Appendix D

L2WIN – LEVEL 2 – USERS MANUAL

We Deliver D-1
 Appendix D
L2WIN – LEVEL 2 – USERS MANUAL

Table of Contents

Appendix D ..................................................................................................................... D-1

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... D-2
D.1 L2Win – Level 2 – Program Description ............................................................ D-3
D.2 L2Win – Level 2 – Input Instructions ................................................................. D-9
D.2.1 L2Win – Menu Description ......................................................................... D-9
D.2.2 L2Win – Input Form................................................................................... D-11
D.3 L2Win Output ..................................................................................................... D-15
D.3.1 L2Win Report Output ................................................................................ D-15
D.3.2 L2Win Plot Output..................................................................................... D-17

We Deliver D-2
D.1 L2Win – Level 2 – Program Description
Computer program L2WIN forms the basis for the Level 2 design process.
This quasi-static analysis program has been designed to take advantage of
the results from the PRCI's hydrodynamic and pipe/soil interaction tests.
Whereas the Level 3 dynamic analysis program requires careful development
of the input, L2WIN is easy to use.
A step-by-step description of the analysis conducted by L2WIN – LEVEL 2
program is as follows:
1. Based on user inputs, the program calculates values for the design wave
height spectral density function. The wave height spectral density function is
then transformed to a bottom velocity spectral density function. The area
under the bottom velocity spectrum is numerically integrated, and the
significant bottom velocity is calculated. The peak frequency of the bottom
velocity spectrum is determined.

2. Maximum and minimum in-line hydrodynamic forces for the largest 200
waves contained in an assumed 4-hour long build-up sea state are calculated
(the 4-hour long build-up period is considered to start with a zero wave height
and to linearly increase with time to the design sea state wave height). The
200 largest waves are characterized by the five wave heights illustrated in
Figure 2.2-1 (see Section 2.2).

Wave forces for each of the five wave heights are calculated using the PRCI's
new hydrodynamic force calculation procedure and the associated database
of force coefficients.

3. Maximum and minimum in-line forces for the largest 50 waves during a
subsequent 3-hour long design sea state are calculated as in Step 2 above.
These 50 waves are characterized by the four different wave heights
illustrated in Figure 2.2-2 (see Section 2.2)

4. Based on the forces calculated in Step 2, a conservative estimate of pipe

embedment at the end of the 4-hour storm build-up period is calculated. This
estimate is obtained by subjecting the pipe to 200 small oscillations. The
oscillations are limited in amplitude to be no larger than that which the wave
forces can produce, or 0.07 times the pipe diameter, whichever is smaller. To
simulate the build-up sea state, the smaller waves shown on Figure D-1 are
considered first. Not all of the 200 oscillations necessarily produce pipe
embedment. Only the waves which produce in-line forces sufficient to
overcome frictional resistance between the pipe and soil are considered to
produce embedment.

For each of the 200 waves, the in-line hydrodynamic force is reduced to
account for the pipe embedment just prior to its application. The estimated
pipe embedment and the available soil resistance force at the end of the
We Deliver D-3
 build-up period is then saved for further processing. Pipe embedment and
history dependent soil resistance are calculated using the PRCI's new
pipe/soil interaction model.

FIGURE D-1 LEVEL 2 BUILD-UP SEA STATE MODEL EMPLOYED TO PREDICT

PIPE EMBEDMENT

5. Based on the forces calculated in Step 3 and the pipe embedment calculated
in Step 4, the amount of additional pipe embedment that can be produced by
the 50 largest waves in the design sea state, is calculated in a fashion similar
to that described in Step 4 for the storm build-up period. This embedment
and the associated soil resistance force is saved for further processing.

6. Hydrodynamic forces for a complete wave cycle are calculated for four levels
of bottom velocity which are expected in a 3-hour long design sea state. The
four bottom velocities are:

U1/3 = 1.0 Us
U1/10 = 1.27 Us
U1/100 = 1.66 Us
U1/1000 = 1.86 Us

7. Using the soil resistance values obtained in Steps 4 and 5 and the
hydrodynamic forces calculated in Step 6, the minimum factor-of-safety
against lateral sliding is calculated for the pipe embedment at the end of the
4-hour long build-up period, and at the end of the 3-hour long design sea
state.

The minimum factor of safety is calculated from:

We Deliver D-4
 μ (W s - F L (t)) + F H
Factor of Safety =
F D (t) + F I (t)

The factor of safety is calculated at 1-degree intervals of wave passage for a

complete 360-degrees.
The above procedure was adopted after the results of typical analysis using
the Level 3 dynamics software were used to calibrate and confirm that the
results for pipe embedment are reasonable and that the results are
conservative. Calibration of the Level 2 results to those of Level 3 dynamic
analysis are presented in Section 4 of Appendix A.

The pipe embedment developed by the "assumed recent wave history" in steps 2
through 4 above is computed using conservative assumptions which include the
following:

1. No pipe embedment is considered to have occurred until just prior to the

design storm,

2. A short, 4-hour storm build-up period is assumed to precede the design storm
during which some pipe embedment is allowed to occur,

3. The significant wave height during the build-up period starts at a zero wave
height and increases linearly with time to the significant wave height of the
design storm (see Figure D-1),

4. The pipe is considered to undergo only very small oscillations, and thus does
not embed as far as it might otherwise.
The Level 2 software provides a better estimate of pipe embedment than static
calculations which do not consider the effect of pipe movement, but it does not
overestimate the embedment.

With these additional features, the Level 2 analysis provides realistic estimates of
both hydrodynamic and soil resistance forces during the design sea state. Figure
D-2 shows the basic organization of the Level 2 analysis tool.

Other assumptions specific to the Level 2 analysis tool are as follows;

1. Wave induced near sea bed water particle velocities are assumed to have a
Rayleigh distribution (i.e. similar to the wave height distribution).

2. Bottom velocity amplitudes are based on a 3-hour storm duration with input
spectral parameters.

3. Soil resistance is based on the PRCI's pipe/soil interaction model which

includes a frictional resistance (dependent on the normal force applied to the
soil) and a passive soil resistance (dependent upon pipe embedment and
independent of instantaneous pipe normal force).
We Deliver D-5
 FIGURE D-2 LEVEL 2 PROGRAM LOGIC

4. Pipe embedment at the end of the storm build-up period is based on 200
small amplitude cyclic oscillations. The amplitude of the oscillations is limited
by the hydrodynamic forces expected from a rapidly developing build-up sea
state model.

5. Subsequent pipe embedment during the design storm is estimated using 50

small amplitude cyclic oscillations of the pipe. The amplitude of these
oscillations is also limited by the hydrodynamic force contained in the storm.

These last two assumptions describe the basis for the soil resistance, and detail the
conservative estimate of both number and magnitude of oscillations expected to
embed the pipe just before the design sea state is encountered. Figure D-3 shows
the logic for determining pipe embedment at the end of the build-up sea state.

We Deliver D-6
 FIGURE D-3 LEVEL 2 PIPE EMBEDMENT LOGIC

Following is a summary of the data requirements for Level 2 analysis;

Pipe data
1. Uncoated outside diameter
2. Steel wall thickness
3. Corrosion coating thickness
4. Concrete coating thicknesses to check for stability
5. Concrete coating density
6. Concrete cutback length for field joint
7. Field joint density
8. Pipe roughness
9. Multi-Layered Coating Option

We Deliver D-7
 All of these pipe data are used to calculate pipe submerged weight, volume,
and drag diameter. These three calculated values are required to determine
hydrodynamic and soil resistance forces.

Environmental data
1. Significant wave height of design storm
2. Peak period of design storm
3. Mean direction of waves in design storm
4. Standard deviation of wave spreading
5. Near seabed current velocity (perpendicular to pipeline)
6. Soil type (sand or clay)
7. Soil characteristic parameter (relative density for sands, undrained
shear strength for clays)
8. Reduction factors for partial burial and/or trenches (if any).
These environmental data, along with the pipe data, are used to;
1) Estimate pipe embedment due to design storm build-up; and
2) Check stability of the pipeline for four statistical wave and current
loadings on the pipeline (Us, U1/10, U1/100, and U1/1000).

We Deliver D-8
D.2 L2Win – Level 2 – Input Instructions
D.2.1 L2Win – Menu Description
The users interface for the L2WIN – LEVEL 2 program consists of: file
management, input editor, program control and post processing
modules. These are broken down into five menu items: File, Run,
Report, Options, and Help. See Figure D-4 L2WIN Input Form.
File Menu
The file menu accesses the file management and program termination
functions. The file system uses a project name convention. Project
files may be saved under the default “Projects” sub-directory, or at an
arbitrary location on the users drives or network.

New
Creates a new file based on program defaults. A default file
name, “Untitled” is assigned. The project file input must be
edited (see the Edit menu item) and saved to a project file
before it can be run.
Open
Open an existing project file.
Save
Save the existing project file to the currently opened file
Save As
Save the existing project file under a different file name for
subsequent revision using file editor.
Delete
Delete a project file and the associated files. Program will
prompt to close any active project before allowing file deletion.
Exit
Close the active project and quit the program.
Run Menu
Execution once the data has been input.
Run Project
Run the active project with the input (note input forms must be
complete.)
Report Menu
Open, view and/or print an existing report.
Output
Opens a “View & Print Reports” window that allows viewing and
printing of any project report files. The “View & Print Reports”
window has a button options to CLOSE the window, to PRINT
ALL REPORTS for the selected project, PRINT the selected
report for the selected project and VIEW to refresh the view of
the selected report for the selected project.
We Deliver D-9
 Plot
Opens a “Plot Safety Factors” form that allows viewing a plot of
Factor of safety and Embedment to Concrete thickness.
Option Menu
Provides project execution record option.
Date stamp
When Date stamp menu is checked, the date and time of
execution is printed on all output pages.
Help Menu
Provide online helps documents and other information.
Help topic
Opens a window containing a link to this appendix, Appendix D
of Volume 2 of the Submarine Pipeline On-Bottom Stability
report. Thus, all of the detailed information regarding the use
L2Win is readily available from within the program.
About L2WIN
Short description of the L2WIN application.

We Deliver D-10
D.2.2 L2Win – Input Form

The input form of the user interface consists of three basic areas. The input
area, the message area and the data range area. Information from the input
area is used when the L2Win program is run. The message area provides
the information of the input data status. As the cursor moves to each new
field the data range area display the description, minimum, maximum and
default values of the input field. The information within the pair of the square
brackets [ ] is the data item name used in previous (DOS) version.

Figure D-4 L2Win Input Form

The input area is subdivided into six (6) groups namely: Title, Soil Properties,
Pipe Properties, Hydro Properties, Wave, and Concrete thickness ranges.
See Figure D-4 L2Win Input Form.
Title
(optional) allows input of two 80-column lines of arbitrary alphanumeric
data.
The two lines of title description will be printed on all output pages for
identification.
Units
Default units for the input and output can be selected as either
‘English’ (pounds, feet and inches), or ‘Metric’ (kilograms, meters and
millimeters). Toggling the selection will convert the units between the
selections. Note: all internal calculations are done in English units with
the results converted for input and output.

We Deliver D-11
 Soil Properties
Defines the soil properties.
Soil type
Select option to identifying soil type: Sand (cohesionless soil) or
Clay (cohesive soil). An input box display the soil type selected
(Sand/Clay) with a default value. Make sure to change the
appropriate value for the project
Sand/Clay
Soil parameter by which soil is characterized, if SAND
parameter is relative density of soil (fractions), if CLAY
parameter is cohesive strength of soil (psf)
Embedment
Pipe embedment if pipe embedment is to be input rather than
calculated.
Embedment = 0 if program is to calculate Embedment
Embedment > 0 if input value is to be used (in)
RIMBED
In-line Force Reduction Multiplier at 0.5 Embedment
RLMBED
Lift Force Reduction Multiplier at 0.5 Embedment
RITRCH
In-line Force Reduction Multiplier due to Trench Effects
RLTRCH
Lift Force Reduction Multiplier due to Trench Effects
Pipe Properties
Defines the physical characteristics of the pipeline.
Multi-Layered Coating
If unchecked, input the corrosion coating thickness and density
as normal.
If checked, an additional dialog box appears of input of
properties of multiple layers of corrosion or insulation coatings.
These properties are used to compute the equivalent coating
thickness and density. The inputs for the thickness and density
of corrosion coating are disabled and their values are replaced
with computed equivalent values.

We Deliver D-12
 Input maximum of 3 layers of coating material for thickness and
density. Click the “Show Equivalent Values” button to compute
the weight of each layer and the equivalent thickness and
density.
Pipe OD
Steel Outside Diameter (in)
Wall thickness
Pipe Wall Thickness (in)
Coating
Thickness of Corrosion Coating (in)
Density coating
Density of Corrosion Coating (pcf) Defaults to 120 pcf
Density concrete
Density of Concrete Coating (pcf) Defaults to 160 pcf
Density field joint
Density of Field Joint Coating (pcf) Defaults to Density concrete
Cutback
Concrete Coating Cutback (in). Default to 15 inches.
Taper angle
Taper Angle of Concrete (degree) From the Radial Direction
Specific gravity
Specific Gravity of Product (relative to freshwater, 62.4 lb/ft3)
Pipe Roughness
Select option of Pipe Roughness:
(1) Concrete - Concrete coating,
(2) Roughened - Roughened concrete coating (hard bio-fouling)
or
(3) Very rough - Very rough pipe (soft bio-fouling).
Hydro Properties
Defines the hydrodynamic parameters to be used in the analysis.
Water depth
Water Depth (feet)
Current
Current Velocity normal to Pipeline (ft/sec)
Boundary layer
Boundary Layer Height for Current (feet)
Input type
Select option of Input type:
(0) Spectral - the input SPECTRAL parameters are used to
determine bottom conditions, or

We Deliver D-13
 (1) Near Sea Bed Velocity - the input wave height and period
are taken as the near seabed significant oscillatory velocity and
peak period, respectively
Use Boundary layer
Select option of Use boundary Layer: (0) no or (1) yes
Output option
Select option of Output:
(0) Standard output - standard output report or
(1) Standard output with plot - standard output report with plot
output file for force traces
Wave
Defines the wave parameters to be used in the analysis.
Wave height
Significant Wave Height (feet)
Peak period
Peak Wave Period (second)
Spectral peakedness
Peakedness parameter LAMBDA in Ochi-Hubble spectrum
Wave direction
Mean direction of wave propagation (deg) 90° is perpendicular
to pipeline
Wave speading
Standard deviation of wave spreading (deg) used in wrapped
normal spreading function
Directional spectrum
Select option of directional spectrum:
(0) Uni-Modal - unimodal directional spectrum or
(1) Bi-Modal - bimodal directional spectrum. Additional input is
required for the Bi-Modal spreading if it is selected.
Bi-Modal Spreading
Secondary direction
Secondary mean direction for wave spreading (deg)
Secondary spreading
Secondary standard deviation of wave spreading (deg)
Mixing constant
Mixing constant for bimodal wave spreading
Concrete thickness ranges
Defines the concrete coating thickness to be analyzed.
Conc initial
First Concrete Thickness (in)

We Deliver D-14
 Conc final
Last Concrete Thickness (in)
Conc increment
Concrete Thickness Increment (in)
Note: L2WIN makes a series of runs starting from “Conc initial”, then
with a uniformly increasing amount of “Conc increment” until the “Conc
final” is achieved.

D.3 L2Win Output

D.3.1 L2Win Report Output

Output files can be viewed by selecting Output from the Report Menu. This
opens a “View & Print Reports” window that allows viewing and printing of
project report files. See Figure D-5 VIEW & PRINT REPORTS. The options
within this window are described below.

FIGURE D-5 VIEW & PRINT REPORTS

Close
Close the View & Print Report window and return to the Main window.
Print All Reports
Print all reports of the selected project.
Print This Report
Print the current report of the selected project.
We Deliver D-15
 Print This Page
Print the current page of the selected project.
View
Refresh the display of the selected project.
Project
A drop down list for project selection, if more than one project may be
selected.
Select Report
A drop down list for report selection, if more than one report may be
selected
Path
Shows the current drive/path of the report located.

Beside the standard Vertical and Horizontal scroll bars, a set of special
navigation button is provided to navigate on the displayed report
Æ Move to first page of the report
Æ Move to previous page of the report
Æ Move to next page of the report
Æ Move to last page of the report
Æ Move to the page specified from the “Move to Page “input box
(see below). Enter the page number and press the OK button or
Cancel if the move is not wanted.

We Deliver D-16
D.3.2 L2Win Plot Output
The Plot file can be viewed by clicking the Plot option under the Report
Menu. This will open a “Plot Safety Factors” window that allows viewing and
printing of the plot of Factor of Safety and Embedment as a function of
concrete thickness. The Plot Safety Factors window has button options to
CLOSE or PRINT the selected project. The upper graph shows the factor of
safety and the lower graph is the corresponding embedment as a function of
concrete thickness. Press either left or right mouse button inside the graph
area to activate a small yellow text window which shows the curve values (x,
y) at the mouse location. See Figure D-6 Plot Safety Factors.

FIGURE D-6 PLOT SAFETY FACTORS EXAMPLE

We Deliver D-17