Civil: Department: Semester: V Sub - Code/ Name: / Strength of Materials

SRIVIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK
QUESTION WITH ANSWERS
DEPARTMENT : CIVIL SEMESTER: V

SUB.CODE/ NAME: CE8402 / Strength of Materials
UNIT– 3 COULMNS
PART - A (2 marks)
1. Define columns
If the member of the structure is vertical and both of its ends are fixed rigidly while subjected
to axial compressive load, the member is known as column.
Example: A vertical pillar between the roof and floor.
2. Define struts.
If the member of the structure is not vertical and one (or) both of its ends is Linged (or) pin
jointed, the bar is known as strut.
Example: Connecting rods, piston rods etc,
3. Mention the stresses which are responsible for column failure.
i. Direct compressive stresses
ii. Buckling stresses
iii. Combined of direct compressive and buckling stresses
4. State the assumptions made in the Euler’s column theory. . (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
1. The column is initially perfectly straight and the load is applied axially.
2. The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length.
3. The column material is perfectly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic and obeys Hooke’s
law.
4. The self weight of column is negligible.
5. What are the important end conditions of columns?
1. Both the ends of the column are hinged (or pinned)
2. One end is fixed and the other end is free.
3. Both the ends of the column are fixed.
4. One end is fixed and the other is pinned.
6. Write the expression for crippling load when the both ends of the column are hinged.
 2 EI
P
l2
P = Crippling load
E = Young’s Modulus
I = Moment of inertia
l = Length of column
CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 1 OF 55

7. Write the expression for buckling load (or) Crippling load when both ends of the
column are fixed?
4 2 EI
P
L2
P = Crippling load
8. Write the expression for crippling load when column with one end fixed and other end
linged.
2 2 EI
P
l2
P = Crippling load
9. Write the expression for buckling load for the column with one fixed and other end
free.
 2 EI
P
4l 2
P = Crippling load
10. Explain equivalent length (or) Effective length.
If l is actual length of a column, then its equivalent length (or) effective length L may be
obtained by multiplying it with some constant factor C, which depends on the end fixation of the
column (ie) L = C x l.
11. Write the Equivalent length (L) of the column in which both ends hinged and write the
crippling load.
 2 EI
Crippling Load P 2
L
Equivalent length (L) = Actual length (l)
P = Crippling load
L= Length of column

12. Write the relation between Equivalent length and actual length for all end conditions
of column.
Both ends linged L=l Constant = 1

l 1
Both ends fixed L Constant =
2
2
One end fixed and other l 1
L Constant =
end hinged 2 2
One end fixed and other
L  2l Constant = 2
end free
13. Define core (or) Kernel of a section. . (ACU Nov/Dec 2011) (ACU May/June 2012)
When a load acts in such a way on a region around the CG of the section So that in that region
stress everywhere is compressive and no tension is developed anywhere, then that area is called
the core (or) Kernal of a section. The kernel of the section is the area within which the line of action
of the eccentric load P must cut the cross-section if the stress is not to become tensile.
14. Derive the expression for core of a rectangular section. (ACU Nov/Dec 2003)
The limit of eccentricity of a rectangular section b x d on either side of XX axis (or) YY axis is
d/6 to avoid tension at the base core of the rectangular section.
Core of the rectangular section = Area of the shaded portion
1 b d
 2  
2 3 6
bd

18
15. Derive the expression for core of a solid circular section of diameter D.
(ACU April /May 2010) (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The limit of eccentricity on either side of both XX (or) YY axis = D/8 to avoid tension of the
base.
Core of the circular section = Area of the shaded portion
  D / 82
D 2

64
16. A steel column is of length 8m and diameter 600 mm with both ends hinged.
Determine the crippling load by Euler’s formula. Take E  2.1105 N/mm2.

I d 4   6004  6.36  10 9 mm 4
64 64
Since the column is hinged at the both ends,
 Equivalent length L = l

 2 EI
Pcr 
L2
 2  2.1  10 5  6.36  10 9

8000 2
 2.06  10 8 N
17. Define Slenderness ratio. (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
It is defined as the ratio of the effective length of the column (L) to the least radius of
L
gyration of its cross –section (K) (i.e) the ratio of is known as slenderness ratio.
K
L
Slenderness ratio =
K
18. State the Limitations of Euler’s formula. (AUC April /May 2005)
a. Euler’s formula is applicable when the slenderness ratio is greater than or equal to 80
b. Euler’s formula is applicable only for long column
c. Euler’s formula is thus unsuitable when the slenderness ratio is less than a certain value.
19. Write the Rankine’s formula for columns. (AUC April /May 2010)
fc  A
P 2
L
1 
K
I
K = Least radius of gyration 
A
P = Crippling load
A = Area of the column
fc = Constant value depends upon the material.
fc
 = Rankine’s constant 
 2E
20. Write the Rankine’s formula for eccentric column.
fc  A
P
ey    L 
2

1  2c  1     
 k    k  
I
K = Least radius of gyration 
A
P = Crippling load
A = Area of the column
fc = Constant value depends upon the material.
fc
 = Rankine’s constant 
 2E

21. Define thick cylinder. . (ACU April /May 2011)

If the ratio of thickness of the internal diameter of a cylindrical or spherical shell exceeds
1/20, it is termed as a thick shell.
The hoop stress developed in a thick shell varies from a maximum value at the inner
circumference to a minimum value at the outer circumference.
Thickness > 1/20
22. State the assumptions involved in Lame’s Theory (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
i. The material of the shell is Homogeneous and isotropic.

ii. Plane section normal to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder remains plane after the
application of internal pressure.
iii. All the fibers of the material expand (or) contact independently without being
constrained by there adjacent fibers.
23. What is the middle third rule? (ACU Nov/Dec 2003)
In rectangular sections, the eccentricity ‘e’ must be less than or equal to b/6. Hence the
greatest eccentricity of the load is b/6 form the axis Y-Y and with respect to axis X –X1 the
eccentricity does not exceed d/6. Hence the load may be applied with in the middle third of the base
(or) Middle d/3.
24. What are the limitations of the Euler’s formula?
1. It is not valid for mild steel column. The slenderness ratio of mild steel column is
less than 80.
2. It does not take the direct stress. But in excess of load it can withstand under direct
compression only.
25. Write the Euler’s formula for different end conditions. (ACU Nov/Dec 2012)
1. Both ends fixed.
PE = л 2 EI / ( 0.5L)2
2. Both ends hinged
PE = л 2 EI / (L)2
3. One end fixed ,other end hinged.
PE = л 2 EI / ( 0.7L)2
4. One end fixed, other end free.
PE = л 2 EI / ( 2L)2
L = Length of the column
26. How many types will you determine the hoop stress in a thick compound cylinder?
(AUC May/June 2012)
1. Radial stress
2. Circumferential or hoop stress
3. Maximum at the inner circumference
4. Minimum at the outer circumference of a thick cylinder
27. How columns are differentiate the type of column depending upon the Slenderness ratio. .
(ACU April /May 2011)
Slenderness ratio is used to differentiate the type of column. Strength of the column
depends upon the slenderness ratio, it is increased the compressive strength of the column
decrease
as the tendency to buckle is increased.

PART -B (13 marks)













11. A hollow cylindrical cast iron column whose external diameter in 200mm and has a
thickness of 20mm is 4.5m long and is fixed at both ends . Calculate the safe load by Rankin’s
formula using a factor safety of 2.5. Take crushing strength of material as 580N/mm2 and
Rankin’s constant as 1/1600 . Find also the ratio of Rulers to Rankin’s load E= 150Gpa .
(AUC May/June 2012)


12. A pipe of 200mm internal diameter and 50mm thickness carries a fluid at a pressure of a
10Mpa. Calculate the maximum and minimum intensities of circumferential stress distribution
and circumferential stress distribution across the section. (AUC Apr2011)

13. Explain the failure of long column.

Solution:
A long column of uniform cross-sectional area A and of length l, subjected to an axial
compressive load P, as shown in fig. A column is known as long column if the length of the column
in comparison to its lateral dimensions is very large. Such columns do not fail y crushing alone, but
also by bending (also known buckling)
The load, at which the column just buckles, is known as buckling load and it is less than the
crushing load is less than the crushing load for a long column.
Buckling load is also known as critical just (or) crippling load. The value of buckling load for
long columns are long columns is low whereas for short columns the value of buckling load is high.
Let
l = length of the long column

p = Load (compressive) at which the column has jus
buckled.
A = Cross-sectional area of he column
e = Maximum bending of the column at the centre.
P
0 = Stress due to direct load 
A
b = Stress due to bending at the centre of the column

Pe
=
Z
Where
Z = Section modulus about the axis of bending.
The extreme stresses on the mid-section are given by
Maximum stress =  0 + b
Minimum stress =  0 - b
The column will fail when maximum stress (i.e)  0 +  b is more the crushing stress fc. In
case of long column, the direct compressive stresses are negligible as compared to buckling stresses.
Hence very long columns are subjected to buckling stresses.

14. State the assumptions made in the Euler’s column Theory. And explain the sign
conventions considered in columns. (AUC April/May2003) (AUC May/June2012)
(AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
The following are the assumptions made in the Euler’s column theory:
1. The column is initially perfectly straight and the load is applied axially
2. The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length.
3. The column material is perfectly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic and
obeys Hooke’s law.
4. The length of the column is very large as compared to its lateral dimensions
5. The direct stress is very small as compared to the bending stress
6. The column will fail by buckling alone.
7. The self-weight of column is negligible.
The following are the sign conventions considered in columns:
1. A moment which will tend to bend the column with its convexity towards its initial
centre line is taken as positive.
2. A moment which will tend to bend the column with its concavity towards its initial
center line is taken as negative.
15. Derive the expression for crippling load when the both ends of the column are hinged.
(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
Consider a column AB of length L hinged at both its ends A and B carries an axial crippling
load at A.
Consider any section X-X at a distance of x from B.
Let the deflection at X-X is y.
 The bending moment at X-X due to the load P, M =  P. y
d 2 y  Py
2
  k 2 y
dx EI
p
Where k 2 
EI
d2y
` 2  k y  0
2
dx
Solution of this differential equation is

y  A cos kx  B sin kx
 p   p 
 y  A cos x   B sin x 
 EI   EI 
   
By using Boundary conditions,
At B, x = 0, y = 0 A=0
At A, x = l, y = 0
p
 0  B sin l
EI
p
Sinl 0
EI
p
l  0,  ,2 ,3 ......
EI
Now taking the lest significant value (i.e) 
p 2 p 
 ; l   
2
l
EI  EI 
 2 EI
p 2
l
`The Euler’s crippling load for long column with both ends hinged.
 2 EI
p
l2
16. Derive the expression for buckling load (or) crippling load when both ends of the column
are fixed. (AUC April/May2010)
Solution:
Consider a column AB of length l fixed at both the ends A and B and caries an axial
crippling load P at A due to which buckling occurs. Under the action of the load P the column will
deflect as shown in fig.
Consider any section X-X at a distance x from B.Let the deflection at X-X is y.
Due to fixity at the ends, let the moment at A or B is M.

 Total moment at XX = M – P.y

Differential equation of the elastic curve is
d2y
EI  M  Py
dx 2
d 2 y py M
 
dx 2 EI IE
d 2 y py M p
  
dx 2 EI IE p
d 2 y py P M
  
dx 2 EI EI P
The general solution of the above differential equation is

  
y  A cos x P / EI  B sin x P / EI  M
P
(i)
Where A and B are the integration constant
At, N. x = 0 and y = 0
 From (i)
M
0  A 1  B  0 
p
M
A
p
Differentiating the equation (i) with respect to x,
dy
dx
 A
P
EI
 
Sin x. P / EI  B
P
EI

Cos x.
P 
EI
0

 
dy
At the fixed end B, x = 0 and 0
dx
P
B 0
EI
P
Either B = 0 (or) 0
EI

P
Since  0 as p  0
EI
B=0
M
Subs A   and B = 0 in equation (i)
p
M  P  M
y cos x. 
 P
P  EI 
M  P 
y 1  cos x.. 

P  EI 
Again at the fixed end A, x = l, y = 0
0
M
P
 
1  Cos l. P / EI 
l. P / EI  0,2 ,4 ,6 ........
Now take the least significant value 2
P
l.  2
EI
P
l. 2   4 2
EI
4 2 EI
P
l2
 The crippling load for long column when both the ends of the column are fixed
4 2 EI
P 
L2
17. Derive the expression for crippling load when column with one end fixed and other end
hinged. (ACU April/May 2003) (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
Solution:
Consider a column AB of length l fixed at B and hinged at A. It carries an axial crippling

load P at A for which the column just buckles.
As here the column AB is fixed at B, there will be some fixed end moment at B. Let it be M.
To balance this fixing moment M, a horizontal push H will be exerted at A.

Consider any section X-X at a distance x from the fixed end B. Let the deflection at xx is y.
Bending moment at xx = H (l-x) - Py
Differential equation of the elastic curve is,
d2y
EI  H l  x   Py
dx 2
d2y P 14l  x 
2
 y
dx EI EI
d2y P H l  x  p
2
 y 
dx EI EI P
d2y P H l  x  p
2
 y 
dx EI EI EI
The general solution of the above different equation is
 p   p  H l  x 
y  A cos x.   B sin  x.
 


 EI   EI  P
Where A and B are the constants of integration. (i)
At B, x = 0, y = 0
 Hl
From (i) A 
P
P H
B 
EI P
H EI
B 
P p
Again at the end A, x = l, y=0.  substitute these values of x, y, A and B in equation (i)
0
Hl
P

Cos l. P / EI 
H
P
 EI
P

Sin l. P / EI 
H
P



EI
p

Sin. l. P / EI   Hl
P
Cos l. P / EI 
 

 
tan l. P / EI .l  P / EI .l
 
The value of tan P / EI .l in radians has to be such that its tangent is equal to itself. The only
angle whose tangent is equal to itself, is about 4.49 radians.
P / EI .l  4.49
l  4.49
P 2 2
EI
P 2
l  2 2 (approx)
EI
2 2 EI
P
l2
The crippling load (or) buckling load for the column with one end fixed and one end hinged.
2 2 EI
P
l2
18. Derive the expression for buckling load for the column with one end fixed and other
end free. (AUC April/May 2003) (AUC May/June2012)
Solution:
Consider a column AB of length l, fixed at B and free at A, carrying an axial rippling load P
at D de to which it just buckles. The deflected form of the column AB is shown in fig. Let the new
position of A is A1.
Let a be the deflection at the free end. Consider any section X-X at a distance x from B.
Let the deflection at xx is y.
Bending moment due to critical load P at xx,

d2y
M  EI 2  Pa  y 
dx
d2y
EI 2  Pa  py
dx

d 2 y py pq
 
dx2 EI EI
The solution of the above differential equation is,
 P   P 
y  A cos x.   B sin  x.
 
  a Where A and B are constants of integration.

 EI   EI 
At B, x = 0, y = 0
 From (i), A = 0
Differentiating the equation (I w.r. to x
dy P  P  P  P 
 A Sin x. B
 Cos x. 

dx EI  EI  EI  EI 
dy
At the fixed end B, x = 0 and 0
dx
P
0B
EI
P
As 0  p  0
EI
Substitute A = -a and B = 0 in equation (i) we get,
 P 
y  a cos x. a
 EI 
  P 
y  a 1  cos x.. 
 (ii)
  EI 
At the free end A, x = l, y = a, substitute these values in equation (ii)

  P 
a  a 1  cos1.. 
  EI 

 P 
cos1.. 0
 EI 


P  3 5
1  , ,
EI 2 2 2
Now taking the least significant value,
P 
1 
EI 2
P 2
1 2

EI 4
 2 EI
P
4l 2
The crippling load for the columns with one end fixed and other end free.
 2 EI
P
4l 2
19. A steel column is of length 8 m and diameter 600 mm with both ends hinged. Determine the
crippling load by Euler’s formula. Take E =2.1 x 105 N/mm2
Solution:
Given,
Actual length of the column, l = 8m = 8000 mm
Diameter of the column d= 600 mm
E = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2


I d 4
64

 600 4
64
I  6.36 109 mm 4
Since the column is hinged at the both ends,
 Equivalent length L =l
Euler’s crippling load,

 2 EI
Pcr 
L2
 2  2  2.1  105  6.36  109

80002
= 2.06 x 108 N
20. A mild steel tube 4m long, 3cm internal diameter and 4mm thick is used as a strut with
both ends hinged. Find the collapsing load, what will be the crippling load if
i. Both ends are built in?

ii. One end is built –in and one end is free?
Solution:
Given:
Actual length of the mild steel tube, l = 4m = 400 cm
Internal diameter of the tube, d = 3 cm
Thickness of the tube, t = 4mm = 0.4cm.
 External diameter of the tube, D = d + 2t

= 3+2(0.4)
= 3.8 cm.
Assuming E for steel = 2 x 106 Kg/cm2
M.O.I of the column section,

I
64
D 4
d4 


64
3.8 4
 3
2

I = 6.26 cm 4
i. Since the both ends of the tube are hinged, the effective length of the column when both
ends are hinged.
L = l = 400 cm
 2 EI
 Euler’s crippling load  Pcr 
L2
 2  2  10 6  6.26

4002

Pcr  772.30 Kg.
 The required collapsed load = 772.30 Kg.
ii. When both ends of the column are built –in ,

then effective length of the column,
l 400
L   200cm
2 2
 2 EI
Pcr 
L2
 2  2  10 6  6.26

2002
Pcr = 3089.19 Kg.
iii. When one end of the column is built in and the other end is free,
effective length of the column, L = 2l
= 2 x 400
= 800 cm
 2 EI
Pcr 
L2
 2  2  10 6  6.26

8002
Pcr = 193.07 Kg.
21. A column having a T section with a flange 120 mm x 16 mm and web 150 mm x 16 mm
is 3m long. Assuming the column to be hinged at both ends, find the crippling load by
using Euler’s formula. E = 2 x 106 Kg/cm2.
Solution:
Given:
Flange width = 120 mm = 12 cm
Flange thickness = 16 mm = 1.6 cm
Length of the web = 150 mm = 15cm
Width of the web = 16mm = 1.6cm

E = 2 106 Kg/cm2
Length of the column, l = 3m = 300 cm.
Since the column is hinged at both ends, effective length of the column.
L = l = 300 cm.
From the fig. Y-Y is the axis of symmetry.  The C.G of the whole section lies on Y-Y
axis.
Let the distance of the C.G from the 16 mm topmost fiber of the section = Y
1.6  15 
12  1.6   15  1.61.6  
2  2
Y 
12  1.6  15  1.6
Y  5.41 cm
Distance of C.G from bottom fibre = (15+1.6) - 5.41

= 11.19cm
Now M.O.I of the whole section about X-X axis.
12  1.63  1.6   1.6  15

2 3
 15  
2
I XX   12  1.6 5.41       1.6  1511.19   

 12  2    12  2  
I XX  1188 .92cm4
M.I of the whole section about Y-Y axis
1.6  12 3 15  106 3

I yy    235 .52cm4
12 12
 I min  235.52cm 4
 Euler’s Crippling load,

 2 EI
Pcr 
L2
 2  2  10 6  235.52
 Pcr  51655.32 Kg .
3002 ;

22. A steel bar of solid circular cross-section is 50 mm in diameter. The bar is pinned at
both ends and subjected to axial compression. If the limit of proportionality of the material is
210 MPa and E = 200 GPa, determine the m minimum length to which Euler’s
formula is valid. Also determine the value of Euler’s buckling load if the column has this
minimum length.
Solution:
Given,
Dia of solid circular cross-section, d = 50 mm
Stress at proportional limit, f = 210 Mpa

= 210 N/mm2
Young’s Modulus, E = 200 GPa = 200 x 10 3 N/mm2

Area of cross –section, A   50 2  1963 .49 mm 2
4
Least moment of inertia of the column section,

I   50 4  3.6.79  10 3 mm 4
64
Least radius of gyration,
306 .79  10 3
 50 4  156 .25 mm 2
I
k2 

A 1963 .49
 The bar is pinned at both ends,
 Effective length, L = Actual length, l
 Euler’s buckling load,
 2 EI
Pcr 
L2
Pcr  2E

A L / K 2
For Euler’s formula to be valid, value of its minimum effective length L may be found out by
equating the buckling stress to f
 2E
2
 210
L
 
K
 2E  k 2  2  2  10 5  156 .25
L2  L2 
210 210

L = 1211.89 mm = 1212 mm = 1.212 m
The required minimum actual length l =L = 1.212 m
For this value of minimum length,
 2 EI
Euler’s buckling load 
L2
 2  2  10 5  306.75  10 3

1212 2
= 412254 N = 412.254 KN
Result:
Minimum actual length l = L = 1.212 m

Euler’s buckling Load =412.254 KN
23. Explain Rankine’s Formula and Derive the Rankine’s formula for both short and long
column.
Solution:
Rankine’s Formula:
Euler’s formula gives correct results only for long columns, which fail mainly due to
buckling. Whereas Rankine’s devised an empirical formula base don practical experiments for
determining the crippling or critical load which is applicable to all columns irrespective of whether
they a short or long.
If P is the crippling load by Rankine’s formula.
Pc is the crushing load of the column material

PE is the crippling load by Euler’s formula.
Then the Empirical formula devised by Rankine known as Rankine’s formula stand as:
1 1 1
 
P Pe PE
For a short column, if the effective length is small, the value of P E will be very high and the
1 1
value of will be very small as compared to and is negligible.
PE PC

1 1
For the short column, (i.e)  P = PC
P Pc
Thus for the short column, value of crippling load by Rankine is more or less equal to the
value of crushing load:
1
For long column having higher effective length, the value of PE is small and will be
PE
1 1
large enough in comparison to . So is ignored.
PC PC
1 1
 For the long column,  (i.e) p  PE
PC PE
Thus for the long column the value of crippling load by Rankine is more or less equal to the
value of crippling load by Euler.
1 1 1
 
P Pc PE
1 P  Pc
 E
P Pc  PE
Pc  PE Pc
p  p
PE  Pc ; P
1 c
PE
 2 EI
Substitute the value of P c = fc A and PE  in the above equation,
L2
fc  A
p
f A
1 2 c
 EI / L2
Where,
fc = Ultimate crushing stress of the column material.
A = Cross-sectional are of the column
L = Effective length of the column
I = Ak2
Where k = Least radius of gyration.

fc  A fc  A
p 
f A f c  A  L2
1 2 c 1
 EI / L2  2 EAk 2
fc  A
p 2
 L
1  
K
fc
where  = Rankine’s constant 
 2E
Crushing Load
P=
1   L / k 
2
When Rankine’s constant is not given then find
fc

 2E
The following table shows the value of fc and  for different materials.
fc
Material fc N/mm2 
 2E
1
Wrought iron 250
9000
1
Cast iron 550
1600
1
Mild steel 320
7500
1
Timber 50
750
24. A rolled steel joist ISMB 300 is to be used a column of 3 meters length with both ends
fixed. Find the safe axial load on the column. Take factor of safety 3, f c = 320 N/mm2
1
and   . Properties of the column section.
7500
Area = 5626 mm2, IXX = 8.603 x 107 mm4
Iyy =4.539 x 107 mm4
Solution:
Given:
Length of the column, l = 3m = 3000 mm
Factor of safety = 3

1
fc = 320 N/mm2,  
7500
Area, A = 5626 mm2
IXX = 8.603 x 107 mm4

Iyy =4.539 x 107 mm4
The column is fixed at both the ends,
l 3000
Effective length, L    1500mm
2 2
Since Iyy is less then Ixx, The column section,
I  I min  I yy  4.539  10 7 mm 4
Least radius of gyration of the column section,
I 4.539  10 7
K   89.82mm
A 5626
Crippling load as given by Rakine’s formula,
fc  A 320  5626
pcr  2
 2
 L 1  1500 
1   1  
K 7500  89.82 
Pcr = 1343522.38 N
Allowing factor of safety 3,
Crippling Load
Safe load =
Factor of safety
1343522.38
  447840.79 N
3
Result:
i. Crippling Load (Pcr) = 1343522.38 N

ii. Safe load =447840.79N

25. A built up column consisting of rolled steel beam ISWB 300 with two plates 200 mm x
10 mm connected at the top and bottom flanges. Calculate the safe load the column
carry, if the length is 3m and both ends are fixed. Take factor of safety 3 fc = 320
1
N/mm2 and  
7500
Take properties of joist: A = 6133 mm2
IXX = 9821.6 x 104 mm4 ; Iyy = 990.1 x 104 mm4
Solution:
Given:
Length of the built up column, l = 3m = 3000 mm

fc =320 N/mm2
1

7500
Sectional area of the built up column,
A  6133  2200  10  10133mm 2
Moment of inertia of the built up column section abut xx axis,
 200  10 3 2
I XX  9821.6  10  2 
4
 200  10 155 
 12 
= 1.94 x 108 mm4
Moment of inertia of the built up column section abut YY axis,
 10  200 3 
IYY  990 .1 10  2
4 
 12 
 
= 0.23 x 108 mm4
Since Iyy is less than Ixx , The column will tend to buckle about Y-Y axis.
Least moment of inertia of the column section,
I  I min  I YY  0.23  10 8 mm 4
The column is fixed at both ends.
Effective length,

l 3000
L   1500mm
2 2
 Least radius of gyration o the column section,
J 0.23  10 8
K   47.64mm
A 10133
Crippling load as given by Rankine’s formula,
fc  A 320  10133
pcr  2
 2
 L 1  1500 
1   1  
K 7500  47.64 
= 2864023.3 N
2864023.3
Safe load = Crippling load   954674.43N
3
Factor of safety
Result:
i. Crippling load = 2864023.3 N

ii. Safe load = 954674.43 N
26. Derive Rankine’s and Euler formula for long columns under long columns under
Eccentric Loading? (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
i. Rankine’s formula:
Consider a short column subjected to an eccentric load P with an eccentricity e form the axis.
Maximum stress = Direct Stress + Bending stress
P M I
fc   Z
A Z y
P p.e. y c
  I  Ak 2
A Ak 2
I
k
A
where

A = Sectional are of the column

Z = Sectional modulus of the column
yc = Distance of extreme fibre from N.A
k = Least radius of gyration.
P ey 
fc  1  2c 
A k 

fc  A
P
Eccentric load, ey
1  2c
k
 ey 
Where 1  2c  is the reduction factor for eccentricity of loading.
 k 
For long column, loaded with axial loading, the crippling load,
fc  A
P 2
 L 
1 
K 
  L  
2

Where 1     is the reduction factor for buckling of long column.
  K  

Hence for a long column loaded with eccentric loading, the safe load,
fc  A
P
 eyc  L 
2
1  2 1     
 K   K  
ii. Euler’s formula
Maximum stress n the column = Direct stress + Bending stress
l
P  e sec P / EI
P 2
 
A Z

Hence, the maximum stress induced in the column having both ends hinged and an
P Pe  l
eccentricity of e is  sec P / EI 
A Z  2
The maximum stress induced in the column with other end conditions are determined by
changing the length in terms of effective length.
27. A column of circular section has 150 mm dia and 3m length. Both ends of the column
are fixed. The column carries a load of 100 KN at an eccentricity of 15 mm from the
geometrical axis of the column. Find the maximum compressive stress in the column
section. Find also the maximum permissible eccentricity to avoid tension in the column
section. E = 1 x 105 N/mm2
Solution:
Given,
Diameter of the column, D = 150 mm

Actual length of the column, l = 3m = 3000 mm
Load on the column, P = 100 KN = 1000 x 103 N
E = 1 x 105 N/mm2
Eccentricity, e = 15 mm
  D2
Area of the column section A 
4

 1502
4
= 17671 mm2
Moment of inertia of the column section N.A.,
 
I  D4   150
4
64 64
= 24.85 x 106 mm4
Section modulus,
I I
Z 
y D/2
24.85  10 6
=  331339mm 3
150
2
Both the ends of the column 2 are fixed.
l 3000
Effective length of the column, L    1500mm
2 2

Now, the angle
L 100  10 3 1500
P / EI   
2 1  10  24.85  10
5 6
2
o
= 0.1504 rad = 8.61
Maximum compressive stress,
P Pe L
   sec P / EI 
A Z  2
100  10 3 100  10 3  15  sec 8.61o

 
17671 331339
= 10.22 N/mm2
To avoid tension we know,
P M

A Z
P p  e  sec .8.61o
 
A Z
100  10 3 100  10 3  e  sec .8.61o


17671 331339
e = 18.50 mm
Result:
i. Maximum compressive stress = 10.22 N/mm2
ii. Maximum eccentricity = 18.50 mm
28. State the assumptions and derive Lame’s Theory?
1. The assumptions involved in Lame’s Theory.
i. The material of the shell is homogenous and isotropic

ii. Plane sections normal to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder remain plane after
the application of internal pressure.
iii. All the fibres of the material expand (or) contract independently without being
constrained by their adjacent fibres.

2 Derivation of Lame’s Theory
Consider a thick cylinder

Let
rc = Inner radius of the cylinder
r0 = Outer radius of the cylinder
Pi = Internal radial pressure
Po = External radial pressure
L = Length of the cylinder

f2 = Longitudinal stress.
Lame’s Equation:
f x  px  2a
b
Px  2
a
x
b
 fx  2
 a  2a
x
b
fx  2
a
x
where
fx = hoop stress induced in the ring.
px = Internal radial pressure in the fig.
Px + dPx = External radial pressure in the ring.
The values of the two constants a and to b are found out using the following boundary
conditions:
i. Since the internal radial pressure is Pi,

At x = ri, Px = Pi
ii. Since the external radial pressure is P0,

At x = r0, Px = P0
29. A thick steel cylinder having an internal diameter of 100 mm an external diameter of
200 mm is subjected to an internal pressure of 55 M pa and an external pressure of 7
Mpa. Find the maximum hoop stress.
Solution:
Given,

100
Inner radius of the cylinder, ri   50mm
2
200
Outer radius of the cylinder, ro   100mm
2
Internal pressure, Pi = 55 Mpa
External pressure, P0 = 7 Mpa
In the hoop stress and radial stress in the cylinder at a distance of x from the centre is f x and
px respectively, using Lame’s equations,
b
fx  a (i)
x2
b
Px  a (ii)
x2
where a and b are constants,
Now by equation, at x = 50 mm, Px = 55 MPa (Boundary condition)
Using these boundary condition in equation (ii)

b
Px  2  a
x
b
55  a
50 2 (iii)
Then x = 100 mm, px = 7 Mpa
Using these boundary condition is equation (ii)
b
7 a (iv)
100 2
Solving (iii) & (iv)
b / 100 2  a  7
b / 50 2  a  55
(- ) (+)
3b
 = - 48
10000

b = 160000
a=9
Substitute a & b in equation (i)
160000
fx  9
x2
The value of fx is maximum when x is minimum
Thus fx is maximum for x = ri = 50 mm
160000
 Maximum hoop stress  9
502
= 73 Mpa (tensile)
Result:
Maximum hoop stress = 73 MPa (tensile)
30. A cast iron pipe has 200 mm internal diameter and 50 mm metal thickness. It carries
water under a pressure of 5 N/mm2. Find the maximum and minimum intensities of
circumferential stress. Also sketch the distribution of circumferential stress and
radial stress across the section.
Solution:
Given:
Internal diameter, di = 200 mm

Wall thickness, t = 50 mm
Internal pressure, Pi = 5 N/mm2
External pressure, P0 = 0.
di 200
 Internal radius ri    100mm
2 2
External radius r0  ri  t  100  50  150mm
Let fx and Px be the circumferential stress and radial stress at a distance of x from the centre of the
pipe respectively.
Using Lame’s equations,
b
fx  a (i)
x2
b
px  2  a (ii)
x

where, a & b are arbitrary constants.
Now at x = 100 mm, Px = 5 N/mm2

At x = 150 mm, Px = 0
Using boundary condition is (ii)
b
5 a (ii)
1002
b
0 a (iv)
1502
By solving (iii) & (iv) a = 4 ; b = 90000
90000 90000
 fx   4, Px   4,
x 2
x2
Putting x = 100 mm, maxi circumferential stress.
 4  13N / mm 2 tensile
90000
fx 
100 2
Putting x = 150 mm, mini circumferential stress.
 4  8 N / mm 2 tensile
90000
fx 
150  2
31. Explain the stresses in compound thick cylinders.
Solution:
Consider a compound thick cylinder as shown in fig.
Let,
r1 = Inner radius of the compound cylinder
r2 = Radius at the junction of the two cylinders
r3 = Outer radius of the compound cylinder

When one cylinder is shrunk over the other, thinner cylinder is under compression and the
outer cylinder is under tension. Due to fluid pressure inside the cylinder, hoop stress will develop.
The resultant hoop stress in the compound stress is that algebraic sum of the hoop stress due to initial
shrinkage and that due to fluid pressure.
a. Stresses due to initial shrinkage:

Applying Lame’s Equations for the outer cylinder,

b1
Px   a1
x2
b1
fx   a1
x2
At x = r3, Px = 0 and at x = r2, px = p
Applying Lame’s Equations for the inner cylinder
b2
Px   a2
x2
b
f x  22  a2
x
At x = r2, Px = p and at x = r3, px = 0
b. Stresses due to Internal fluid pressure.
To find the stress in the compound cylinder due to internal fluid pressure alone, the inner and
outer cylinders will be considered together as one thick shell. Now applying Lame’s Equation,
B
Px  A
x2
B
fx  A
x2
At x = r1, Px = pf ( Pf being the internal fluid pressure)
At x = r3, px = 0
The resultant hoop stress is the algebraic sum of the hoop stress due to shrinking and due
internal fluid pressure.
32. A compound cylinder is composed of a tube of 250 mm internal diameter at 25 mm wall
thickness. It is shrunk on to a tube of 200 mm internal diameter. The radial pressure
at the junction is 8 N/mm2. Find the variation of hoop stress across the wall of the
compound cylinder, if it is under an internal fluid pressure of 60 N/mm2
Solution:
Given:
Internal diameter of the outer tube, d1 = 250 mm
Wall thickness of the outer tuber , t = 25 mm
Internal diameter of the inner tube , d2 = 200 mm
Radial pressure at the junction P = 8 N/mm2

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Internal fluid pressure within the cylinder Pf = 60 N/mm2
External radius of the compound cylinder,
d1  2t
r2 
2

1
250  2  25  150 mm
2
Internal radius of the compound cylinder,
d 2 200
r1    100 mm
2 2
d1 250
Radius at the junction, r1    125 mm
2 2
Let the radial stress and hoop stress at a distance of x from the centre of the cylinder be p x
and fx respectively.
i. Hoop stresses due to shrinking of the outer and inner cylinders before fluid pressure is
admitted.
a. Four outer cylinder:
Applying Lame’s Equation
b1
Px   a1 (i)
x2
b1
fx 
 a1 (ii)
x2
Where a1 and b1 are arbitrary constants for the outer cylinder.
Now at x = 150 mm, Px = 0

X = 125 mm, Px = 8 N/mm2
b1
o   a1
150 2
(iii)
b1
8  a1
1252
(iv)
Solving equation (iii) & (iv) a1 = 18 ; b1 = 409091
409091
fx   18 (v)
x2
Putting x = 150 mm in the above equation stress at the outer surface,

409091
fx   18  36 N / mm 2 (Tensile)
150  2
Again putting x = 125 mm in equation (v), stress at junction,
409091
fx   18  44 N / mm 2 (Tensile)
1252
b). For inner cylinder:

Applying Lame’s Equation with usual Notations.
b2
Px   a2 (iv)
x2
b2
fx   a2 (v)
x2
Now at x = 125 mm, Px = 8 N/mm2
x =100 mm, Px = 0
b2
8   a2
1252
(vi)
b2
o  a2
1002
(vii)
By solving (vi) & (vii) a2 = -22

b2 = -222222
222222
 fx   22  44.2 N / mm 2 (Comp)
100  2
222222
fx   22  36.2 N / mm 2 (Comp)
125  2
iii. Hoop stresses due to internal fluid pressure alone for the compound cylinder:
In this case, the two tubes will be taken as a single thick cylinder. Applying Lame’s
equations with usual notations.
B
Px  A (viii)
x2

B
fx  A (ix)
x2
At x = 150 mm, Px = 0
x = 100 mm, Px = pf = 60 N/mm2
 From Equation (viii)
B
O  A (x)
150 2
B
60  A (xi)
100 2
By solving (x) & (xi)
A = 133, B = 3 x 106
3  10 6
 fx   133
x2
Putting x = 150 mm, hoop stress at the outer surface
3  10 6
fx   133  266 N / mm 2 (Tensile)
150  2
Again putting x = 125 mm, hoop stress at the junction
3  10 6
fx   133  325 N / mm 2 Tensile
125  2
Putting x = 100 mm, hoop stress at the inner surface
3  10 6
fx   133  433 N / mm 2 Tensile
100  2
iii. Resultant hoop stress (shrinkage +Fluid pressure):
a. Outer cylinder
Resultant hoop stress at the outer surface = 36 + 266
= 302 N/ mm2 (Tensile)
Resultant hoop stress at the junction = 44 + 325 = 369 N/mm2 (tensile)
b. Inner cylinder;

Resultant hoop stress at the inner face = - 44.2 + 433

= 388.8 N/mm2 (Tensile)
Resultant hoop stress at the junction = - 36.2 + 325

= 288.8 N/mm2 (Tensile)
33. A column with alone end hinged and the other end fixed has a length of 5m and a
hollow circular cross section of outer diameter 100 mm and wall thickness 10 mm. If E =
1.60 x 10 5
N/mm and crushing strength  0  350 N / mm 2 , Find the load that the column
2
may carry with a factor of safety of 2.5 according to Euler theory and Rankine – Gordon
theory. If the column is hinged on both ends, find the safe load according to the two theories.
(ACU April/May 2003)
Solution:
Given:
L = 5 m = 5000 mm
Outer diameter D = 100 mm
Inner diameter d = D-2t = 100 – 2 (10) = 80 mm
Thickness = 10 mm
I = 1.60 x 105 N/mm2
 0  350 N / mm 2
f = 2.5
i. Calculation of load by Euler’s Theory:
Column with one end fixed and other end hinged.
2 2 EI
P L
l

5000
 3536.0 6 mm
L2 2 2
2  3.14   1.60  10 5  I
2
P
3536.062
I

64
D 4
d4 


64
100 4
 80 4 

 100000000  40960000 
64
I = 28.96 x 105 mm4

2  3.14   1.60  10 5  28.96  10 5

2
P
12503716.14
p = 73.074 x 103 N
ii. Calculation of load by Rankine-Gordon Theory:

1
Rankine’s Constant a  (assume the column material is mild steel.)
7500
fc  A
p
 2
L
1  a 
K
K = lest radius of Gyration
I 28.96  10 5
   32.01
A 2826

A
4
100 2
 80 2 

 10000  6400 fc =  c
4
= 2826 mm2
350  28.26
P 2
1  3536.06 
1  
7500  32.01 
989100
P
1.33  10  4  12203.036
P  60.94  10 4 N
iii. Both ends are hinged

Euler’s theory
 2 EI
P L=l
L2

3.14  1.60  10 5  28.96  10 5
2
50002
18.274  10 4
P = 18.274 x 104 N ; Safe Load =
2.5

= 73096 N
Rankine’s Theory
fc  A
p 2
L
1  a 
K
350  2826
 2
1  5000 
1  
7500  32.01 
989100 30.480  10 4
 Safe load  = 121920 N
1.33  10  4  24398.81 2.5
P = 30.480 x 104
Result:
i. Euler’s Theory
One end fixed & one end hinged P = 73.074 x 103 N
Both ends hinged P = 18.274 x 104 N
ii. Rankine’s Theory

One end fixed & one end hinged P = 60.94 x 104 N
Both ends hinged P = 30.480 x 104 N
iii. Safe Load

Euler’s Theory = 73096 N
Rankine’s theory = 121920 N
34. A column is made up of two channel ISJC 200 mm and two 25 cm x 1 cm flange plate as
shown in fig. Determine by Rankine’s formula the safe load, the column of 6m length,
with both ends fixed, can carry with a factor of safety 4. The properties of one channel
are A = 17.77 cm2, Ixx = 1,161.2 cm4 and Iyy = 84.2 cm4. Distance of centroid from back
1
of web = 1.97 cm. Take fc = 0.32 KN/mm2 and Rankine’s Constant 
7500
(ACU April /May 2003)
Solution:
Given:
Length of the column l = 6 m = 600 mm
Yield stress, fc = 0.32 KN/mm2
1
Rankine’s constant, a 
7500
Area of column,
A = 2 (17.77+25 x 1)
A = 85.54 cm2
A = 8554 mm2
Moment of inertia of the column about X-X axis

 25  13 
I XX  2  1,161.2    25  1  10.5 2  = 7839.0 cm4
 12 
1  25 3 2
I YY  2  8.42  17.77  5  1.97   = 4,499.0 cm4
 12 
Iyy < IXX The column will tend to buckle in yy-direction
I = Iyy =4499.0 cm4

Column is fixed at both the ends
l 6000
L   3000mm
2 2
I 4499  10 4
K   72.5mm
A 855 4
f c .A 0.32  8554 . A
P 2
 2 = 2228 KN
K 1  3000 
1  a  1  
L 75000  72 .5 
P
Safe load of column 
F .O.S
2228
 =557 KN
4
Result:
Safe load = 557 KN

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SRIVIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK

QUESTION WITH ANSWERS

DEPARTMENT : CIVIL SEMESTER: V

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 1 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 2 OF 55

Both ends linged L=l Constant = 1

Core of the rectangular section = Area of the shaded portion

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 3 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 4 OF 55

21. Define thick cylinder. . (ACU April /May 2011)

i. The material of the shell is Homogeneous and isotropic.

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 5 OF 55

PART -B (13 marks)

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 6 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 7 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 8 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 9 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 10 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 11 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 12 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 13 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 14 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 15 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 16 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 17 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 18 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 19 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 20 OF 55

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 21 OF 55

13. Explain the failure of long column.

l = length of the long column

b = Stress due to bending at the centre of the column

The extreme stresses on the mid-section are given by

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 22 OF 55

The following are the sign conventions considered in columns:

Consider any section X-X at a distance of x from B.

Let the deflection at X-X is y.

 The bending moment at X-X due to the load P, M =  P. y

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 23 OF 55

By using Boundary conditions,

Due to fixity at the ends, let the moment at A or B is M.

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 24 OF 55

 Total moment at XX = M – P.y

The general solution of the above differential equation is

Where A and B are the integration constant

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 25 OF 55

Consider a column AB of length l fixed at B and hinged at A. It carries an axial crippling

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 26 OF 55

Bending moment at xx = H (l-x) - Py

Differential equation of the elastic curve is,

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 27 OF 55

Let the deflection at xx is y.

Bending moment due to critical load P at xx,

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 28 OF 55

Differentiating the equation (I w.r. to x

Substitute A = -a and B = 0 in equation (i) we get,

At the free end A, x = l, y = a, substitute these values in equation (ii)

CE8402-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - II PAGE 29 OF 55

Diameter of the column d= 600 mm