"The universe may be a billion

years younger than we thought.”:

Introduction
The formula for the conversion of radiometric or other long-period time estimates (including
Stratigraphy) developed by Barry Setterfield (and parameterised by Clearing-UpTimes (CUT)) to
orbital dating is of cosmological import. Since from Historical dating by CUT we can say the
‘cosmological’ start cf. Biblical information, otherwise unknowable, is -5589 corresponding to
12.31 billion years ago T=1 and Peleg, -2898 corresponds to T=0.

Fact Base
From MACH website, https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/universe-may-be-billion-years-
younger-we-thought-scientists-are-ncna1005541 we have
May 18, 2019, 6:05 AM EDT

By Corey S. Powell
We've all lost track of time at one point or another, but astronomers really go all in.
Recent studies show they may have overestimated the age of the universe by more than
a billion years — a surprising realization that is forcing them to rethink key parts of the
scientific story of how we got from the Big Bang to today.

The lost time is especially vexing because, in a universe full of mysteries, its age has
been viewed as one of the few near-certainties. By 2013, the European Planck space
telescope's detailed measurements of cosmic radiation seemed to have yielded the final
answer: 13.8 billion years old. All that was left to do was to verify that number using
independent observations of bright stars in other galaxies.

Then came an unexpected turn of events.

A few teams, including one led by Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope
Science Institute in Baltimore, set out to make those observations. Instead of confirming
Planck's measurements, they started getting a distinctly different result.
"It was getting to the point where we say, 'Wait a second, we're not passing this test —
we're failing the test!'" says Riess, co-author of a new paper about the research to be
published in Astrophysical Journal.

He estimates that his results, taken at face value, indicate a universe that is only 12.5
billion to 13 billion years old.

A ground-based telescope's view of the Large Magellanic Cloud

Studies of star clusters in a neighboring galaxy (inset) add to the evidence that the
universe is younger and faster-expanding than expected.

Space Telescope Science Institute Office of Public Outreach / NASA, ESA, A. Reiss (STScI/JHU)

At first, the common assumption was that Riess and the other galaxy-watchers had
made a mistake. But as their observations continued to come in, the results didn't budge.
Reanalysis of the Planck data didn't show any problems, either.

If all the numbers are correct, then the problem must run deeper. It must lie in our
interpretation of those numbers — that is, in our fundamental models of how the
universe works. "The discrepancy suggests that there's something in the cosmological
 model that we're not understanding right," Riess says. What that something could be,
nobody knows.

Discovery of the dawn of time

The current discrepancy traces its origin way back to 1929, when astronomer Edwin
Hubble discovered that galaxies are fleeing from Earth in all directions. More shocking,
Hubble found that the farther away the galaxies are, the faster they're moving apart.
That pattern means they're all fleeing from each other as well. "The only way all of this
can be true is if space is expanding," Riess says.

If the idea of an expanding universe seems bizarre to you, welcome to the club.

"It's still bizarre to me, too," Riess says. "But that's what all of the data show, and that's
what our theory predicts." Even Hubble never fully accepted the implications of his own
work.

An expanding universe implies that the universe has a definite age, because you can
retrace the action back to a time when everything in the cosmos was crammed together
in an extremely dense, hot state: what we call the Big Bang.

"This is another hard concept for people to get their heads around," University of
Chicago cosmologist Wendy Freedman said, adding that the Big Bang didn't go off like
a kind of bomb. "The Big Bang is an explosion of space, not into space," she said.

In other words, galaxies are not flying away from each other through space. Space itself
is stretching between them, and it has been ever since the Big Bang. So it's meaningless
to ask where the Big Bang occurred. It occurred everywhere. As Freedman puts it,
"There is no center or edge to the explosion."

But in the expanding universe, there is a beginning of time — at least, time as we know
it. By measuring the rate at which galaxies are moving apart, astronomers realized, they
could figure out the moment when the cosmos blinked into existence. All they had to do
is figure out how to get their galactic measurements exactly right.

Clocking the cosmos

Freedman has been working on that problem for more than three decades, far longer
than she ever expected. "This is an incredible challenge," she says. "Imagine making
measurements out to hundreds of millions of light years to 1-percent accuracy!"
 Hubble himself flubbed the test. His original calculations implied a universe younger
than Earth, because he had drastically underestimated the distances to other galaxies.

The difficulty of making direct observations of other galaxies is one of the reasons why
scientists created the Planck space telescope. It was designed to detect radiation left
over from the Big Bang. The pattern of that radiation indicates the exact physical state
of the early universe, if you know how to decode it. In principle, then, the Planck
readings should tell us everything we want to know about what the universe is made of,
and how old it is.

Planck has been a resounding success, pinning hard numbers onto the soft riddles of the
cosmos. It indicated that 26 percent of the universe consists of dark matter, invisible
material that helps hold galaxies together. It also confirmed the surprise discovery that
the universe is dominated by dark energy, an unknown force that permeates all of empty
space. (The detection of dark energy is what earned Riess a shared 2011 Nobel Prize.)

The likely implication of these findings is that the universe will keep expanding forever,
faster and faster, into an ever-deeper darkness. It's an uncomfortable thought, one that
Riess would rather not dwell on: "The scale of time is so beyond that of humanity, I
don't think of it in human terms."

Most satisfying, perhaps, Planck finally completed the job that Hubble began,
determining how quickly the universe is expanding and how long it has been around. Or
so it seemed.

Something big is missing

Fortunately, Freedman and Riess and their colleagues didn't give up on their alternate
approach to determining the age of the universe. They kept improving their
observations, and are now getting close to that ambitious target of 1 percent accuracy.
Which brings us to the current dispute — what the scientists politely refer to as "the
tension."

The latest galaxy studies indicate an expansion rate about 9 percent faster than the
answer from Planck. That might not sound like much of a disagreement, but over
cosmic history it adds up to that full billion years of lost time.
 Given the stakes, everyone involved is checking and rechecking their results for
possible sources of error. Increasingly, though, it looks like the problem lies not with the
observations but with the theories of cosmology that underpin them. If those theories
are wrong or incomplete, the interpretation of the Planck readings will be flawed, too.

"There's currently no consistent story that works for all our cosmological data," says
Princeton University astrophysicist Jo Dunkley, who has extensively analyzed the
Planck results. "That means there is fascinating work to be done, to see if there is
something out there that can explain all of it."

The "tension" reminds scientists of just how much they still don't understand about the
underlying laws of nature. Dunkley points to the ghostly particles known as neutrinos,
which are extremely abundant throughout space. "We measure neutrinos in the lab and
put them in our cosmological model assuming that they are behaving just as we expect
them to, but we simply don't know if that's true," she says. "I wouldn't find it surprising
if dark matter turned out to be more complicated than we think, too."

Then there's the enigma of dark energy. "We have no good ideas for what it is. Perhaps
there are also elements completely missing from the model side, still to be discovered,"
Freedman says. Theorists have no shortage of ideas: new types of dark energy, new
fields, new particles.

Figuring out which explanation is correct — if any — will require another vast
improvement in how we measure what the universe is actually doing. Freedman isn't
coy about the magnitude of our ignorance: "The question is, what do we have yet to
learn? I'd love to come back in a hundred or a thousand years and find out!"

Discussion
The notion of dark energy and dark matter is interesting but controversial – see Barry Setterfield
www.setterfield.org.
Assuming we go with Barry’s evolving cosmological model, we can take his Eq. 14 from the
Natural Philosophy Alliance monograph #1 as our conversion chart formula - voiding PM
Robitaille’s no physical reality to Plank’s constant in the process.
The 2,691 orbital years involved, anchored to Julius Sextus Africanus’ corrected Anno Mundi, yield
the relevant boundary at the end of the time closest to moderns today ie Peleg’s birthday exactly!!
The continental movements had by that time ceased in the main. Again, an interesting co-incidence.
CUT has, in the past, associated Anno Mundi (NOT General Cosmic Year 1) with 13.8 billion years
but for the past few years it has been evident that 12.3 billion is the true age of the cosmos. The
Flood date, in the past, put at 829.04 MYA is now
te = 826,805,065 0.1593461 428.8 -3,326.80.

Conclusion

There is no reason to assume that with an ‘error’ of 1.6% from the 12.5 billion years ago 12.3
billion years is not in the ball park.