Kapal Cepat

Dr. Eng. Samuel, ST, MT

Pertemuan II : Jenis Kapal cepat
Reff : Hydrodynamics of High-speed Marine Vehicles
 Displacement ships
SWATH
HSS
trimaran
wave piercer

3
 Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH)

+ superior seakeeping – higher power requirement

+ large deck area – weight and trim sensitive
– large draft
– acquisition and operating costs

4
 Early SWATH demonstrators in USA and Japan

“Hibeki“
T-AGOS Japan
US Navy

5
 German SWATH development in 2001
Wehrforschungsschiff, TNSW

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 German SWATH development in 2001
SWATHs for pilots of Abeking+Rasmussen

A+R proposed also navy SWATH

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 German Navy project for mine-hunting
SWATHs for Navy Applications

Cooperation: Luerssen Shipyard, A+R

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 SWATH
“Sea Shadow”

stealth technology
demonstrator

9
source: http://www.fas.org
 SWATH
SLICE

Lower resistance through wave system interaction

10
source: Lockheed Martin
 High Speed SWATH (HSS)

GTS Stena Explorer MTG HSS design

Stern planing SWATH

catamaran bow section

11
source: http://192.49.188.22
 Trimarans allow high speeds
Record-breaking “Adventurer”

Artist Reality
vision

12
 UK Navy: Trimaran demonstrator
Trimaran Demonstrator “Triton”

+ low power at high speed

+ reduced operating costs
+ better damage stability
+ good seakeeping –?
+ large deck area
+ efficient payload layout
13
+ good survivability source: http://www.trimaran.dera.gov.uk
 Trimarans investigated by several navies
Concept study of MTG

14
 Wave Piercer
Incat 045, HMAS “Jervis Bay”

Incat HSV-X1 “Joint Venture”

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source: http://www.incat.com.au
 Wave Piercer
Incat HSV-X1 “Joint
Venture” (US Army)

500 fully equipped

troops

40+ knots

up to 1000 nm

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 Wave Piercer
Paragon Mann: VSV Wave Piercer Patrol boat

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source: http://www.halmatic.co.uk
 Wave Piercer Projects

Stealth designDD 21 project

Stealth design“Sea Wraith”

MTG Frigate
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source: http://www.dd21.goldteam.com
 Fast Monohull

Only civilian applications built

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source: Blohm&Voss
 Hydrofoils

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 Fully Submerged Hydrofoils Surface Piercing Hydrofoils
(FSH) (SPH)

Canadian Bras d‘Or

Russian
PHM (Boeing)
Mukha class

+ high cruising speed – limited payload capability

21 + improved seakeeping – large draft
photo: Ehlers
 Air-Cushion Vehicles

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 + very high speed – affected by wind
+ low vulnerability to – trim sensitivity
underwater explosions – high acquisition cost
+ small draft and underwater signature – high maintenance cost
+ amphibious capability

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source: http://www.tmls.textron.com
 USA employs ACV as LCAC
(Landing Craft Air Cushion)

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 Russian LCAC
Pomornik class
Largest ACV worldwide
150t payload, 63 knots

Russian LCAC
Aist Class
70 knots

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photos: Ehlers
 ACVs suitable for operation in ice
Finnish ACV “Tuuli”delivered in 2002

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photos: Ehlers
 SES (Surface Effect Ships)

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 Air Cushion Catamarans (SES)

No surface effect involved

+ operate at high speeds (> 40 knots)

+ reduced underwater signature
+ improved shock resistance
+ good platform stability
+ shallow draft and large deck area

– speed loss in head seas

– loss of amphibious capability
– high acquisition and maintenance costs

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 Various SES built and operated by navies
AGNES 200 (FR) Oksøy class minehunter (NO)

“Bora“ missile corvette (RU)

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 Stealth SES built in Scandinavia

Skjöld class patrol boat (NO) “Smyge“ (SE)

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 SES Demonstrator “Corsair”

MEKAT concept
allows modular
conversion

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Blohm&Voss
 Hybrid Hydrofoils

Hysucat
HYSWAS

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 HYSWAS = Hydrofoil small waterplane area ship

+ extended range
+ good seakeeping

– high cost
– payload critical

Foil contribute 30-70% lift

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 German Concept study never realized

Design study for fast ferry by Bremer Vulkan

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photos: EMIT
 Japanese built prototype

TSL-F

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 Navy HYSWAS projected
US Projects ranging from patrol boat to 2400t frigate

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Classification of Ship by Support Type
Aerostatic Support
- ACV
- SES (Captured Air Bubble)

Hydrodynamic Support (Bernoulli)

- Hydrofoil
- Planning Hull

Hydrostatic Support (Archimedes)

- Conventional Ship
- Catamaran
- SWATH
- Deep Displacement

Submarine
- Submarine
- ROV
Aerostatic Support
Vessel rides on a cushion of air. Lighter weight,
higher speeds, smaller load capacity.

– Air Cushion Vehicles - LCAC: Opens up 75% of

littoral coastlines, versus about 12% for
displacement

– Surface Effect Ships - SES: Fast, directionally

stable, but not amphibious
 Aerostatic Support
Supported by cushion of air

ACV
hull material : rubber
propeller : placed on the deck
amphibious operation

SES
side hull : rigid wall(steel or FRP)
bow : skirt
propulsion system : placed under the water
water jet propulsion
super cavitating propeller
(not amphibious operation)
Aerostatic Support
 Aerostatic Support

English Channel Ferry - Hovercraft

 Aerostatic Support

SES Ferry

NYC SES
Fireboat

E
Hydrodynamic Support
Supported by moving water. At slower speeds, they
are hydrostatically supported

– Planing Vessels - Hydrodynamics pressure developed

on the hull at high speeds to support the
vessel. Limited loads, high power requirements.

– Hydrofoils - Supported by underwater foils, like

wings on an aircraft. Dangerous in heavy seas. No
longer used by USN.
 Hydrodynamic Support
Planing Hull
- supported by the hydrodynamic pressure developed under a hull at high speed

- “V” or flat type shape

- Commonly used in pleasure boat, patrol boat, missile boat, racing boat

Destriero
 Hydrodynamic Support
Hydrofoil Ship
- supported by a hydrofoil, like wing on an aircraft
- fully submerged hydrofoil ship
- surface piercing hydrofoil ship

Hydrofoil Ferry
Hydrodynamic Support
Hydrodynamic Support
Hydrostatic Support

Displacement Ships Float by displacing their own

weight in water :
– Includes nearly all traditional military and cargo ships
and 99% of ships in this course
– Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull ships (SWATH)
– Submarines (when surfaced)
 Hydrostatic Support
The Ship is supported by its buoyancy. (Archimedes
Principle)

Archimedes Principle : An object partially or fully

submerged in a fluid will experience a resultant
vertical force equal in magnitude to the weight of
the volume of fluid displaced by the object.

The buoyant force of a ship is calculated from the

displaced volume by the ship.
 Hydrostatic Support

Mathematical Form of Archimedes Principle

S
FB  g
Resultant Weight

FB : Magnitude of the resultant buouant force(lb)

 : Density of fluid (lb s 2 /ft 4 )
g : Gravitational acceleration(32.17ft/s)
 : Displaced volume by the object(ft 3 )
Resultant Buoyancy FB

 F B  S
 Hydrostatic Support
Displacement ship
- conventional type of ship
- carries high payload
- low speed

SWATH
- small waterplane area twin hull (SWATH)
- low wave-making resistance
- excellent roll stability
- large open deck
- disadvantage : deep draft and cost

Catamaran / Trimaran
- twin hull
- other characteristics are similar to the SWATH

Submarine
Hydrostatic Support
Hydrostatic Support
Hydrostatic Support
Hydrostatic Support
Hydrostatic Support
Hydrostatic Support
Hydrostatic Support
Hydrostatic Support