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    Fluid Dynamics and Kinematics

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    john snow
    This document provides an overview of fluid kinematics and dynamics. It first discusses fluid kinematics, describing Lagrangian and Eulerian methods for analyzing fluid motion by following individual particles or observing motion at fixed points. It then introduces fluid dynamics, noting that dynamics considers both the geometry of fluid motion (kinematics) and the forces that produce motion. The document lists the basic equations of fluid mechanics and provides an introduction to flow through orifices and mouthpieces, classifying them by size, shape, edge type, and discharge conditions.

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    Fluid Dynamics and Kinematics

    Uploaded by

    john snow
    55 views17 pages
    This document provides an overview of fluid kinematics and dynamics. It first discusses fluid kinematics, describing Lagrangian and Eulerian methods for analyzing fluid motion by following individual particles or observing motion at fixed points. It then introduces fluid dynamics, noting that dynamics considers both the geometry of fluid motion (kinematics) and the forces that produce motion. The document lists the basic equations of fluid mechanics and provides an introduction to flow through orifices and mouthpieces, classifying them by size, shape, edge type, and discharge conditions.

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    Introduction to fluid Kinematics and Dynamics

    Original Title

    Fluid Dynamics and kinematics

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    This document provides an overview of fluid kinematics and dynamics. It first discusses fluid kinematics, describing Lagrangian and Eulerian methods for analyzing fluid motion by following individual particles or observing motion at fixed points. It then introduces fluid dynamics, noting that dynamics considers both the geometry of fluid motion (kinematics) and the forces that produce motion. The document lists the basic equations of fluid mechanics and provides an introduction to flow through orifices and mouthpieces, classifying them by size, shape, edge type, and discharge conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    55 views17 pages

    Fluid Dynamics and Kinematics

    Uploaded by

    john snow
    This document provides an overview of fluid kinematics and dynamics. It first discusses fluid kinematics, describing Lagrangian and Eulerian methods for analyzing fluid motion by following individual particles or observing motion at fixed points. It then introduces fluid dynamics, noting that dynamics considers both the geometry of fluid motion (kinematics) and the forces that produce motion. The document lists the basic equations of fluid mechanics and provides an introduction to flow through orifices and mouthpieces, classifying them by size, shape, edge type, and discharge conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    CHAPTER 4: FLUID KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS

    1. FLUID KINEMATICS
    INTRODUCTION

    Fluid kinematics is a branch of Fluid mechanics' which deals with the study of velocity and acceleration of the particles
    of fluids in motion and their distribution in space without considering any force or energy involved. The motion of fluid
    can be described fully by an expression describing the location of a fluid particle in space at different times thus
    enabling determination of the magnitude and direction of velocity and acceleration in the flow field at any instant of
    time.

    In the chapter we shall deal with the conception of fluid flow in general.

    1. DESCRIPTION OF FLUID MOTION

    The motion of fluid particles may be described by the following methods:

    1. Langrangian method.
    2. Eulerian method.

    1.1. Langrangian Method

    In this method, the observer concentrates on the movement of a single particle. The path taken by the particle and the
    changes in its velocity and acceleration are studied.

    The velocity and acceleration components (obtained by taking derivatives with respect to time) are given by:
    2. Eulerian method.
    2. FLUID DYNAMICS

    INTRODUCTION

    When the fluids are at rest, the only fluid property of significance is the specific weight of the fluids. On the other
    hand, when a fluid is in motion various other fluid properties become significant, as such the nature of flow of a real
    fluid is complex. The science which deals with the geometry of motion of fluids without reference to the forces causing
    the motion is known as “hydrokinematics” (or simply kinematics). Thus, kinematics involves merely the description of
    the motion of fluids in terms of space-time relationship. The science which deals with the action of the forces in
    producing or changing motion of fluids is known as “hydrokinetics” (or simply kinetics). Thus, the study of fluids in
    motion involves the consideration of both the kinematics and kinetics. The dynamic equation of fluid motion is
    obtained by applying Newton’s second law of motion to a fluid element considered as a free body. The fluid is assumed
    to he incompressible and non-viscous. In fluid mechanics the basic equations are: (i) Continuity equation, (ii) Energy
    equation, and (Hi) Impulse-momentum equation.
    FLOW THROUGH ORIFICES AND MOUTHPIECES

    INTRODUCTION
    An orifice w an opening in the wall or base of a vessel through which the fluid flows. The top edge of the
    orifice is always below the free surface (If the free surface is below the top edge of the orifice, becomes a
    weir)
    A mouthpiece is an attachment in the form of a small tube or pipe fixed to the orifice (the length of pipe
    extension is usually 2 to 3 times the orifice diameter) and is used to increase the amount of discharge.
    • Orifices as well as mouthpieces are used to measure the discharge.
    CLASSIFICATION OF ORIFICES
    The orifices are classified as follows
    1. According to size:
    (i) Small orifice (ii) Large orifice.
    An orifice is termed small when its dimensions arc small compared to the head causing flow. The velocity
    does not vary appreciably from top to the bottom edge of the orifice and is assumed to be uniform.
    The orifice is large if the dimensions are comparable with the head causing flow. The variation in the
    velocity from the top to the bottom edge is considerable.
    2. According to shape
    (i) Circular orifice (ii) Rectangular orifice (iii) Square orifice (iv) Triangular orifice.
    3. Shape of upstream edge
    (i) Sharp-edged orifice (ii) Bell-mouthed orifice.
    4. According to discharge conditions
    (i) Free discharge orifices (ii) Drowned or submerged orifices (Fully submerged and Partially submerged)
    NB An orifice or a mouthpiece is said to be discharging free when it discharges into atmosphere. It is said to
    be submerged when it discharges into another liquid.

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