MEHARUNNISA ZULFIQUAR

BS 5

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

ASSIGNMENT 01
LITHOSPHERE:
 Derived from Greek word litho means rock.
 Solid and rigid outer layer of our planet.
 The rocky part of the earth covering the whole surface, where the interactions of other geo-
spheres happen.
 It includes crust and the upper part of mantle that contain rigid rocks.
 In Lithosphere, we study all solid part of earth or physical part of earth.

CRUST:

 It is the outermost layer of the earth.

 The average thickness is 30km.

MANTLE:

 The second layer of the earth.

 It extends from 30km-2900km.

CORE:

 It is the deepest layer of the earth.

 It extends from 2900km-6371km.

 Lithosphere has tectonic plates.

 According to researches, about 250 million years ago, Plate movements formed the
supercontinent Pangaea, About 180 million years ago, Pangaea began to break up.
 Lithosphere then sub divided into tectonic plates (7 larger plates and number of small plates)
 These plates are carrying our continents and that how our continents re moving and floating
above the mantle.
 Lithosphere can be divided into seven large masses known as continents. They are north
America, south America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe and Antarctica.
 The part of the earth below the lithosphere is known as mantle.

WHY THEY FLOAT?

 As you move below the earth, density keeps on increasing, means mantle has higher density as
compare to crust.
 So below crust there is mantle (semi liquid) of higher density above which float these tectonic
plates of lower density.
 Lithosphere is the location where all earth quakes occur because occur when tectonic plates
shift or collide
 Lithosphere is sub divided into oceanic lithosphere found under the ocean and continental
lithosphere is found in under the land continents.

OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE:
  Associated with oceanic crusts.
 It is more dense than continental lithosphere.
 It is thinner but denser than continental crust
 Oceanic crust is only 5-10km thick
 Oceanic crust is made mostly of rocks with composition of basalt(a dark colored rock)
 It is also called SIMA because of its composition Silicon-Magnesium (SIMA)
 In crust you can find three types of rocks
 1.igneous
 2.metamorphic
 3.sedimentaryrocks.
 Oceanic crust is mostly igneous rock

CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE:

 It Is associated with continental crust.

 Approximately 22 miles thick
 It reaches up to 37 miles
 You can find many mountain ranges, volcanoes and huge plains.
 Thicker but less dense than oceanic crust
 These continental crusts can be up to 35-40km thick
 Continental crust is made mostly of rocks with a composition of granite (al light colored rock)
 Continental crust is good mixture of all three types of rocks.
HYDROSPHERE:
 All the water on the surface, under earth or surrounding earth comes under hydrosphere.

WATER CYCLE:

 Water exists in solid form in glaciers, snow and ice caps.

 It exists in liquid from in rivers, seas, oceans and rainfall
 Water continually moves between the atmosphere the oceans and the continents.
 This continental movement is call water cycle.

EVAPORATION:

Cooling process, when water evaporates into atmosphere to cool.

CONDENSATION:

As it gets cooler in the atmosphere it condenses and form clouds.

PRECIPATATION:
When clouds cannot absorb more water there is precipitation in the form of rain, snow or hail. Some
precipitation falls on the land flowing into lakes and river, other water filters into the ground becoming
ground water.

TRANSPORTATION:

Water in the rivers or ground wate[ CITATION zah12 \l 1033 ]r is transported to the oceans and seas
again and the water cycle begins again.

WATER DISTRIBUTION ON EARTH:

 Earth is 71% water and 29% land.

 97% of this water is marine means it has more amount of salt dissolved in it, so it is not for
drinking.
 3% of this water is fresh water because the dissolved alt content is very less that’s why it is fit
for drinking.
 Major part of water is locked in glaciers and ice-caps followed by underground water and just a
small amount is located in rivers and lakes.
 Ocean covers 96.5% of water.
 Ground water 30.1%
 Glaciers and ice caps 68.6%
 Lakes cover 20.1%
 Ice and snow 73.1%

Formations of Water

Stream =The smallest flowing body of water that is part of a river system.

Creek = It is larger than a stream and may be formed by two streams coming together.

River = It is larger than a creek and may be formed by two creeks coming together.

Lake =A large body of fresh water surrounded by land.

Watershed =The land that is drained by a river.

Sea =Part of an ocean, can be surrounded by land .

Gulf = The large area of water partly surrounded by land .

Bay =Like a gulf, partly surrounded by land, wide outlet to the sea.

Ocean = The largest body of water.

Waterfall =A stream of water that falls from a high place.

Hot spring =A spring of naturally hot water, typically heated by volcanic activity below the earth's
surface.

OZONE LAYER DEPLETION:

WHAT IS OZONE?

 It is a poisonous gas.
 Formula is O3.
 It forms top layer of atmosphere.

HOW IT IS FORMED?

 There is oxygen (O2) in atmosphere, ultraviolet rays from sun breaks down oxygen molecule.
 Now another oxygen molecule reacts with Oxygen atom and forms O3.
FUNCTION OF OZONE LAYER:

 Ultraviolet rays come from sun, which is very harmful for living organisms.
 If there would be no ozone layer, then these ultra violet rays will directly fall on earth.
 Ozone layer works as a preventing or protective layer.
 So, when ultraviolet falls, they collide with ozone layer and disperse.
 Only some of rays pass through it and fall on earth.

REASONS FOR OZONE DEPLETION:

 Today's world is full of technologies. Nowadays we use a lot of appliances like refrigerator, fire
extinguisher, shaving cream etc.
 All these emit a compound known as chlorofluorocarbon in gaseous form, having abundant
amount of chlorine.
 So, when it releases (it is light in weight) so goes directly in atmosphere and reaches ozone
layer.
 The chlorine of chlorofluorocarbon starts reacting with ozone.
 By this reacting ozone breaks into oxygen atom.
 So, the amount of ozone is decreasing day by day.
 So effectively ozone will become thin.
 That is the reason of depletion of ozone.

IMPACT OF OZONE DEPELTION:

1)HARM TO HUMAN HEALTH:

(a) It cause more skin cancers, sunburns and premature aging of the skin.

b) More cataracts, blindness and other eye diseases.

2) ADVERSE IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE:

a) Plant growth, especially in seedlings, is harmed by more intense UV radiation.

(b) Major crop species are particularly vulnerable to increased UV, resulting in reduced growth,
photosynthesis and flowering.

3)EFFECT ON MATERIALS:

(a) Wood, plastic, rubber, fabrics and many construction materials are degraded by UV radiation. The
economic impact of replacing and/or protecting materials could be significant.

4)EFFECTS ON ENVRIONEMENT:

Global Warming - Climate Change - Crop and Forest damage - Infections and Skin Diseases on animals -
Less Ocean Plankton - Less Fish Harvest.

Ozone Hole
  As a result of Ozone Depletion, over Antarctica the ozone hole is formed. The ozone hole leads
to melting of ice of Antarctica, increase in sea level and other harmful effects on its
environment.
 For the first time, in September 2000, the ozone hole became so large it actually left populated
areas of southern Chile fully exposed to the effects of the Sun’s UV rays.

Prevention

 Using Eco-friendly household or other cleaning agents -

 Avoid excess use of pesticides, replacing CFC’s by other materials which are less damaging
 Manufacturing and using of ozone depleting chemicals must be stopped
 Decrease vehicle emissions
CLIMATE CHANGE 

 Average weather of a place. 

 It includes pattern of temperature, precipitation (rain or snow) humidity, wind or seasons  
 Climate change plays an important role in shaping ecosystem. For example: extinction
of dinosaurs Is said to be because of climate that climate became unsuitable for them and they
have to become extinct 
 Ecosystem directly depends on climate change human economies and culture also depend on
climate change. 
 Our economies are based on climate in a sense that farers grow crops harvest so the cutting and
harvesting depends on climate. Sometimes rain destroys whole crop and we suffer huge loss in
economy 
 But our climate is rapidly changing rising level of carbon dioxide and other heat
trapping gases ion the atmosphere have warmed the earth and causing wide range impacts. 

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: 

1. Rising sea level: rising sea level will cause flood and damage crops. 

2. Warmer temperature: crops destroy. 

3. Extreme weather. 

4. Reduced snow peaks: snow starts to melt and cause flood. 

5. Extinction of Species. 

6. On Acidification of Ocean. 

7. On Health. 

8. On Ocean temperature. 

9. On Migration and conflict Oxygen depletion. 

10. On Water resources. 

11. On Natural Disasters. 

CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: 

 Caused by building up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 

 Increases in carbon dioxide concentration are due to fossil fuel use nad land use. 
 Increase in me=thane and nitrous oxide are due to agriculture. 
 e.g.: global warming is a good example of climate change. 

NATURAL FACTORS: 

Extraterrestrial factors:  

 Such as variations in the sun’s activity and allow changes in the earth’s orbit and tilt of its axis. 
 The main influence within earth is volcanism.  

MONTREAL PROTOCOL  

The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement adopted in 1987 to control the production and
consumption of specific man-made chemicals that destroy the ozone layer, the earth’s protective shield.
The Montreal Protocol says that the production and consumption of compounds that deplete ozone in
the stratosphere--chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform--are
to be phased out by 2030. Montreal Protocol adopted in 1987 191 countries have signed the Montreal
Protocol including all the CARIFORUM countries. 

REFERENCES:

Works Cited
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www.slideshare.net

M. h. (2020, January 10). slideshare.net. Retrieved june 10, 2020, from www.slideshare.net/:
https://www.slideshare.net/

Nunez, C. (2019, aprail 18). CLIMATE 101: OZONE DEPLETION. Retrieved june 10, 2020, from
nationalgeographic.: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/

shah, a. (2017, march 12). cilmate change and its impact. Retrieved june 10, 2020, from slide share:
https://www.slideshare.net/

Z. K. (2008, august 29). Hydrosphere. Retrieved june 11, 2020, from sciencedirect.com:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/

zahara985. (2012, march 18). Lithosphere. Retrieved june 10, 2020, from slidesharenet:
https://www.slideshare.net/