Animal Feed Impact On Food Safety

Animal Feed Impact on
Food Safety
Report of the FAO/WHO Expert Meeting
FAO Headquarters, Rome, 8-12 October 2007
Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety
Report of the FAO/WHO Expert Meeting
FAO Headquarters, Rome
8-12 October 2007
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome, 2008
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© FAO and WHO 2008

iii
Contents
Acknowledgments v
Meeting participants vi
Declarations of interest ix
Abbreviations and acronyms x
Glossary xii
Executive summary xv
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background 2
1.2 Scope and purpose of the expert meeting 4
2. Activities of international standard-setting organizations 5

2.1 FAO and WHO work on animal feeding 5
2.2 Codex work on animal feeding 6
2.3 OIE work on animal feeding 7
3. Current status of knowledge on the impact of animal feed

on food safety and on international trade of feed and food 9
3.1 Globalization 10
3.2 Consumer awareness and risk communication 10
3.3 Technological development 10
4. Safety assessment and detection of hazards in animal feed

and feed ingredients related to public health 11
4.1 Risk assessment 11
4.2 Selection of undesirable substances and micro-organisms of concern 13
4.3 Methods of analysis for the detection of undesirable substances
and micro-organisms 17
5. Prevention and control of risks in animal feed associated with public health 21
5.1 Implementation of the Code 21
5.2 Information sharing and training 21
5.3 Emergency response 22
iv
6. Conclusions and identification of relevant areas

for further work on animal feed in relation to food safety 25
7. Recommendations 27
Appendices
Appendix A. Agenda of the meeting 29
Appendix B. List of participants 31
Appendix C. Experts’ Résumés 39
Appendix D. List of documents 45

Acknowledgments
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health
Organization (WHO) would like to express their appreciation to all those who contributed
to the preparation of this report whether by providing their time and expertise, data and
other relevant information, or by reviewing and providing comments on the document.
Appreciation is also extended to all those who responded to the call for data that was
issued by FAO and WHO and thereby drew our attention to information that was not read-
ily available in the mainstream literature and official documentation.
The role of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, the Danish Plant Directorate, the
European Commission and the United States Food and Drug Administration in support-
ing the participation of some experts is also acknowledged.
The participation of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) at the meeting is
also acknowledged.
vi
Meeting participants
Keith Behnke
Professor,
Department of Grain Science and Industry,
Kansas State University
(United States of America)
Michel Bellaiche
Veterinary Toxicologist and Epidemiologist,
Israeli Veterinary Services and Animal Health
(Israel)
Birgitte Broesbøl-Jensen
Expert,
Department of Feedingstuffs and Fertilizers,
Danish Plant Directorate,
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries
(Denmark)
Jacob De Jong
Coordinator,
Regulatory Feed Programme,
RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety,
Wageningen University and Research Centre
(The Netherlands)
Miguel Angel Granero Rosell

Civil servant,
European Commission,
DG Health and Consumer Protection
Animal Welfare and Feed Unit
(European Commission)
Catherine Italiano
Toxicology Coordinator,
Feed Program,
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
(Canada)
vii
Alexander Komarov
Head of Food and Feed Safety Department,
All-Russian State Centre for Quality and
Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed
(Russian Federation)
Sabine Kruse
Civil servant,
Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection
(Germany)
Germana Lasway
Professor,
Sokoine University of Agriculture
(United Republic of Tanzania)
Fernanda Marussi Tucci

Secretary of Animal and Plant Health,
Ministry of Agriculture,
Livestock and Food Supply
(Brazil)
Daniel McChesney
Director,
Office of Surveillance and Compliance,
United States Food and Drug Administration
Center for Veterinary Medicine
(United States of America)
Sergio Morgulis
Technical Manager,
Minerthal Prod. Agropec. Ltda,
Sao Paulo
(Brazil)
Lea Pallaroni
Secretary General and Responsible for the Technical Area,
ASSALZOO, Italian Feed Producers’ Association
(Italy)
Unable to attend.
viii
Narinder Singh Sharma

Veterinary Bacteriologist,
Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
College of Veterinary Science
(India)
Bill Spooncer
Director,
Kurrajong Meat Technology Pty Ltd
(Australia)
Liying Zhang
Chief of the Laboratory,
Professor of China Agricultural University,
Feed Industry Center,
Ministry of Agriculture
(China)
ix
Declaration of Interest
Of 16 experts who were invited to the meeting, 15 were able to attend. Four participants
declared an interest in the topics under consideration.
Dr Keith Behnke: is Professor of Feed Science in the Department of Grain Science and
Industry at Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas (United States of America). He
is a currently providing advice and facility evaluation for a firm which produce animal
health products.
Mr Sergio Carlo Franco Morgulis: is Technical Director of a company dealing with ani-
mal nutrition, animal health and pet animals. Currently, he is President of the Brazilian
Association of Mineral Supplement Industries and Director of a Feed Industry Union.
He is an expert on animal nutrition and collaborates with the Ministry of Agriculture in
several commissions.
Dr Lea Pallaroni: is Secretary General of the National Association of Feed Producers

(ASSALZOO) in Italy. She is an expert on mycotoxins and good manufacturing practices.
Mr Bill Spooncer: is the Managing Director of a consulting firm. He is an expert on ren-

dering. He holds the honorary position of Technical Director of the Australian Renderers
Association.
The above-mentioned experts were selected because their respective areas of technical
expertise were very valuable to the meeting and of key importance to ensure a thor-
ough discussion. Their declared interests were acknowledged by the participants. Their
participation was considered necessary because the scope of the meeting included
providing scientific advice and recommendations on management options to reduce
risks to human health associated with animal feeding. It was decided that the interests
declared by these experts should not prevent them from participating in the meeting
and contributing to the discussions - including the formulation of conclusions and rec-
ommendations. Their activities were not considered to represent a potential conflict of
interest in the meeting.

Abbreviations and acronyms
AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
ADI Average Daily Intakes
AFRIS Animal Feed Resources Information System
BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
CCMAS Codex Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling
CEN European Committee for Standardization
CRM Certified Reference material
CV-AAS Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
DDGS Dried Distillers’ Grains with Solubles
DGS Distillers’ Grains with Solubles
ECD Electon Capture Detection
ELISA Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay
EPIC Emergency Prevention and Intelligence Centre
EC European Community
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
GAP Good Agriculutral Practices
GC/HR-MS Gas Chromatography - High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
GF-AAS Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
GMO Genetically Modified Organism
GMP Good Manufacturing Practice
GOARN Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network

xi
GPVD Good Practices in the Use of Veterinary Drugs
HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
HG-AAS Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography
ICP-AES Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry
IFIF International Feed Industry Federation
INFOSAN International Food Safety Authorities Network
ISO International Standardization Organization
LC-DAD Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector
LC-MS Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectronomy
LD50 Lethal Dose 50 Percent
JEFCA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
JEMRA Joint Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment
JMPR Joint FAO/WHO Meetings on Pesticide Residues
MRL Maximum Residue Limits
MS Mass Spectronomy
NACA Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
OIE World Organisation for Animal Health
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
PT Proficiency Testing
TDI Tolerable Daily Intake
TEF Toxicity Equivalence Factor
WHO World Health Organization

xii
Glossary
Exposure assessment: The qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the likely intake
of biological, chemical, and physical agents via food, as well as exposures from other
sources if relevant.
Feed (Feedingstuff): Any single or multiple materials, whether processed, semi-proc-

essed or raw, which is intended to be fed directly to food-producing animals.
Feed ingredient: A component part or constituent of any combination or mixture making

up a feed, whether or not it has a nutritional value in the animal’s diet, including feed
additives. Ingredients are of plant, animal or aquatic origin, or other organic or inorganic
substances.3
Feed additive: Any intentionally added ingredient not normally consumed as feed by
itself, whether or not it has nutritional value, which affects the characteristics of feed
or animal products.3
Micro-organisms, enzymes, acidity regulators, trace elements, vitamins and other prod-
ucts fall within the scope of this definition depending on the purpose of use and method
of administration.
Hazard: A biological, chemical or physical agent in, or condition of, food with the poten-
tial to cause an adverse health effect.2
Hazard identification: The identification of biological, chemical, and physical agents

capable of causing adverse health effects and which may be present in a particular food
or group of foods.2
Hazard characterization: The qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the nature

of the adverse health effects associated with biological, chemical and physical agents
which may be present in food. For chemical agents, a dose-response assessment
should be performed. For biological or physical agents, a dose-response assessment
should be performed if the data are obtainable. 2
2 FAO/WHO. 2007. Codex Alimentarius principles for risk analysis, (Procedural Manual of the Codex
Alimentarius Commission), Seventeenth Edition. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. Rome.
(available at http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/procedural_manual.jsp)
3 FAO/WHO. 2004. Code of practice on good animal feeding (CAC/RCP 54-2004). Rome. (available at http://
www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10080/CXC_054_2004e.pdf)
xiii
Pesticide: Any substance intended for preventing, destroying, attracting, repelling, or

controlling any pest including unwanted species of plants or animals during the produc-
tion, storage, transport, distribution and processing of food, agricultural commodities, or
animal feeds or which may be administered to animals for the control of ectoparasites.
The term includes substances intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant,
desiccant, fruit thinning agent, or sprouting inhibitor and substances applied to crops
either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage
and transport. The term normally excludes fertilizers, plant and animal nutrients, food
additives, and animal drugs.2
Risk: A function of the probability of an adverse health effect and the severity of that ef-
fect, consequential to a hazard(s) in food.2
Risk analysis: A process consisting of three components: risk assessment, risk man-
agement and risk communication.2
Risk assessment: A scientifically based process consisting of the following steps: (i)
hazard identification, (ii) hazard characterization, (iii) exposure assessment and (iv) risk
characterization.2
Risk assessment policy: Documented guidelines on the choice of options and associated
judgements for their application at appropriate decision points in the risk assessment,
such that the scientific integrity of the process is maintained.2
Risk characterization: The qualitative and/or quantitative estimation, including attend-

ant uncertainties, of the probability of occurrence and severity of known or potential
adverse health effects in a given population based on hazard identification, hazard char-
acterization and exposure assessment.2
Risk communication: The interactive exchange of information and opinions through-

out the risk analysis process concerning risk, risk-related factors and risk perceptions,
among risk assessors, risk managers, consumers, industry, the academic community
and other interested parties, including the explanation of risk assessment findings and
the basis of risk management decisions.2
Risk estimate: The quantitative estimation of risk resulting from risk characterization.2
Risk management: The process, distinct from risk assessment, of weighing policy alter-
natives, in consultation with all interested parties, considering risk assessment and oth-
er factors relevant for the health protection of consumers and for the promotion of fair
trade practices, and, if needed, selecting appropriate prevention and control options.2
Risk profile: The description of the food safety problem and its context.2
Traceability/Product tracing: The ability to follow the movement of a food through speci-
fied stage(s) of production, processing and distribution.2
xiv
Undesirable substances: Contaminants and other substances which are present in

and/or on feed and feed ingredients and which constitute a risk to consumers’ health,
including food safety-related animal health issues.3
Veterinary drug: Any substance applied or administered to any food producing animal,
such as meat or milk producing animals, poultry, fish or bees, whether used for thera-
peutic, prophylactic or diagnostic purposes or for modification of physiological functions
or behaviour.2
xv
Executive Summary
The Expert Meeting was jointly organized by the Animal Production and Health Division
and the Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division of the Food and Agriculture Organi-
zation of the United Nations (FAO) and the Department of Food Safety, Zoonoses and
Foodborne Diseases of the World Health Organization (WHO), to review current knowl-
edge on animal feed and its impact on food safety and international food and feed trade,
and to provide orientation advice on this matter to their Members and to international
organizations. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) kindly joined this effort
and was an important resource.
The experts discussed a diverse list of hazards that present human health risks and
disrupt trade. This list is very large and constantly evolving. Consumers are increasingly
aware of, and sensitive to, food safety issues and their linkage to animal production,
including feeding practices. At the same time, in many countries, people are chronically
short of food and there is a need to improve the efficiency of animal production to provide
better access to affordable protein. Global trade in food and feed continues to expand,
with countries and sectors continually emerging as new participants. Trade problems
continue to arise as a result of countries establishing different national tolerances for
residues, lack of harmonization with international standards, and sometimes from the
lack of international standards. Differences among countries’ capabilities to conduct
analyses also contribute to trade problems. Economics and technological advances are
driving the development of new feed products which may challenge established regula-
tory approaches to feed and food safety.
The meeting concluded that ensuring safe feed is an important component of efforts to
reduce and prevent food safety hazards. Potential measures to ensure safe feed include:
• applying valid methods for decontamination, disinfection and cleaning;
• developing rapid and economical analytical methods for screening feed and feed
ingredients;
• reporting the presence of undesirable substances to national and international
authorities; to this end, minimum criteria for reporting such events to trading part-
ners are needed;
• developing international standards for certain undesirable substances using the
“Tolerable Daily Intake” (TDI) approach;
• rapidly notifying the competent authorities of feed safety incidents that could result
in human food safety hazards;
• training regulators, inspectors, feed and livestock industry personnel and farmers
to produce and use safe feed;
• implementing communication strategies to address consumers and the food indus-
try, highlighting the importance of feed safety in producing safe food products; and
xvi
• assisting less-developed countries to meet international standards through the

provision of technical advice and assistance.
The Expert Group made the following recommendations:

(i) The application of the Codex Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding should
be promoted in order to minimize risks.
(ii) General principles and guidelines for the assessment of risk for feed ingredients
or categories of ingredients should be developed.
(iii) A prioritized list of hazards of international relevance for which standards could
be developed for feed and feed ingredients with respect to food safety were iden-
tified during this Expert Meeting. Countries should assess the need for further
evaluation by international scientific expert committees.
(iv) The existing Codex Code of Practice for Source Directed Measures to Reduce
Contamination of Food with Chemicals (CAC/RCP 49-2001), which also encom-
passes feed, should be reviewed to include specific provisions related to feed safety.
(v) Research on the of rates of transfer and accumulation of dioxins, dibenzofurans,
and dioxin-like PCBs from feed to edible tissue in animal-derived products and
management measures should be continued.
(vi) Inexpensive and accurate screening methods for the detection and quantifica-
tion of dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and feed ingredients
should be developed.
(vii) Rapid and semi-quantitative screening methods for detection of aflatoxin B1
in both feed and feed ingredients are needed. The methods should be simple
enough for use by non-technical personnel and inexpensive so as to encourage
their use.
(viii) Communication should be improved to raise the awareness among biofuel (e.g.
ethanol and biodiesel) processors, livestock producers and the feed industry of
the need for safety assessments prior to the use in animal feeds of by-products
from the production of biofuels.
(ix) More research is needed to determine the fate and residual concentration of
aflatoxin B1, and any antibiotics used to control unwanted microbial growth dur-
ing the biofuels fermentation process. Research is also needed to evaluate the
risk of residual levels of methanol in glycerol from biodiesel production when it
is used as a feed ingredient, particularly in dairy production.
(x) The existing Codex Codes regarding emergency situations, which also encom-
pass feed, should be reviewed to include specific provisions on feed emergen-
cies related to food safety.
FAO/WHO. 2004. Code of practice on good animal feeding, (CAC/RCP 54-2004). Rome. (available at www.
codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10080/CXC_054_2004e.pdf).
FAO/WHO. 2001. Code of practice for source directed measures to reduce contamination of food with
chemicals (CAC/RCP 49-2001). Rome. (available at www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/373/

CXP_049e.pdf).
xvii
(xi) The international emergency notification system for food (INFOSAN) should be
expanded in collaboration with the OIE to consider linkages between food and
feed emergencies and to incorporate appropriate changes to include feed emer-
gency notifications.
(xi) Emergency response systems for feed and food should be developed at the
national and regional levels to contribute to food safety. FAO and WHO should
assist in the development and application of such systems.
(xii) Training for regulators, inspectors, all sectors of the feed manufacturing and
distribution chain, the livestock industry, farmers and other stakeholders relat-
ing to the production of safe feed should be carried out where possible using
existing training materials, i.e. guidelines and manuals. FAO, WHO and other
organizations should assist in the development of training methods.
(xiii) FAO and WHO should convene regular expert meetings and other fora to continue
monitoring the situation, update information on the impact of feed on food safety,
foster the dialogue among partners and identify areas needing attention.

1. Introduction
A Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety was held at FAO
Headquarters in Rome from 8 to 12 October 2007 (the agenda of the meeting is provided
in Appendix A). The meeting was jointly organized by the Animal Production and Health
Division and the Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division of FAO and the Department
of Food Safety, Zoonoses, and Foodborne Diseases of WHO. OIE kindly joined this effort
and participated as an important resource. The Expert Meeting was organized according
to the principles of the FAO/WHO Framework for the Provision of Scientific Advice on
Food Safety and Nutrition.
In response to a demand from interested parties, a stakeholder meeting was held
prior to the Expert Meeting, with the objective of allowing stakeholders to inform the
experts on the state of the art in the field of animal feed standards, present their position
on how to ensure the safety of animal feed and provide their opinions regarding relevant
areas for the development of new specific standards for animal feed, and other actions
required at international, regional and national levels. The position papers provided
by the stakeholders were made available to the experts. The meeting was opened by
Samuel Jutzi, Director of FAO’s Animal Production and Health Division and by Ezzed-
dine Boutrif, Director of the Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, who welcomed
the participants on behalf of the Directors-General of FAO and WHO. In welcoming the
participants, they pointed out that the role of animal feed in the production of safe food
is well recognized, and that FAO and WHO include several activities that address this
matter in their programmes of work. FAO and WHO had considered it appropriate to call
an Expert Meeting to review current knowledge on animal feed and its impact on food
safety and international food and feed trade, and to provide orientation advice on this
matter to their Members and to international organizations.
A total of sixteen experts from seven regions - Africa, Asia, Europe, the Near East,
North America, South America and the Southwest Pacific, - were invited. The experts
participated in their independent professional capacities and not as representatives of
their governments, employers or institutions. A full list of participants is provided in
Appendix B and the experts’ résumés are presented in Appendix C. The meeting elected
Miguel Granero Rossell as chairperson and Keith Behnke and Catherine Italiano were
appointed as rapporteurs. Four working groups were established to address specific
aspects of the agenda; Birgitte Broesbøl-Jensen, Jacob de Jong, Sarah Kahn and Dan-
iel McChesney were appointed as rapporteurs of the working groups. The meeting was
supported by a number of technical papers prepared by some of the experts at the
FAO/WHO. 2007. Framework for the provision of scientific advice on food safety and nutrition. Rome.
(available at http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/agns/files/Final_Draft_EnglishFramework.pdf).
See Appendix D, Part 3
See list of papers in Appendix D, Part 1

request of the secretariat, which addressed the following subjects: current state of
knowledge on the impact of animal feed on public health and on international trade;
safety assessment of feed and feed ingredients; and the current situation of risk man-
agement addressing animal feed at international, regional and national levels, of both
governmental and private sectors, including emergency situations. Other documents
were submitted in response to an open call for information and data on issues related
to the impact of animal feed on food safety. Finally, FAO, WHO, Codex and OIE docu-
ments and information were provided by the secretariat. These documents, as listed in
Appendix D of this report, were distributed to the experts, as the need arose, prior to
and during the meeting.
1.1 Background
The role of animal feed in the production of safe food is recognized worldwide, and
recent events have underlined its impacts on public health, feed and food trade, and
food security. Concerns prompted by the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE) in the United Kingdom, and other more common food problems associated with
Salmonella, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli and other micro-organisms, have
encouraged health professionals and the feed industry to scrutinize more closely the
causes of these diseases and methods for their control. Some corrective measures are
as basic as improving housekeeping and staff training in feed mills. Other measures
are more challenging, and may require limiting the use of some ingredients or radically
changing the way in which they are prepared (processed) or sourced, or restricting the
locations where animals are grazed.
Development work on the application of the risk analysis framework provided by
Codex in the field of animal feeding has facilitated understanding of the potential impact
of animal feed safety on public health and of the implementation of risk-based meas-
ures to prevent and control hazards.
Development of improved practices in the feeding of food-producing animals,
improvement of feed production systems and the development of sampling and ana-
lytical techniques suitable for animal feed have also facilitated the characterization of
problems.
The scientific basis for these developments was analysed by an Expert Consulta-
tion on Animal Feeding and Food Safety organized by FAO in 1997. The consultation
restricted its considerations to food safety matters that pertained strictly to feeds. The
consultation made the following recommendations:
(i) The feed industry and the animal production industries should recognize their
important role in the production of safe food and should evaluate consequences
to human health when using new feed ingredients, new suppliers or introducing
new processing methods.
(ii) As quality assurance is applicable at all stages of food production to ensure the safety
of the consumer, a code of practice for good animal feeding should be followed.
FAO. 1998 Animal feeding and food safety. Report of an FAO Expert Consultation Rome, 10-14 March 1997.
FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 69. Rome. (available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/w8901e/w8901e00.htm).
Introduction
(iii) Manufacturers should provide adequate information to enable the quality and
safety of feed to be maintained after delivery.
(iv) Known and potential risks to food safety should be re-evaluated as new informa-
tion becomes available.
(v) A code of good practice for the fertilization of ponds by the addition of animal
manure, agricultural by-products and other wastes should be developed by the
WHO/FAO/NACA Study Group on Food Safety Issues associated with Products
from Aquaculture and conveyed to the Codex Alimentarius Commission for pos-
sible inclusion in a Code of Practice for Good Animal Feeding.
(vi) The Codex Alimentarius Commission should consider for adoption the Draft
Code of Practice for Good Animal Feeding.
(vii) The feed industry should assist developing countries by providing and promoting
advice on good animal feeding practices.
(viii) FAO should support developing countries in the application of good animal feed-
ing practices.
As a result of these recommendations the Codex Alimentarius Commission adopted
the Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding (CAC/RCP 54-2004)10 in 200411 (hereafter
referred to as “the Code”), and since then countries have advanced in the implementation
of the Code through joint efforts involving national authorities and the private sector.
In recent years, the introduction of the food chain approach, which recognizes that
responsibility for the supply of safe, healthy and nutritious food is shared along the
entire food chain, has served to highlight the importance of feed safety. The food chain,
thus, comprises every step from primary production to final consumption. Stakeholders
include farmers, fishermen, slaughterhouse operators, feed producers and processors,
food processors, transport operators, distributors (wholesale and retail) and consum-
ers, as well as governments responsible for protecting public health.
Scientific developments since the FAO Expert Consultation in 1997 and the experienc-
es of countries in the implementation of the Code since 2004, as well as advances in feed
production, transport and marketing, and the development of new production methods
for feed ingredients, such as the use of nanotechnology, make it clear that further work
is needed to assess new hazards and their potential impact on public health and trade.
FAO and WHO therefore considered it appropriate to convene an Expert Meeting to
review current knowledge on animal feed and its impact on food safety, and to provide
orientation and advice on this matter to Members and to international organizations.
The Expert Meeting was requested to review and analyse the experience of selected
countries in modernizing and strengthening their feed safety systems and drawing les-
sons from their experiences.
10 FAO/WHO. 2004. Code of practice on good animal feeding, (CAC/RCP 54-2004) Rome.
(available at http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10080/CXC_054_2004e.pdf).
11 FAO/WHO. 2004. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. Codex Alimentarius Commission Twenty-
Seventh Session, Centre International De Conférences De Genève Geneva, Switzerland, 28 June - 3 July
2004. Report. Rome. (available at http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/report/621/al04_41e.pdf).
1.2 Scope and purpose of the Expert Meeting

Within the overall role of securing food safety and ensuring fair trade practices in the
food and feed trades, the objectives of the Expert Meeting were as follows:
• to review the current state of knowledge on animal feed, its impact on public health
and on international trade;
• to analyse the current situation of international standards addressing animal feed;
• to identify relevant areas for the development of specific standards for animal feed,
on the basis of scientific evidence relevant to ensuring the safety of foods of animal
origin and fair practices in international trade; and
• to provide guidance for further action required at international level to address these
issues in the most appropriate ways, and recommend specific activities needed.
The Expert Meeting focused on feed safety matters that have an impact on food
safety, public health and international food and feed trade. The experts did not discuss,
in any depth, issues such as the use of antimicrobials in feed, the use and labelling of
genetically modified organisms (GMOs,) animal health or traceability, as these issues
are under consideration in other FAO, WHO, Codex and OIE fora. The Expert Meeting did
not specifically address issues related to food for companion animals, while recognizing
their potential impact on public health.

2. Activities of international
standard-setting organizations
FAO, WHO, Codex and OIE have been involved in many activities related to animal
feeding, including risk assessment, development of international standards, capac-
ity-building and technical assistance to their Members to promote feed safety. These
organizations collaborate closely to ensure a coordinated approach along the food chain
continuum. The following sections provide specific information on their activities.
2.1 FAO and WHO work on animal feeding

In response to its Members’ request, FAO has developed a series of activities to support
them in ensuring feed safety. These activities can be summarized as follows:
• development, compilation and dissemination of information;
• promotion of wide alliances and partnership with the private sector;
• technical assistance and capacity- and institutional building; and
• awareness raising and policy advice.
FAO and WHO provide the scientific basis to Codex through independent scientific
expert meetings and consultations12 and more specifically through the Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)13; the Joint FAO/WHO Meetings on Pesti-
cide Residues (JMPR)14, the Joint Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment
(JEMRA)15 and the Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Meetings on Safety Assessment of
Food Derived from Biotechnology.
Since the Codex Alimentarius Commission approved the Code of Practice on Good
Animal Feeding, in 2004, FAO has assisted its Members to: reflect the Code in national
legislation; assure compliance and verification; harmonize, at country level, different
standards and requirements; coordinate the different institutions and bodies responsi-
ble for ensuring feed safety; include small and medium producers and enterprises in
the process; disseminate information; and raise public awareness.
More specifically, to provide a useful tool for regulators, producers and professionals
at large to implement the Code, FAO in partnership with the International Feed Industry
Federation (IFIF), is preparing a Manual of Good Practices for the Feed Industry. This
12 For more information, see the Website of the FAO/WHO programme on provision of scientific advice (http://
www.fao.org/ag/agn/agns/advice_en.asp).
13 For more information, see the JECFA Website (http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/agns/jecfa_index_en.asp); and the
Website of the International Programme on Chemical Safety (http://www.who.int/ipcs/en/). Note that the
terms of reference of JECFA do not include direct risk assessment of animal feed.
14 For more information, see FAO’s Pesticide Management Website (http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpp/Pesticid/
Default.htm); and the Website of the International Programme on Chemical Safety (http://www.who.int/ipcs/en/).
15 For more information, see the JMRA Website (http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/agns/jemra_index_en.asp); and the
WHO Food Safety Website (http://www.who.int/foodsafety/en/).

partnership will facilitate better access to, and communication with, the target groups.
FAO also supports the prevention and control of mycotoxin contamination of animal feed
through several capacity-building activities and a publication on Worldwide Regulations
on Mycotoxins in Food and Feeds16.
To disseminate relevant information, FAO, in association with the organizations
responsible for international standard setting in sanitary and phytosanitary matters, has
developed the International Portal on Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health17, a facility
which provides a single access point for authorized official international and national
information across the sectors of food safety, and animal and plant health.
FAO has also released several publications that specifically address issues relevant
to feed safety18.
FAO has organized several international and regional training courses on Good Prac-
tices for the Animal Feed and Livestock Industries, and in partnership with IFIF, has
organized two global Feed and Food Congresses in 2005 and 2007 (a third is currently
being planned).19
2.2 Codex work on animal feeding

The ad hoc Codex Intergovernmental Task Force on Animal Feeding was established
by the 23rd Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (July 1999) to address all
issues relating to animal feeding. The main objective of the Task Force was to develop
guidelines or standards, as appropriate, on Good Animal Feeding Practices with the aim
of ensuring the safety and quality of foods of animal origin. The Task Force was hosted
by Denmark and met five times between 2000 and 2004. Its main output was the Codex
Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding (CAC/RCP 54/2004)20, which was adopted by
the Codex Alimentarius Commission in 2004. The Task Force based its work on a Code
of Practice for Good Animal Feeding developed by the 1997 FAO Expert Consultation on
Animal Feeding and Food Safety.
The objective of the Code is to help ensure the safety of food for human consumption
through adherence to good animal feeding practice at the farm level and good manu-
facturing practices (GMPs) during the procurement, handling, storage, processing and
distribution of animal feed and feed ingredients for food-producing animals. The Code
applies to the production and use of all materials destined for animal feed and feed
ingredients at all levels, whether produced industrially or at farm level. It also includes
grazing or free-range feeding, forage-crop production and aquaculture. The Code, in
16 FAO. 2004. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper
No. 81. Rome. (available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5499e/y5499e00.htm).
17 Visit the International Portal on Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health at (http://www.ipfsaph.org).
18 For more information, see the list of publications made available at the Expert Meeting in Appendix D, Part 3.
19 Other information can be found on the Websites of the FAO Animal Production and Health Division
(http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/home/en/home.html); the FAO Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division
(http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/index_en.stm); the FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Department Aquaculture Website
(http://www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=topic&fid=16064); the Website of the FAO/IAEA Joint
Division for Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture (http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/index.html); and the
WHO’s on Food Safety Website (http://www.who.int/foodsafety/en/).
20 FAO/WHO. 2004. Code of practice on good animal feeding, (CAC/RCP 54-2004) Rome. (available at http://
www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10080/CXC_054_2004e.pdf).
Activities of international standard-setting organizations
line with Codex mandate of consumer protection, only addresses food safety and does
not cover issues of animal welfare other than food safety-related animal health issues.
Environmental contaminants were considered in cases where the level of such sub-
stances in feed and feed ingredients could present a risk to consumers’ health via the
consumption of foods of animal origin.
The Codex Alimentarius Commission dissolved the Task Force in 2004 as it had com-
pleted its work. Although the Commission recognized, in general, the value of Codex
continuing to work on animal feeding because of its importance for the protection of
consumers’ health, it agreed to defer until 2008 its discussion of the timing and potential
work of the future Task Force on Animal Feeding.
A Circular Letter (CL 2007/19-CAC)21 requesting proposals for future work by Codex
on animal feeding and information on national experiences in the implementation of
the Code of Practice in Good Animal Feeding was issued in July 2007 in order to allow
further consideration of the issue at the 31st Session of the Commission in July 2008.
Texts relevant to animal feeding have been developed by other Codex Committees
such as those on Food Additives and Contaminants (now split into the Codex Com-
mittees on Food Additives and on Contaminants in Foods), Meat Hygiene, Residues of
Veterinary Drugs in Foods, Pesticide Residues and Food Labelling.
2.3 OIE work on animal feeding

The role of animal feed in the transmission of diseases is well known. Since its estab-
lishment, the OIE has provided standards, guidelines and recommendations on risk
management, including for micro-organisms that are transmissible via feed (such as
Newcastle disease virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus). The OIE provides recom-
mendations on diseases of animals, including zoonotic diseases (diseases that can
infect humans) such as BSE and salmonellae. The OIE has consistently emphasized
the importance of controlling feed-borne exposure as part of the overall approach to
biosecurity. Modern approaches to disease management, such as zoning and compart-
mentalization, require close attention to animal feed as a pathway for the introduction of
unwanted micro-organisms. Disease surveillance and reporting provide the foundation
for disease management and prevention.
The food safety hazards associated with animal-derived food products are well recog-
nized. The formation in 2002 of a permanent OIE Working Group on Animal Production Food
Safety marked a renewed focus by the OIE on food-borne zoonotic diseases and set the
foundation for a much closer collaboration between the OIE and the Codex Alimentarius
Commission. Under the auspices of the Working Group, the OIE is developing or has devel-
oped several standards relevant to food and feed safety, including on the use of antimicro-
bial products, identification and traceability of animals and animal products, and veterinary
ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection for the control of food-borne hazards.
The development of a horizontal OIE standard on animal feeding commenced in 2006.
Under the guidance of the Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission and the
Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission, the OIE is currently developing stand-
ards on animal feeding, for terrestrial and aquatic animals, respectively, with the prima-
21 ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Circular_letters/CXCL2007/cl07_19e.pdf
ry objective of preventing disease transmission and spread via feed. Management, at the
farm level, of food safety hazards (including pathogenic micro-organisms, contaminants
and veterinary drugs) is within the scope of the OIE texts and is being addressed under
the auspices of the Working Group. To ensure that OIE and Codex standards relevant to
food safety are complementary, the two international standard-setting organizations
will continue to work closely together, exchanging information and expertise as appro-
priate to their respective mandates.
At this time, the OIE draft standards on animal feeding primarily address disease
issues. They have been circulated to OIE Members, who were broadly supportive of
the approach, but requested clarification on several points. The draft standards will be
republished for a further round of Member comments towards the end of 2007.

3. Current status of knowledge on

the impact of animal feed on
food safety and on international
trade of feed and food
Food safety hazards associated with animal feed can be biological, chemical or physical
(radionuclides). Each hazard is associated with particular sources and routes of contam-
ination and exposure. Risk management must be based on a thorough understanding of
these characteristics. The role of water as a potential source of hazards should not be
overlooked. Hazards may be introduced with source materials or via carryover or con-
tamination of products during handling, storage and transportation. The presence of a
hazard may also result from accidental or deliberate (e.g. fraud or bioterrorism) human
intervention. Risk management should be based upon preparedness and prevention
rather than reaction after detection of the problem. The Code presents a preventive risk
management approach.
Since the FAO Expert Consultation on Animal Feeding and Food Safety in 1997, gov-
ernments have continued to manage issues associated with well-recognized hazards.
The Expert Group discussed a diverse list of hazards of natural and artificial origin that
present human health risks and disrupt trade. Trade problems continue to result from
countries establishing different national tolerances for residues, from lack of harmoni-
zation with international standards, and from the lack of international standards.
Our understanding of issues and the regulatory approaches to risk management have
evolved since 1997. Important issues that have contributed to this evolution include:
(i) BSE and other prion diseases;
(ii) impact on food safety of antimicrobial use in animals;
(iii) newly recognized undesirable substances: melamine, dioxins, dibenzofurans
and dioxin-like PCBs;
(iv) the presence of genetically modified organisms, crops and enzymes in feed;
(v) by-products of new technologies (e.g. biofuel production) used in feed production;
(vi) radionuclides;
(vii) development of aquaculture industries and the search for new/better aquacul-
ture feeds;
(viii) feed (and food) as the target of bioterrorism; and
(ix) emerging technologies, such as the use of products of nanotechnology in feed.
The Expert Group discussed the following important horizontal issues relevant to the
impact of animal feed on food safety and trade.
10 Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety
3.1 Globalization
Global trade in food and feed (particularly for some ingredients such as additives) con-
tinues to expand, with countries and sectors continually emerging as new participants
in international trade. This highlights the importance of having national standards that
are consistent with international standards and guidelines.
Zoonotic diseases, such as BSE, can have a significant bearing on international trade
as a country’s disease status affects its capacity to export animal products (both food
and feed). It is therefore important that countries report disease events to the OIE and
adopt measures to prevent the spread of micro-organisms of concern in feed and food,
for example by implementing the Code and other relevant standards and recommenda-
tions of Codex and OIE.
3.2 Consumer awareness and risk communication

Consumers are increasingly aware of, and sensitive to, food safety and its linkage with
animal production, including feeding practices. Consumers are not always comfortable
with new technologies and fear of the unknown must be addressed with well-structured
risk communication strategies. At the same time, people in many countries are chroni-
cally short of food and there is a need to improve the efficiency of animal production to
provide better access to affordable protein.
3.3 Technological development

Economics and technological advances are driving the development of new feed prod-
ucts, especially products of biotechnology. New products may challenge established
regulatory approaches to feed and food safety risk assessment. Because of this rapid
evolution, situations may arise where a specific food safety hazard has not been identi-
fied, but relevant scientific information suggests a link between consumption of a food
and adverse effects on health.
Analytical methods are increasingly sensitive and this makes the work of risk assess-
ment and management more complex. In the international context, the differences
between countries in terms of their analytical capabilities can cause trade problems.
International standard-setting organizations must address this issue.
There is improved capacity for rapid sharing of information on food and feed prob-
lems. This can assist countries to minimize impacts on trade.
The list of potential hazards is very large and constantly evolving. A multidisciplinary
approach to risk assessment and risk management is needed. Generic approaches
(such as presented in the Code) are needed, as it is beyond the resources of any country
or organization to deal with every possible hazard-product combination on a case-by-
case basis.
Developed countries should be prepared to help less developed countries meet inter-
national standards through the provision of technical advice and assistance. Suitable
approaches include bilateral institute-to-institute or country-to-country arrangements
(twinning).
11
4. Safety assessment and detection

of hazards in animal feed and feed
ingredients related to public health
As animal feed is an important route by which hazards can enter the human food chain,
its safety must be assessed prior to its feeding to animals. Safety assessments are often
multifaceted. They usually consider both the safety of animals as the primary consum-
ers of the feed, and safety of humans as the indirect consumers of any residues that may
remain in food of animal origin. In some cases, risk to people working with and mixing
feed, and risk to the environment are assessed.
For feed safety assessments, it is important to establish guidelines that are generic
enough to encompass the requirements of all ingredients and are flexible enough to
allow for differences in ingredient types. Evaluations are often conducted on a case-by-
case basis due to the specific characteristics and use of the ingredients which make
up a complete feed. This ranges from traditional grains, oilseeds and their by-products
(e.g. soybeans and soybean meal), to mineral and vitamin supplements (e.g. copper sul-
phate and vitamin B12), by-products of food processing (e.g. dried bakery residue), viable
microbial supplements and fermentation products either purified or not (e.g. Lactoba-
cillus acidophilus and dried fermentation soluble), flavouring aids (e.g. aldehyde C-18),
colouring agents (e.g. astaxanthin) and to other ingredients used to aid the process of
manufacturing the ingredient or the mixed feed (e.g. binding or anti-caking agents).
4.1 Risk assessment

The assessment of feed and feed ingredients should be based on the Codex Principles
for Risk Analysis22. The risk assessment of microbiological and chemical hazards in
feed and feed ingredients should be developed considering relevant Codex texts such
as: the Principles and Guidelines for the Conduct of Microbiological Risk Assessment23;
the Risk Analysis Principles applied by the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues;
the Risk Analysis Principles applied by the Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary
Drugs in Foods; and the Risk Analysis Principles applied by the Codex Committee on
Food Additives and the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods24.
22 FAO/WHO. 2006. Codex Alimentarius Comission proceducral manual, Sixteenth Edition. Rome. (available at
ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Publications/ProcManuals/Manual_16e.pdf).
23 FAO/WHO. 2001. Principles and guidelines for the conduct of microbiological risk assessment. Food and
Nutrition/Codex Alimentarius - Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Rome. (available at http://www.
codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/357/CXG_030e.pdf).
24 FAO/WHO. 2007. Codex Alimentarius principles for risk analysis, (Procedural manual of the Codex
Alimentarius Commission), Seventeenth edition. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. Rome.
The steps can be summarized as follows:

(i) Hazard identification - for chemicals, the hazards are identified, including com-
ponents, impurities, undesirable substances, and the toxicological profile or
any other relevant assessment endpoints. In the case of micro-organisms the
relevant pathogens and the microbiological profile of the feed are identified.
(ii) Hazard characterization - for chemicals the relevant reference values, espe-
cially for an oral route exposure are identified (e.g. LD50, ADI) for all species of
concern, including non-target species. For microbiological hazards, the nature
and the severity of the adverse health effects are characterized and where pos-
sible a dose-response relationship established.
(iii) Exposure assessment - the potential exposure of animals and humans to
undesirable substances or micro-organisms is determined based on the preva-
lence and concentrations of these hazards in the daily ration of the feed or feed
ingredient (when assessing an ingredient), feed and food consumption data and
consideration of any processing effects.
(iv) Risk characterization - the risk is characterized by combining information on
the nature of the adverse health effect of the hazard and the potential for expo-
sure to the hazard, with the inclusion of uncertainty factors.
The hazard identification step identifies any undesirable substances and micro-organ-
isms of concern that may be naturally occurring in or introduced into the ingredient
during its processing, transport or storage. The frequency of their occurrence and their
concentrations in the product and in the final feed should be determined. This becomes
especially important in the case of some complex ingredients such as by-products pro-
duced from other industries. Examples of undesirable substances and micro-organisms
of concern could include heavy metals, dioxins, dibenzofurans and PCBs, veterinary
drug residues, pesticides, processing aids, mycotoxins and pathogenic bacteria.
The exposure assessment is the step in which the concentration, frequency and dura-
tion of human and animal exposure is measured or estimated. Exposures will differ as a
result of the formulation of the product, the use patterns of the product, and the exposure
scenarios. Whether the ingredient has the potential to enter the food chain will depend
on the rate and degree of absorption and how the ingredient is distributed, metabolized,
excreted or bio-accumulated in the animal. When there is an indication that bio-accu-
mulation may result in an unacceptable residue level in foods of animal origin, direct
feeding trials in livestock at appropriate levels are recommended to assess the potential
transfer from feed to food of animal origin. Residue studies should be conducted for the
parent compound and its possible metabolites. In the case of microbial contaminants,
studies on the transfer of potential pathogens from animals to food of animal origin may
be needed. However, it is often not possible to conduct direct feeding trials to account
for all feeding situations (e.g., multiple species, different sexes and different stages in
animals’ lives). Therefore, toxico-kinetic or other models that can predict the transfer of
potential residues or pathogens from feed to foods may be used.
Safety assessment and detection of hazards in animal feed and feed ingredients related to public health 13
4.2 Selection of undesirable substances and micro-organisms

of concern
The Expert Group reviewed an extensive list of hazards related to food safety that can
potentially be present in feed.
The Expert Group developed the following criteria to help select hazards of current
importance in feed:
(i) relevance of the hazard to public health;
(ii) extent of the occurrence of the hazard; and
(iii) impact of the hazard on international trade in food and feed.
Among others, the following feeds and feed ingredients were considered:
• compound/complete feeds;
• grains and oilseeds (whole and meals), fruit and vegetable by-products, including oils;
• forage, including grasses, hay and silage;
• directly dried products (e.g. bakery by-products);
• biofuel by-products (e.g. distillers’ grains with solubles (DGS), dried distillers’
grains with solubles (DDGS) and glycerol);
• food processing by-products and co-products;
• minerals, including trace elements, and binders;
• animal by-products, including meat and bone meal and fats;
• aquatic products, including fishmeal, shellfish, fish by-products, seaweed and krill;
• fermentation/biomass and dried products;
• viable microbes; and
• silage additives
The Expert Group considered the following undesirable substances and micro-organ-
isms as being currently most important:
Chemical substances
Dioxins, dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs (dioxins)

Because of the ubiquitous presence of dioxins in the environment, the threat of dioxin con-
tamination posed by feed ingredients may originate from many different sources. Since the
Belgian dioxin crisis in 1999, dioxins have become important considerations for feed safety.
Since then, numerous cases of contamination involving dioxin from unexpected sources
have been reported. This has shown that dioxins may be inherent to a product (e.g. clay min-
erals), can be formed during heat processing (e.g. lime in citrus pulp, directly dried bakery
waste), or may arise through the use of treated wood in animal production, the grass meal
or grass meal pellets produced from grass dried directly fed flue gases from (e.g. coal-fired
heating plants) and pasture placed near polluting plants (e.g. coal-fired heating plants).
Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs are two related groups of toxic compounds, both com-
prising a number of congeners. Each congener has its own toxicity as expressed by the
toxicity equivalence factor (TEF).
It has been postulated that most human exposure to dioxins is as a result of foods
of animal origin, which in turn may arise from the presence of dioxins in animal feeds.
Dioxins accumulate in fat to a high degree, so even extremely low levels of dioxin in
feed can become significant over the lifetime of an animal and result in unacceptable
residues in human foods such as meat, milk, and eggs. Toxicokinetic models have been
developed to estimate the transfer rates of dioxins to animal tissues.25
As such, implementing controls for dioxins in feed represents an important step
towards reducing dioxins in the food chain. In particular, screening programmes have
indicated that dioxins may arise in feed via their presence in mineral sources, such as
clays, recuperated copper sulphate, zinc oxide; food by-products; and fish by-products
such as fish meal and fish oils.
There is a need for development/improvement of inexpensive and accurate screening
methods. Feed and food exposure studies are necessary to account for all sources of
dioxin entering the feed chain.
Mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1
In the last decade, many studies have been conducted on mycotoxins. Most frequently
occurring mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisin B1, deoxiniva-
lenol, T-2 and HT-2) are currently considered for their effects on animal health.
However, when focusing on how mycotoxins play a role in food safety, attention should
be limited to mycotoxins that are known to be transferred from feed to food of animal
origin, as this food represents a significant route of exposure for humans.
Although the scientific community is aware of the following transfers from feed to
food: aflatoxin B1 to liver, aflatoxin B1 to milk as aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin B1 to eggs as
aflatoxicol; ochratoxin A to meat; deoxynivalenol to meat as DOM1; zearalenone to meat
as zearalenol, evaluating transfer rate and route of exposure in humans is restricted to
aflatoxin B1 for animals producing milk.
Farmers should bear in mind that animals fed on aflatoxin contaminated feed do not
show symptoms of aflatoxin toxicity.
Feeds most susceptible to aflatoxin are: cereals (especially maize), cottonseed, pea-
nut and copra. Aflatoxin contamination is not homogeneous; it is therefore very impor-
tant to apply an appropriate sampling method. Feeds having a significant aflatoxin con-
tamination should not be fed to dairy cows or other animals producing milk for human
consumption or to other food-producing animals.
There is some evidence to suggest that mycotoxins can concentrate in dried distillers’
grains with solubles (DDGS) during the processing of grains for ethanol production.
Heavy metals
Cadmium is a ubiquitous contaminant that is present in many feed and feed ingredients,
in particular minerals, and forages grown near smelting and mining areas. Arsenic and
mercury are heavy metals which are widespread in the environment and which can be
found in many feeds, in particular in feeds of marine origin. Lead is also a ubiquitous
contaminant. Table 1 summarizes the most relevant minerals, their sources and bioac-
cumulation in animal tissues.
25 Van Eijkeren, J.C.H., Zeilmaker, M.J., Kan, C.A., Traag, W.A. & Hoogenboom, L.A.P. 2006, A toxicokinetic
model for the carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to eggs Food Additives and Contaminants,
23(5): 509-517.
Table 1. Minerals, their sources and bioaccumulation in animal tissues
Mineral Sources Bioaccumulation in animal tissues:

Arsenic (inorganic) Sea plants, fish products and Fish
supplemental minerals.
Cadmium Mineral supplements (such as phosphate, Kidney and liver.
zinc sources). Shellfish, oysters, salmon and fungi,
Forage/grains (depending on have the highest concentrations.
geographical area). There are low concentrations in fruits,
Manure, sewage, sludge or phosphate dairy products, legumes, meat, eggs
fertilizers can enrich soil. and poultry.
Lead Contaminated soil, lead paints, water Bone, brain and kidney
from plumbing systems that contain lead,
batteries.
Mineral supplements (copper sulphate,
zinc sulphate, zinc oxide).
Mercury/methyl mercury Anthropogenic contamination, fish meal. Liver, kidney.
Fish, marine mammals
Source: NRC. 2005. Mineral tolerance of animals. Washington DC, National Research Council
Veterinary Drugs
As veterinary drugs may be a potential risk for food safety, they should be used accord-
ing to good practices in the use of veterinary drugs (GPVD)26.
Residues of veterinary drugs can be present in feed when ingredients of animal origin
(terrestrial and aquatic) are used, but this is not a very significant route of exposure.
Veterinary drug residues may be found in food products as a result of the carryover of
veterinary drugs in feed during feed production. Therefore, it is important to follow the
Code recommendations (flushing, sequencing, cleaning) when feed for food-producing
animals is produced after the production of a medicated feed.
The Expert Group agreed that it is also important to take into account the illegal use
of drugs in animal feed which may result in unsafe residues in meat, milk or eggs (e.g.
chloramphenicol/nitrofurans in shrimps and chloramphenicol in milk powder).
There is some evidence to suggest that antibiotics used in the fermentation process
to control microbiological contamination during the processing of grains for ethanol
production may concentrate in DDGS.
Organochlorine pesticides
The continued presence of organochlorine pesticides in the environment, as well as their
ongoing use in some countries, can cause exposure through food as a result of accumula-
tion in the fat tissues of animals that have been fed on contaminated feed. Such animals will
usually not exhibit specific clinical symptoms of the contamination. Animal products such as
meat could accumulate these substances, which are extremely persistent and which decom-
pose very slowly. Contaminated animal products can cause food safety issues for humans.
26 OIE. 2007.. Appendix 3.9.3. Guidelines for the responsible and prudent use of antimicrobial agents in
veterinary medicine. Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Sixteenth Edition, pp. 549-556.
Microbiological hazards
The primary sources of microbiological hazards in feed are contaminated pasture land,
forages and animal and vegetable protein meals fed directly to animals. The Expert
Group reviewed a number of microbiological hazards, but was unable to rank them dur-
ing this meeting. Further information is needed to accurately define the importance of
feed in disease transmission and food safety.
Brucella
In some countries, where Brucella infection occurs, infected ruminants can deliver
offspring or abort in fields that are grazed or from which pasture is harvested and used
for animal feed. It is well known that the placentas of infected animals contain high lev-
els of Brucella micro-organisms. If contaminated forage is fed to milking animals, the
micro-organisms may be excreted in their milk. If this milk is not pasteurized prior to
consumption by humans, it is a risk to food safety. Suggested control measures can be
found in FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No 156: Guidelines for Coordinated
Human and Animal Brucellosis Surveillance27; in the FAO Animal Health Disease Cards
on bovine brucellosis28 and on ovine and caprine brucellosis29; on the WHO Web page
on brucellosis30, and in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code (Chapter 2.3.1 Bovine
brucellosis and Chapter 2.4.2. Caprine and ovine brucellosis)31.
Salmonella
Salmonella is still of worldwide human health concern. It is clear that infection in ani-
mals has a direct impact on transmission to humans via food of animal origin. Contami-
nated feed might represent an important route of exposure to Salmonella. However, at
the Expert Meeting there was little scientific information available about the correlation
between contaminated feed and infection of livestock by the same Salmonella strains
and the contamination of meat, milk and eggs produced from these animals.
Endoparasites
Some endoparasites of animals, such as Echinococcus, Toxoplasma gondii, Cisticercus
and Trichinella, present a risk to human health, and ingestive stages can contaminate
animal feeds. These pathogens can colonize/infect farm animals, and may pose a threat
to human health if infected or contaminated products are ingested.
Toxic Plants
There are many toxic plants found in grasslands around the word. Their toxic effects,
and the potential presence of some toxic compounds in milk and meat, are well docu-
mented. However, there is a lack of information about metabolic fates, residues, maxi-
mum residue limits (MRL) and average daily intakes (ADI) for these different toxicants.
27 ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/y4723e/y4723e00.pdf
28 http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/diseases-cards/brucellosi-bo.html
29 http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/diseases-cards/brucellosi-ov.html
30 http://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/brucellosis/en/
31 http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/en_mcode.htm?e1d10
This risk pathway can be controlled by following Good Agricultural Practices.32
4.3 Methods of analysis for the detection of undesirable

substances and micro-organisms
The methods of analysis that are in use for quality control, regulatory control and to
facilitate trade, range from easy-to-use dipstick-type tests or plate-count methods to
the use of sophisticated equipment - high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),
liquid chromatography-mass spectronomy (LC-MS), mass spectronomy (MS), polymer-
ase chain reaction (PCR) - that requires a high level of technical expertise. Fast and
inexpensive screening methods should be applied if they are available. In this way, the
vast majority of samples can be classified as compliant; further analysis with confirma-
tory methods is needed only for suspect samples. In many cases it is advisable to use
multimethods that can detect a group of compounds such as pesticides, instead of using
a single analytical method.
Methods often differ with respect to their validation status, ranging from methods
that have been tested in one laboratory to methods that have been validated by means
of international collaborative studies.
It should be noted that feed and feed ingredients comprise a large variety of products
(see above) which differ in their composition and may consist of complex matrices that
can negatively impact analyte recovery. This may mean that for each specific analyte
the technical procedure must be adjusted, optimized and validated for different types of
feeds in order to get reliable results.
International standardization bodies

Several international organizations are involved in the preparation and publication of
standardized methods for chemical substances in feed.
Worldwide:
• The International Standardization Organization (ISO), Committee TC 34/SC 10
“Animal feedingstuffs” for chemical, biochemical, physical and microscopic meth-
ods; and Committee TC34/SC9 “Microbiology” for microbiological methods33.
• AOAC International.
Regional:
• TIn Europe, until about five years ago, the European Community (EC) had stand-
ardized methods which were implemented under EC-legislation. Nowadays, the
32 Panter K.E. & James L.F. 1990. Natural plant toxicants in milk: a review. J. Anim. Sci., 68:892-904.
James L.F., Panter K.E., Molyneux R.J., Stegelmeier B.L. & Wagstaff D.J. 1994. Plant toxicants in milk, In
S.M. Colegate & P.R Dorling. eds. Plant sssociated toxins, p.83-88. Wallingford,UK, CAB International.
Riet-Correa, F & Medeiros, R.M.T. 2001. Intoxicações por plantas em ruminantes no Brasil e no Uruguai:
importância econômica, controle e riscos para a saúde pública pública, Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 21(1).
33 For further details, see:
http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=47920&development=true
The full list of their standards can be found at:
http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=47920&published=true.
EC has mandated this task to the CEN (European Committee for Standardization)
committee TC 327 “Animal feedingstuffs - methods of sampling and analysis”.
An important requirement for standardization is that methods are validated by inter-
national collaborative studies to confirm that they can successfully be performed by
different laboratories.
Alternatives to standardized methods

In many cases, up-to-date standardized methods are not available. As an alternative,
laboratories may subject their methods to in-house validation and subsequent accredi-
tation according to ISO/IEC 1702534. To ensure traceability of the measurement, certified
reference materials (CRMs) should be incorporated as part of the quality assurance
protocol. Furthermore, participation in proficiency testing (PT) schemes is important.
In practice, CRMs and PT-schemes are limited to a relatively small number of analyte-
matrix combinations.
The Codex Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling (CCMAS) has elabo-
rated the criteria approach as an alternative to method standardization. Methods may
be applied if they comply with a specific set of criteria, such as accuracy, applicability
(matrix and concentration range), limit of detection, limit of determination, precision,
repeatability and reproducibility. Efforts to adopt this approach in the feed analytical
community are still at a very early stage.
In the following paragraphs, the state of the art for selected hazards will be described,
and needs for method development/validation will be indicated.
Dioxins dibenzofurans and dioxin-like PCBs

The method of choice for the combined confirmation of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs is
gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HR-MS) after extensive
sample clean-up. This expensive technique is only applied by a relatively small number
of laboratories. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has just started
activities to prepare a harmonized and collaboratively studied GC/HR-MS method.
Dioxin-like PCBs can also be determined by gas chromatography with other low-
resolution mass spectrometry instruments. For screening purposes, less expensive
bio-assays such as the Calux-assay are applied. Although these bio-assays are success-
fully applied in various laboratories, there is still a need for improvement with regards
to robustness and selectivity.
Aflatoxin
A variety of methods have been standardized, viz. a semi-quantitative ISO method based
on thin-layer chromatography (ISO 6651:2001) and a methods applying HPLC with
fluorimetric detection after immuno-affinity clean-up. The latter method is commonly
regarded as the reference method and has been adopted by AOAC (2000.02) and ISO/
CEN (ISO/EN 17375). AOAC has also granted the status of Performance Tested Method
to a test kit based on single-step column clean-up followed by fluorimetric detection.
34 ISO/IEC. 2005. General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories ISO/IEC
17025 (update) Geneva, International Organization for Standardization.
This means that this test kit has been successfully tested in one independent laboratory.
For quality control of raw materials in feed mills, dipstick-like immunochemical screen-
ing methods are also applied. A list of methods of analysis for mycotoxins, including
aflatoxins, is provided in Appendix D, Part 4 of this report.
Heavy metals
For lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) tech-
niques are most frequently applied. CEN has published a graphite-furnace (GF)-AAS
method for lead and cadmium (EN 15550:2007). CEN has also started activities for
arsenic and mercury with hydride generation (HG)-AAS and cold vapour (CV)-AAS,
respectively. A CEN-method (EN 155510:2007) based on inductively coupled plasma-
atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) may be applied for lead and cadmium, but only
for higher levels in mineral products.
Veterinary drugs/feed additives

To check for carryover of antibiotic veterinary drugs and coccidiostats, at industry level,
HPLC methods are frequently applied. For a number of these analytes immunochemi-
cal methods such as Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) are also available.
Microbiological inhibition assays are frequently used for multiscreening for antibiotics.
Suspect samples can be confirmed with LC-MS/MS or liquid chromatography with diode
array detector (LC-DAD) methods. For ionophoric coccidiostats (monensin, narasin and
salinomycin) a multimethod based on HPLC has been published by ISO (ISO 14183:2005)
and will become an official AOAC method (AOAC 2006-01). AOAC is working on HPLC
methods for oxytetracycline (OMA-2004-Oct-017) and lasalocid (OMA-2005-Jan-002).
For other analytes there is a need for method validation and standardization.
For control of illegal use of chloramphenicol, immunochemical (dipstick-like and
ELISA) screening methods are available. For other drugs, such as nitrofurans, HPLC
can be used for screening. LC-MS methods are available for confirmation. None of these
methods is extensively validated.
Organochlorine pesticides
CEN has prepared two methods for persistent organochlorine pesticides like DDT,
hexachlorobenzene and aldrin. One method is based on GC-MS, the other on GC with
electron-capture detection (ECD). Both methods have been collaboratively studied with
successful results. Indicator PCBs can be analysed in the same run.
Micro-organisms
It should be noted that feed and feed ingredients comprise a large variety of products
(see above) which differ in their composition, and may consist of complex matrices
that can negatively affect microbiological analysis. This may mean that for each micro-
organism the technical procedure must be adjusted, optimized and validated for differ-
ent types of feeds in order to get reliable results.
ISO has published Method 6579:2002 Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Suffs -
Horizontal Method for the Detection of Salmonella spp. For typing of Salmonella strains,
methods based on molecular biology (PCR) are frequently applied but these methods
have not yet been validated through collaborative studies.
The OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals35 includes
references for the detection of micro-organisms (including in animals and food prod-
ucts). The emphasis is on animals and clinical samples, but there is some information
relevant to food.
A list of microbiological methods of analysis is provided in Appendix D, Part 4 of this
report.
35 OIE. 2004. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals, Fifth Edition. Paris. (available at
http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/A_summry.htm).
21
5. Prevention and control of risks

in animal feed associated with
public health
5.1 Implementation of the Code

The Expert Group discussed the different ways in which the Code has been implemented
by industry and governments. Some countries have implemented the Code by incor-
porating its provisions in national regulations. Other countries had existing legislation
which incorporates the principles of the Code, while others have implemented the Code
through government regulations complemented by voluntary guidelines set by the
industry. Some countries have just started to implement the Code.
The Codex Secretariat indicated that it would request information on the implementa-
tion of the Code from Members. The Expert Group identified a number of international
and national guidelines and manuals from industry closely related to the Code that
could facilitate implementation. FAO informed the Expert Group about the draft IFIF/FAO
Manual of good practices for the feed industries, which will be available in 2008.
It was noted that HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) is an instrument
to control hazards in the production process. Implementation of HACCP requires prereq-
uisite programmes (such as good agricultural practices (GAP), GMP, hygiene systems)
to be in place. In many countries there are voluntary quality assurance and certification
systems initiated by the industry.
The Expert Group discussed the importance of technical standards for measuring
component homogeneity of certain feed ingredients (in particular additives) in feed.
Such standards could be used to validate mixer performance and establish minimum
mixing times at a given facility. This point should be taken into account in the forthcom-
ing IFIF/FAO Manual of good practice for the feed industries.
Some countries have a positive list of ingredients permitted for use in feed. These
lists may be in legislation or be derived from industry sources. Positive lists include
the names of feed ingredients that are accepted as safe because they have either been
assessed or accepted as safe. Ingredients not on the list are assumed to be a safety risk
until they are assessed as safe.
5.2 Information sharing and training

The Expert Group discussed the importance of information about feed ingredients
related to safety. FAO and WHO informed the Expert Group that a lot of information is
available in printed form and on the Internet - for example the Animal Feed Resources
Information System (AFRIS) and the International Portal on Food Safety, Animal and
Plant Health. They also invited interested parties to add new information to the data-
bases, in particular data on hazards in feed ingredients.

The Expert Group discussed the importance of training with regard to feed safety and
that it should include all parts of the feed chain, in particular farmers, producers, trad-
ers and the staff of the competent authorities. Training should focus on:
• developing awareness of the impact of feed safety on food safety;
• providing knowledge about hazards in the feed chain; and
• supporting the implementation of the code, GMP, GAP, HACCP and quality assur-
ance.
Developing countries need technical and financial support for training and implanta-
tion of the Code. Industry associations should be encouraged also to support training in
developing countries.
5.3 Emergency response

The Expert Group discussed strategies for dealing with emergency situations. In Part
4.3 of the Code there are provisions for emergency situations and traceability/product
tracing. The following Codex standards refer to emergency situations:
• Principles and guidelines for the exchange of information in food safety emergency
situations (CAC/GL 19-1995)36;
• Guidelines for the exchange of information between countries on rejection of
imported food (CAC/GL 25-1997)37;
• Principles for traceability/product tracing as a tool within a food inspection a cer-
tification system (CAC/GL 60-2006)38.
These codes primarily relate to food. They include references to feed, but feed issues are
not adequately covered or integrated in detail.
The Expert Group noted the new FAO/WHO International Food Safety Authorities Net-
work (INFOSAN)39. A food safety emergency network (INFOSAN Emergency) is an inte-
gral part of INFOSAN. The food safety emergency network is intended to complement
and support the existing WHO Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN)40
which includes a Chemical Alert and Response component. WHO indicated that it could
be possible to integrate feed in these systems. FAO is establishing an Emergency Pre-
vention and Intelligence Centre - food chain (EPIC) to assume a strategic role in the
coordination of the organization’s emergency prevention activities along the food chain.
The Expert Group noted that the OIE has undertaken to disseminate relevant INFOSAN
advisories to OIE Delegates to help ensure that information on food safety incidents in
animal products is shared at national level with official veterinary services.
The Expert Group was informed about the EU (European Union) Rapid Alert System
for Food and Feed41. This is a network involving the competent authorities of EU Member
States and those of other countries, which inform each other about serious incidents
36 www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/36/CXG_019_2004e.pdf
37 www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/353/CXG_025e.pdf
38 www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10603/CXG_060e.pdf
39 http://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/infosan/en/
40 http://www.who.int/csr/outbreaknetwork/en/
41 http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/rapidalert/index_en.htm
Prevention and control of risks in animal feed associated with public health 23
related to food and feed safety with respect to identified products. The EU experience
has shown that information about food and feed safety emergencies must be integrated
into a single system in order to ensure food safety.
The Expert Group discussed the necessity of having a system by which to exchange
information on feed safety emergency situations. In such a system it is necessary to
have criteria for the identification of emergency situations. In emergency situations,
traceability/product tracing systems are also important, for the identification of the
source of hazards. The competent authorities should identify the source of the hazard
(e.g. contamination) and, once the source is identified, take appropriate measures where
possible, to reduce or eliminate the source.
25
6. Conclusions and identification of

relevant areas for further work
on animal feed in relation to
food safety
Ensuring safe feed in order to prevent food safety hazards is important.

The presence in feed of undesirable substances that can lead to human food safety
problems needs to be reported to competent authorities and relevant international organi-
zations. As no formal criteria for reporting such events exists at present, minimum criteria
that countries should apply for reporting these events to trading partners are needed.
International standards for undesirable substances in food produced from different
species/categories of animals should be developed based on the “tolerable daily intake”
(TDI) approach.
Minimum safety criteria are needed for the safe use of feed ingredients. For example,
in the case of distillers’ grains with solubles (DGS) and dried distillers’ grains with solu-
bles (DDGS) produced as by-products of the fuel ethanol industry, there are concerns
about mycotoxins and antibiotics which may remain as residues.
Criteria and methods for decontamination, disinfection and cleaning of feed should be
developed to reduce or eliminate undesirable substances.
Rapid and economical analytical methods for screening feed and feed ingredients
Rapid notification of the competent authorities about feed safety incidents resulting in
human food safety hazards is important.
A Codex Code of Practice42 exists for exchanging information in food safety situations.
A similar procedure is needed for feed.
Existing notification systems should be evaluated to determine whether feed emer-
gencies could be integrated. The evaluation should take into account that feed and food
emergencies must be considered together.
Training of regulators, inspectors, feed and livestock industry personnel and farmers
is required for the production of safe feed.
42 FAO/WHO. 2005. Principles and guidelines for the exchange of information in food safety emergency
situations (CAC/GL 19-1995, Rev 1-2004), In Codex Alimentarius - Food import and export inspection
systems, combined texts, Second Edition. Rome. (available at www.codexalimentarius.net/download/
standards/36/CXG_019_2004e.pdf).
Communication strategies for consumers and the food industry highlighting the
importance of feed safety in producing safe food products are necessary. Communica-
tion mechanisms between feed and food regulatory agencies and the respective indus-
tries should be fostered wherever possible.
Because of the short duration of the Expert Meeting, many important issues that lay
within its scope its could not be considered in detail. As a result, final conclusions could
not be reached for all subjects. Continued discussions are required at an international
level to allow further development of policy advice on feed safety.
27
7. Recommendations
Based on their deliberations, the experts made the following specific recommendations:
(i) The application of the Codex Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding43 should
be promoted in order to minimize risks.
(ii) General principles and guidelines for the assessment of risk for feed ingredients
or categories of ingredients should be developed.
(iii) A prioritized list of hazards of international relevance for which standards could
be developed for feed and feed ingredients with respect to food safety were
identified during this meeting. Countries should assess the need for further
evaluation by international scientific expert committees.
(iv) The existing Codex Code of Practice for Source Directed Measures to Reduce
Contamination of Food with Chemicals (CAC/RCP 49-2001)44, which also encom-
passes feed, should be reviewed to include specific provisions related to feed
safety.
(v) Research on rates of transfer and accumulation of dioxins, dibenzofurans, and
dioxin-like PCBs from feed to edible tissue in animal-derived products and man-
agement measures should be continued.
(vi) Inexpensive and accurate screening methods for the detection and quantifica-
tion of dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and feed ingredients
(vii) Rapid and semi-quantitative screening methods for detection of aflatoxin B1
in both feed and feed ingredients are needed. The methods should be simple
enough for use by non-technical personnel and inexpensive so as to encourage
their use.
(viii) Communication should be improved to raise the awareness among biofuel (e.g.
ethanol and biodiesel) processors, livestock producers and the feed industry of
the need for safety assessments prior to the use in animal feeds of by-products
from the production of biofuels .
(ix) More research is needed to determine the fate and residual concentration of
aflatoxin B1 and any antibiotics used to control unwanted microbial growth dur-
ing the biofuels fermentation process. Research is also needed to evaluate the
risk of residual levels of methanol in glycerol from biodiesel production when it
is used as a feed ingredient, particularly in dairy production.
43 FAO/WHO. 2004. Code of practice on good animal feeding, (CAC/RCP 54-2004). Rome. (available at www.
codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10080/CXC_054_2004e.pdf).
44 FAO/WHO. 2001. Code of practice for source directed measures to reduce contamination of food with
chemicals (CAC/RCP 49-2001). Rome. (available at www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/373/

CXP_049e.pdf).
(x) The existing Codex Codes regarding emergency situations, which also encom-
pass feed, should be reviewed to include specific provisions on feed emergen-
cies related to food safety.
(xi) The international emergency notification system for food (INFOSAN) should be
expanded in collaboration with the OIE to consider linkages between food and
feed emergencies and to incorporate appropriate changes to include feed emer-
gency notifications.
(xi) Emergency response systems for feed and food should be developed at the
national and regional levels to contribute to food safety. FAO and WHO should
assist in the development and application of such systems.
(xii) Training for regulators, inspectors, all sectors of the feed manufacturing and
distribution chain, the livestock industry, farmers and other stakeholders relat-
ing to the production of safe feed should be carried out where possible using
existing training materials, i.e. guidelines and manuals. FAO, WHO and other
organizations should assist in the development of training methods.
(xiii) FAO and WHO should convene regular expert meetings and other fora to con-
tinue monitoring the situation, update information on the impact of feed on food
safety, foster dialogue among partners and identify areas needing attention.
29
Appendix A
Agenda of the meeting
Joint FAO/WHO Expert meeting on Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety

Rome, Italy, 8-12 October 2007
FAO headquarters
AGENDA
Time Monday 8 October 2007 Speaker

14.00 - 14.30 • Opening FAO/WHO
• Objectives and expected outputs of the meeting
• Introduction of participants
• Election of a chairperson and a vice-chairperson
• Appointment of a rapporteur
• Adoption of the agenda
International context, ongoing activities
14.30 - 14.45 FAO and WHO activities related to animal feeding FAO/WHO
14.45 - 15.00 Codex activities related to animal feeding Codex Secretariat
15.00 - 15.15 OIE activities related to animal feeding OIE
15.15 - 15.30 Coffee break
15.30 - 15.45 Public health problems associated with animal feed (chemical and M. Bellaiche
microbiological hazards, sources and routes of contamination)
15.45-17.30 Review the current state of knowledge on the impact of animal Working group
feed on public health and on international trade (all participants)
Time Tuesday 9 October 2007 Speaker

9.00- 9.15 Safety assessment of new feed ingredients. Regulatory scheme for C. Italiano
assessing novel feeds from plants derived from biotechnology
9.15 -10.00 Safety assessment of feed and feed ingredients Working Group
(all participants)
10.30 - 12.30 Safety assessment of feed and feed ingredients Working Group
(all participants)
12.30 - 14.00 Lunch
14.00 - 15.00 Safety assessment of feed and feed ingredients Working Group
(all participants)
15.30 - 15.45 Prevention and control of hazards associated with public health in M.A. Granero Rosell
animal feed: the EC approach
15.45 - 16.00 Prevention and control of hazards associated with public health in D. McChesney
animal feed: the USA approach
16.00 - 17.00 Analysis of the current situation of risk management addressing Working group
animal feed at international, regional and national levels, in both (all participants)
governmental and private sectors (including emergency situations)
Time Wednesday 10 October 2007 Speaker

9.00 - 10.00 Analysis of the current situation of risk management addressing Working Group
10.30 - 12.30 Analysis of the current situation of risk management addressing Working Group
12.30 - 14.00 Lunch
14.00 - 15.00 Identification of relevant areas for the development of specific Working Groups
international standards for animal feed (all participants)
15.30 - 17.00 Identification of relevant areas for the development of specific Working Groups
international standards for animal feed (all participants)
Time Thursday 11 October 2007 Speaker

9.00-10.30 Identification of requirements for further action at international, Working Groups
regional and national level (all participants)
11.00 - 12.30 Identification of requirements for further action at international, Working Groups
regional and national level (all participants)
12.30 - 14.00 Lunch
14.00 - 15.00 Conclusions and recommendations Working Groups
(all participants)
15.30 - 17.00 Conclusions and recommendations Working Groups
(all participants)
Time Friday 12 October 2007 Speaker

9.00 - 12:.30 Report : finalization and adoption of the report
12.30 - 14:00 Lunch
14.00 - 16:30 Report : finalization and adoption of the report
16:30 Closure of the meeting FAO/WHO
31
Appendix B
List of participants
Experts
Keith Behnke
Professor, Department of Grain Science and Industry -
Kansas State University
Department of Grain Science and Industry
201 Shellenberger Hall
Manhattan, KS 66506-2201
United States of America
Phone: + 785 532-4083
E-mail: [email protected]
Michel Bellaiche
Veterinary Toxicologist and Epidemiologist
Israeli Veterinary Services and Animal Health
P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250
Israel
Phone: + 972 3 9681608; + 972 50 6241369
Fax: + 972-3-9681761
Expert, Department of Feedingstuffs and Fertilizers,
Danish Plant Directorate
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries
Skovbrynet 20 - 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
Denmark
Phone: + 4545263600 / 4545263786
Fax: + 4545263610
Jacob De Jong
Coordinator Regulatory Feed Programme RIKILT
Institute of Food Safety
Wageningen University and Research Centre
The Netherlands
Phone: + 31 317 475581
Fax: + 31 317 417717

Civil servant, DG Health and Consumer Protection -
Animal Welfare and Feed Unit
European Commission
Brussels
Belgium
Phone: +32 (0)2 29 58110
Fax: +32 (0)2 2963615
Catherine Italiano
Toxicology Coordinator
Feed Program
59 Camelot Drive
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0Y9
Canada
Phone: + (613) 221 4042
Fax: + (613) 228 6614
Alexander Komarov
Head of Food and Feed Safety Department
All-Russian State Centre for Quality and
Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed
Moscow
Russian Federation
Phone: +7 (495) 256 03 81
Fax: +7 (495) 256 03 81
E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]
Appendix B - List of participants 33
Sabine Kruse
Civil servant, Federal Ministry of Food,
Agriculture and Consumer Protection
Rochusstrasse 1
53123 Bonn
Germany
Phone: +49 228 99 5294186
Fax: +49 228 99 5204221
E -mail: [email protected]

Secretary of Animal and Plant Health Ministry of Agriculture,
Livestock and Food Supply
Esplanada dos Ministérios Bloco D, Anexo A, sala 441;
70043-900; Brasília - DF
Brazil
Phone: +55 61 3218 2720
Fax: +55 61 3218 2727
E-mail [email protected]
Daniel McChesney
Director, Office of Surveillance and Compliance
United States Food and Drug Administration -
Center for Veterinary Medicine
7519 Standish Place
Rockville, Maryland 20855
United States of America
Phone: +1 240-453-6830
Fax: + 240 453 6880
Sergio Morgulis
Technical Manager
Minerthal Prod. Agropec. Ltda
Gomes de Carvalho, 1765, room 12
Vila Olímpia
04547-901 Sao Paulo, SP
Brazil
Phone: +55 11 30455447
Lea Pallaroni
Secretary General
ASSALZOO - Italian Feed Producers Association
Via Lovanio, 6, 00198 Rome
Italy
Phone: +39 335 7165942
Fax: +39 06 8541641

Veterinary Bacteriologist,
Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
College of Veterinary Science
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,
Ludhiana
141004, Punjab
India
Phone: +91 161 241 4033 (o); +91 161 2464211 (r); +91 9814198031 (m)
Fax: +91 161 240 0822; +91 161 2553356
Bill Spooncer
Director
Kurrajong Meat Technology Pty Ltd
PO Box 181
Kurmond NSW 2757
Australia
Phone: +61 2 45677952
Fax: +61 2 45678952
Liying Zhang
Chief of the Laboratory, Professor of China Agricultural University
Feed Industry Center, Ministry of Agriculture
Yuan Ming Yuan West Road 2,
Beijing 100094
China
Phone: +86 10 62733588-1302
Fax: +86 10 62733688
Resource Persons
Sarah Cahill
Nutrition Officer (Food Microbiology)
Food Quality and Standards Service
Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome
Italy
Phone: +39-06-5705-3614
Fax: +39-06-5705-4593
Katinka de Balogh
Senior Officer, Veterinary Public health
Animal Health Service
Animal Production and Health Division
Italy
Phone: +39 06 57056110
Fax: +39 06 57055749
Mohammad R. Hasan
Fishery Resources Officer (Aquaculture)
Aquaculture Management & Conservation Service (FIMA)
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Italy
Phone: +39 06 570 56442
Fax: +39 06 570 53020
Sarah Kahn
Head, International Trade Department, OIE
12, Rue de Prony, 75017 Paris
France
Phone: +33 1 44151888
Fax: + 33 1 42670987
Yong Zhen Yang

Agricultural Officer and JMPR Secretary
Italy
Phone: +39 06 57054246
Fax: +39 06 57053224
Jogeir Toppe
Fishery Industry Officer
Fish Products and Industry Division (FII)
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Italy
Phone: + 39 06 57056490
Fax: + 39 06 57055188
e-mail: [email protected]
Annika Wennberg
FAO JECFA Secretary
Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division,
Italy
Phone: + 39 06570 53283
Fax: + 39 06570 54593
Secretariat
Awa Aidara-Kane
Scientist
Department of Food Safety, Zoonoses and Foodborne Diseases
World Health Organization
20, Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland
Phone: +41 22 791 2403
Fax: +41 22 791 4398
Daniela Battaglia
Livestock Production Officer
Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department
Italy
Phone: +39.06.57056773
Fax. +39.06.57055749
e-mail: [email protected]
Ezzeddine Boutrif
Director,
Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division,
Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department
Italy
Phone : +39 06 570 56156
Fax :+39 06 570 54593
E-mail : [email protected]
Annamaria Bruno
Food Standards Officer
Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme
Italy
Phone: + 39 06 570 56254
Fax : +39 06 570 54593
E-mail : [email protected]
Maria de Lourdes Costarrica

Senior Officer, Food Quality and Standards Service
Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division
Italy
Phone: +39 06 5705 6060
Fax: + 39 06 5705 4593
Samuel Jutzi
Director
Italy
Phone: +39 06 57053371
Fax: + 39 06 57055749
39
Appendix C
Experts’ Résumés
Keith Behnke
Dr. Keith Behnke is Professor of Feed Science in the Department of Grain Science and
Industry at Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas (United States of America). His
education includes a BS degree in Feed Technology, MS in Grain Science and a PhD in
Grain Science all from Kansas State University. His responsibilities at the University
include teaching two feed processing related courses and a course dealing with the
quality of feed ingredients. In addition to teaching, his research focuses on the effect
of feed processing on animal nutrition and feed quality and safety. He is often asked to
consult with companies in the livestock feed industry regarding technical issues and
compliance with State and Federal regulations.
Michel Bellaiche
Has a BA in Agriculture (Animal Science) and a DVM in Veterinary Medicine from the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and an MSc in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
from Tel Aviv University. He has a specialization in veterinary physiology under the aegis
of the Kimron Veterinary Institute and has to finalize his specialization in veterinary
toxicology. Since November 1991, he is employed in the Israeli Veterinary Services and
Animal Health. He started his career in the Department of Toxicology, as a veterinary
toxicologist. In the framework of this function, he performed epidemiologic investiga-
tions in veterinary toxicological outbreaks dealing with public health issues, connected
with toxicology and food-borne diseases. Now, he is the Head of the Epidemiology
Department of the Israeli Veterinary Services. During 2003-2004, he edited a booklet
about “Chemical and microbiological hazards in human food, introduced maliciously
through animals in the farms”. He is now also responsible for all the emergency prepa-
rations of the Israeli Veterinary Services.
Birgitte Broesbøl-Jensen is an agronomist (MSc in Agriculture). She graduated in 1985
from the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (now Faculty of Life Sciences,
University of Copenhagen). In 1989 she joined a permanent post in the Danish Plant
Directorate (the competent authority on feed legislation in Denmark). She is involved in
a project on risk assessment of by-products from the food and non-food industries used
for food producing animals in relation to human and animal health. She also is dealing
with questions concerning the legislation on feedingstuffs, e.g. classification of different
types of feed and products lying on the borderline between feedingstuffs and medicine,
and guidance of feed establishments and farmers on the legislation, e.g. on feed addi-
tives. She performs audits of feedingstuff processing units in relation to Regulation (EC)
183/2005 on Feed Hygiene. She was a member of the Danish secretariat (2002-2004)
when Denmark hosted the Task Force on Animal Feeding (Copenhagen 2000-2004).
Jacob De Jong
Dr Jacob de Jong is an analytical chemist and the coordinator of the regulatory pro-
gramme for feed at RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
He received his PhD in Analytical Chemistry at the University of Leiden. He chairs the
CEN-Committee TC 327 “Animal feedingstuffs - methods of analysis and sampling”
and the ISO-Committee TC 34/SC 10 “Animal feedingstuffs”, aimed at standardization
of methods of analysis. He is the head of the Dutch delegation in the EC-Expert Com-
mittee for methods of analysis for feed. He has coordinated two EC-supported research
projects to develop and validate methods for banned antibiotics and growth promoters
and registered coccidiostats in feed. He is also involved in EC-projects aimed to develop
and validate methods for meat-and-bone meal and other animal proteins.

Miguel Angel Granero Rosell is a Spanish agronomic engineer, specialized in food
technology/food industry. From 1983-1988 he worked at a university and later in an
engineering company. Working since 1988 for the European Commission, Mr Granero
was involved until 1997 in the preparation, development and adoption of several pieces
of EU food legislation, such as those related to contaminants in food and mineral waters.
From 1997 to 2003, he worked in the risk assessment area, dedicated to the preparation
of the scientific basis for a broad range of EU food safety legislation. Since 2003 he has
been working on feed legislation with particular attention to feed additives.
Catherine Italiano
Catherine Italiano is the Toxicology Coordinator for the Livestock Feed Program at the
Canadian Food Inspection Agency in Canada and has been with the Agency for 15 years,
acting under the federal Feeds Act and Regulations. She is involved in developing and
administering policy and regulations for the safety standards for feeds and contaminants
in feeds including novel feeds. Catherine is also responsible for the risk assessment and
management of contamination issues that arise from feed and is in the process of draft-
ing guidelines for the mitigation of emergencies involving feeds. Catherine graduated
with a BSc in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology from McGill University, and
a Graduate Diploma in Ecotoxicology from Concordia University, both in Montreal. She
worked for a number of years in research labs primarily in the field of molecular and
developmental biology before moving to the regulatory world.
Alexander Komarov
Alexander Komarov is Head of the Food and Feed Safety Department at the All-Russia
State Centre for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed in Moscow.
The Centre has the official status as the OIE Collaborating Centre in Eastern Europe,
Central Asia and Transcaucasia for Diagnosis, Control of Animal Diseases and Food
Safety. He graduated from a veterinary-biological faculty of the Moscow Veterinary
Academy in 1987 as a veterinary doctor and biochemist. He gained a PhD in 1991 and
Appendix C - Experts’ Résumés 41
a DSc in 2006. Dr. Komarov has been a supervisor of 3 PhD researchers and has had 5
PhD students. He has been working in this field for 20 years. Since 1987 he has worked
on quality and safety control strategies for feed and food. His research interests lie in
the development of residue analysis methodologies, particularly in the application of
screening (immunochemical, GC, HPLC) and confirmatory (GC-MC/MC, LC-MC/MC)
methods for detection of growth promoters, pesticides, PCB, heavy metals, mycotoxins
and veterinary drugs in food and feed products. He also works as an expert in the evalu-
ation of the safety of GM-feeds, feed additives and drugs for animals under registration
procedure in the Russian Federation.
Sabine Kruse
Dr Sabine Kruse has a PhD in agricultural economics from Humbolt University Berlin.
She worked as a scientist at the Institute of Agricultural Economics in Berlin from 1979
to 1990. In 1991 she moved to the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer
Protection, first in the business economics unit and then in the animal nutrition unit.
She is responsible for all legislation relating to feed safety and animal nutrition in Ger-
many. In particular she deals with all matters relating to undesirable substances and
feed hygiene. She also coordinates feed control in Germany. She has been the Head of
the German delegation to the Standing Committee for Animal Nutrition of the European
Commission and head of the German delegation to the Codex Alimentarius Task Force
on Animal Nutrition in Copenhagen, which developed the code of practice on good ani-
mal feeding. She has also acted as an expert consultant in the field of feed legislation,
feed hygiene and feed control in different countries in Europe before their accession to
the European Union. She has publications on feed legislation in the EU and in Germany,
and other management measures in particular with regard to undesirable substances
in feed.

Fernanda Marussi Tucci graduated in Animal Science in 1992 from the Universidade
Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo and received an MS in Animal Nutrition in
1999 from the Universidade de São Paolo and the Ph.D. in Animal Production in 2002
from the Universidade Estadual Paulista. Fernanda worked as a consultant in swine
production and nutrition from 1992 to 2000. Since 2002, she is Federal Inspector at the
Secretary of Animal and Plant Health, the competent authority on feed legislation of the
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply in Brazil.
Daniel G. McChesney
Dr Daniel G. McChesney is the Director of the Office of Surveillance and Compliance
in FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine. He has served in this position since October
2003. Prior to becoming the Director, he served as the Deputy Director for the Office
of Surveillance and Compliance (1999-2003) and as the Acting Director of the Division
of Compliance. His Office is responsible for developing and implementing surveillance
and compliance policy concerning FDA regulatory responsibility with respect to animal
drugs, feeds, food additives, veterinary medical devices, and other veterinary medical
products. He joined FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) as a microbiologist in
1990 and served as the Center’s expert on microbial contaminants of animal feed, and
application of HACCP programmes to the feed industry. He received a BS in Biology
from Mercer University in Macon, Georgia and his MS and PhD in Cell and Molecular
Biology from the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia. Upon completing his
degree, he entered the U.S. Army and was stationed at the Walter Reed Army Institute
of Research (1978-1987) where he served as a research microbiologist. After completing
his active military service, he was a senior investigator at the Armed Forces Radiobiol-
ogy Research Institute responsible for determining the mechanism involved in increas-
ing survival after radiation injury.
Sergio Carlo Franco Morgulis

Sergio Carlo Franco Morgulis graduated in Veterinary Medicine from the University of
São Paulo (USP) with a master’s degree in animal nutrition also from USP. He gained
work experience in dairy and beef cattle farms, lived and worked in the University of
São Paulo’s Campus of Pirassununga, working mainly with livestock production, agri-
cultural production, slaughter houses, campus feed plant, and infrastructure assistance
for teaching and research. He taught animal nutrition in veterinary school (USP). Since
1994, he has been Technical Director of Minerthal, a company with 3 divisions: animal
nutrition, animal health and pet animals. Currently he is Director President of ASBRAM
(Brazilian Association of Mineral Supplement Industries) and Director of Sindirações
(Feed Industry Union). His technical focus is in ruminant nutrition and mineral supple-
ments for cattle (production and use). He collaborates with the Ministry of Agriculture,
participating in commissions and public inquiries about animal feed regulation.
Lea Pallaroni
Lea Pallaroni received a MS in Agriculture Science (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
- Italy) and graduated in Agricultural Science at the Technische Universität München
(Germany), defending a thesis on a mycotoxin detection method which was developed
in collaboration with the European Commission - Joint Research Centre. She developed
knowledge and carried out projects on food and feed control analytical techniques, on
mycotoxin detoxification and mycotoxin toxicity tests (in vivo and in vitro), and on envi-
ronmental contaminants metabolism (Texas A&M - United States of America). Working
for Assalzoo - Italian Feed Manufacturer Association since 2003, she is mainly dealing
with legal requirements for feed production and with the development and application of
a national GMP programme in the feed industries. Since 2006, Lea has been the General
Secretary of Assalzoo.

Dr Narinder Singh Sharma started his career as Veterinary Officer in 1984, joined Pun-
jab Agricultural University as Assistant Professor in the Department of Veterinary Public
Health and Epidemiology in 1988, and in 1990 joined as Assistant Scientist (Bacteriol-
ogy). He was selected as Bacteriologist in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology
in 1998. He established a Clinical Bacteriology Laboratory, a Mycology and Mycotoxin
Laboratory and a Molecular Laboratory in the department. He was instrumental in
adopting and popularizing a rapid and simple test for the detection of aflatoxins in
Appendix C - Experts’ Résumés 43
different types of cattle and poultry feeds for the benefit of farmers. He is the Co-Prin-
ciple Investigator for two research projects. Dr Sharma has been engaged in teaching
and research in Veterinary Microbiology for the last 19 years. He has guided 4 MVSc.
students in Veterinary Bacteriology. He has to his credit two laboratory manuals in the
fields of veterinary microbiology, and chapters on veterinary mycology in a book. He has
48 research publications, 4 review papers, 13 scientific papers, 9 popular articles and
has made 58 conference presentations. He remains associated with the Aflatoxin Check
Sample Survey Programme of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO).
Bill Spooncer
Bill Spooncer is Managing Director of consulting company Kurrajong Meat Technology.
He graduated with a BSc in biochemistry from London University and had a 37 year
career in the food industry, particularly the meat industry. His specialties have been
in packaging, refrigeration, hygiene and meat safety. Since 1990, he has specialized in
the rendering sector of the meat industry. He has developed university-based training
programmes that provide accreditation for rendering plant operators and an auditing
system that provides accreditation of rendering plants. He has developed codes of prac-
tice and standards for the rendering industry and has managed research programmes
aimed at minimizing risks to animal and human health from the use of rendered prod-
ucts in animal feed. His consulting activities include advice to government departments
on issues related to rendered products in animal feed, auditing of rendering plants and
feed mills, training of rendering plant staff, and evaluation and development of render-
ing plant processes.
Liying Zhang
Dr Liying Zhang is the chief of laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry
Center, People’s Republic of China, and also the professor of the Animal Science and
Technology Department, China Agricultural University (Beijing). Since her graduation
in 1985, she has been engaged in teaching and research in animal nutrition and feed
analysis (1985-1998) at Laiyang Agricultural College and feed quality and safety analysis
and evaluation at China Agricultural University (1999 to present). She was involved in the
activities of the National Feed Industry Standardization Technology Committee, China,
as a member for the last ten years. She has established eight methods for determina-
tion of antibiotics and prohibited drugs in feeds, some of which have been published
as national standards or agriculture industry standards. She was also a member of
the Evaluation Committee for Premix and Feed Additive Production Approval under the
Ministry of Agriculture. She has been involved in the Annual Programme of Feed Quality
and Safety Inspection of the Ministry of Agriculture since 2005.
45
Appendix D
List of documents
1. Papers submitted by experts

Behnke, K. 2007. Quality and safety of feed and feed ingredients.
Bellaiche, M. 2007. Public health problems associated with animal feed. Chemical and
microbiological hazards, sources and routes of contamination.
De Jong, J. 2007. Detection of chemical hazards in animal feed and feed ingredients
related to public health.
Granero Rosell, M.A. 2007. Prevention and control hazards associated with public
health in animal feed: the EC approach.
Italiano, C. 2007. Safety assessment of new feed ingredients. Regulatory scheme for
assessing novel feeds from plants derived from biotechnology.
Kruse, S. 2007. Feed control in emergency situations.
McChesney, D., Hooberman, B. & Graber, G. 2007. Prevention and control hazards asso-
ciated with public health in animal feed: the USA approach.
Pallaroni, L. 2007. Risk management including GMP and HACCP in the feed industry.
2. Documents submitted in response to the FAO/WHO call for

data and information
Assalzoo. 2007. Codex Assalzoo. Rome, Associazione Nazionale tra i Produttori di Ali-
menti Zootecnici.
Aumaitre, L.A. 2002. Les aliments issus de plantes génétiquement modifiées. INRA
Prod. Anim., 15: 97-108.
Aumaitre, L.A. no date. References on oilmeals in pig diets. France.
Brazilian animal feed legislation. (available at http://www.sindiracoes.org.br/produtos_

servicos/default.asp?cod=36&flag=cont) (last accessed 9.11.2007)
CEN. 2006. Report of the Secretariat CEN/TC 327: Animal feedingstuffs - methods of
analysis and sampling. Brussels, European Committee for Standardization.
CEN. 2006. Report of the Secretariat ISO_TC 34_SC10 Animal Feeding stuffs December
2006. Brussels, European Committee for Standardization.
Czech Republic - Ministry of Agriculture. Data on feed safety from the Czech Republic.
Food Production Department.
The papers can be requested directly from the authors.

Danish Plant Directorate. Data and information from Denmark.
De Jong, J. no date. Method protocol for the detection of TLC - TYL SPIR and VIRG in
animal feedingstuffs, SIMBAG-FEED. Wageningen, the Netherlands, RIKILT - Institute of
Food Safety, Analytical Services and Development.
De Jong, J. no date. Method protocol for the determination of HPLC - CARB and OLA in
animal feedingstuffs, SIMBAG-FEED. Wageningen, the Netherlands, RIKILT - Institute of
Food Safety, Analytical Services and Development.
De Jong, J. no date. Method protocol for the determination of 5 Comp by LCMS in animal
feeds SIMBAG-FEED. Wageningen, the Netherlands, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety,
Analytical Services and Development.
De Jong, J. no date. Method protocol for screening on banned antibiotics in complete

feedingstuffs by the microbiological plate test, SIMBAG-FEED. Wageningen, the Nether-
lands, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Analytical Services and Development.
FAMI-QS. 2004. European code of practice for feed additive and premixture operators.
Brussels, European Feed Additives and Premixtures Quality System.
FAMI-QS. 2004. Guidance on the implementation of the FAMI-QS code of practice. Brus-
sels, European Feed Additives and Premixtures Quality System.
FEFAC. 2004. European feed manufacturer code. Brussels, Federation Europeenne Des
Fabricants D’aliments Composes Pour Animaux.
Hoogenboom, L.A.P. 2005. Behaviour of polyhalogenated and polycyclic haromatic

hydrocarbons in food-producing animals. In V.R. Preedy & R.R. Watson, eds. Reviews in
food and nutrition toxicity, vol. 2, pp. 269-299. London, Taylor and Francis.
Hoogenboom, L.A.P, Kan, C.A., Zeilmaker, M.J, Van Eijkeren, J. &. Traag, W.A. 2006.
Carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to eggs at low contamination levels
- influence of mycotoxin binders on the carry-over from feed to eggs. Food Additives and
Contaminants, 23(5): 518-527.
Hoogenboom, L.A.P., Van Eijkeren, J.C.H., Zeilmaker, M.J., Mengelers, M.J.B., Herbes
R., Immerzeel, J. & Traag W.A. 2007. A novel source for dioxins present in recycled fat
from gelatin production. Chemosphere, 68: 814-823.
IFIF. 2007. Comments of the International Feed Industry Federation (IFIF) to the Joint
FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety Meeting at FAO in
Rome, Italy. Cheltenham UK, International Feed Industry Federation.
Italiano. C. no date. Generic data requirements for safety evaluations of single ingredi-
ents intended for animal feed. Ottawa, Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
Italiano, C. no date. Tolerances for contaminants in feeds. Ottawa, Canadian Food

Inspection Agency.
Joshi, D.D. no date. Animal feed impact on food safety in Nepal. Kathmandu, National
Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre.
Appendix D - List of documents 47
Layson, A. no date. Animal feed standards in the Philippines. Quezon City, the Philip-
pines, Animal Feeds Standard Division.
Layson, A. no date. Legal Bases for the regulatory framework for feed safety in the
Philippines. Quezon City, the Philippines, Animal Feeds Standard Division.
Layson, A. no date. Nutrient standards for animal and aquaculture feeds. Quezon City,
the Philippines, Animal Feeds Standard Division.
Layson, A. no date. Rational veterinary drug use monitoring form. Quezon City, the Phil-
ippines, Animal Feeds Standard Division.
Leeman, W.R., Renner, M. & Bouwman, T. 2007. Consumer risk assessment of con-
taminants and residues in animal feed using transfer factors. (Poster). Zeist, the Neth-
erlands, TNO Quality of Life, Department of Food and Chemical Risk Analysis.
Leeman, W.R., van der Berg, K.J. & Houben, G.F. 2007. Transfer of chemicals from feed
to animal products: the use of transfer factors in risk assessment. Food additives and
contaminants, 24(1): 1-13.
Mbambo, S. no date. Guidelines farm feeds in South Africa. South Africa, Publisher
unknown.
Sindirações. 2006a. Feed and food safety manual. São Paulo, Brazil, Sindicato Nacional
da Indústria de Alimentação Animal.
Sindirações. 2006b. Feed and food safety checklist. São Paulo, Brazil, Sindicato Nacion-
al da Indústria de Alimentação Animal.
Van Eijkeren, J.C.H., Zeilmaker, M.J., Kan, C.A,. Traag, W.A & Hoogenboom, L.A.P.
2006. A toxicokinetic model for the carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to
eggs. Food Additives and Contaminants, 23(5): 509-517.
3. Other references
Battaglia, D., Costarrica, M.L. & Aidara-Kane, A. 2007. FAO and WHO activities related
to animal feeding. Paper presented at the FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Animal Feed
Impact on Food Safety, FAO headquarters, Rome, 8-12 October, 2007. Unpublished.
Bruno, A. 2007. Codex work related to animal feeding. Paper presented at the FAO/WHO
Expert Meeting on Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety, FAO headquarters, Rome, 8-12
October, 2007. Unpublished.
Kahn, S. 2007. The OIE Working Group on Animal Feed and other OIE relevant activities.
Paper presented at the FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety,
FAO headquarters, Rome, 8-12 October, 2007. Unpublished.
FAO. 1993. Sampling plans for aflatoxin analysis in peanuts and corn. FAO Food and
Nutrition Paper No. 55. Rome.
FAO. 1997. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins 1995. A compendium. FAO Food and
FAO. 1998 Animal feeding and food safety. Report of an FAO Expert Consultation Rome,
10-14 March 1997. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 69. Rome.
FAO. 1998. Food quality and safety systems - a training manual on food hygiene and the
hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system. Rome.
FAO. 1998. Report of the FAO animal feeding and food safety. Report of an FAO Expert
Consultation. Rome.
FAO. 1999. The application of risk communication to food standards and safety matters.
Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation Rome, 2-6 February 1998. FAO Food and
FAO. 2001. Manual on the application of the HACCP system in mycotoxins prevention and
control. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 73. Rome
FAO. 2001. Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. FAO Food and Nutrition
Paper No. 74. Rome.
FAO. 2003. Guidelines for coordinated human and animal brucellosis surveillance, by A.
Robinson. Animal Production and Health Paper No 156. Rome.
FAO. 2004. Assessing quality and safety of animal feed. Animal Production and Health
Paper No. 160. Rome.
FAO. 2004. Code of practice on good animal feeding, (CAC/RCP 54-2004) Codex Alimen-
tarius Commission. Rome.
FAO. 2004 Protein sources for the animal feed industry. Expert Consultation and Work-
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FAO. 2004 Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. FAO Food and
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development. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 497, pp. 237-306. Rome.
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FAO. 2007. Management of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in livestock

feed and feeding. Capacity Building for Surveillance and Prevention of BSE and other
Zoonotic Disease: course manual, by O. Fumière, D. Guidon, D. Heim, E. Nef, L. Perler
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assessment in the development of food safety standards, guidelines and related texts.
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inspection and certification system (CAC/GL 60-2006).
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small and/or less-developed food business. FAO Food and Nutrition Papers No. 86.
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nutrition. Rome.
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NACA/FAO 2001. Nutrition and feeding for sustainable aquaculture development in the
third millennium, by M.R. Hassan. In R.P. Subasinghe, P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C. Hough,
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NRC. 2005. Mineral tolerance of animals. Washington DC, National Research Council.
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tion of Campylobacter spp. in broiler chickens and Vibrio spp. in seafood. Report of a
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4. Methods of Analysis
AOAC. 2000. Official methods of analysis, Seventeenth Edition. Gaithersburg, MD, USA,
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Microorgansims
ISO. 2001. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal method for the
detection of Escherichia coli O157 ISO 16654:2001. Geneva, International Organization
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detection of Salmonella spp., ISO 6579:2002. Geneva, International Organization for
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detection of Escherichia coli O157, ISO 16654:2001. Geneva, International Organization
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the detection and enumeration of coliforms - Most probable number technique, ISO
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terrestrial animals, Fifth Edition. Paris.
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The role of animal feed in the production of safe food is recognized worldwide, and several events
have underlined its impacts on public health, feed and food trade, and food security. Concerns
prompted by the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom, and
other more common food problems associated with Salmonella, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia
coli and other micro-organisms, have encouraged professionals and the feed industry to scrutinize
more closely the causes of these diseases and methods for their control. Some corrective measures
are as basic as improving housekeeping and staff training in feed mills. Other measures are more
challenging, and may require limiting the use of some ingredients or radically changing the way in
which they are prepared (processed) or sourced, or restricting the locations where animals are
grazed.
In recent years, the introduction of the food chain approach, which recognizes that responsibility for
the supply of safe, healthy and nutritious food is shared along the entire food chain, has served to
highlight the importance of feed safety. The food chain, thus, comprises every step from primary
production to final consumption. Stakeholders include farmers, fishermen, slaughterhouse
operators, feed producers and processors, food processors, transport operators, distributors
(wholesale and retail) and consumers, as well as governments responsible for protecting public
health.
FAO and WHO therefore considered it appropriate to convene an Expert Meeting to review current
knowledge on animal feed and its impact on food safety, and to provide orientation and advice on this
matter to their members and to international organizations. The Expert Meeting was requested to
review and analyse the experience of selected countries in modernizing and strengthening their feed
safety systems and drawing lessons from their experiences.
This report provides the output of that meeting with the experts’ conclusions and recommendations.

Animal Feed Impact On Food Safety

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Animal Feed Impact on

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

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© FAO and WHO 2008

Abbreviations and acronyms x

2. Activities of international standard-setting organizations 5

3. Current status of knowledge on the impact of animal feed

4. Safety assessment and detection of hazards in animal feed

6. Conclusions and identification of relevant areas

Appendix B. List of participants 31

Appendix C. Experts’ Résumés 39

Appendix D. List of documents 45

Miguel Angel Granero Rosell

Fernanda Marussi Tucci

Narinder Singh Sharma

Dr Lea Pallaroni: is Secretary General of the National Association of Feed Producers

Mr Bill Spooncer: is the Managing Director of a consulting firm. He is an expert on ren-

Abbreviations and acronyms

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

ADI Average Daily Intakes

AFRIS Animal Feed Resources Information System

BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

CCMAS Codex Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling

CEN European Committee for Standardization

CRM Certified Reference material

CV-AAS Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

DDGS Dried Distillers’ Grains with Solubles

DGS Distillers’ Grains with Solubles

ECD Electon Capture Detection

ELISA Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay

EPIC Emergency Prevention and Intelligence Centre

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GAP Good Agriculutral Practices

GC/HR-MS Gas Chromatography - High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

GF-AAS Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

GMO Genetically Modified Organism

GMP Good Manufacturing Practice

GOARN Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network

GPVD Good Practices in the Use of Veterinary Drugs

HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point

HG-AAS Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography

ICP-AES Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry

IFIF International Feed Industry Federation

INFOSAN International Food Safety Authorities Network

ISO International Standardization Organization

LC-DAD Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector

LC-MS Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectronomy

LD50 Lethal Dose 50 Percent

JEFCA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives

JEMRA Joint Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment

JMPR Joint FAO/WHO Meetings on Pesticide Residues

MRL Maximum Residue Limits

NACA Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific

OIE World Organisation for Animal Health

PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl

PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction

TDI Tolerable Daily Intake

TEF Toxicity Equivalence Factor