FA4

Q1.
Clarify the following with respect to the rail used on railways track;
I. What are the functions of rail?
1. The rails provide a level surface that helps the wheels to move,
2. Rails provide a pathway is smooth that helps you avoid friction,
3. Rails serve as a guide for the wheels,
4. The rails bear the lateral stresses due to the vertical load of the train
5. Rails are transmitting the loads to big area ( sleeper and the ballast)
Name the various types of rail.
• Double headed Rails ( DHR)
• Bull Headed Rails ( BHR )
• Flat Footed rails ( FFR)
How the choosing of a rail usually are determined?
Standard Rail Section
• The rail section is designated by weight per unit length
• For example: A 52 kg/m rail denotes that has a weight of 52 kg per meter
• The weight and its section is planned after considerations the following;
 The maximum speed,

 Axle load,
 The depth of ballast and sub-ballast, and
 The spacing and types of sleepers per meter.
II. What the factors which help in the formation of rail corrugation?
1. Physical and environment conditions of track
 Steep slops
 Electrified sections
2. Train operations
 High speeds and high axle loads

 Starting locations of trains
 Locations where brakes are applied to stop the train
3. Weathers effects
 High moisture content in the air especially in coastal areas

 Presence of sand
4. Metallurgy and age of rails
 High nitrogen content of the rails

 straightening of rails.
III. What are the factors that restriction the length of the rail. Or What are the factors
which helping the formation of rail corrugation?
 Lack of facilities for transport of longer rails, especially on

 curves.
 Difficulties in manufacturing very long rails.
 Difficulties in get bigger expansion joints for long rails.
 Heavy internal stresses in long rails.
The longer rails are economical and provide smooth and comfortable rides
Q2. Answer the following questions:
i) Welded rails have played an important role in the modernization of the railway system.
Explain of rail types section and evaluate the advantages of the Continuous Welded Rail
(CWR).
• There are two main types of welding used for rails: Thermite welding and Flash Butt welding.
Thermite
• The thermite welding process is based on the reduction of heavy metals from their oxides with
the aid of Aluminum.
• Many European railways use the German thermite process called SKV,
Flash Butt Welding
• The flash-butt welding process is a method of joining metals in which the heat generated,
necessary to forge the joint, is created by the resistance of the rails being welded to the passage
of an electric current. Unlike the Thermite welding process, no additional chemicals or metals
are required to make the weld.
Advantages of the Continuous Welded
Although the cost of installing CWR is higher than that of jointed track, an adequate return of
capital for the initial investment is provided by the reduced maintenance cost of the track,
improved track stability, higher running speeds, lower power consumption, and improved
passenger comfort. In particular:
 CWR offer a much higher comfort level,

 Evolution of track defects is much slower with CWR,
 Fatigue of the various components of the track is smaller,
 Stresses developed in wheels and in the rolling stock are generally much lower.
ii) The types of welding methods used in the rail track
• There are two main types of welding used for rails: Thermite welding and Flash Butt welding.
Thermite
• The thermite welding process is based on the reduction of heavy metals from their oxides with
the aid of Aluminum.
• Many European railways use the German thermite process called SKV,
Flash Butt Welding
• The flash-butt welding process is a method of joining metals in which the heat generated,
necessary to forge the joint, is created by the resistance of the rails being welded to the passage
of an electric current. Unlike the Thermite welding process, no additional chemicals or metals
are required to make the weld.
Q3. Explain the following with respect to the Rail used:
 Optimum Requirement in Rail Section
The requirements for an rail section are as follows;
 The rail section have the most economical section consistent with strength and hardness,
 Always prefer to be center of gravity of the rail be very close to the mid height of the
rail , so that the pressures and tensile are equal, and
 A rail consists of foot , a web and head.

 Main Rail Category.
The rail steel quality consist of two categories;
 Normal Steel quality, with an Tensile Strength of 700- 900 N/mm2,

 Hard Steel quality, used mainly on curve level crossings, etc., with an Tensile Strength of
900-1200 N/mm2.
Q4. Suppose there is a standard gauge line from Muscat to Sohar city so that passenger
trains pass times daily. If the weight of the rail 61 kg/m and static axle load 30 KN Find the
lateral force transmitted to track per axle (KN) using British Standard and the expected
life of rails in track.
Y = W/3 +10=30/3+10=20KN

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Q1.

I. What are the functions of rail?

2. Rails provide a pathway is smooth that helps you avoid friction,

3. Rails serve as a guide for the wheels,

Name the various types of rail.

• Double headed Rails ( DHR)

• Bull Headed Rails ( BHR )

• Flat Footed rails ( FFR)

How the choosing of a rail usually are determined?

Standard Rail Section

• The rail section is designated by weight per unit length

 The maximum speed,

1. Physical and environment conditions of track

 High speeds and high axle loads

 High moisture content in the air especially in coastal areas

4. Metallurgy and age of rails

 High nitrogen content of the rails

 Lack of facilities for transport of longer rails, especially on

Q2. Answer the following questions:

Flash Butt Welding

 CWR offer a much higher comfort level,

ii) The types of welding methods used in the rail track

Flash Butt Welding

Q3. Explain the following with respect to the Rail used:

 Optimum Requirement in Rail Section

The requirements for an rail section are as follows;

The rail steel quality consist of two categories;

 Normal Steel quality, with an Tensile Strength of 700- 900 N/mm2,

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