Math Project Correction

Overall comments: check your margin, not consistent
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of project
This project describes the application of Interpolation in civil engineering in solving the
problem statements which is required to solve by using Bisection method.
Burden and Faires (1985) stated the binary search method or known as bisection method
is a root-finding method that applies to any continuous functions for which one knows two
values with opposite signs. In other word, Tay Kim Gaik (2019) said that bisection method is an
iterative method used to approximated the root of a non-linear equation f(x) = 0 by repeatedly
halving the interval with the midpoint of the interval as
ai +b i
c i= , i= 0, 1, 2, ….. why I cant see the symbols?( use pdf)
2
Where i is the iteration, [a 0+ b0 ¿ is the initial interval needed to start iteration It will converge
when f (a 0 ¿ f (b0 )<0. These following are terms need to be considered when applying the
bisection method:
1. When, f (a 0 ¿ f (c 0)< 0, then set a i+1=a and set b i+1=c i. (root in internal [a i , c i])
2. When, f (a 0 ¿ f (c 0)> 0, then set a i+1=c i and set b i+1=b i. (root in internal [a i , bi ])
This iteration will continue until the f (c i) = 0 or | f (c i) |<ε or |a i−bi |<ε for a given tolerance ε
And root of the non-linear equation is c i
Generally, bisection method is always convergent. Since the method brackets the root, the
method is guaranteed to converge. Besides that, as iterations are conducted, the interval gets
halved, so one can guarantee the error in the solution of the equation.and the process will
continuously until the it reach the stopping criteria.
1.2 Problem Statement
Started from 2018, majority of students today are facing problems carrying heavy
backpacks filled with books as shown in Figure 1. This issue had been discussed by Hazlina Aziz
(2018) which was selected SMK Putrajaya Presint 9 as case study to create the suitable
bookshelf made by wood with 3.667 Msi (use SI unit) that were able to carry the book with the
height around 9” to 14” and its length is will take around 30”. The measurement was made to
help student so that they can place their books on the bookshelf to ease their burden. Therefore,
to ensure that the bookshelf is high durable, the calculation must be conducted to determine the
point might be occurred the maximum deflection to reduce any possible damage on the
bookshelf. The calculation will use bisection method which to finding the roots of the equation to
find the position where the deflection is maximum.
Figure 1: View of students carrying heavy school bag

1.3 Objective Study
The main objectives of this study are:
1. To design a high durability of bookshelf by determining the maximum deflection of

the bookshelf for uses among students that has problem in carrying heavy backpack.
2. To apply the numerical method in solving the non-linear equations by using bisection
method.
3. To list the Fila Table.
What process will comes first in completing the objectives? rearranged

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
A literature review is part of the chapter to collect the data to review the critical
current issues that approach on that particular topic. The existing of the literature
review in collecting data must connected and have close relationship with objective
and problem statement as what have been stated. Literature review is usually a
procedure research of the report and the result section. The collected information and
result then compared to the other and summary is created with the information. This
is because literature review is the most important chapter that will be refer to any the
problem of that project. It ultimate goals is to bring the reader up to date with current
literature on this topic. A well literature review is characterized by logic flow of
ideas, current and relevant references. The literature review of this report that want to
be produced must have connection with the System of Non Linear Equation. This
project study of non-linear equation in civil engineering is to solve a bookshelf
problem at library of SMK Putrajaya Presint 9 where the problem is to find position
of maximum deflection happen at the bookshelf so that any sag can be reduce by
using Bisection Method.
(check again your margin/indents. Not consistent.
2.2 The Important of Numerical Method in Civil Engineering
To solve these more accurate and complex mathematical models of the world,
numerical analysis of increasing sophistication are needed. The formal academic
area of numerical analysis varies from highly theoretical mathematical studies to
computer science issues involving the effects of computer hardware and software
on the implementation of specific algorithms. Mathematical model was divided
into another two categories which is analytical and numerical. Kendall E Atkinson
(2007) mentioned that analytical able to give an exact answer but its uses become
limited since its only able to solve problems that include either approximated with
linear models, simple geometry or low dimensionally.
Numerical methods are importance to solve non-linear equations. There

are few methods were used for solving these problems. For example, Intermediate
Value Theorem Method, Bisection Method, Secant Method, Newton-Raphson’s
Method and Fixed-point Iteration Method. All of these methods are used for
determine the root of non-linear equations based on the equation given
. Li D., Wen J, and Zhang J,.(2019) mention described (do not repeat the
same verb like before, u dah guna mention on Kendall, so tukar la yang
synonym) the most problems challenging are in solving nonlinear problems when
it is involving the complex shapes and processes. Numerical methods have been
applied to solve most of the real problems and very importance in Civil
Engineering as it is always being used to solve the problems.
Moreover, numerical methods are important since it can solve problem

that unable to be solve analytically. Numerical methods are used to solve most
real problems and the answer can be accepted if there is only tiny difference in the
answer after doing an error analysis. Numerical method is also importance to
solve a system of linear equations. System of linear equations is a set of three or
more linear equations that has relationship with one another. All the equations in
the set have an unknown that need to be solved simultaneously.
Other than that, several numerical methods were also used to solve system
of linear equations. There are Elimination Method which consists of two methods
that are Gauss Elimination Method and Gauss Elimination Method with Pivoting,
Lu Factorization which consists of Doolittle Method, Crout Method, Thomas
Method and Cholesky Method, and the last one is Iteration method which consists
of Gauss-Seidel Iteration Method .
As the conclusion, numerical methods in Civil Engineering are now used

routinely in structural analysis to determine the member forces and moments in
structural systems prior to design. They (how many times I said, ignore
pronouns in academic writing) This method is the most useful in analysing
civil engineering problems with complicated geometries, material properties and
loading conditions, where analytical methods are either very difficult or
impossible to use.
2.3 Deflection on Bookshelf
In term of engineering, deflection is the degree to which a structural element is

displaced under a load due to its deformation and may refer to an angle or a distance.
The deflection must be considered for the purpose of the structure which in this case
is producing a bookshelf. When designing a bookshelf using wood, it will show the
maximum deflection happen when considering the suitable height and thickness of
the bookshelf. This is because International Conference on Mechatronics and
Information Technology (ICMIT 2016) Who said this? So many paper in this
conference? stated that the deflection design mathematical model is deduced and
used to represent the relationship between thickness (H) and length (L), structure
form and also shelf load of the shelf. The deflection distance of a member under a
load which is the load is replacing with the books as shown in Figure 2.1.1 (The first
figure in this chapter is Figure 2.1) can be calculated by integrating the function
that mathematically describes the slope of the deflected. To find the position of the
maximum deflection point, the bisection method will be used.
Figure 2.1.1 shows the deflection occur on the shelf
Change to Figure 2.1 (no italic)
2.3 2.4 (not 2.3) Information in Fila Table
The discussion has been listed in Table 2.1 (The first figure in this chapter is Table
2.1-no italic) shows the ideas in completing the problem statement.
Table 2.3.1
Table 2.1 : Fila Table
Facts Ideas Learning Issues Actions
Decide to make a Finding the Bisection Method Understand the

study about student solution that can be problem and make
were used in
problem with relate with a literature study
design a structure
carrying heavy numerical method about the problem
(bookshelf)
books for the problem
Chose to design a Design the a Does the shelf are Search information
bookshelf as suitable book shelf suitable use for a through books and
solution long term website that can be
related with the
problem
analysed suitable The information Where is the Refer the lecturer

equation for the can be used for position of note (BFC24203)
verticle deflection develop Bisection maximum
And make
of the bookshelf method for the deflection occur?
discussions with
calculation
group members
IS this the only FILA TABLE u can draft to solve the problems statement? Put
more.
(why different color of font, I can see in table fila-the last sentences at every row)
2.3 is not enough. So what is previous studies had been done to find the point of
maximum deflection? Show it . U can use books as your references.

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Overall comments: check your margin, not consistent

1.1 Background of project

1.2 Problem Statement

Figure 1: View of students carrying heavy school bag

1. To design a high durability of bookshelf by determining the maximum deflection of

What process will comes first in completing the objectives? rearranged

(check again your margin/indents. Not consistent.

2.2 The Important of Numerical Method in Civil Engineering

Numerical methods are importance to solve non-linear equations. There

Moreover, numerical methods are important since it can solve problem

As the conclusion, numerical methods in Civil Engineering are now used

2.3 Deflection on Bookshelf

In term of engineering, deflection is the degree to which a structural element is

2.3 2.4 (not 2.3) Information in Fila Table

Table 2.1 : Fila Table

Facts Ideas Learning Issues Actions

Decide to make a Finding the Bisection Method Understand the

analysed suitable The information Where is the Refer the lecturer

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