Session 2 - Participation - PIA For PDF

Seven types of community participation (adapted from Pretty 1994 and Cornwall 1996)
1. Manipulative participation (Co-option): Community participation is simply a pretence, with

people's representatives on official boards who are unelected and have no power.
2. Passive participation (Compliance): Communities participate by being told what has been
decided or already happened. Involves unilateral announcements by an administration or project
management without listening to people's responses. The information belongs only to external
professionals.
3. Participation by consultation: Communities participate by being consulted or by answering
questions. External agents define problems and information gathering processes, and so control
analysis. Such a consultative process does not concede any share in decision-making, and
professionals are under no obligation to take on board people's views.
4. Participation for material incentives: Communities participate by contributing resources such as
labour, in return for material incentives (e.g. food, cash). It is very common to see this called
participation, yet people have no stake in prolonging practices when the incentives end.
5. Functional participation (Cooperation): Community participation is seen by external agencies
as a means to achieve project goals. People participate by forming groups to meet predetermined
project objectives; they may be involved in decision making, but only after major decisions have
already been made by external agents.
6. Interactive participation (Co-learning): People participate in joint analysis, development of
action plans and formation or strengthening of local institutions. Participation is seen as a right, not
just the means to achieve project goals. The process involves interdisciplinary methodologies that
seek multiple perspectives and make use of systemic and structured learning processes. As
groups take control over local decisions and determine how available resources are used, so they
have a stake in maintaining structures or practices.
7. Self -mobilisation (Collective action): People participate by taking initiatives independently of
external institutions to change systems. They develop contacts with external institutions for
resources and technical advice they need, but retain control over how resources are used.
Self-mobilisation can spread if governments and NGOs provide an enabling framework of support.
Such self-initiated mobilisation may or may not challenge existing distributions of wealth and
power.
Community participation
• Active involvement in all stages
• Self mobilization
• Shared deci sion-making
• Contribution of resources
• Ownership
• Right to participate (rights-based
approach)
Where are w e?
Need assessment
Evaluation Design & planning
Project Cycle
Monitoring Implementation
Participatory Impact Assessment (PIA)
– Local people are capable of conducting

their own problem analysis
– “top down” approach vs. local

ownership, control and capacity
building
– Development workers as
facilitators
– Local people are capable of
identifying and measuring
their own indicators of
change
– A tool for strengthening the

management of local
organizations
– Uses adaptation of
participatory methods to
assess changes over
time and project attribution
– Looks at real i mpact on

people, not simply a
measure of project
implementation
– Locally-defined impact indicators are crucial;
indicators often comprise both quantitative and
qualitative indicators
• Example of quantitative indicators:

– Milk consumption
– Income from sale of grain
– Access to market
• Example of qualitative impact indicators:

– Trust, Confidence, Hope, Status
A systematic, well -designed participatory impact
assessment can:
• Assist communities and CBOs to measure changes
using their own indicators and their own methods = local
capacity-building; empowerment
• Provide aid agencies (NGOs, donors etc) with previously
hidden information on project impact
• Overcome the weakness inherent in many NGO and
donor monitoring and evaluation systems e.g
– Over-emphasis on process not impact
– Over-emphasis on anecdote, ad hoc interview and staff or
consultant opinion
These weakness limit the effectiveness of NGOs in policy forums
• Contribute to a wider body of learning about the impact
of development programs, bu providing data and
information which can be presented and disseminated in
diverse media, including scientif ic publications.

Session 2 - Participation - PIA For PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Session 2 - Participation - PIA For PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Session 2 - Participation - PIA For PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Seven types of community participation (adapted from Pretty 1994 and Cornwall 1996)

1. Manipulative participation (Co-option): Community participation is simply a pretence, with

Evaluation Design & planning

– Local people are capable of conducting

– “top down” approach vs. local

– A tool for strengthening the

– Looks at real i mpact on

• Example of quantitative indicators:

• Example of qualitative impact indicators:

You might also like