UNIT I

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: ELECTRICAL WIRING

SYSTEMS 10
Laws of electrical circuits: Ohms and Kichoffs Laws
Basics of electricity – Single/Three phase supply. Earthing for safety – types of earthing - ISI
specifications Electrical wiring systems in domestic and commercial buildings. Conduits, Types
of wiring Diagram for connection.
Bus way, Bus Bars, lighting track and conduits (Aluminum metallic, non metallic) arrangements.
Power handling, equipment, switch board, panel boards.
Lighting conductors : Purpose, materials, fixing, earthing arrangements Electronic and
Communication systems: Communication and data systems- communication spaces, pathways,
cabling systems, voice and data, communication, Electronic security systems, computer
labs/server, Rooms etc.
Electrical Installations in Buildings. Main and distribution boards – transformers – switch gears –
substations – space requirement and Layout of the same in building types

OHMS LAW
The current I that flow in a dc circuit is directly proportional to the voltage V and inversely
proportional to the resistance R of the circuit. Expressed as in the equation

I= V/ R or V= IR
“KICHOFF’ S LAWS”

There are two “Kichoff’ s Laws”

1. Kichoff’s current Law (KCL),

2. Kichoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 1

Kichoff’s current Law (KCL)
It states that current flows uniformly in a circuit. Electrons do not ‘bunch up”. At any node
(connection of two or more wires) the sum of the current flowing in the node is exactly equal to
the sum of the currents flowing out the node

Kichoff’s second law

It is also known as Kichoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of the voltage in a closed
loop is always equal to zero.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 2

BASICS OF ELCTRICITY
Conductors and Insulators
Elements of an Atom
All matter is made up atoms. Atoms have a nucleus with electrons in motion around it. The
nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons (not shown). Electrons have a negative charge (-).
Protons have a positive charge (+). Neutrons are neutral. In the normal state of an atom, the
number of electrons is equal to the number of protons and the negative charge of the electrons is
balanced by the positive charge of the protons.
Free Electrons
Electrons move about the nucleus at different distances. Electrons in the outer band can be easily
force out of the atom by the application of some external force such as a magnetic field, friction,
or chemical action. Electrons forced from atoms are sometimes called free electrons. A free
electron leaves a void which can be filled by an electron forced out of another atom.

Conductors
An electric current is produced when free electrons move from atom to atom in a material.
Materials that permit many electrons to move freely are called conductors. Copper, silver, gold,
aluminum, zinc, brass, and iron are considered good conductors. Of these materials, copper and
aluminum are the ones most commonly used as conductors.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 3

Insulators Materials that allow few free electrons are called insulators. Materials such as
plastic, rubber, glass, mica, and ceramic are good insulators.

An electric cable is one example of how conductors and insulators are used. Electrons flow
along a copper or aluminum conductor to provide energy to an electric device such as a radio,
lamp, or a motor. An insulator around the outside of the copper conductor is provided to keep
electrons in the conductor.

Semiconductors Semiconductor materials, such as silicon, can be used to manufacture devices

that have characteristics of both conductors and insulators. Many semiconductor devices act like
a conductor when an external force is applied in one direction and like an insulator when the
external force is applied in the opposite direction. This principle is the basis for transistors,
diodes, and other solid-state electronic devices.

Current The flow of free electrons in a material from one atom to the next atom in the same
direction is referred to as current and is designated by the symbol I. The amount of current
flowing is determined by the number of electrons that pass through a cross-section of a
conductor in one second. Current is measured in amperes, often shortened to amps. The letter A
is the symbol for amps.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 4

Voltage
The force required to make electricity flow through a conductor is called a difference in
potential, electromotive force (emf), or voltage. Voltage is designated by the letter E or the
letter V. The unit of measurement for voltage is the volt which is also designated by the letter V.
Generation of Voltage
A voltage can be generated in various ways. A battery uses an electrochemical process. A car’s
alternator and a power plant generator utilize a magnetic induction process.

The following chart shows how selected metric unit prefixes are used to represent large and
small values of voltage.

Resistance
A third factor that plays a role in an electrical circuit is resistance. All material impede
(obstruct) the flow of electrical current to some extent. The amount of resistance depends upon
the composition, length, cross-section and temperature of the resistive material. As a rule of
thumb, the resistance of a conductor increases with an increase of length or a decrease of cross-
section. Resistance is designated by the symbol R. The unit of measurement for resistance is the
ohm (W).
Resistors
These are the devices that manufactured to have a specific resistance and are used in a circuit to
limit current flow and to reduce the voltage applied to other components. In addition to resistors,

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 5

all other circuit components and the conductors that connect components to form a circuit also
have resistance. The basic unit for resistance is 1 ohm; however, resistance is often expressed in
multiples of the larger units shown in the following table.

The supply of current for electrical devices may come from a direct current (DC) source or an
alternating current (AC) source.

DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

In a direct current circuit, electrons flow continuously in one direction from the source of power
through a conductor to a load and back to the source of power. Voltage polarity for a direct
current source remains constant.
DC power sources include batteries and DC generators.

ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

Alternating voltage and current vary continuously. The graphic representation for AC is a sine
wave. A sine wave can represent current or voltage. There are two axes.
 The vertical axis represents the direction and magnitude of current or voltage.
 The horizontal axis represents time.
When the waveform is above the time axis, current is flowing in one direction. This is referred to
as the positive direction. When the waveform is below the time axis, current is flowing in the
opposite direction. This is referred to as the negative direction.
A sine wave moves through a complete
rotation of 360 degrees, which is referred
to as one cycle. Alternating current goes

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 6

through many of these cycles each second.

Single-phase electric power refers to the distribution of alternating current electric power using
a system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison.

Three-phase Power
The power plant produces three different phases of AC power simultaneously, and the three
phases are offset 120 degrees from each other. There are four wires coming out of every power
plant: the three phases plus a neutral or ground common to all three. It is simply three single
phases synchronized and offset by 120 degrees.

TYPES OF WIRING SYSTEMS

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 7

A network of wires drawn connecting the meter board to the various energy consuming loads
(lamps, fans, motors etc) through control and protective devices for efficient distribution of
power is known as electrical wiring.

Electrical wiring done in residential and commercial buildings to provide power for lights, fans,
pumps and other domestic appliances is known as domestic wiring. There are several wiring
systems in practice. They can be classified into:

 Tree system - In this system branches are tapped from the main circuit at required points.
This involves many joints making the location of the fault point difficult.
Though the method is economical it is visually unappealing with scattered fuses and is
affected by large voltage drops.

 Distribution system - This system is more organized in the sense that the main circuit is
drawn to several distribution centers and connected to the distribution boards. Branches are
tapped from these distribution boards. This system of wiring has an aesthetic appeal, as they
are without joints and also makes the location of the fault point easier. All the points are
maintained almost at the same potential. Each circuit is provided with an independent fuse.
Provides flexibility for repair and maintenance. This system is widely preferred for indoor
wiring though expensive.

Types of Wiring
 Cleat wiring
 CTS wiring or TRS wiring or batten wiring
 Metal sheathed wiring or lead sheathed wiring
 Casing and capping
 Conduit wiring

1. Cleat wiring:
In this type of wiring, insulated conductors (usually VIR, Vulcanized Indian Rubber) are
supported on porcelain or wooden cleats. The cleats have two halves one base and the other cap.
The cables are placed in the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed. Both are

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 8

fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws. The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 4.5 –
15 cms apart. This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria
but not the appearance.

Advantages:
1. Easy installation
2. Materials can be retrieved for reuse
3. Flexibility provided for inspection, modifications and expansion.
4. Relatively economical
5. Skilled manpower not required.
Disadvantages:
1. Appearance is not good
2. Open system of wiring requiring regular cleaning.
3. Higher risk of mechanical injury.

2. CTS ( Cable Tyre Sheathed) / TRS ( Tough Rubber Sheathed )

/ Batten wiring:

In this wiring system, wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible. They are
clipped on wooden battens with brass clips (link or joint) and fixed on to the walls or ceilings by
flat head screws. These cables are moisture and chemical proof. They are suitable for damp
climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight. TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low
voltage installations

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 9

Advantages:
1. Easy installation and is durable
2. Lower risk of short circuit.
3. Cheaper than casing and capping system of wiring
4. Gives a good appearance if properly erected.

Disadvantages:
1. Danger of mechanical injury.
2. Danger of fire hazard.
3. Should not be exposed to direct sunlight.
4. Skilled workmen are required.
3. Metal Sheathed or Lead Sheathed wiring :

The wiring is similar to that of CTS but the conductors (two or three) are individually insulated
and covered with a common outer lead-aluminum alloy sheath. The sheath protects the cable
against dampness, atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages. The sheath is earthed at
every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current. They are fixed by means of
metal clips on wooden battens. The wiring system is very expensive. It is suitable for low voltage
installations.

Precautions to be taken during installation

1. The clips used to fix the cables on battens should not react with the sheath.
2. Lead sheath should be properly earthed to prevent shocks due to leakage currents.
3. Cables should not be run in damp places and in areas where chemicals (may react with
the lead) are used.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 10

Advantages:
1. Easy installation and is aesthetic in appearance.
2. Highly durable
3. Suitable in adverse climatic conditions provided the joints are not exposed

Disadvantages:
1. Requires skilled labor
2. Very expensive
3. Unsuitable for chemical industries
4. Casing and Capping:
It consists of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular, teakwood or PVC boxes having
grooves inside it. A rectangular strip of wood called capping having same width as that of casing
is fixed over it. Both the casing and the capping are screwed together at every 15 cms. Casing is
attached to the wall. Two or more wires of same polarity are drawn through different grooves.
The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations.
Advantages:
1. Cheaper than lead sheathed and conduit wiring.
2. Provides good isolation as the conductors are placed apart reducing the risk of short
circuit.
3. Easily accessible for inspection and repairs.
4. Since the wires are not exposed to atmosphere, insulation is less affected by dust, dirt and
climatic variations.
Disadvantages:
1. Highly inflammable.
2. Usage of unseasoned wood gets damaged by termites.
3. Skilled workmanship required.
5. Conduit wiring:
In this system PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or VIR cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes
providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit. They are either
embedded inside the walls or supported over the walls, and are known as concealed wiring or
surface conduit wiring (open conduit) respectively. The conduits are buried inside the walls on

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 11

wooden gutties and the wires are drawn through them with fish (steel) wires. The system is best
suited for public buildings, industries and workshops.

Advantages:
1. No risk of fire and good protection against mechanical injury.
2. The lead and return wires can be carried in the same tube.
3. Earthing and continuity is assured.
4. Waterproof and trouble shooting is easy.
5. Shock- proof with proper earthing and bonding
6. Durable and maintenance free
7. Aesthetic in appearance
Disadvantages:
1. Very expensive system of wiring.
2. Requires good skilled workmanship.
3. Erection is quiet complicated and is time consuming.
4. Risk of short circuit under wet conditions (due to condensation of water in tubes).
Aluminium conduit
Advantages:
1. It is widely used because of its less weight
2. Corrosion resistance
3. It is nonsparkling
Disadvantages:
1. Its major drawback is its deterious effect on many types of concrete, causing spalling and
cracking when embedded
2. Its cannot be buried in the earth
Flexible metal conduit

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 12

This type of conduit consists of an empty, spirally wound, interlocked armor steel or aluminum
raceway. Used principally for motor connections and other location where vibration is present,
where movement is encountered or where physical obstructions make it use necessary it is suible
for use in wet locations.
Nonmetallic conduit
A separate classification of rigid conduit covers raceways that are formed from such materials
such as fiber, asbestos- cement, rigid pvc and high density density polyethylene

Advantages:
1. flame- retardant,
2. tough and
3. resistant to heat distortion
Disadvantages:
1. Plastic conduit has temperature limitation
2. Asbestos- cement has considerable physical strength limitation
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF WIRING SYSTEM:
The choice of wiring system for a particular installation depends on technical factors and
economic viability.
1. Durability: Type of wiring selected should conform to standard specifications, so that it
is durable i.e. without being affected by the weather conditions, fumes etc.
2. Safety: The wiring must provide safety against leakage, shock and fire hazards for the
operating personnel.
3. Appearance: Electrical wiring should give an aesthetic appeal to the interiors.
4. Cost: It should not be prohibitively expensive.
5. Accessibility: The switches and plug points provided should be easily accessible. There
must be provision for further extension of the wiring system, if necessary.
5. Maintenance Cost: The maintenance cost should be a minimum
7. Mechanical safety: The wiring must be protected against any mechanical damage

EARTHING

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 13

The potential of the earth is considered to be at zero for all practical purposes as the generator
(supply) neutral is always earthed. The body of any electrical equipment is connected to the earth
by means of a wire of negligible resistance to safely discharge electric energy, which may be due
to failure of the insulation, line coming in contact with the casing etc.
Earthing is the proper connection of exposed metal parts of an electrical circuit to the ground. It
is accomplished by thick copper wires. Earthing protects the appliances and human beings in
case of insulation fail or accidental short circuit. When the live wire touches the earth wire, large
current flows through it and causes the fuse to blow off or circuit breaker to trip and thereby
protecting the appliance as well as users. Thus earthing is to connect any electrical equipment to
earth with a very low resistance wire, making it to attain earth’s potential. The wire is usually
connected to a copper plate placed at a depth of 2.5 to 3meters from the ground level.
 Necessity of Earthing:
1. To protect the operating personnel from danger of shock in case they come in contact
with the charged frame due to defective insulation.
2. To maintain the line voltage constant under unbalanced load condition.
3. Protection of the equipments
4. Protection of large buildings and all machines fed from overhead lines against lightning.
 Methods of Earthing:
The important methods of earthing are the plate earthing and the pipe earthing. The earth
resistance for copper wire is 1 ohm and that of G I wire less than 3 ohms. The earth resistance
should be kept as low as possible so that the neutral of any electrical system, which is earthed, is
maintained almost at the earth potential. The typical value of the earth resistance at powerhouse
is 0. 5 ohm and that at substation is 1 ohm.
1. Earthing through a water main :-
2. Plate earthing
3. Pipe earthing

 Earthing through a water main :-

Before making an earthing connection to the water main, it must be ascertained that throughout
G.I.pipe have been used. Otherwise, if the cement concrete pipe have been used the earthing
will not be effective. When making an earthing connection, care must be taken to limit the

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 14

contact resistance to the minimum. For that purpose properly designed earthing damp should be
used. The standard copper lead is fanned out is soldered to make it solid. Then the lead strip is
bent round the pipe so that it may be seated properly over the pipe. The surface of the pipe is
cleaned properly and all traces & greater are removed and then over it is placed the clamp. In
between the clamp and pipe is inserted the lead and is tightened with the screws. This method is
however is not popular as water means are of concrete & cement.
 Plate Earthing
In this method a copper plate of 60cm x 60cm x 3.18cm or a GI plate of the size 60cm x 60cm x
6.35cm is used for earthing. The plate is placed vertically down inside the ground at a depth of
3m and is embedded in alternate layers of coal and salt for a thickness of 15 cm. In addition,
water is poured for keeping the earth electrode resistance value well below a maximum of 5
ohms. The earth wire is securely bolted to the earth plate. A cement masonry chamber is built
with a cast iron cover for easy regular maintenance.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 15

 Pipe Earthing

Earth electrode made of a GI (galvanized) iron pipe of 38mm in diameter and length of 2m
(depending on the current) with 12mm holes on the surface is placed upright at a depth of 4.75m
in a permanently wet ground. To keep the value of the earth resistance at the desired level, the
area (15 cms) surrounding the GI pipe is filled with a mixture of salt and coal.. The efficiency of
the earthing system is improved by pouring water through the funnel periodically. The GI earth
wires of sufficient cross- sectional area are run through a 12.7mm diameter pipe (at 60cms
below) from the 19mm diameter pipe and secured tightly at the top as shown in the following
figure.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 16

When compared to the plate earth system the pipe earth system can carry larger leakage currents
as a much larger surface area is in contact with the soil for a given electrode size. The system
also enables easy maintenance as the earth wire connection is housed at the ground level.

Strip or Wire Earthing – In this system strip electrodes of cross section not less than 25 mm x
1.6 mm of copper and 25 mm x 3 mm if of galvanized iron or steel are builed in horizontal
trenches of minimum depth 0.5 metre. It round conductors are used, their cross sectional area
shall not be smaller then 3 mm2 in case of 6 mm2 in case of galvanized iron or steel. The length
of buried conductor shall be sufficient to give the required earth resistance. Its shall however be
not less than 15 meters. The electrodes shall be as widely distributed as possible, preferably in a
single straight or circular trench or in a number of trenches reradiating from a point, If condition

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 17

require use of more than one strip, they shall be laid either in parallel trenches or in radial
trenches.

This type of ear thing is used at places which have rockey soil earth bed because at such places
excavation work for plate ear thing is difficult.

Rod Earthing – In this system of earthing 12.5 mm diameter solid rods of copper or 16 mm
diameter solid rods of galvanized iron steel or hollow section 25 mm G.I. pipes of length not
less than 2.5 metres are driven vertically into the earth. This system of ear thing is suitable for
areas which are sandy in character.

I.S.I. specifications for earthing

For smaller installations G.I. pipe earthing is used and for larger installations and transmission
lines where the fault current is likely to be high, plate earthing is to be used. Under no
circumstances gas pipe be used for the purpose of earthing of electrical equipment.

The wire or strip which connects earth electrode to any ear thing is known as ear thing lead. The
cross section of the earthing lead, as a general rule, should not be less than half of the section of
the main supply conductor feeding the installation.

In small instruction, G.I. or copper wire of 8 SWG should be run from earth electrode to main
distribution board and to sub main distribution board. From sub main to the distribution board
copper wire of 14 SWG should be run to three pin sockets and other ear thing points.

In large installations the cross section of ear thing lead should not be less than 161.1 mm2 for
main connections and 64.5 mm2 for branch connection.

Copper strip of 25.4 mm x 3.18 mm or 6.35 mm are usually employed as a main for connecting
all the electrical apparatus to the earth.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 18

PROTECTIVE DEVICES

Protection for electrical installation must be provided in the event of faults such as short
circuit, overload and earth faults. The protective circuit or device must be fast acting and
isolate the faulty part of the circuit immediately. It also helps in isolating only required part
of the circuit without affecting the remaining circuit during maintenance. The following
devices are usually used to provide the necessary protection:
 Fuses
 Relays
 Miniature circuit breakers (MCB)
 Earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB)

FUSE

The electrical equipments are designed to carry a particular rated value of current under normal
circumstances. Under abnormal conditions such as short circuit, overload or any fault the current
raises above this value, damaging the equipment and sometimes resulting in fire hazard. Fuses
are pressed into operation under such situations. Fuse is a safety device used in any electrical
installation, which forms the weakest link between the supply and the load. It is a short length of
wire made of lead / tin /alloy of lead and tin/ zinc having a low melting point. Under normal
operating conditions it is designed to carry the full load current. If the current increases beyond
this designed value due any of the reasons mentioned above, the fuse melts isolating the power
supply from the load.
Different types of fuses:
 Re-wirable or kit -kat fuses: These fuses are simple in construction, cheap and available
up-to a current rating of 200A. They are erratic in operation and their performance
deteriorates with time.
 Plug fuse: The fuse carrier is provided with a glass window for visual inspection of the
fuse wire.
 Cartridge fuse: Fuse wire usually an alloy of lead is enclosed in a strong fiber casing.
The fuse element is fastened to copper caps at the ends of the casing. They are available

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 19

 up-to a voltage rating of 25kV. They are used for protection in lighting installations and
power lines.
 Miniature Cartridge fuses: These are the miniature version of the higher rating
cartridge fuses, which are extensively used in automobiles, TV sets, and other electronic
equipments.
 Transformer fuse blocks: These porcelain housed fuses are placed on secondary of the
distribution transformers for protection against short circuits and overloads.
 Expulsion fuses: These consist of fuse wire placed in hollow tube of fiber lined with
asbestos. These are suited only for out door use for example, protection of high voltage
circuits.
 Semi-enclosed re-wirable fuses: These have limited use because of low breaking
capacity.
 Time-delay fuse: These are specially designed to withstand a current overload for a
limited time and find application in motor circuits.

There are two types of circuit we can make, called series and parallel.

The components in a circuit are joined by wires.

 if there are no branches then it's a series circuit

 if there are branches it's a parallel circuit

Series circuits

In a television series, you get several episodes, one after the other. A series circuit is similar. You
get several components one after the other.

If you follow the circuit diagram from one side of the cell to the other, you should pass through
all the different components, one after the other, without any branches.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 20

If you put more lamps into a series circuit, the lamps will be dimmer than before.

In a series circuit, if a lamp breaks or a component is disconnected, the circuit is broken and all
the components stop working.

Series circuits are useful if you want a warning that one of the components in the circuit has
failed. They also use less wiring than parallel circuits.

Parallel circuits

In parallel circuits different components are connected on different branches of the wire. If you
follow the circuit diagram from one side of the cell to the other, you can only pass through all the
different components if you follow all the branches.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 21

In a parallel circuit, if a lamp breaks or a component is disconnected from one parallel wire, the
components on different branches keep working. And, unlike a series circuit, the lamps stay
bright if you add more lamps in parallel.

Parallel circuits are useful if you want everything to work, even if one component has failed.
This is why our homes are wired up with parallel circuits.

Busway or bus duct

A busway is an assembly of copper or aluminum bars in a rigid metallic housing. It is used in

two instances
1. when large amount of current is needed to be carried

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 22

 2. when necessary to tap onto an electric power conductor at frequent intervals along the
length
the usual alternatives are to use several conductors in parallel or single large conductor.th
figure shows the variety of fittings and joints to enable bus work to be installed in angles,
bends, tap- offs and curves.

Busbar

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 23

A busbar in electrical power distribution refers to thick strips of copper or other material that
conduct electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, or other electrical
apparatus.
The size of the busbar determines the maximum amount of current that can be safely carried.
Small distribution boards or consumer units may have busbars which have a cross sectional area
of as little as 10 mm² but electrical substations may use metal tubes of 50 mm or more in
diameter as busbars.

Busbars are typically either flat strips or hollow tubes as these shapes allow heat to dissipate
more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-sectional area ratio
A hollow section has higher stiffness than a solid rod, which allows a greater span between
busbar supports in outdoor switchyards.

A busbar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround it.
Busbars are protected from accidental contact either by a metal enclosure .
Busbars are available in different forms suiting different applications.
• Plain Electrical Busbars
• Punched Electrical Busbars
• Threaded Electrical Busbars

Lighting track
• Track lighting is a method of lighting where light fixtures are attached anywhere on a
continuous track device which contains electrical conductors.
• This is as opposed to the routing of electrical wiring to individual light positions.
• Tracks can be mounted to ceilings or walls, lengthwise down beams, or crosswise across
rafters or joists.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 24

 • They can also be hung with rods from especially high places like vaulted ceilings.
• The advantage of a track lighting system is its versatility.
• The track layout can be expanded or reconfigured and the light fixtures are easily and
seamlessly moved around.
• Can add more tracks, change the fixture types, and point them in different directions.
• Using multiphase tracks makes it possible to operate different circuits simultaneously.
• Track lighting is also a good secondary or backup lighting for temporary living
arrangements because they can be installed and dismantled with minimum fuss and
interference with the formal electrical system.

Electrical components
It includes electric power, telephone and communications and electrical specialities.the major
components of electrical power system is shown in fig: 1&2.the components are described in
three major categories
1. wiring including conductors and raceways of all types
2. Power-handling equipment, including transformers, switchboards, panel boards and
circuit breakers.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 25

 3. Control and utilization equipment, such as lighting, motors, controls and wiring devices.

Electrical conductors (Wiring)

Conductors are used to carry the current at certain voltage through the electrical system.
 The type of wiring to be adapted depends on durability, safety.appearance, cost &
budget.
 The function of wiring system is to conduct electricity form one point to another.
 When the primary purpose of the system is to distribute electrical system it is referred
as electric power system.
 When it is to transmit information its is called as electric signal or communication
system
 Main consideration is how to supply electricity to the desired location safely
 So electrical conductors are isolated from the structure except at those specific points
where electric contact is required such as wall receptacles & placing then in closed
raceways.
 Metals used for wiring
1. Aluminum
2. copper
 insulation:-the conductor acts as a guide for the conduction of electrical power from
one point to another point and must be insulated to prevent the escape or leakage of
current.
 Methods of installing wiring
1. Cleat wiring-vulcanized Indian rubber wire.
2. casing capping-VIR wiriness in casings
3. T.R.S. wiring – tough, rubber sheath wires over wooden battens
4. metal sheathed wiring – VIR wires covered with lead, run over wooden
battens
5. conduit wiring-runs on metallic conduits

FUNDAMENTALS OF WIRING SYSTEMS.

1. The switchgears and switches should be placed on the live wire or the phase.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 26

  The second terminal of the witch should be connected to the lamp.
 The neutral should be directly connected to the lamp.
2. the fuses should be placed on the live wire or the phase otherwise the whole purpose of
safety is lost
3. All the lamps and appliances should be connected in parallel to enable all of them to get
nearly equal voltage and to avoid excessive voltage drops.

Wiring of a building
 From the main switch the leads known as mains are taken to main distribution board.
 From the main distribution board wires are taken to various distribution boards which are
known as sub-boards.
 The connection between the main distribution board and sub-boards are known as
circuits.
 Various circuits are drawn from the sub boards for connection to various electric load
points. Wiring is done.
 Three-phase
In electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least three
conductors carrying voltage waveforms that are 2π/3 radians (120°,1/3 of a cycle) offset
in time.

WIRING SYSTEMS
There are two types of application
1. wiring to provide power to operate
a. lighting and outlets
b. equipment
2. control wiring to operate equipment
Wiring systems can be of
1. Exposed wiring:- where wires or feeders are installed on the surface of walls,
ceilings,etc
2. concealed wiring : -wires are concealed inside wall surfaces,
Wiring color codes

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 27

 Phase A or 1 Black
Phase b or 2 Red
Phase C or 3 Blue
neutral White or gray
ground Bare or green when insulated.
Power handling equipment
Power-handling Equipment generally consists of
• bare, weatherproof, or pre-assembled cables,
• direct-buried or raceway-installed underground cables,
• transformers,
• switchboards,
• meters,
• distribution panels,
• large switches, and
• Circuit breakers.

Cablings
Several types of cabling systems are used in wiring of buildings
1. nonmetallic sheathed cable
2. flexible armored cable
3. underground feeder cable
4. service-entrance cable
5. mineral –insulated metal –sheathed cable

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 28

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 29
MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 30
Raceways

Any channels ,pipes or conduits and dutc which are designed especially to house wires or cables
are called raceways.they are classified into
1. underground raceways
a. which have resistamnce to corrosion are directly buried.
2. exposed and concealed raceways.
a. There are several types used in building types
i. Pipe or conduit
ii. Wireway
iii. Ceiling
iv. Floor

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 31

Electrical power lines
These lines in avenues ,streets,roads,etc.., are divided into two catogories
1. overhead : -power lines are located on top of electric poles
2. undergtound:- locatedon the underground.

Electric metre
The electric meteres are installed and controlled by the utility company to measure the amount of
electric power used in buildings.
A meter is loicated between the service line and the main switch or panel board with nmain
breakers.
The main metre is insatlalled as folloews
1. outside on the exterior wall of the building
2. inside the building accessible to a meter reader

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 32

main switch
 it is also known as service switch,service disconnect & main breaker
 the purpose of the main switch is to break or disconnect the flow of all the elcetricity
to the building excaept emergency equipment in the event of fire or emergency or
repairs.
 A main switch is installed in two ways
1. main switch is located within the panel board.for residence and smalle
rbuildings.
2. main switch is installed as a separate device for large buildings
Panel board
 it is known as electric panels or load centers. It serves the same function as switch board
except on a smaller scale
 Panelboard consist of a metal cabinet containing over current protection and other
devices.
 A panelboard is a distribution center for receiving electrical power and feeding the
branch circuits
 Classified into two mounting
1. Flush mounting: - recessed flush with the wall surface
2. Surface mounting-
It is surface –mounted usually on solid walls or columns.

 Panel boards are classified into two catogiries with regard to overcurrent devices:-
1. Circuit breaker

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 33

 2. Fused
The Distribution Board
The Distribution Board, refers to an equipment which consists of bus bars, and possible switches,
fuse links and Automatic protective equipment, bypass equipment, for connecting, controlling
and protecting a number of branch circuits fed from one main circuit of a wiring installation in a
building or premises for easy and safe handling of incoming power supply.
These are, also used to protect the electrical distribution system in turn, connected electrical
equipment from being damaged due to various faults like short circuit, over load, earth leakage,
etc.
Substations
• These are arrangements of transformers and switchgear used to step down voltages and
connect to or disconnect from the mains.
• A master substation may be used to transform from utility-company high voltage down to
low voltage for distribution.
• The load-center substation may be located outside the building in an underground vault
or on a surface pad.
• Where street space is limited, utilities sometimes permit inside substations in the cellar of
the customer adjacent to the switchboard room.
• These inside vaults must comply with strict rules for ventilation and drainage set by the
utility, and access should be available from the street through doors that are normally
locked.

 Transmission substation
i. A transmission substation is one whose main purpose is to connect
together various transmission lines.
 Distribution substation
i. A distribution substation is one whose main purpose is to transfer power
from the transmission system to the distribution system of some area.

 It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission

network (unless they use large amounts of energy); so the distribution station reduces
voltage to a value suitable for connection to local loads.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 34

TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a device that changes or transforms alternating current of one voltage to
alternative current of another voltage.
 when a transformer increasers the voltage it is called set-up transformer
 when a transformer decreases voltage it is called set-down transformer
Location
 on the pole in overhead service or
 it is located on the ground over a concrete plate for underground service
 for large project it is installed inside the site in
two ways
o outdoor
 it is good to use outdoor space
when it is available
 it saves space within the building
 heat produced from transformers
does not create problems
 replacement and repairs are easy
 it is less costly to install and maintain
o indoor
 Considerations for this are noise, vibration, heat.
 Figure given shows the arrangement of the same

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 35

Grounding
Electric earthing
Earthing or grounding is to connect the electrical equipment to the general mass of earth by wire
of negligible resistance. This brings the body of the electrical equipment to zero potential and
thus will avoid the shock to the operator.
Neutral wire

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 36

The potential bwteween any two wire is 440V and the potential between any of the three phase
anthe fouth wire known as neutrak is 230v and this neutrak is connected to the general of the
three phase at generating end.this is always earthed.

Switch boards
A switch board is an insulated metal cabinet 11/2to41/2 ft .deep with a width and height
dependant on the number of circuits. It contains the following
 primary disconnect switches
 seconsdary feeder switches
 overcurrebt devices,circuit breakers or fuses.

Switchgear
It is a term to describe the switch board when the power which carries an voltage of 600V. It is
located in a room called electrical switch gear room usually in basement.

1. service connections
 from the ditrubutor the consumer’s main switches are connected througth service
connections and electric energy metres.
 One end of the service connection is connected to the didtributor and the other
end to the meter which is connected to the main switch.
 After manin switch,there are wires which convey the electric current to each lamp
and appliance
Electrical Room Space Allocation:

 Basement Electrical Room

 Electrical Room at terrace
Basement Electrical Room
• The basement electrical room houses the transformer room, main switchboard, main
feeders and some distribution panels for the basement mechanical components.
• The electrical room measures approximately 500 square feet and is shown in the hatch
below.

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 37

Electrical Room at terrace
• The electrical room is primarily the elevator shaft space, but there are panels that directly
fed from the basement to power the predominantly mechanical penthouse.
• The elevator machine room is shown in hatch

MSAJAA (BS- II) Unit- I to Unit- V Page 38