jf dfly 5 eGg] s'/fsf] dfkg g}
ljr/0fzLntfsf] dfkg xf] . ljr/0fzLntf dfkgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo s'g} tYofª\sx¿ larsf]
;hftLotf (homogenity) cyjf ljljwtf (heterogenity) kTtf nufpg' xf] .
;fdfGotof ljr/0fzLntfsf] dfkg ug{ lj:tf/ jf k|;f/ (range), rt'yf+{zLo ljrng
(quartile deviation), dWos leGgtf (mean deviation), :t/Lo leGgtf (standard deviation),
cflb / logsf u'0ffª\sx¿ (cofficients) sf] u0fgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ rt'yf+{zLo ljrng (Quartile Deviation)

tn lbOPsf] tYofª\ssf] rt'yf{+zLo dfgx¿ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ . oL dfgx¿n] s] s]
hgfpF5g\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
11, 32, 31, 33, 55, 27, 47, 50, 65, 48, 40, 15, 45, 49, 60
of] tYofª\snfO{ a9\bf] j|mddf /fVbf,
11, 15, 21, 27, 32, 33, 40, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65
of] Pp6f j}olSts >]0fL xf] / o;df hDdf kb ;ª\Vof 15 5 . o;df ltg rt'yf{+zLo
dfgx¿ j|mdz M
Q1 = ( ) cf}F kb =( ) cf}F kb =4 cf}F kb = 27
Q2 = 2 ( ) cf}F kb = 8 cf}F kb = 45
Q3 = 3 ( ) cf}F kb = 12 cf}F kb = 50
237
oL rt'yf{+zx¿ larsf] cf};t / ;fk]lIft cGt/ slt slt xf]nf < u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
o;/L dflyNnf] / tNnf] rt'yf{+zdf cfwfl/t ljr/0fsf] dfkgnfO{ rt'yf{+zLo ljrng
(quaerile deviation) elgG5 . dflyNnf] / tNnf] rt'yf{+zx¿sf] km/snfO{ æinter
quqrtile range" elGfG5 . oL b'O{ rt'Yff{+zLo dfglarsf] km/ssf cfwfnfO{ semi
interquartile range cyjf rt'yf{+zLo ljrng elgG5 .
cyf{t, rt'yf{+zLo ljrng (Q.D) =

oxfF Q3 = dflyNnf] -t];|f]_ rt'yf{+z
Q1 = tNnf] -klxnf]_ rt'yf{+z
dflysf] tYofª\ssf nflu, Q.D. = = = = 11.5
k'gM dflyNnf] / tNNff] rt'yf{+zsf] ;fk]lIfs km/ssf] dfkgnfO{ rt'yf{+zLo ljrngsf]
u''0ffª\s elgG5 . o;nfO{ ;"qdf lgDgcg';f/ n]Vg ;lsG5 M
rt'yf{+zLo ljrngsf] u'0ffª\s (Cofficient of Quartile Deviation)
= = = =0.29 =29%
pbfx/0f 1
tnsf] tYofª\ssf rt'yf{+zLo ljrng jf leGgtf / To;sf u'0ffª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
cfDbfgL -?= xhf/df_ 25 27 30 32 37 50
kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 3 4 7 6 2 1
;dfwfg
lbOPsf] tYofª\snfO{ ;l~rt af/Daf/tf tflnsfdf /fVbf
cfDbfgL -?= xhf/df_ (x) kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof (f) ;l~rt af/Daf/tf
25 3 3
27 4 3+4 =7
30 7 7+7 = 14
32 6 14+6 =20
37 2 20 +2=22
50 1 22+1 = 23
N =23
238
ca, klxnf] rt'yf{+z (Q1) = cf}F kbsf] dfg
= cf}F kbsf] dfg
= cf}F kbsf] dfg

=6 cf}F kbsf] dfg
= ?= 27 xhf/
t];|f] rt'yf{+z (Q3) = (N +1) cf}F kbsf] dfg
= 24 cf}F kbsf] dfg
= 18 cf}F kbsf] dfg = ?= 32 xhf/
 rt'yf{+zLo leGgtf (Q.D) = = = = ?= 2.5 xhf/
rt'yf{+zLo leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s = = = = 0.084
-v_ dWos leGgtf (Mean Deviation)

s'g} b'O{ cf]6f ko{6sLo :ynx¿ …sÚ / …vÚ sf] s'g} lbgsf] ljleGg ;dosf] tfkj|md
(C) df lgDgcg';f/ 5 M
:yfg …sÚ 0, 3, 7, 10, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 30
:yfg …vÚ 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 15, 16,18, 19, 20
pko'{St tYofª\ssf] cWoog u/L lgDg k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) :yfgx¿ …sÚ / …vÚ dWo] df};dsf cfwf/df ko{6sx¿n] s'g :yfg a9L dg
k/fpF5g\ xf]nf, lsg <
(b) oL b'j} :yfgsf] cf};t tfkj|md slt slt 5 <
(c) oL b'j} tYofª\ssf] t'ngf ug]{ cfwf/x¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ <
(d) logLx¿df dWodfgaf6 cf};tdf s'g >]0fLdf kbx¿ a9L 6f9f 5g\ <
oxfF b'j} ko{6sLo :yfgx¿sf] cf};t tfkj|md a/fa/ eP klg :yfg …sÚ sf] tfkj|md
cf};teGbf w]/} tndfly ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] :yfg …vÚ sf] tfkj|md t'ngfTds ¿kdf
a9L l:y/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L cf};t +-dWos jf dlWosf_ sf cfwf/df tYofª\slar
t'ngf ug{ dWos jf cf};t ljrng k|of]u ul/G5 .
dWos / dlWosf h:tf s]Gb|Lo k|j[ltsf gfkx¿af6 k|To]s kbsf] cGt/sf] lg/k]If
dfgsf] cf};tnfO{ dWos jf cf};t leGgtf elGfG5 . dWos leGgtf u0fgf ubf{ cª\s
ul0ftLo dWos jf dlWosfsf cfwf/df u/L b'O{ tl/sf k|of]u ul/G5 .
239
-c_ j}olSts >]0fL -Individual series_ sf] dWos leGgtf
olb x1, x2, x3 .... xN Pp6f j}olSts >]0fL xf], eg], o;sf] dWos leGgtf
∑⌊ ⌋
(M.D) = x'G5 .
hxfF |D|= |x -A| k|To]s kbsf] cf};t;Fusf] cGt/sf] lg/k]If dfg
A= >]0fLsf] cf};t, dWos jf dlWosf
N = hDdf kb ;ª\Vof
∑⌊ ̅⌋
k'gM (a) dWos leGgtf -dWos af6_ (M.D.) =
hxfF ̅ = >]0fLsf] cª\s ul0ftLo dWos xf] .
∑⌊ ⌋
(b) dWos leGgtf -dlWosf af6_ (M.D.) =
hxfF Md = >]0fLsf] dlWosf dfg xf] .
dWos leGgtf ljr/0fzLntf dfkgsf] lg/k]If dfg xf] . km/s PsfO tYofª\ssf b'O{
jf b'O{eGbf a9L >]0fLx¿sf] t'ngf ug{ dWos leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s (coefficient of
mean deviation) sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . dWos leGgtfdf cfwfl/t ljr/0fzLntfsf]
t'ngfTds dfkg g} dWos leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s xf] . o;sf] u0fgfdf lgDg ;""q k|of]u
ul/G5 M
dWosaf6 dWos leGgtf
(a) dWos lEfGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s -dWosaf6 _ =
dWos
dlWosfaf6 dWos leGgtf
(b) dWos leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s -dlWosfaf6_ =
dlWosf
pbfx/0f 2
lgDg lnlvt tYofª\ssf] dWos leGgtf / o;sf] u'0ffª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ dWosaf6 -v_ dlWosfaf6
k|lt306f Hofnf -?= df_ 90, 100, 110, 115, 125
;dfwfg
-s_lbOPsf tYofª\saf6 dWos leGgtf -dWosaf6_ kTtf nufpg lgDgcg';f/sf]
tflnsf k|of]u ul/G5 M
240
Hofnf k|lt306f -?=_ (x) D=x- ̅ |D|
90 -18 18
100 -8 8
110 2 2
115 7 7
125 17 17
x = 540  |D| = 52
N=5
∑
ca, dWos (X)= = = 108
∑| |
ctM dWos leGgtf -dWosaf6_ (M.D.) = = = 10.4
dWos leGgtf -dlWosfaf6_
k'gM dWos leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s -dWosaf6_ =
dWos
= = 0.096
-v_ dlWosfaf6 dWos cf};t leGgtf kTtf nufpg klxnf dlWosf kTtf nufpg'k5{ .
oxfF, dlWosf (Md) = ( ) cf}F kbsf] dfg
=( ) cf}F kbsf] dfg

= 3rd kbsf] dfg = 110
k]ml/,
Hofnf k|lt306f -?=_ (x) D = x - Md |D|
90 -20 20
100 -10 10
110 0 0
115 5 5
125 15 15
|D| = 50
241
ctM dWos leGgtf -dlWosfaf6_ (M.D) = = ∑| |
= = 10
dWos leGgtf -dlWosfaf6_

k]ml/, dWos leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s -dlWosf af6_ =
dlWosf
= = = 0.0909
dWos / dlWosf dWo] s'g cf};taf6 lgsflnPsf] dWos jf cf};t leGgtf a9L pkof]uL
x'G5, lsg < 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ vl08t >]0fL (Discrete series) sf] dWos leGgtf

dfgf}F, x1, x2, x3, …… xn Pp6f vl08t >]0fL xf] h;sf ;DalGwt kbx¿sf] af/Daf/tf
j|mdzM f1, f2, f3, .... fn 5 .
cyf{t, >]0fLsf] dfg (x) = x1, x2, x3, .... xn
/ af/Daf/tf (f) = f1, f2, f3, .... fn eP,
∑ | |
dWos leGgtf (M.D) = ∑
x'G5 .
hxfF, D = x -A,;DalGwt kb / cf};t dfgsf] cGt/
f= ;DalGwt kbsf] af/Daf/tf
A= lbOPsf] >]0fLsf] cf};t dfg, dWos jf dlWosf
f|D| = k|To]s kb / cf};t cGt/sf] lg/k]If dfg / ;DalGwt af/Daf/tfsf]
u'0fgkmnsf] of]ukmn
f = af/Daf/tfsf] of]ukmn jf hDdf kb ;ª\Vof
(a) dWos leGgtf -dWosaf6_ (M.D) = ∑ | ̅|
hxfF, ̅ = >]0fLsf] dWos

∑ | |
(b) dWos leGgtf -dlWosfaf6_ (M.D) =
hxfF, Md = >]0fLsf] dlWosf
242
pbfx/0f 3
Pp6f au}Frfdf /f]lkPsf] 100 cf]6f la?jfsf] prfO /f]k]sf] 1 jif{kl5 lgDgcg';f/ 5 M
prfO (cm) 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
;ª\Vof 1 14 25 27 18 9 4 2
logLx¿ larsf] -s_ dWos / -v_ dlWosfaf6 dWos -cf};t_ leGgtf (M.D) /
ltgsf] u'0ffª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
lbOPsf] tYofª\ssf] dWos / dlWosf kTtf nufpg lgDg tflnsf cfjZos k5{ M
la?jfsf] prfO la?jfsf] ;ª\Vof ;l~rt af/Daf/tf
(cm) (x) af/Daf/tf (f) (c.f.) fx
6 1 1 6
8 14 15 112
10 25 40 250
12 27 67 324
14 18 85 252
16 9 94 144
18 4 98 72
20 2 100 40
N = 100 f = 100 fx= 1200
∑
ca, dWos ̅ = = 12cm
k'g M dlWosf (Md) =( ) cf}F kbsf] dfg

=( ) cf}F kbsf] dfg
= 50.5 cf}F kbsf] dfg
= 12 cm
oxfF dWos ̅ = dlWosf (Md) ePsfn] dWos leGgtf / o;sf] u'0ffª\s b'j}
cf};taf6 Pp6} k|fKt x'G5 .
ca,
243
prfO (x) ;ª\Vof (f) D = x-A |D| f|D|
6 1 -6 6 6
8 14 -4 4 56
10 25 -2 2 50
12 27 0 0 0
14 18 2 2 36
16 9 4 4 36
18 4 6 6 24
20 2 8 8 16
N = 100 f|D| = 224

∑ | |
ctM dWos leGgtf (M.D) = ∑
= = 2.24
k'g M dWos leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s = ̅

= =0.187
cEof; 8.2
1. (a) ljr/0fzLntf eg]sf] s] xf] < pbfx/0f;lxt k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
(b) rt'yf{+zLo ljrngnfO{ kl/eflift ug{'xf];\ .
(c) rt'yf{+zLo ljrngsf] u'0ffª\s kTtf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
(d) dWos jf cf};t leGgtf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < o;sf] dxTTj k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
(e) dWos jf cf};t leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\snfO{ kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
2. tnsf tYofª\ssf] rt'yf{+zLo leGgtf / To;sf] u'0ffª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) d"No -?=_ 12, 15, 10, 14, 20, 16, 18
(b) prfO (cm) 24, 31, 45, 27, 56, 48, 37
(c) vfhf vr{ -?=_ 140, 123, 132, 130, 112, 118, 138, 135
(d) jiff{ (mm) 8, 13, 6, 27, 13, 14, 19
(e) tf}n (kg) 6, 3, 4, 10, 2,7, 5, 12, 9, 11, 8
3. tnsf tYofª\ssf] rt'yf{+zLo leGgtf / To;sf] u'0ffª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(a)
244
k|fKtfª\s 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2 10 12 15 20 13 12 10 4
(b)
jiff{ (mm) 40 45 50 55 60 64
7fpFx¿ 3 6 9 5 4 2
(c)
Tff}n (kg) 40 45 50 55 60 65
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2 5 6 4 3 3
(d)
d"No -?=_ 50 60 75 82 90 91
k;n ;ª\Vof 10 12 8 5 3 1
(e)
la?jfsf] prfO (cm) 10 12 14 16 18
;ª\Vof 6 10 16 23 5
4. (a) s'g} tYofª\ssf] tNnf] / dflyNnf] rt'yf{+zLo dfg j|mdzM 45 / 55 eP ;f] >]0fLsf]
rt'yf{+zLo leGgtf (Q.D.) / To;sf] u'0ffª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(b) s'g} >]0fLsf] klxnf] rt'yf{+zLo dfg / rt'yf{+zLo ljrng j|mdz M 35 / 20 eP
To;sf] t];|f] rt'yf{+z (Q3) / rt'yf{+zLo ljrngsf] u'0ffª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(c) s'g} >]0fLsf] rt'yf{+zLo ljrng / o;sf] u'0ffª\s j|mdz M 14 / eP, o;sf]
klxnf] rt'yf{+z (Q1) sf] dfg kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(d) s'g} >]0fLsf] rt'yf{+zLo ljrngsf] u'0ffª\s 0.25 / o;sf] dflyNnf] rt'yf{+zLo dfg
15 eP To;sf] tNnf] rt'yf{+zLo dfg / rt'yf{+zLo ljrng kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
(e) s'g} >]0fLsf] klxnf] rt'yf+{zLo dfg x / rt'yf{+zLo ljrng -x) eP To;sf] t];|f]
rt'yf{+zLo dfg tyf rt'yf{+zLo ljrngsf] u'0ffª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. tnsf >]0fLsf] dWos tyf dlWosfaf6 dWos jf cf};t ljrng (M.D.) / To;sf]
u'0ffª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
(a) tfkj|md (°C) 10, 13, 12, 18, 22, 25, 30, 27, 40, 21, 13
(b) jiff{ (mm) 14, 10, 8, 12, 22, 28, 16, 24, 26
(c) prfO (inch) 24, 28, 29, 23, 36, 35, 25
(d) dfl;s cfDbfgL -?= xhf/df_ 41, 25, 30, 18, 20, 26, 45, 32, 35, 31, 27
245
(e) k|fKtfª\s 17, 10, 15, 7, 13, 9, 6, 18, 11, 14
6. lbOPsf tYofª\ssf cfwf/df dWos leGgtf jf cf};t ljrng (M.D.) / o;sf]
-s_ dWosaf6 -v_ dlWosaf6
(a) prfO (cm) 20, 18, 15, 20, 22, 18, 28, 24, 13, 18, 22, 24, 15, 20, 18, 20, 28, 15, 22
(b)
jiff{ (mm) 20 25 30 35 40
lbg 5 8 12 10 5
(c)
dfg (x) 1 2 3 4 5
k6s (f) 2 5 6 5 2
(d)
Tff}n (kg) 35 60 50 45 55 70 75 65
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 8 6 5 4 5 7 7 6
(e)
x 3 5 7 9 11 13
f 6 8 15 3 8 4
8.5 :t/Lo leGgtf (Standard Deviation)

lgDg lnlvt k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
(a) dWos leGgtf jf cf};t ljrng u0fgf ug{ D = x - A sf] lg/k]If dfg lng'k5{
/ lg/k]If dfg glnFbf s] x'G5 <
(b) ;f] u0fgfdf |D| jf f|D| sf] ;6\6f D jf fD u0fgf ubf{ s] x'G5 <
(c) s'g} C0ffTDfs ;ª\Vofsf] ju{ ubf{ s:tf] ;ª\Vof aG5 <
(d) s'g} ju{ ;ª\Vofsf] wgfTds ju{d"n dfq lnFbf s] x'G5 <
(e) cf};t ljrngsf ;an / b'a{n kIfx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
s'g} >]0fL jf tYofª\sx¿sf] ljt/0fdf To;sf k|To]s kb / dWodfg ljrngsf]
ju{sf] cf};tsf] ju{d"nnfO{ :t/Lo leGgtf (standard deviation) elgG5 . csf]{
246
zAbdf s'g} klg tYofª\sx¿sf] dWodfgaf6 k|To]s kbsf] ljrngnfO{ ju{ u/L
ltgLx¿sf] of]ukmnnfO{ hDdf kb ;ª\Vofn] efu u/L ju{d"n lgsfn]/ :t/Lo leGgtf
u0fgf
ul/G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ dWos leGgtfsf] ju{sf] cf};tsf] ju{d"n (root mean square
deviation) klg eGg] ul/G5 . o;nfO{ u|Ls cIf/ l;Udf - _ n] hgfOG5 .
:t/Lo leGgtfn] s'g} klg tYofª\ssf] ljt/0fdf tYofª\ssf] lg/k]If lj:tf/ cyjf
ljr/0fzLntfsf] dfkg ub{5 . o;n] tYofª\ssf] ljt/0fsf] Ps¿ktfsf] dfq lgwf{/0f
ub{5 . :t/Lo leGgtfsf] dfg hlt ;fgf] eof] Tolt g} tYofª\sx¿df Ps¿ktfsf]
dfqf a9L x'G5 . To;}n] o;sf] u0fgfaf6 s'g} tYofª\ssf] ljt/0fdf dWosn] s;/L
;f] tYofª\ssf] k|ltlglWfTj u/]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbG5 . o;af6 s'g} kl/sNKfgf,
k/LIf0f jf 36gfsf] cf}lrTotfsf] cfFsng ul/G5 .
-s_ j}olSts >]0fL (individual series) sf] :t/Lo leGgtf
olb x1, x2, x3, .... xN Pp6f j}olSts >]0fL eP o;sf] Kf|dfl0fs ljrng jf :t/Lo
leGgtfsf] u0fgf lgDg ;"qx¿ k|of]u u/L ug{ ;lsG5 M
∑ ̅ ∑
(a) ck|ToIf ljlw :t/Lo leGgtf (S.D) jf =√ √
∑ ∑
(b) k|ToIf ljlw :t/Lo lEfGgtf )=√ ( )
∑ ∑
Jff :t/Lo leGgtf (S.D. jf =√ ( )
oxfF, d= X-̅ = X - A >]0fLsf]

k|To]s kb / dWos jf cf};t larsf] km/s
A = dWos jf sfNklgs dWos
N = hDdf kb ;ª\Vof
X = s'g} kbsf] dfg
̅ = dWos
b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L tYofª\sx¿ lar Ps¿ktf jf ljljwtfsf] t'ngfTds cWoog

ug{ :t/Lo leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s (coefficient of standard deviation ) u0fgf ul/G5 .
o;sf nflu lgDg ;"q k|of]u ul/G5 M
:t/Lo leGgtf
:t/Lo leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s =
dWos
= ̅
247
:t/Lo leGgtf jf k|dfl0fs ljrngsf] u'0ffª\s t'ngfTds ¿kdf hlt ;fgf] x'G5
Tolt g} a9L tYofª\sx¿ jf ljt/0fdf Ps¿ktf jf l:y/tf ePsf] cyf{t ljljwtf
Go"g ePsf] dflGfG5 . ;fdfGotof :t/Lo leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s w]/} ;fgf] x'g] x'Fbf
o;nfO{ 100 n] u''0fg u/L k|ltztdf abn]/ k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 / To;nfO{
ljr/0fzLntfsf] u'0ffª\s (coefficient of variation) elGfG5 .
ctM ljr/0fzLntsf] u'0ffª\s (coefficient of variation) = ̅
pbfx/0f 1
lgDg lnlvt tYofª\ssf] :t/Lo leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s / ljr/0fzLntfsf] u'0ffª\s
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
tfkj|md (°C) = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
;dfwfg
lbOPsf] ljt/0fnfO{ tflnsfdf k|:t't ubf{,
Tfkj|md (°C) x d=x-A d2
5 5-7= -2 4
6 6-7= -1 1
7 7-7= 0 0
8 8-7=1 1
9 9-7=2 4
x= 35° d2 = 10
oxfF N=5

ctM dWos ( ̅) = A = = =7
∑
;"qcg';f/, :t/Lo leGgtf ( )=√ =√ = √ = 1.41
ca :t/Lo leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s = ̅

= = 0.2014
k'g M ljr/0fzLntfsf] u'0ffª\s ̅

= = 20.142%
pbfx/0f 2
kfFr cf]6f ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] dfl;s lzIf0f z'Ns lgDgcg';f/ 5 M
dfl;s z'Ns -?=_ 300, 325, 350, 375, 425
248
o; tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df k|dfl0fs ljrng o;sf] u'0ffª\s / ljr/0fzLntfsf] u'0ffª\s
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
lbOPsf] tYofª\saf6
z'Ns ?= (x) x2
300 90000
325 105625
350 122500
375 140625
425 180625
x = 1775 x2 = 639375
ca k|ToIf ljlwsf] ;"qcg';f/

∑ ∑
:t/Lo leGgtf ( ) =√ ( )
oxfF N = 5, x = 1775 , x2 = 639375
ctM ( ) =√ ( )
=√ =√ = 43.01
∑
k'gM dWos (X) = = = 355
ca ;"qcg';f/ k|dfl0fs ljrngsf] u'0ffª\s = ̅

= = 0.12
/ ljr/0fzLntfsf] u'0ffª\s = ̅
= = 12
-v_ vl08t >]0fL (Discrete Series) sf] :t/Lo leGgtf

olb Pp6f vl08t >]0fLsf kbx¿ x1, x2, x3, ... sf] af/Daf/tf j|mdz M f1, f2, f3, ..... fn
5, cyf{t,
kb÷r/ (x) x1 x2 x3 ... xn
af/Daf/tf (f) f1 f2 f3 ... fn
eP o;sf] :t/Lo leGgtfsf] u0fgf lgDg ;"qx¿ k|of]u u/L ug{ ;lsG5 M
249
(i) ck|ToIf ljlw
∑ ̅ ∑
:t/Lo leGgtf -- _ = √ √
(ii) k|ToIf ljlw

∑ ∑
:t/Lo leGgtf - _ = √ ( )
jf :t/Lo leGgtf - _ = √∑ (
∑
)
oxfF x = s'g} kbsf] dfg

̅ = dWos
d=x -A= >]0fLsf] k|To]s kb / dWos jf cf};t larsf] km/s
A = dWos jf sfNKflgs dWos
N = hDdf kb ;ª\Vof = f
f = ;DalGwt kbsf] af/Daf/tf
pbfx/0f 3
tnsf tYofª\ssf] :t/Lo leGgtf To;sf] u'0ffª\s / ljr/0fzLntfsf] u'0ffª\s kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
la?jfsf] prfO (cm) 10 20 25 30 35 40
;ª\Vof 1 5 10 12 8 4
250
;dfwfg
lbOPsf] tYofª\snfO{ lgDg tflnsfdf k|:t't ubf{,
x f fx d=x- ̅ d2 fd2
10 1 10 -19 361 361

20 5 100 -9 81 405
25 10 250 -4 16 160
30 12 360 1 1 12
35 8 280 6 36 288
40 4 160 11 121 448
x = 40 fx = 1160 fd2 = 1710
oxfF,

dWos ( ̅) = 
= =29
∑ ̅ ∑
k'g M ;"qcg';f/ :t/Lo leGgtf - _ = √ √ =√ = 6.54
ct M :t/Lo leGgtfsf] u'0ffª\s = ̅

= = 0.225
ljr/0fzLntfsf] u'0ffª\s = ̅
= 0.225 100 = 22.5%
pbfx/0f 4
lbOPsf] >]0fLsf] :t/Lo leGgtf kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M
k|fKtfª\s 10 20 25 30 40
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 1 3 10 6 1
;dfwfg
dfgf}F, pko'{St tYofª\ssf] sfNklgs dWos (A) = 25 ca pSt tYofª\snfO{
lgDgcg';f/sf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ubf{,
k|fKtfª\s ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (f) D = x - 25 d2 fd fd2
10 1 -15 225 -15 225

20 3 -5 25 -15 75
251
25 10 0 0 0 0
30 6 5 25 30 150
40 1 15 225 15 225
N = 21 fd = 30 fd2 =675
;"qcg';f/,
∑ ∑
:t/Lo ljrng - _ = √ ( )
=√ ( ) = √ == √ = 5.62
cEof; 8.3
1. (a) :t/Lo leGgtfsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ .
(b) j}olSts >]0fL / vl08t >]0fLdf :t/Lo leGgtf kTtf nufpg] ;"qx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
(c) k|dfl0fs ljrngsf] u'0ffª\ssf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
(d) dWos leGgtf / :t/Lo leGgtflar s] s] km/s 5 < JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
(e) ljr/0fzLntfsf] u'0ffª\s eg]sf] s] xf] < :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
2. lgDg tYofª\s jf >]0fLsf] :t/Lo leGgtf, To;sf] u'0ffª\s / ljr/0fzLntfsf] u'0ffª\s
kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
-a_ k|fKtfª\s M 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 -b_ a]gf{sf] prfO (cm) : 6, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10
-c_ k|fKtfª\s M 60, 50, 80, 40, 90, 95, 70 -d_ tfkj|md M (°C) : 30, 28, 35, 25, 20, 42
-e_ jiff{ (mm) : 34, 23, 46, 37, 40, 28, 32, 35, 44, 50
-f_ tf}n (kg) : 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110 120 130
3. lbOPsf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df af/Daf/tf tflnsf agfO{ k|dfl0fs ljrng kTtf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-a_ prfO (cm) : 20, 20, 10, 20, 10, 30, 30, 40, 20, 30, 30, 40, 30, 30, 40, 30, 50, 40,
30, 40
-b_ Hofnf k|lt306f -?=_ M 55, 65, 35, 55, 45, 75, 55, 65, 75, 55, 45, 65, 35, 75, 45,
55, 65, 75, 55, 65
252
-c_ d"No -?=_ M 2, 8, 6, 10, 8, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 8, 4, 6, 12, 8, 10, 14
4. lGfDg lnlvt tYofª\ssf cfwf/df :t/Lo leGgtf, ;f]sf] u'0ffª\s / ljr/0fzLntfsf]
-a_
prfO (inch) 10 20 30 40 50
la?jfsf] ;ª\Vof 8 12 15 9 6
-b_
b}lgs Hofnf ($) 122 121 120 124 123 125
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof 14 9 5 8 5 9
-c_
pd]/ -jif{_ 10 12 13 14 15 16
aRrfsf] ;ª\Vof 8 13 19 20 11 5
-d_
k|fKtfª\s 35 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 8 4 5 5 6 6 6 7
-e_
jiff{ (cm) 5 15 25 35 45
lbg 2 9 10 7 1
5. s'g} PsfO jf q}dfl;s k/LIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|fKtfª\s ljj/0f ;ª\sng u/L
vl08t >]0fLdf x'g] u/L tflnsLs/0f u/L To;sf] :t/Lo ljrng ;f]sf] u'0ffª\s /
ljr/0fzLntfsf] u'0ffª\s kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .
253
pTt/ dfnf
cEof; 1.1.1
1. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . 2. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
3. (a) x = 5, y = 4 (b) x = 7, y = 5
(c) x = 5, y = -12 (d) x = 7, y = 0 (e) x = 2, y = 1
4. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cEof; 1.1.2
2. (a) {(2,7),(3, 7)} (b) {(4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2), (4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3)}
3. (a) A = {a, b}, B= {1, 2, 5} n(A) =2, n(B) = 3
B x A = {1, a), (2, a), (5, a), (1, b), (2, b) (5, b)}, n(B xA) = 6
(b) A = {1, 2, 3} B, = {4, 5, 6}, n(A) = 3, n(B) = 3
B x A = { (4, 1), (5, 1), (6,1), (4, 2) (5, 2), (6, 2), (4, 3) (5, 3),(6, 3)}, n(B x A) = 9
4.(a) A X B = { (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3) (4, 2) (4, 3)}
B x A ={ (2, 1), (3, 1), (2, 2), (3, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
(b) A x B= { (3, 0), (4, 0), (5, 0), (6, 0) (3, 3) (4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3)}
cEof; 1.1.3(A)
2. (a) R1 = {(1, 5), (2, 4)}
R2 = {(2, 4), (1, 5),(1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
R3= {(2, 4)}
3. (a) {(3, 2) (b) {(2, 2)}, (3, 3) (c)  (d) {(1, 2), (2, 4)} (e) 
cEof; 1.1.3 (B)
2. (a) If]q = {1, 2, 3} lj:tf/ = {2, 3, 4} (b) If]q = {2, 3, 4} lj:tf/ = {3, 4, 6}
(c) If]q = {2, 3, 4} lj:tf/ = {5, 6, 7}
254
3. R = {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 7), (4, 6)}
(i) If]q = {1, 2, 3, 4} (ii) lj:tf/= {5, 6,7} (iii) R-1 = {(5, 1), (5, 2), (7, 3), (6, 4)}
4. R = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 8), (3, 3), (3, 6), (3, 9), (4, 4) (4, 8), (5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 7),
(8,8) (9, 9)}
(i) If]q = {2,3, 4, 5, 6, , 7, 8, 9}
(ii) lj:tf/ = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(iii) R-1 ={(2, 2),(4,2), (6,2), (8,2), (3,3), (6, 3), (9, 3), (4,4), (8,4), (5,5), (6,6), (7,7),
(8, 8), (9, 9)}
5. R l/k\mn]lS;e x'G5 . R l;d]l6«s x'Fb}g . R 6«fGh]l6e x'G5 .
6. (i) If]q = {2, 3}, lj:tf/ If]q = {5, 7} ljk/Lt ;DaGw = {(5,3), (5,3), (7,2), (7,3)}
cEof; 1.1.4 (A)
lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cEof; 1.1.4 (B)
cEof; 1.1.4 (C)
cEof; 1.1. 4 (D)
2. (a) f(2) = 13, f(3) = 17, f(5) = 25 (b) x = 2 (c) x = 3
3. (a) R = { -4. -2. 2} (b) R = {4, 10, 16} (c) R = {5, 2, -1, -4, -7}
4. (a) f(x) = 5x + 2, f(5) = 27 (b) f(x) = 3x + 1, f(3) =10
5. (a) h -5, x + x-5, 1 (b)
cEof; 1.2.1
1. / 2. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
3. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 4 (e) 5 (f) 7
4, 5 / 6 lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cEof; 1.2.2
2.(a) 4x3 – 2x2 + 2x -7 (b) 8x3 + 3x2 – 4
255
3. (a) x7 – x6 – 2x5 + 5x2 + x +9 (b) 3x3 – 12x2 + 9x + 6
4. (a) x6 – 1 (b) x3 + 1 (c) x5 – 4x4 + 9x3 – 11x2 + 6x – 4
5. –x3 + 4x2 + 4x + 17 6.
7. (a) x2 + 2x + 1 (b) 3x2 + x + 9 (c) 2y3 + 2y2 + 3y - 5
cEof; 1.3.1
1(a) 11, 13 (b) 4, 6 (c) -2, -6 (d) 0, -5 (e) 80, 160 (f) 4, 2
2. (a) 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, . . ., . .. (b) 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, . . . , . ..
(c) 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, . . ., . . . (d) -1, 4,-9,16, -25 . . ., . . .
cEof; 1.3.2
2. (a) (2n + 3) (b) 8 - 3n (c) 4n + 3 (d) n2 + n (e) -4n2 + n + 7
(f) (g)
3.(a) 5n - 3 (b) 4n2 (c) (d) n2 + n

cEof; 1.3.3.
1. / 2. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
3. (a)∑ (b) ∑ (c) ∑
4. (a) 18 (b) 26 (c) 90 (d)
cEof; 2.1
cEof; 2.2
cEof; 2.3
cEof; 2.4
1., 2. / 3. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ 4. (a) 1 (b) 0
cEof; 2.5
cEof; 3.1
256
1. (a) b]lv (c) ;Ddsf pTt/x¿ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . (d) 6
2. (a) (i) A 3 x 3 (ii)B3 x 2 (iii) C1x3 (iv) D3 x 1
3. 3 x 3, M3 x 2
4. a11 =2, a22 = 3, a32 = 7
cEof; 3.2
2. (a) ljs{0f d]l6«S; (diagonal matrix) (b) nx/ d]l6«S; (column matrix)
(c) cfoftfsf/ d]l6«S; (rectangular matrix) (d) kª\lSt d]l6«S; (row matrix)
(e) z"Go d]l6«S; (zero matrix)
3. (a) M= * + (b) N = * + (c) A= [ ]
4. (a) x = -2, y =2, w = 7 / z =5 (b) x = 7, y = 2, p = 2, q = -1

(c) p = 3, q = 1
cEof; 3.3
2. (a) M / N, R / T, Q / R, T / Q
(b) (i) * + (ii) * + (iii) [ ]
3. (a) lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . (b) * +
4. (a) x = 2, y =1 (b) x = 5, y = 3 (c) x = 2, y =-2, z = -6 (d) x = 2, y = 1

5. (a) (i) X = [ ] (ii) X = [ ] (iii) X = [ ]
(b) (i) Y = * + (ii) Y = * + (iii) Y = * +
cEof; 3.4
2. AT = [ ], BT = [ ]
257
CT = * +, DT= [ ], ET = [ ]

cEof; 3.5
2. (a) * + (b) * + (c) * +
(d) x = 6, y = -5, z = 4 (e) ( )
3 (a) (i) [ ] (ii)* + (iii) [ ]
b.(i)* + (ii)* + (iii)* +
(iv)* + (v)* + (c)MN * + [ ]
(d), (e), (f) lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

⁄ ⁄
4. (a) [ ] (b) * + (c) x = 8, y =126, z =
⁄ ⁄
(d) ( ) (e)* + (f) x = y = o, z = 2
cEof; 4.1
2. (a) 2 PsfO (b) √ PsfO (c) 5 PsfO (d) 4 PsfO
5. (a) 3 (b)
6. (a) x = 1 (b) y2 -2x – 4y + 5 = 0 (c) x2 + y2 – 16 = 0
(d) y2 + 4x -10y + 29 = 0
7. (a) x2 + y2 = 49 (b)(i) x – 3y – 13 = 0 (ii) x2 + y2 = 22x + 20y + 117 =0
258
(iii) x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y – 39 = 0
8. (a) 152+ 15y2 + 4x – 22y +3 = 0 (b) 3x2 + 3y2 + 2x + 16y + 15 = 0
(c) 8x2 + 8y2 + 6x – 36y + 27 = 0 (d) x2– 3y2 – 6x – 8y + 25 = 0
(e) 3x2 + 4y2 +4x – 10y + 100 = 0
9.lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cEof; 4.2
2. (a) ( ) (b) ( ) (c) ( )
3. (a) (15, 8) (b) (25, -22) (c) (9, 0)

4. (a) 4:5 (b) 3:-2 (c) 1:3
5. (a) (-1, -4) (b) (-5, 0) (c) (8, 4)
(d) AB sf] dWolaGb' =( ), BC sf] dWolaGb' =( ) CA sf] dWolaGb' = ( )
6. (a) (2, -1) / (3, 1) (b) ( ) / ( ) (c) (5, 0) / (15, 5)
7. (a) 1:3 (b) 4:3 (c) (d) 25

9. (a) (2, 5) (b) (6, 8) (c) (3, 4)
10. (a) x = 7, y =6 (b) (3, 6) / (1, 2)
cEof; 4. 3 (A)
2. (a) x – 2 = 0 (b) x – 5 = 0 (c) x + 4 = 0
3. (a) y – 2 = 0 (b) y + 4 = 0 (c) y -6 = 0
4. (a) x -3 = 0 (b) x + 7 =0 (c) 6x -5 = 0
5. (a) y – 3 =0 (b) 4y – 3 = 0 (c) 3y – 2 = 0
6.
m c
(a) 3 2
(b) 5 -2
(c) -2 4
259
(d) 12 4
(e)
(f) 5 4
(g) -1 -1
(h) 1 5
(i) 1
(j) √ 0
7. (a) 5x – y + 3 = 0 (b) 2x + y + 1 = 0 (c) 3x – y = 0
(d) x + 3y – 3 = 0 (e) 3x + 4y – 2 = 0 (f) x - √ √
(g) √ (h) √ (i) √
(j) x – y = 0 (k) √ (l) √
(m) √
cEof; 4.3 (B)
2.
x– v08 (a) y- v08 (b)
(a) 3 4
(b) -3 -5
(c) 12
(d) 15
(e) 1
3.(a) 4x – 3y – 12 = 0 (b) 4x -3y – 12 =0 (c) 2x + y – 10 = 0

(d) 3x – 2y + 6 =0 (e) 3x + 2y + 6 =0 (f) 15x + 3y - 9 = 0
4. (a) x + y – 11 =0 (b) x + y -1 = 0 (c) x + y – 7 = 0 (d) x + y – 8 = 0
(e) x – y + 1 = 0 (f) x –y – 1 = 0 (g) x – y – 9 = 0 (h) 2x + y – 10 0
(i) x + 2y – 7 = 0 (j) x + y - 7 = 0, 4x +3y - 24 = 0
5. (a) 3x – 2y – 12 = 0 (b) 3x + 2y -12 =0 (c) 6x + 4y – 21 = 0
260
cEof; 4.3 (C)
1. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\
2. (a) x - √ (b) √ (c) Y = 2 (d)x - √
(e) y - √ (f) x + √ (g) x - √
(h) x + y - √ =0 (i) √ (j) √ √
3. (a) ( ) (b) x cos135 + y sin 135 = 0
√ √
(c) xcos 135 + ysin135 =2√ (d)
(e) xcos240 + ysin 240 = 2 (f) xcos315 + ysin 315 =

√
(g) (h) xcos 135 + ysin 135 = 0

√
(i) xcos 150 + ysin 150 = ⁄ (j) x cos60 + ysin 60 =
√
4. (a) y = (b) y =
⁄
√
(c) y =x – 6; (d) y =
⁄
(e) (f)
⁄ ⁄
cEof; 4. 3 (D)
2. (a) x + y + 1 = 0 (b) √ ( √ )
(c) X –y – 1 = 0 (d) X - √ √
(e) X + √ √ (f) X - 3y + 5 = 0
3. (a) 7x +6y + 4= 0 (b) 2x – y + 4 = 0 (c) 2x + y – 2 =0
(d) x +y - 7 = 0 (e) 2x + y – 1 = 0 (f) x – y + 1= 0
(g) 10x + 7y – 11 = 0 (h) ax –by – ab =0 (i) bx + ay – ab =0
2 2
(j) (a – 2b) x – by + b + 2ab – a = 0
5. (a) 2 (b) 6 (c)
261
6. (a) 3x –y + 1 = 0; 7x + y – 10 = 0; x + 3y + 6 = 0
(b) x -1 = 0; x – 3y + 3 = 0; 10x – 6y -2 = 0
(c) 3x + 4y - 14 = 0 (d) 5; 3x + 4y – 9 = 0
cEof; 4.4
√
2. (a) √ (b) √ (c) 2 - √ (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
(i) (j) √
2. (a) 8 units (b) √ units (c) 2.4 units (d) ⁄ units (e) 2 PsfO
4. (a) 1 (b) 20 or 6 (c) -6 (d) 3 or

cEof; 4.5
2. (a) 26 ju{ PsfO (b) 12 ju{ PsfO (c)11 ju{ PsfO (d) 9 ju{ PsfO
(e) 10 ju{ PsfO (f) (g) a2 ju{ PsfO
(h) a2 ju{ PsfO (i) 4. 5 ju{ PsfO (j) 15 ju{ PsfO
3. lzIfsfnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
4. (a) 4 ju{ PsfO (b) 20, 5 ju{ PsfO (c) 5.5 ju{ PsfO (d) 5 ju{ PsfO
(e) 96 ju{ PsfO (f) 84 ju{ PsfO (g) 41 ju{ PsfO (h) 9 ju{ PsfO
(i) 44 ju{ PsfO (j) 16 ju{ PsfO
5. (a) 4 (b) lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . (c) (d) -2 /

6. (a), (b) (c) 11 (d) -3
cEof; 5.1
'' '' '' '' '' ''
1.(a) 164121 (b) 219040 (c) 110450 (d) 199810 (e) 34548 (f) 201388
2.(a) 25.7883 (b) 30.2542 (c) 49.8402 (d) 44.4236 (e) 80.8389 (f) 55.9411
'' '' '' '' '' ''
3. (a) 302010 (b) 251510 (c) 453525 (d) 301200 (e) 250015 (f) 474849
g g g g
4. (a) 50.408 (b) 40.3233 (c) 56.855 (d) 45.0035 (e) 37.5 (f) 98.4237
5. (a) 45 (b) 72 (c) 121.5 (d) 144 (e) 63 (f) 225
g g g g g g
6. (a) 50 (b) 300 (c) 20 (d) 40 (e) 120 (f)60
262
g g g g
7. (a) 36 (b) 30 (c) 40 , 60 , 80 (d) 50 , 70 , 80
g g g 0
(e) 30 , 80 , 90 (f) 60 , 80 , 100 , 120
8. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
9.(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
10.(a) 90° (b) 270° (c) 25.2° (d) 80° (e) 75° (f) 20°
g g g g g g
11.(a) 40 (b) 60 (c) 32 (d) 50 (e) 25 (f) 300
12.(a) (b) (c) (d)
13. (a) 45.82cm (b) 11.78cm (c) 6.36cm (d) 51.55° (e) 39.02°
(f) 6.23cm (g) 12.22m (h) 13.44m (i) 233cm (j) 895.69m
14.lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cEof; 5.2
1. (a) cos = tan = , cot = , sec = cose =
√
(b) sin = , cos = , tan = , cot =√ , cosec =2
√
√
(c) sin = , cos = , tan =√ , cot =2, cosec =
√
(d) sin = , tan = , sec = , cot = , cotes =
(e) sin A = , cosA = tan=1 cotA = 1 sec =√

√ √
2. (a) (b) (c) 7 (d) 7 (e) 22
3. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
4. (a) , (b), (c), (d) lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

cEof; 5.3
√ √ √ √ √
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 2 (g) 2 (h) 0
√
√ √
(i) 3 (j)
√
2. (a) (b) 0 (c) (d) 2 (e) -3 (f) 6 (g) 8
√
√
(h) (i) (j) 3. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
√
4. (a) -4 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 1

5-6. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
263
cEof; 5.4
(a) sin2A – sin2B (b) sin2 (c) cos2 (d) 1- cot4A
(e) 1 – sin4A (f) 1 – tan4A
2. (a) (cosA + sinA) (cosA sinA) (b) (secA - cosecA) (secA + cosecA)
(c) cos2A (1+ sin2A) (d) (tan - cot) (1 + tan2 + cot2)
(e) (cos + cosec) (sec - cosec)(sec2 + cosec2) (f) (sinx + 1) (sinx + 2)
3 b]lv 8 ;Dd lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cEof; 5.5
√ √
1. (a) - (b) (c) (d)√ (e) (f)
√
(g) (h) 2 (i) 0 (j) (k) (l)
(m) (n) (o) 2 (p) 1 (q) 2
2. (a) -cosec (b) sin.tan2 (c) -tan (d) –sec2

(e) secA cosecA (f) sin cos (g) –tan2 (h)tan2
(i) cosec.sec (j) -1
4. (a) tan (b) sin (c) (d) (e) (f) tan2 (g) cot2
√
(h) cot2A (i) -secA cosec2A (j) cot2A
cEof; 5.6
√ √ √
1. (a) (b) (c)2-√ (d) (e)2 + √
√ √ √
√ √
(f) (g) (h) √
√
3. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
4. b]lv 10 ;Ddsf] lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

cEof; 6.1
1, 2, 3. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
4. (a) ( ) (b) ( ) 5. (a) 3√ (b) 5, 143.13 (c) 10,240
6. (a)( ) √ (b) ( ) √ 7. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
264
8. x = 0, jf 4 9. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cEof; 6.2
1, 2. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
3.(a) ( ) (b) ( ) 4.(a) -7i – 6j, ( ) (b) i - 3j, , ( )

√ √ √ √ √ √
5. (a) 0 (b) 2 6. (a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ (b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (c) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗

(d) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (e) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ (f) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
7.(a) c;dfg (b) ;dfg 8. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . 9. (a) (0, 5) (b) x = 0,y = 1
cEof; 6.3
1. (a) (12,-6) (b) (2, -1) (c) (6, -3) 2. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
3. -4 4. (a) (-2, 6) (b) (4, -2) (c) (-4, 2) (d)(-1, 8)
(e) (9,-2) (f) (-4, 7)
5. (a) (17, 11) (b) (5, -3) (c) (-3, 1)
6. (-3, 8), (5, 0) 7. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
8. (a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (c)⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (d) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 9. (-3, 8)
10. (a) (-2, 5) (b) (c) ⃗ (d) (11, 11)
12. (a) ⃗ (b) ⃗ (c) ⃗ (d) ⃗
13-16 lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cEof; 7.1
1, 2 lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
3. (a) A' (1,-1), B' (-3,0), C' (4, -2) D' (-5, 3), E(2, 3)
(b) A' (-1, 1), B' (3, 0), C'(-4, 2), D' (5, -3), E'(-2, -3)
(c) A' (1, 1), B'(0,-3), C' (2, 4), D' (-3, -5), E' (-3, 2)
(d) A' (-1, -1), B'(0, 3), C'(-2, -4), D'(3,5), E'(3,-2)
(e) A' (-7, 1), B' (-3, 0), C' (-10,2), D'(-1, -3), E(-8, -3)
(f) A'(1, 9), B'(-3, 10), C' (4, 8), D'(-5, 13), E (2, 13)
4. (a) A'(0.-2), B'(2, 6), C'(3, 5) (b) A'(10, 0), B' (2. 2), C'(3. 3)
(c) A' (-2,-4), B' (6, -6), C'(5 - 7) n]vflrq lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
265
5. (a) P' (-3, 1), Q(1, 3), R'(4,-3), S'(-1, -2)
(b) P'(3,3), Q' (-1, -1), R'(5, -4), S' (4, 1) n]vflrq lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
6. (a) y = -x (b) x = 3 (c) y – cIf (d) y = -2
7. A' (-2, 3), B' (-3, 2), C' (-1, 1), A" (-4, 3), B"(-3, 2). C" (-5, 1) n]vflrq lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
8. Y(2, 8), Z(-4, -8), y = -x 9. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cEof; 7.2.
3. (a) P'(-5, 7), Q'(-4, -3), R'(3, -1), S'(3, 6), T'(-7, -4)
(b) P'(5,-7, Q'(4, 3), R'(3,1), S'(-3, -6), T'(7, 4)
(c) P'(-7,-5), Q (3, -4), R'(1, 3), S'(-6, 3), T'(4, -7)
(d) P'(7, 5), Q'(3, 4), R' (-1, -3), S'(6, -3), T' (-4, 7)
4. (a) A'(0, 1), B'(5, -4), C'(-2, -7) (b) A'(-1, 0), B'(-4, -5), C'(-7, 2)
(c) A'(0,-1), B'(-5, 4), C'(2, 7)
5. A(-3, -7), B' (-1,1), C'(-6, -8)
6. A'(1, -2), B'(1, -5), C' (4, -4), D'(4, -1)
7. (a) 180 (b) +90 (c) -90 (d) 360
8. (a) A' (2, 5), B'(-1, 3), C'(4, 2), A"(-2, -5), B"(1, -3), C"(-4, -2)
(b) P'(-7, 4), Q'(-2, 6), R'(-5, -5), P"(4, 7), Q"(6, 2), R"(-5, 5)
cEof; 7.3
3. (a) A' (1,1) (b) B'(4, -4) (c) C'(7, 4) (d) D'(-2, -6) (e) E'(9, 0)
4. P'(5, 5), Q' (1, 6), R'(7, 0)
5. (a) A' (-3, 0) (b) B'(3, 5) (c) C'(3. 5)
6. (a) (2, -3) (b) (-7, -12), (-3, -11) (c) a = -1, b = -1, (-6, 3)
7. A'(3, 2), B'(0, 5), C' (5, 6) n]vflrq lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
8. P'(4, -2), Q'(0, -1), R'(5, -5) n]vflrq lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
9. (-4, 1); A'(-3, 9), B' (-7,10),C'(-4, 14), D'(0, 13)
10. A'(-3, 4), B' (4, -4), C' (2, 0), A" (-5, 7), B" (2, -1), C"(0, 3)
266
cEof; 7.4
1, 2, 3 lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
4. (a) A' (8, 10), B' (6, 0), C'(-4, 6), D' (-10,0) E' (-6, -4)
(b) A'(-12, - 15), B'(-9, 0), C(6, -9), D'(15, 0) E(9, 6)
(c) A'( ), B'( 0), C'(-3, ), D' 0) E( )
(d) A'( , ) B'(-1 0), C'( ), D'( ), E'( )

(e) A' (5, 12), B'(3, 2) C' (-7, 8), D'(-13, 2), E (-9, -2)
(f) A' (-9, -20), B'(-7, 0), C'(13, -12), D'(25,0), E' (17,8)
(g) A'(-11, ), B' ( ) C' ( ), D'( ) ( )
5. A' (8, -4), B'(6, 2), C' (4, 10)

6. P' (3, 11), Q' (1, 3), R(-1, 5), S'(1, 13)
7. (a) E[O,-2], (b)E [O, 3], (c) E[(2, 1), 2] (d) E[(1, 2), 2]
8. (a) a = 3, b= 6 (b) a= 3, b = -2
cEof; 8.1
1. ;a} pTt/x¿ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
2. (a) Q1= 6 cf}F kb = 5
Q2 = 12 cf}F kb = 9
Q3 = 18 cf}F kb = 12
(b) Q1 = 4 cf}F kb = 15
Q2 = 8 cf}F kb = 20
Q3 = 12 cf}F kb = 25
3. (a) Q1 = 35 Q3 = 55 (b) Q1 = 25 Q3 = 35
4. (a) D1 = 19, D4 = 28, D8 = 52 (b) D2 =22, D7 = 63 (c) D5 = 55, D6 =55
(d) D4 = 15, D9 = 30
5. (a) P40 = 23, P90 = 63 (b) P32 = 20, P85 = 35
267
cEof; 8.2
2. (a) 3, 0.2 (b) 10.5cm, 0.28 (c) Rs. 9 , 0.07
(d) 5.5mm, 0.407 (e) 2.75 kg, 0.423
3. (a) ?= 3, 0.25 (b) 5mm, 0.17 (c) 7.5 , 0.142
(d) 12.5, 0.10 (e) 2cm, 0.143
4. (a) 5, 0.1 (b) 75, 0.36 (c) 30 (d) 9, 3 (e) 3a, 0.5
5. (a) 7.09, 7.09 (b) 6.42, 6.22, 0.38 (c) 4, 3.48, 0.12, 0.31
(d) Rs. 6181.82 (e) 3.4, 0.283
6. (a) 3.15, 0.15; 3.16, 0.16 (b) 4.5, 0.15; 4.75, 0.16
(c) 0.9, 0.3 (d) 11.06, 0.19; 11.25, 0.19
(e) 2.32, 0.331, 2.97, 0.57
cEof; 8.3
2. (a) 14.14, 0.47, 47% (b) 1.72, 0.23, 22.93%
(c) 18.65, 0.27 27% (d) 28.72, 0.34 , 34%
(e) 7.05, 0.24, 24% (f) 6.5 , 0.18 18%
3. (a) 9.6 (b) 12.29 (c) 1.61
4 (a) 12.33, 0.43, 43.1% (b) 1.61, 0.013, 1.3%
(c) 1.57, 0.118, 11.83% (d) 19.7, 0.35, 34.8%
(e) 9.73, 0.41, 41%
268

RS1094 Final Opational Maths Grade 9 PDF

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RS1094 Final Opational Maths Grade 9 PDF

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ऐिच्छक गिणत

पाठ्यबम िवकास केन्ि

© kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] lnlvt :jLs[ltlagf Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu

;+:s/0f M lj=;+= @)&$

kf7\ok':tssf ;DaGwdf s'g} ;'emfj eP kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|, ;Dkfbg

j|m=;= PsfO k[i7 ;ª\Vof

1.1 ;DaGw / kmng 1

1.3 cg'j|md / >]0fL 29

8. tYofª\s zf:q 229

pTt/ dfnf 254

(b) ;dLs/0f 2x + y = 18 dfGo x'g] u/L vfnL 7fpFdf eg'{xf];\ M

(c) lbOPsf] n]vflrqaf6 laGb'x¿ A, B, C, / D

1.1.1 j|mdhf]8f (ordered pair) lrq g= 1.1

;d"x A df b'O{ cf]6f ;b:ox¿ 4 / 5 5g\ .

(4, 5) df klxn] cfpg] ;b:o (antecedent) 4 / (5, 4)

tn lbOPsf pbfx/0fx¿af/] sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M

j|mdfut ;b:ox¿ Pscfk;df a/fa/ x'g] ePsfn]

cyjf, 3x = 9 x 4 cyjf, y=6x6

(c) (18 ÷ 3, 4 x 2) / (2 x 3, 5+ 2) (d) (4 + 5, 21 7) / (3 x 3, 4 - 1)

1.1.3 ;DaGw (Relation)

-v_ ;DaGw hgfpg] tl/sf (Representation of Relation)

(iii) n]vflrq ljlw (Graphical method)

(iv) j|mdhf]8fx¿sf] ;d"x ljlw (set of ordered-pair method):

cEof; 1. 1.3 (A)

-u_ ;DaGwsf] If]q / lj:tf/ If]q (Domain and Range of a Relation)

4. olb A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 5 . A df kl/eflift ;DaGw R = {(x,y), x n] y nfO{ l7s

s] A sf k|To]s s] A sf k|To]s s] A sf k|To]s s] A sf k|To]s

dfgf}F ;d"x A / B b'O{ ;d"xx¿ 5g\ .

lrq 1.11 df,

2. tn lbOPsf s'g ;DaGwx¿ kmng x'g\ / s'g xf]Ogg\ sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ M

3. tn lbOPsf k|To]s ;DaGwnfO{ ldnfg lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . oL ;DaGwx¿ kmng

-v_ 7f8f] /]vf k/LIf0f (Vertical line test)

(i) (ii) (iii)

(b) olb f(x) = eP f(-1), f( ) ( ) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

1.2.0 k'g/fjnf]sg (Review)

f(x) = x2 + 12x + 18 1, 12, 18 wgfTds k"0ff{ª\sx¿

f(x) = 4 x2 + 4x + 7 3 lqkbLo (trinomial)

b'O{ cyjf b'O{eGbf a9L kbx¿ ePsf] kmngnfO{ ax'kbLo elgG5 .

(v) ax'kbLodf ePsf kbx¿df ;fª\lVos (numeral) / ln6/n (literal) u'0ffª\sx¿

2. tn lbOPsf cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;fª\lVos u'0ffª\s / ln6/n u'0ffª\s kTtf

[f(x) + g(x)] – h(x) kTtf nufpg'xf];\ .

1.3.0 k'g/fjnf]sg (Review)

1.3.1 cg'j|mdsf] kl/ro (Introduction to sequence)

1.3.2 ;fwf/0f kb (General term)

9, 16, 25, 36, . . ., . . .

klxnf] km/s (first difference) a a a

klxnf] km/s -4 -4 –4 –4 ...

klxnf] km/s 3 5 7 9 11 ...

bf];|f] km/s 2 2 2 2 ...

To;}n], ;fwf/0f kb (tn) = 3n

kb ;ª\Vof klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] Rff}yf] n cf}F

To;}n], pSt cg'j|mdsf] ;fw/0f kb cyjf n cf}F kb ( ) ( )

cg'j|md 0, sf] ;fwf/0f kb kTtf nufpg'xf];\ M

To;}n] lbOPsf] cg'j|md sf] ;fwf/0f kb ( ) ( ) x'G5 .

3. lbOPsf lrqfTds cg'j|mdx¿sf] ;fwf/0f kb kTtf nufpg] lgod n]Vg'xf];\ M

1.3.3 >]0fLsf] kl/ro (Introduction to series)

2.0 k'g/fjnf]sg (Review)

10 ;]=ld= nDafO ePsf] Pp6f /]vfv08 AB lng'xf];\ . pSt /]vfv08sf] dWolaGb', C