Energy and Matter Chemistry

Chapter 2 Energy and Matter
2.6
Changes of State
Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1
Melting and Freezing
A substance
● is melting while it changes from a solid to a liquid.
● is freezing while it changes from a liquid to a solid.
● such as water has a freezing (melting) point of 0°C.

2
Calculations Using Heat of Fusion
The heat of fusion
● is the amount of heat released when 1 gram of
liquid freezes (at its freezing point).
● is the amount of heat needed to melt 1 gram of a
solid (at its melting point).
● for water (at 0°C) is
80. cal
1 g water
3
Calculation Using Heat of Fusion
The heat needed to freeze (or melt) a specific

mass of water (or ice) is calculated using the heat
of fusion.
Heat = g water x 80. cal
1 g water
Example: How much heat in cal is needed to melt
15.0 g of water?
15.0 g water x 80. cal = 1200 cal

1 g water
4
Learning Check
A. How many calories are needed to melt 5.00 g of

ice at 0°C?
1) 80. cal 2) 400 cal 3) 0 cal
B. How many calories are released when 25.0 g of

water at 0°C freezes?
1) 80. cal 2) 0 cal 3) 2000 cal
5
Solution
A. How many calories are needed to melt 5.00 g of ice

at 0°C?
2) 400 cal 5.00 g x 80. cal
1g
B. How many calories are released when 25.0 g of
water at 0°C freezes?
3) 2000 cal 25 g x 80. cal
1g
6
Sublimation
Sublimation
● occurs when particles
change directly from
solid to a gas.
● is typical of dry ice,
which sublimes at -78°C.
● takes place in frost-free
refrigerators.
● is used to prepare freeze-
dried foods for long-term
storage.
7
Evaporation and Condensation
Water
● evaporates when
molecules on the
surface gain sufficient
energy to form a gas.
● condenses when gas
molecules lose energy
and form a liquid.

8
Boiling
At boiling,
● all the water molecules
acquire enough energy
to form a gas.
● bubbles appear
throughout the liquid.

9
Heat of Vaporization
The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat
● absorbed to vaporize 1 g of a liquid to gas at the
boiling point.
● released when 1 g of a gas condenses to liquid at
the boiling point.
Boiling Point of Water = 100°C
Heat of Vaporization (water)

= 540 cal
1 g water
10
Learning Check
How many kilocalories (kcal) are released when 50.0

g of steam from a volcano condenses at 100°C?
1) 27 kcal
2) 540 kcal
3) 2700 kcal
11
Solution
How many kilocalories (kcal) are released when 50.0 g

of steam in a volcano condenses at 100°C?
1) 27 kcal
50.0 g steam x 540 cal x 1 kcal = 27 kcal

1 g steam 1000 cal
12
Summary of Changes of State
13
Heating Curve
A heating curve
● illustrates the
changes of state as a
solid is heated.
● uses sloped lines to
show an increase in
temperature.
● uses plateaus (flat
lines) to indicate a
change of state.
14
Learning Check
A. A flat line on a heating curve represents

1) a temperature change.
2) a constant temperature.
3) a change of state.
B. A sloped line on a heating curve represents

15
Solution
A. A flat line on a heating curve represents

B. A sloped line on a heating curve represents

16
Cooling Curve
A cooling curve
● illustrates the changes
of state as a gas is
cooled.
● uses sloped lines to
indicate a decrease in
temperature.
● uses plateaus (flat
lines) to indicate a
change of state.

17
Learning Check
Use the cooling curve for water to answer each.
A. Water condenses at a temperature of

1) 0°C. 2) 50°C. 3) 100°C.
B. At a temperature of 0°C, liquid water
1) freezes. 2) melts. 3) changes to a gas.
C. At 40°C, water is a
1) solid. 2) liquid. 3) gas.
D. When water freezes, heat is
1) removed. 2) added.
18
Solution
Use the cooling curve for water to answer each.
A. Water condenses at a temperature of

3) 100°C.
B. At a temperature of 0°C, liquid water
1) freezes.
C. At 40 °C, water is a
2) liquid.
D. When water freezes, heat is
1) removed.
19
Heat Calculations
To reduce a fever, an infant is packed in 250 g of ice. If

the ice (at 0°C) melts and warms to body temperature
(37.0°C), how many calories are removed from the body?
A. 3.0 x 10 5 cal
B. 2.0 x 10 4 cal
C. 1.0 x 103 cal
20
Heat Calculations
To reduce a fever, an infant is packed in 250 g of ice. If

the ice (at 0°C) melts and warms to body temperature
(37.0°C), how many calories are removed from the body?
Step 1: Diagram the changes
37°C ΔT = 37.0°C - 0°C = 37.0°C
temperature increase
0°C solid liquid

melting
21
Heat Calculations
Step 2: How is the ice changing
Ice is melting from 0°C to 37.0°C, use the heat of

fusion.
Heat = g of ice x 80.0 cal
1 g ice
Step 3: Plug value into equation
Heat = 250 g of ice x 80.0 cal = 2.0x10 4 cal (B) or 2.0x101 kcal
1 g ice
22

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Chapter 2 Energy and Matter

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The heat needed to freeze (or melt) a specific

15.0 g water x 80. cal = 1200 cal

A. How many calories are needed to melt 5.00 g of

B. How many calories are released when 25.0 g of

A. How many calories are needed to melt 5.00 g of ice

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Boiling Point of Water = 100°C

Heat of Vaporization (water)

How many kilocalories (kcal) are released when 50.0

How many kilocalories (kcal) are released when 50.0 g

50.0 g steam x 540 cal x 1 kcal = 27 kcal

A. A flat line on a heating curve represents

B. A sloped line on a heating curve represents

A. A flat line on a heating curve represents

B. A sloped line on a heating curve represents

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Use the cooling curve for water to answer each.

A. Water condenses at a temperature of

Use the cooling curve for water to answer each.

A. Water condenses at a temperature of

To reduce a fever, an infant is packed in 250 g of ice. If

C. 1.0 x 103 cal

To reduce a fever, an infant is packed in 250 g of ice. If

37°C ΔT = 37.0°C - 0°C = 37.0°C

0°C solid liquid

Step 2: How is the ice changing

Ice is melting from 0°C to 37.0°C, use the heat of

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