Admission no.

Name - Umashankar Meshram

Address - Project Director ATMA Seoni

Programme title - PGDAEM

Semester - Ist

Course code -

Course title -

Name of study centre -

Signature -

Date -
 Post Graduate Diploma in
Agricultural Extension
Management (PGDAEM)

Assignment

Guided by Submitted
by
Umashankar Meshram
A.T.M.Kurai

Distt.- Seoni
Roll No.-
1.Introduction
2.Objective
3.Common and widely used training method
4.Innovative and modern training method
5.Management/business training method
6.Exposure visit
7.Summary
8.Reference

Introduction
 Training is different from education in many ways. While education is
concerned chiefly with enhancement and development of knowledge, training aims
essentially at improving knowledge and understanding, stimulating aptitude and
imparting skills related to a specific job or work.
Training is the process of aiding employees to gain effectiveness in their
present or future work through the development of appropriate habits of thoughts,
actions, knowledge, skills and attitude. It is a process through which a person
enhances and develops his efficiency, capability and effectiveness at work by
improving and updating his knowledge, understanding and skills relevant to his job
satisfaction. Training also helps a person in cultivating appropriate and desired
behaviour and attitude towards work and people.
It is interesting to see that, besides the change in attitudes, behaviour and
understanding, the skills of the trainees are also improved through the effective
process of training.

Objectives
Have a clear-cut idea about training, its significance and importance of
capacity building in individuals.
2. Know the various training methods;
3.Understand the characteristics of different training methods.

In general, training is the responsibility of three partners-the training institution,

the participant organizations and the participant.

Broadly, the ‘training’ intends to fulfill the following objectives-

 To help the trainees in acquiring knowledge of the subject matter.

 To bring about the change of the attitudes, understanding and behaviour
 among the trainees towards the particular object, programme and problem.
 To help in evaluating the abilities, potentials and competency of the trainees
 for a particular job or work skills.
 To induce the zeal and enthusiasm among the trainees for self-learning and
 development.
  To enhance the problem-solving and decision-making capability of the
 trainees.
 To help in narrowing down the gap between expected level of performance
 and actual level of performance among the trainees.
 To provide scientific pace of knowledge and skills to discharge the duties
 and responsibilities of the trainees meaningfully and purposefully.

Common and Widely Used Training Methods

LECTURE
The lecture method is one of the most commonly used training methods where
the trainer is active and the trainee is passive. It is one of the oldest and most basic
training method. Broadly, a lecture has three components, viz. introduction,
presentation of body of the lecture, and conclusion. Care must be taken to arrange
the presentation of lecture in a logical sequence and visual aids can be used to
supplement the talk.

Contents of Lecture
Depending on aids, should usually be selected for presentation through lecture as the
spoken words play The content, which can be clearly and easily explained in spoken words
without a dominant role in this method.

Advantages of using Lecture Method

1. On need not heavily depend upon audiovisual aids and other gadgets for
2. presentation. We may not even use any audiovisual aids and gadgets for a
3. lecture.
4. Most economical one from cost point of view assuming that the trainer is
5. competent in lecturing on the particular content.
6. Knowledge-level content can very conveniently be passed on to the
7. participents.
 Disadvantages of Lecture Method

1. Practically some trainers take advantage of the method because of its

medium (the spoken words) and speak anything and get away with it.
Thus, they misuse the method

2. Some trainers make use of the obsolete lecture notes, which they might
have prepared several years back. They present outdated information
through lecture method and waste the time allotted.

3. Effective oral presentation depends heavily upon the strength of vocabulary

and knowledge of grammar rules including structures of sentences.
Someone poor in these aspects is likely to give a very poor performance in
lecturing.

WORKSHOP
Advantages of the Workshop Method

1. It makes the participants work with full involvement to produce something

concrete and not merely discuss something.
2. It produces something concrete which is practically useful to its members as
well as to others needing it.
3. The discussion generated in the workshop situation helps develop the higher
cognitive attributes and thereby sharpens the intellect of the participants.
4. It develops certain affect attributes like controlling emotions, having patience
in discussion, accepting others’ views, having an open mind to learn and so
on.

Disadvantages of Workshop Method

1. The method suits top and middle level officials only and does not help that
much to the junior staff. Youngsters will not be as much benefited by this
method as the grown up higher-level executives can.
2. The trainer’s ignorance about the details of the theme can be hidden as the to
method does not expect the trainer to do much on his own rather he is group
 expected make the work. But this covering up of weakness is only to some
extent
3. With the help of competent co-trainers the trainer can manage the whole
thing nicely. But if the co-trainers are not really competent to that extent, the
whole thing may fail. This may be considered as a disadvantage because the
trainer is dependent on a team of competent or otherwise co-trainers.

SEMINAR
Nature and Scope
The idea behind the seminar system is to familiarize students/participants more
extensively with the methodology of their chosen subject and also to allow them to
interact with examples of the practical problems that always occur during
professional work.

Advantages of Seminar Method

1. The trainer succeeds in involving the whole group of participants in the process
of the method.

2. Involvement of the group could be observed in two different ways. One, when the
involvement is passive at the time of presentation. Two, when the involvement is
active at the time of discussion.

3. The participants learn how they should participate in a formal situation like
seminar where their observations and questions, are to be directed through the
chairman to the speaker. Face-to-face dialogue is normally not permitted in a
seminar method.
4. A great way for those that don’t like to read, or attend classes, to improve
their knowledge of a specific subject.
5. A nice vacation, in usually, a good hotel or a popular academic insititution.
Most seminars take place in quality hotels, as this is part of the incentive to
attracting attendees or well reputed academic institutions.

Disadvantages of Seminar Method

1. Not suitable for large groups (about 50). One may mechanically try to use

this method with around 50 participants but undoubtedly that would end in

chaos and confusion.

2. The nature of content, which requires simple descriptive presentation through

lecture and where elaborate discussion for generating ideas is not necessary,

employing seminar method would result in utter failure. Instead, that would

be a lecture by the speaker and no discussion worth mentioning to follow.

3. Though the interaction through discussion is the most precious thing in this
method, sometimes it may sidetrack to unnecessary and irrelevant exchanges
between members. This way, a lot of time is wasted.

GROUP WORK
Nature and Scope
This is one of the methods of training used occasionally by a few trainers is group
work. As it literally means, a group works to learn through the process of that work
duly guided by the trainer. Group work a form of cooperative learning. It aims to cater
for individual differences, develop students' knowledge, generic skills (e.g.
communication skills, collaborative skills, critical thinking skills) and attitudes.
Specifically in psychotherapy, "group work" refers to group therapy, offered by a
practitioner trained in psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, counseling or other relevant
discipline.

Advantages of Group Work Method

1. Develops great spirit of academic work.

2. Participants learn through work or in another words they learn by doing the
intellectual exercise. It is not a passive listening or anything of the sort.

3. The product of the group work is not only useful for the group but also for
others who need it. Therefore, you can say that group work method has a by-
product, which is useful to others.
4. Through the group-work method, the participants are made to exert
themselves considerably to come out with something meaningful. This
process of involvement is very useful for the participant. Simply listening or
watching is not that useful to him.
5. Group work is an effective means of dividing the workload. Many companies
undertaking large projects divide the work into more manageable units by
assigning groups to undertake the work.

Disadvantages of Group Work Method

1. Some participants do not take active part in the group work as they think that
others can do the work. At the same time they feel that their negligence
cannot be noticed by the trainer.
2. If the trainer fails in proving adequate reference material and library facility,
the participants are bound to suffer and the method is sure to flop.
3. In sub-group formation, the trainer has to keep in mind the expected.
cooperation he would require from the co-trainers

4. One difficulty with group work is that you can't work as quickly as you can
by yourself. Patience, communication skills and commitment are all required
to make the most of the contributions of all group members. Thus, effective
group work requires each member to focus on the process rather than just the
product.
5. Some participants may feel that it is unfair that they are in a group in which
members do not have the interest, motivation or ability to attain the grades
that they are used to. Thus any work produced will not be up to that
participant’s usual standard and their overall mark may be affected.

Innovative and Modern Training Methods

(Brainstorming, Method Demonstration)

BRAINSTORMING
Nature and Scope
The Brainstorming method is one of the training methods and the only method in
recent times, which attempts at developing creative ability through uninhibited
expression in a formal setting.
 It aims at creativity and it encourages thinking in new lines. Brainstorming is a
group or individual creativity technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion
for a specific problem by gathering a list of
ideas spontaneously contributed by its member(s).

Brainstorming is a popular group method of finding ideas. The process involves a

group working together and stating ideas, arguing the merits of those ideas,
supplementing those ideas or rejecting those ideas. Brainstorming is often seen in
the workplace, when a work group meets to consider and create multiple ideas.

Role of Trainer
The trainer’s role is very important when this session is on. He has not only to
facilitate a situation for free flow of ideas but also to guard against any interference
by the co-participants which would disturb the proceedings by making the

participants conscious of what he is saying.

Advantages of Brainstorming Method

1. It creates an atmosphere for free expression of ideas. This free expression
develops the ability to express the suppressed thoughts and the fresh ideas
coming to one’s mind instantaneously.
2. Through the ability to express one’s ideas one develops the ability to think
creatively as creative thoughts come to a free mind. Therefore, brainstorming
method helps develop creativity in an individual.
3. The brainstorming method is employed when a problematic situation requires
a solution for which no readymade answer is available. To solve the problem,
sometimes, logical thinking alone would not do. One is expected to think.
very freely even if the solution procedure looks silly. Brainstorming method
provides the opportunity
4. Uncommon problematic situations require creative thinking for solution of
the problem. The brainstorming method provides the opportunity of free
thinking and free expression for generating creative ideas.
Disadvantages of Brainstorming Method

1. Participants do not get exposed to a full-length presentation, which could

enable the participants to comprehend certain things to develop their
knowledge and ability for comprehension. In other words, the content which
is informative in nature cannot be taken up through brainstorming method.

2. The method has the limitation of basic requirement in the form of mature
participants who can think critically and imaginatively at a higher cognitive
level. In other words, the method is not suitable for chronologically young
ones.
3. A dynamic trainer who knows the modus operandi of a brainstorming method
is essential to employ the method successfully. His proper direction makes
the method meaningful in getting desired results.
4. In a group participants have to listen to others and may spend time repeating
their ideas until they get sufficient attention.
5. Going through the protocol, processing and ordering the ideas can become a
complex procedure. This also depends on the number and order of the
generated ideas.

METHOD DEMONSTRATION
Nature and Scope
Method demonstration is an important extension tool when a new skill or an
improved practice is to be people as to how to do something. Method demonstration
is an effective technique since
it involves the learner’s senses; people learn best when all their senses are used.

Organizing Method Demonstration

The Introduction: It is the step in which interest is generated among the audience
so that they feel that it is worth to listen and watch out demonstration. This is actually
the planning and preparation parts of the demonstration.
The Body: This is the “action” part of the demonstration. In this part, the audience
are taken through the skill we are demonstrating one step at a time. As we do each
step, we tell the audience what we are doing and why are we doing it. We may also
give extra information about the materials or equipments.
The Summary: This is the last step in method demonstration and it is the last
opportunity for the demonstrator to sell his ideas and also for repeating his key
points. The summary should be very brief. We should show the finished product and
encourage the audience to use the information or method.

Advantages of Method Demonstration

1. It is particularly suited to teaching skills to many people.

2. Seeing, hearing, discussing and participating in a group stimulate action.
3. It builds confidence in the presenter, when the demonstration is performed
skillfully.
4. Simple and good demonstrations readily help in repeated use of the
method/practice.

Disadvantages of Method Demonstration

1. Considerable time and expense can be involved in obtaining necessary

materials. For example, heavy objects are extremely difficult to transport.

2. If small objects are used, there is a strict limitation as to the number of people
that can adequately observe the demonstration.

3.If a limited supply of materials is available, only one member of the group
may be able to imitate what has been demonstrated.

4. Another limitation is that it is suitable mainly for the practices involving skills.

5. Needs good deal of preparation, equipments and skill of the extension agent.

Management/Business Training Methods

CONFERENCE
What it is

The simple meaning of a conference is a meeting of people who "confer" about a

topic. Conference is one of the training methods widely used by trainers in
management and technical organizations.

Steps in Conference Method

The conference starts with the plenary session, which is the first point in the
agenda. The purpose or the objective of the papers to be presented and the
discussions to be held are explained in this session. The plenary session is followed
by the paper presentation by the delegates. Each delegate’s name is announced and
he is requested to make the presentation. As the number of presentations is also
large, discussion for each presentation is not taken up
separately. After completing all the presentations, the whole group of delegates is
divided into a few small groups. Each small group is put in charge of a container who
should also have presented a paper.

Advantages of Conference Method

1. It takes care of a large number of delegates for presentation and discussion.

2. The participants are exposed to the plenary session where they learn that the
discussions to be followed by their presentation are conducted with some
specific objectives and not for fashion.
3. The participants also learn to discuss the issues presented through different
papers. Ability to participation in discussions is a significant gain for the
participants.

Disadvantages of Conference Method

1. The management of the activity for a large group of delegates. Sometimes the
number creates a problem.
2. A very suitable venue is necessary for conference method. It should not only
 be spacious but also should have adequate furniture, public address system
and all that. In case all these things are not possible to arrange, the method
may flop.
3. A team of qualified and well-oriented co-trainers is essential to have in
advance for the conference method. Any difficulty in this aspect may create
considerable problems for the method to succeed.

BUSINESS GAMES
What it is

Business game (also called business simulation game) refers to simulation games
that are used at an educational tool for teaching business. Business games may be
carried out for various business training such as: general management, finance,
organizational behaviour, human resources, etc.

Advantages of Business Games Method

1. One advantage is that business games are most suitable for managers and
other executives.
2. Another advantage of business games is that the games offer a variety of
challenges to management skills.
3. As a result of the involvement in business games, the participants are likely to
learn and retain more than they could in a less interesting static situation.

Disadvantages of Business Games Method

1. All sorts of instructional objectives cannot be achieved through this method

From that consideration, the business games method has limited use.
2. Another disadvantage is that the method will not be applicable to all types of
clientele. As explained earlier, only the managers and other executives would
benefit the most through this method.
3. Games may go in its own direction without seriousness and participants may
not realize its significance in real life situation unless they are instructed
properly.

PANEL DISCUSSION
Nature and Scope
Panel discussion method is one of the training methods when a small group of
panelistspresents divergent views on some issues worth deliberating. The
participants listen andthen involve themselves in the combined discussion. Panel is a
group of three or morepeople often skilled in various fields, who conduct before an
audience a discussion on atopic in order to stimulate interest and to present different
points of views rather than toarrive at a single solution or to establish the superiority
of one view.

Theme for Presentation in Panel Discussion

The theme is an important factor that should be selected for presentation through the
panel discussion method. If the theme is completely informative and there is no
possibility of having different views on the same, the theme should not at all be taken
up.

Advantages of Panel Discussion

1. It provides the participants with divergent and diverse views on the same
topic instead one view. This process enriches the knowledge of the
participants and enables them to see particular theme from different angles.
2. Panel discussion stimulates the thinking of the participants when they observe
the panelists at discussion. Therefore, we can say that the method helps
develop the higher cognitive attributes of the participants.
3. The higher cognitive attributes are developed even when the discussion is
open after the panelists complete their discussion
4. In addition the higher cognitive attributes also get developed through the
 discussion sessions in the panel discussion method.

Disadvantages of Panel Discussion

1. When the panelists fail to deliver the goods; the method fails and the trainer
obviously becomes helpless in such a situation.
2. Selection of the theme or topic is equally important, as the competent
panelists can do nothing if the topic is not suitable one.
3. If the participants are not briefed adequately, they may get bored and
disillusioned during the discussion by the panelists, as they have to keep
silent during the period. Any sort of communication gap may disturb the
participants.

CASE STUDY
Nature and Scope

In Case study method, situations/ cases will be analytically experimented. It is an

excellent medium for developing analytical skill.
It is a written description of an actual situation, which provokes in the learners the
need to decide what is going on, what the situation really is or what the problems are
and what can and should be done.

Procedural Details of Case Study Method

Construction: A case starts with the identification of what the trainers want the
participants to learn.
Writing: After the situation for a case study is constructed, the thoughts have to be
properly written in the form of a case.
Introduction: Where is the situation occurring and in what context? (This sets up the
framework for the problem the case study would be addressing).
Body: What problem situations are developing?
What events and factors are contributing to the problems?
Where the major characters and what are are they doing?
Conclusion: What is the status of the problems now?
What are the major/minor characters doing and what are their thoughts and feelings?
What has happened to the relationships between the major characters?

Applications

The case study provides a learning situation, which depends on involvement and
participation in group discussion for its success. Discussion should be focused, yet
informal.

Advantages of Case Study Method

1. It enables the pooling of the experiences of a group of participants.

2. It distributes knowledge and facts.
3. It promotes the process of synthesis of several concepts and principles into
one multifaceted explanation or plan of action.
4. The method helps in group cooperation and improves interpersonal skills.
5. It provides a great amount of description and detail. Researchers can learn a
lot from one case. This volume of details suggests many future research
questions to follow up in other studies.

Disadvantages of Case Study Method

1. It is very time-consuming compared to more direct, expositive teaching

method.
2. It requires the participants to engage in deep-processing of the general
principles involved, through a process of reflection and abstraction, and the
promotion and control of this process, in turn, requires special skills and
expert knowledge on the part of the trainer.
3. The results might not generalize to others. In other words, the experiences of
one person might not apply to other people. Eg; Researchers at the National
Zoo are doing case studies with the two pandas (one male, one female). They
have a great amount of information on the pandas, but what they find might
not be true of all pandas.
Exposure visits
Exposure visits are organized for officers and progressive farmers to show latest
developments in agriculture and allied activities within and outside the country.
During the exposure visit one person will be nominated to take notes and
photographs. Upon return the nominated person will prepare a “trip report” that can
be sued in the local media.
Domestic visits will be organized to the National Institute, ICAR or State
Agricultural Universities which are engaged in the research, development and
training in agriculture technology to expose the officers and farmers to the ongoing
programmes.
International visits will be organized to other countries where similar agroclimatic
conditions prevail and commendable work in agricultural development has been
made. The Officers of the Department will be exposed to the research, and
development in those countires and apply the technologies relevant to local field
situations.

Method of training
On job traning off job traning
Job rotation classroom method

Planned progression simulation method

Coaching and counselling business games

Under study committees

Junior broads conferences

Readings
 In basket training

Summary and conclusion

Training methods broadly categorized as on the job and off the job have a lot of
sub-components as we have already seen. A diagrammatic view of such a
classification is given below-

Training is a proactive, planned and continuous process of change and

development for an individual and an organization as a whole. Through training only
an individual can acquire new knowledge, improve his concerned skills, reorient and
redesign his attitudes for growth and efficiency together with the organizational
effectiveness and development. Training helps in changing the internal dynamics of
an individual to cope up with the changing scenario in the organization and in
society. Therefore, training is considered as one of the most valuable, significant and
important tool for human resource development in any organization in modern-day
world.
Everyone has natural capacity and even an eagerness to learn to grow and to
improve his status and competency in the organization as well as in the society. And
training enhances and facilitates these phenomena.
A trainer plays the roles of administrator, consultant, facilitator, expert,
designer of learning experience, instructor, motivator and friend as per situation and
time demands. And the trainee and trainers are the two most significant components
of the training process.

Reference
 1. Baghri A.1995.voctional training of rural youth .Tehran,Trabal
Modares University (Msc thesis)
2. ILO,1993 appraising and providing professional centre as
workshop for disable persons. Geneva ,International labour
bureau
3. Ministry of laboure and social 1999.training calendar for the year
1378.Tehran,National Technical and Professional organization .
4. www.google.com

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