Subjective Experience Aspect of Consciou PDF

NeuroQuantology | September 2009 | Vol 7 | Issue 3 | Page 390-410 390
Vimal RLP, Integration of classical, quantum, and subquantum concepts
ARTICLE —
Subjective Experience Aspect of Consciousness

Part I
Integration of Classical, Quantum, and Subquantum Concepts
Ram Lakhan Pandey Vimal

Abstract
It was previously hypothesized that (1) strings or elementary particles have two
aspects (material and mental) and are carriers of subjective experiences
(SEs)/proto-experiences (PEs) aspect of consciousness in their mental aspect in
superimposed form (Vimal, 2008: J Integr Neurosci, 7(1), 49-73) and (2) a specific
SE is selected by the matching and selection processes in a neural-net (Vimal,
2009: J Integr Neurosci, 8(3)). This closes the Type-1 explanatory gap (how SEs
can emerge from non-experiential matter). The current article (Part I of this
series) unpacks the quantum view of superposition in terms of subquantum dual-
aspect primal entities (bhutatmas). This also integrates eastern and western
perspectives, but leads to another type of subquantum Type-2 explanatory gap:
how it is possible that our SEs (such as happiness, sadness, painfulness, and
similar SEs) were already present in the primal entities, whereas there is no shred
of evidence that such SEs were conceived at the onset of universe. To address
both gaps, the previous working hypothesis (H1) is extended, which is proposed
as follows: (1) String, elementary particles, and inert matter are the carriers of
superimposed fundamental (not derived) SEs/PEs (Vimal, 2008b). (2) Neural
Darwinism and the matching and selection processes assist in embedding and
selecting a specific SE in a neural-net (Vimal, 2009d). (3) Some of the SEs (such as
happiness, sadness, and the like) that entail Type-2 explanatory gap can be
derived from the fundamental SEs/PEs (such as emotion-related PE) and the
stimulus-context (such as emotional stimuli). (4) To eliminate any the residual
Type-2 explanatory gap, (a) we assumed that fundamental SEs/PEs follow the
principle of the emergence of SE and anti-SE (or bhutatma and anti-bhutatma) in
a dual-aspect vacuum at the onset of universe, which is similar to the principle
involved in the emergence of matter and anti-matter in vacuum; and/or (b) the
cycles of universe (that may have memory) might have preserved irreducible
fundamental SEs/PEs in the mental aspect of primal entities. And (5) SEs
occur/emerge in neural-networks when essential ingredients of SEs (such as
wakefulness, attention, re-entry, working memory and so on) are satisfied.
Alternative hypotheses (H2)-(H5) are discussed in Part II of this series (Vimal,
2009h).
Key Words: dual-aspect model, explanatory gaps, subquantum metaphysics,

bhutatma primal entities, fundamental and derived experiences, co-
development of mind and brain, Neural Darwinism, matching and selection
processes, chaos theory
NeuroQuantology 2009; 3: 390-410
ISSN 1303 5150 www.neuroquantology.com

1. Introduction1 carriers of superimposed5 fundamental

In (Vimal, 2008b, 2009d), the dual-aspect2-dual- subjective experiences (SEs)/proto-experiences
mode PE-SE framework (non-reductive (PEs). In H2, the fundamental entities and inert
physicalism) was presented where classical and matter are the carriers of superimposed
quantum concepts related to subjective fundamental PEs (not SEs), which are integrated
experiences (SEs) and proto-experiences (PEs) by neural-Darwinism (co-evolution, co-
aspect of consciousness3 were discussed. To development, and sensorimotor co-tuning by
address the explanatory gap (Chalmers, 2003; the evolutionary process of adaptation and
Levine, 1983) of the monistic and materialistic natural selection). In H3, a string has its own
emergentism (the null hypothesis H0), and ‘the string-PE; a matter is not a carrier of PE(s) in
mind-brain interaction problem and the mental superposed form as it is in H2, rather matter is a
causation problem’ in substance dualism, we proto-experiential entity and has two aspects at
proposed three competing hypotheses (Vimal, every level; H3 is a dual-aspect panpsychism. This
2009i): the superposition based H1, the implies that inert matter is simply the carrier of
superposition-then-integration-emergence based SEs/PEs because it contains all types of
H2, and the integration-emergence based H3 fundamental SEs/PEs and hence it is non-specific
where superposition is not required. In H1, the to SEs/PEs, and it behaves as a non-experiential
fundamental entities4 and inert matter are the entity. When the specificity is higher than its
critical value (such as in neural-nets of brain), a
Corresponding author: Ram Lakhan Pandey Vimal
specific SE occurs via neural Darwinism,
Address: Vision Research Institute, 428 Great Road, Suite 11, matching and selection processes6. In this
Acton, MA 01720 USA; Dristi Anusandhana Sansthana, A-60 Umed framework, co-evolution and ‘co-development
Park, Sola Road, Ahmedabad-61, Gujrat, India; Dristi Anusandhana
Sansthana, c/o NiceTech Computer Education Institute, Pendra, and sensorimotor tuning’ (neural Darwinism)
Bilaspur, C.G. 495119, India; and Dristi Anusandhana Sansthana, Sai play important role as discussed in (Vimal,
Niwas, East of Hanuman Mandir, Betiahata, Gorakhpur, U.P.
273001, India. 2008b). One could argue that fundamental SEs
e-mail: [email protected] are irreducible and they appear unique and
URL: http://sites.google.com/site/rlpvimal/Home
independent to each other. In that case, each
2
“Historically, the dual-aspect view (neutral monism) has seen its fundamental SE/PE should exist inherently, as
ups and downs over 6000 years. In RigVedic period (4000 BC-2000
superposed in the mental aspect of matter in the
BC: (Vimal & Pandey-Vimal, 2007)), the dual-aspect framework was
conceived along with other views (Rao, 1998): Brahma (Prakriti or dual-aspect framework. In this article, the
matter) and Vishnu (Purusha or consciousness) were considered as superposition of all types of fundamental
the two aspects of Ädi-Shiva [(Sarasvati, 1974-89; Vimal, 2009b)].”
(Vimal, 2009d). Further history is concsiely given in (Vimal, 2009d). SEs/PEs in fundamental entities is further
3
(Vimal, 2009e) describes, “meanings (or aspects) attributed to the unpacked in terms of subquantum dual-aspect
term consciousness, extracted from the literature and from recent
online discussions. Forty such meanings were identified and
primal entities. While doing that, we
categorized according to whether they were principally about encountered another type of explanatory gap
function or about experience; some overlapped but others were
apparently mutually exclusive – and this list is by no means
exhaustive. Most can be regarded as expressions of authors’ views
5
about the basis of consciousness, or opinions about the One could argue from the argument related to Dirac’s equation of
significance of aspects of its contents. The prospects for reaching the electron in (Nunn, 2007) as follows: The concept of
any single, agreed definition of consciousness thus appear remote. superposition of SEs/PEs in the fundamental particles may not have
However, much confusion could be avoided if authors were always real existence. Rather, the superposition of SEs/PEs may be simply
to specify which aspects of consciousness they refer to when using potentialities or possibilities that manifest reality ‘only in the
the term. An example is outlined of how this can be done (using a context of particular observations or experiments’. For example,
‘PE-SE’ framework).” In the PE-SE framework, consciousness and SE when long wavelength light is presented to the ‘V4/V8/VO’ Red-
are interchangeably used. Therefore, the term NCC (neural Green neural network, the potentiality of SE redness turns into
correlates of consciousness) initiated by (Crick & Clark, 1994; Crick reality via (conjugate) matching and selection processes (Vimal,
& Koch, 2003) may differ from the use of term ‘subjective 2009d).
6
experiences (SEs)/proto-experiences (PEs) aspect of consciousness’ In (Vimal, 2009d), we proposed that the quantum 'conjugate
in this article. NCC may also differ from the term ‘self-referential matching' (Globus, 2006; Globus, 1995a, 1995b; Globus, 1998;
processing’ used by (Northoff et al., 2006); however, our use of the Globus, 2005) between input signal and cognition is more related
term ‘Self’ for SE of subject in (Bruzzo & Vimal, 2007) may be to quantum dendritic-dendritic microtubule (MT) (dendritic webs)
somewhat closer to (Northoff et al., 2006). pathway. Whereas the classical 'matching and selection' is for the
4
In this article, the term ‘fundamental entities’ or ‘fundamental pathways related to (i) classical axonal-dendritic neural spikes, (ii)
particles’ means ‘strings’ and/or ‘elementary particles’ (fermions Ca-related astro-glial-neural activity, (iii) extracellular volume
and bosons). transmission, and (iv) soliton propagation.
(Type-2). We propose mechanisms to close the all types of fundamental SEs/PEs are
gap. superimposed in the fundamental entities.
Therefore, elementary particles are not specific
Abbreviations list to any SE/PE and hence appear as non-
1T-physics : one time physics experiential material entities. The difference
2T-physics : two time physics
EPR : Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosenberg between the dual-aspect-dual-mode PE-SE
LGN : lateral geniculate nucleus framework (Vimal, 2008a, 2008b, 2009b, 2009d)
MDR : mind-dependent-reality and materialism is that the former acknowledges
MIR : mind-independent-reality
the existence of experiential entities in physics
MT : microtubule
Mya : million years ago whereas the latter proposes that consciousness
NCC : neural correlates of consciousness somehow emerges from non-experiential
OR : objective reduction matter. In the PE-SE framework, fundamental
Orch OR : orchestrated objective state-reduction
PE(s) : proto-experience(s)
entities are carriers of SEs in their mental aspect
R-G : Red-Green and they are not proto-conscious, whereas they
SE(s) : subjective experience(s) are (proto)conscious in panpsychism (Strawson,
SQ : subquantum 2000, 2006).
TOE : Theory of Everything
V1 : visual area 1 In (Vimal, 2009d), we proposed that a
specific SE in a neural-net is precisely selected by
2. The PE-SE Framework and Classical, the matching and selection processes and
Quantum, and Subquantum Concepts argued that the dual-aspect-dual-mode-PE-SE (or
2.1. The PE-SE framework simply PE-SE) framework is optimal because it
The PE-SE framework is a dual-aspect-dual-mode has the least number of problems. This led us to
view (Vimal, 2008b, 2009d).7 In (Vimal, 2008b), propose the optimal definition of consciousness
we hypothesized that elemental PEs are the (that has the least number of problems) in
properties of fundamental entities (strings, (Vimal, 2009g) as: “consciousness is a mental
elementary particles: fermions and bosons), i.e., aspect of a system or a process, which has two
sub-aspects: conscious experience and conscious
7
function.”
If the dual-aspect view is correct, then consciousness (Vimal,
2009e) must have some causal impact (Vimal, 2009b). “One could
argue that consciousness causes (Van Gulick, 2008): (i) increased 2.2. String theory and the PE-SE framework
flexibility and sophistication of control such as in novel situations, String theory is a ‘sub-elementary particle’
(ii) enhanced capacity for social coordination such as enhanced
self-awareness and understanding of other’s minds, (iii) more theory because elementary particles (fermions
unified and densely integrated representation of reality such as the and bosons) can be derived from strings as
unity of experienced space, (iv) more global informational access
such as in global broadcasting (Baars, 1996), (v) increased freedom
different vibrating modes. Quantum mechanics
of choice or free will such as in the selection of our own action, and was invented to introduce fuzziness by
(vi) intrinsically motivating states such as in the functional and uncertainty principle to address the classical
motivational roles of conscious affective states (e.g., pleasures and
pains).” (Vimal, 2009d). In addition, “1. By relating input to its physics problem of 1/r2 singularity as r→0 at
context, consciousness defines input, removing its ambiguities in micro-level. However, the 1/r2 singularity in
perception and understanding. 2. Consciousness is required for gravitational force was still not resolved, i.e., the
successful problem solving and learning, particularly where novelty
is involved. 3. Making an event conscious raises its “access problem of combining general relativity and
priority,” increasing the chances of successful adaptation to that quantum physics still remained. To address this
event. 4. Conscious goals can recruit subgoals and motor systems
to carry out voluntary acts. Making choices conscious helps to
problem, a new sort of fuzziness was needed.
recruit knowledge resources essential to arriving at an appropriate For this purpose, ‘point particles’ was replaced
decision. 5. Conscious inner speech and imagery allow us to reflect by ‘strings’ via string theory (Witten, 1998). In
on and, to an extent, control our conscious and unconscious
functioning. 6. In facing unpredictable conditions, consciousness is string theory (including superstring theory and
indispensable in allowing flexible responses” (Velmans, 2009). M-theory) both bosons (force carriers, such as
Moreover for the coordination of skeletal muscles, , consciousness photons and gravitons) and fermions
is essential (Morsella, 2005; Pereira Jr. & Ricke, 2009). In addition,
“In sum, consciousness appears to be the major way in which the (constituents of matter, such as electrons) are
central nervous system adapts to novel, challenging and simply the same string vibrating in different
informative events in the world” (Baars & McGovern, 1996).
modes. The harmonics of strings give rise to the
whole of the field of matter (Robbins, 2007); needed in Kaluza-Klein theory for unifying
different harmonics correspond to different electromagnetism and gravity, 11D in M-theory,
elementary particles; their interactions are and 12D in F-theory to unify all 4 forces
simply ‘splitting or joining’ of strings. For (Flanagan, 2003). Furthermore, in the PE-SE
example, a proton can be thought of as three framework (Vimal, 2008b, 2009i), the
vibrating strings, one for each quark. The superposition of all fundamental SEs/PEs in one
splitting of a string into two strings and the or more extra-dimensions (7 or 8 extra-
joining of two strings into one correspond to dimensions in addition to our usual 3 spatial and
particle emission (such as photon) and 1 temporal dimension) of string/M-/F-theory
absorption, respectively, giving rise to the implies that if a string is split into two during
interactions between particles. The vibration of emission of say photon or if two strings join into
strings at different frequencies determines mass, one during absorption, all SEs are conserved
electric charge, color charge, and spin. (i.e., the number of SEs do not double in the
Furthermore, in string theory landscape, “[a]ny joined string or do not halve in the splitted
scientists who study nature must live in a part of strings, rather they just passed on as it is to
the landscape where physical parameters take resulting string(s) in superposed form). In F-
values suitable for the appearance of life and its theory, the metric signature (10, 2) indicates
evolution into scientists” (Weinberg, 2007). This that two of the 12 dimensions have negative
is consistent with the ultimate ensemble theory eigenvalues, i.e., one could interpret these two
based on the anthropic principle: “all structures dimensions as representing non-material
that exist mathematically exist also physically […] entities, one for phenomenal space and one for
[they] contain self-aware substructures […], phenomenal time. In other words, SEs/PEs might
[which] subjectively perceive themselves as be superimposed in these two dimensions,
existing in a physically “real” world” (Tegmark, although it is not clear; it is possible that the
1998). superposition of PEs/SEs does not depend on
The M-theory (Witten, 1998) and F- dimension, i.e., it could be any or all of 12
theory (Vafa, 1996, 1997) might be close to dimensions. Further details for introducing
theory of everything. However, the critical consciousness in physics are given in (Vimal,
problem of observer dependent reality still 2009i).
remained, and the theory of everything must According to (Bars & Quelin, 2008) “The
explain SEs or consciousness (Chalmers, 1996).8 relation between two time physics (2T-physics)
This problem is addressed in the PE-SE and the ordinary one time formulation of physics
framework, such as in our previous articles (1T-physics) is similar to the relation between a
(Bruzzo & Vimal, 2007; MacGregor & Vimal, 3-dimensional object moving in a room and its
2008; Vimal, 2007a, 2008b, 2009i) and the multiple shadows moving on walls when
current article. String theory and consciousness projected from different perspectives. The
might be connected.9 One could speculate that multiple shadows as seen by observers stuck on
SEs might have something to do with hidden
the wall are analogous to the effects of the 2T-
variables, ‘internal’ dimensions of gauge theory,
universe as experienced in ordinary 1T
and/or the compactified dimensions of string/M-
spacetime.” Observers stuck on the wall must
theory; for example 4 spatial dimensions are
work hard to find relationship between shadows
8 to make sense of them and integrate them.
According to Chalmers, “a complete theory will have two
components: physical laws, telling us about the behavior of Problems with consciousness are somewhat
physical systems from the infinitesimal to the cosmological, and similar. Problems with (3+1)-Physics (assuming
what we might call psychophysical laws, telling us how some of
those systems are associated with conscious experience. These two that Physics needs to explain everything) are:
components will constitute a true theory of everything” (Chalmers, (i) How consciousness emerges, whereas mind
1995b).
9
According to (Ruquist, 2008), “Spin of a collection of particles or
and matter seems different but are related
loops equal to zero [in his 26D superstring model] is the basis of (mind-brain duality/dual-aspect in space) and (ii)
both the EPR experiments and the Conway-Kochen ‘Free Will’ phenomenal time (subjective experience of
Theorem, which may be a connection to consciousness.”
time) and physical clock time look different but

are related (mind-brain duality/dual-aspect in objective state-reduction (Orch OR) in

time). String theory has addressed various other microtubule (MT) network (dendritic web or
types of duality problems, such as T-duality hyper-neuron)11. According to (Hameroff, 2003),
(small and large distance between string “There are several types of descriptions of the
theories), S-duality (strong and weak coupling Planck scale: string theory, "quantum foam", and
strengths between string theories), U-duality, loop quantum gravity. In the context of loop
Gauge-gravity duality, and so on. Can (4+2)- quantum gravity, Penrose (Penrose, 1971)
Physics and/or string theory address the portrayed the Planck scale as a dynamical spider-
consciousness related mind-brain duality in web of spin. Taking spin as an irreducible,
(3+1)-Physics? One could hypothesize that mind- fundamental entity, spin networks define
brain duality/dual-aspects could be unified at spectra of discrete Planck scale volumes and
higher dimensions. configurations which dynamically evolve and
define spacetime geometry […] So the universe
2.3. The three level treatment of mind-brain may be constructed of Planck scale spin
problem networks whose configurations and dynamics
In the PE-SE framework, the mind-brain problem lead to all matter and energy. If, as Whitehead
is addressed at three levels as follows: and others proposed, consciousness derives
(1) At classical-quantum-neuronal level, from fundamental, irreducible entities which are
we hypothesize that the SEs aspect of ‘proto-conscious’ (what philosophers call
consciousness occurs/emerges/arises/springs up ‘qualia’), then proto-conscious qualia must also
in neural-nets of brain. Here the term be embedded in Planck scale spin networks
‘occurs/emerges/arises/springs up’ needs (where else could they be embedded?
unpacking. On evolutionary scale, various Fundamental spacetime geometry is all there
aspects consciousness (Vimal, 2009e, 2009g) is!). We can envision proto-conscious qualia as
might have emerged during Cambrian explosions specific, nonlocal distributed configurations of
about 540 million years ago (Mya) (Hameroff, Planck scale spin networks.” Here, ‘the
1998a). However, the fundamental SEs are fundamental spacetime geometry’ or ‘Planck
irreducible mental entities in hypothesis H1 of scale spin networks’ seem to contain both
the dual-aspect-dual-mode PE-SE framework bosons and fermions. It is not clear that their
(Vimal, 2008b, 2009d). ‘fundamental, irreducible entities’ include SEs,
Penrose-Hameroff model (Hameroff, such as redness.
1998b, 2001, 2003; Hameroff, 2007b; Penrose, Furthermore, “Within the OR scheme,
1994, 1996; Penrose, 2001; Penrose & Clark, we consider that consciousness occurs if an
1994; Penrose & Hameroff, 1995) is based on (a) appropriately organized system is able to
the brain action being ‘both physically controlled develop and maintain quantum coherent
and beyond computational simulation’ and (b) superposition until a specific ‘objective’ criterion
consciousness being non-computational (and (a threshold related to quantum gravity) is
non-random) activities at the quantum/classical reached; the coherent system then self-reduces
borderline (Penrose, 2001). This hypothesis
bypasses Gödel’s incompleteness theorem10 of 11
The rationale for the hypothesis that consciousness is via
mathematical logic (Penrose & Clark, 1994). The dendritic web rather than action potentials includes (i) gamma
model appears to imply that SEs reside in synchrony being NCC can be explained by dendritic web rather
than action potentials, and (ii) there may be billions of
spacetime geometry (‘Platonic values in
distinguishable states of consciousness and hence billions of
fundamental spacetime geometry’) and a corresponding distinguishable neural states, which can be
specific SE is selected during orchestrated supported better by larger scale structures (interference fringes,
fractals, braids, etc in dendritic/astroglial plexi) rather than axonal-
dendritic pathway [(ii) is adapted from (Nunn, 2008)]. Furthermore,
10
The Gödel’s incompleteness theorem implies, “for any potential “Penrose and Stuart Hameroff have speculated that human
algorithm for determining mathematical truth, no matter how consciousness is the result of quantum gravity effects in
intricate, there must be propositions whose truth it cannot microtubules, which they dubbed Orch-OR (orchestrated object
determine”; Penrose argued, “the human mind has a capacity reduction)”.
which is not wholly algorithmic” (Penrose & Clark 1994).
(objective reduction: OR). We contend that this gravity, when compared with string theory, has
type of objective self-collapse introduces non- its own problems that need to be addressed.
computability, an essential feature of In the PE-SE framework, proto-conscious
consciousness which distinguishes our minds qualia or SEs/PEs could be embedded as
from classical computers. Each OR is taken as an superimposed SEs/PEs in strings or elementary
instantaneous event—the climax of a self- particles, which can be considered as carriers of
organizing process in fundamental spacetime— SEs/PEs. The elementary particles consist of (a)
and a candidate for a conscious Whitehead matter particles or fermions, and (b) force
‘occasion of experience’ … Sequences of OR carrier particles or bosons that includes graviton,
events give rise to a ‘stream’ of consciousness. which is the theorized force carrier of gravity
Micro- tubule-associated proteins can ‘tune’ the (graviton propagator from LQG has been
quantum oscillations of the coherent theorized: (Alesci, Bianchi, & Rovelli, 2008)). The
superposed states; the OR is thus self-organized, ‘virtual-reservoir’ in the PE-SE framework (Vimal,
or ‘orchestrated’ (‘Orch OR’)” (Hameroff, 2001). 2008b) is equivalent to ‘Planck scale spin
This seems to suggest that a robotic zombie networks’ or ‘fundamental spacetime geometry’
(functionally identical with human but not made in Orch OR framework, which appears to be the
of biological materials as humans are) cannot neutral monism: the neutral reality is the
have consciousness unless (a) non-computability fundamental quantum spacetime geometry and
(necessary ingredient of consciousness) is Penrose OR is the psycho-physical bridge
somehow implemented in it and (b) it is capable between mind and matter (Hameroff & Powell,
of OR. 2009). One could argue that a neutral monism is
In addition, “The quantum computation substance-monism but has property dualism
is algorithmic but at the instant of OR a non- (which is a dual-aspect view): the neutral entity
computable influence (i.e. from Platonic values ‘quantum spacetime geometry’ has two aspects,
in fundamental spacetime geometry) occurs. […] namely, mind and matter. In both frameworks,
The Planck scale is approached in modern PEs/SEs are inserted in physics by ‘hand’, i.e.,
physics through string theory, quantum gravity, they need to be derived from the first principle;
twistor theory, spin networks etc. Although the this needs further research.
correct description is unknown, it is known that The above concepts (especially SEs/PEs
the Planck scale is quantized and nonlocal, and residing in space-time geometry or virtual-
the level at which Penrose suggests quantum reservoir) need further unpacking, which is done
superpositions occur as separations, and where to some extent in (Vimal, 2009d). For example,
Platonic values exist. It is also at this ubiquitous the classical matching, the quantum conjugate
level that proto-conscious qualia are proposed matching, and the selection processes are used
to be embedded (Hameroff & Penrose, 1996), for the selection of a specific SE, where the
hence pan-protopsychism” (Hameroff, 2007a). complex-conjugate framework of (Franck, 2004;
In the loop quantum gravity based Orch Globus, 2003; Umezawa, 1993) was useful.
OR framework, PEs seem to be Alternatively, one could argue that SEs could
superimposed/embedded in spin network. If PEs emerge in the neural-nets of brain via the
are superposed in fundamental spins, then spins chaotic process of self-organizing system. The
cannot be specific to any PE and hence these PEs chaos theory framework seems to encompass all
are latent, covert or ‘recessive’ in spin network, three hypotheses (H1, H2 and H3) along with
i.e., spins, the fundamental entities, are not materialism. In subquantum12 (SQ) framework
proto-conscious to any specific PE, rather they
12
simply carry PEs until Orch OR collapse occurs. Bókkon has used the term ‘subquantum’ for the scalar field or
geometric information field of vacuum. He suggested, “brain
There are two problems with this framework: (i) regulation can be achieved by scalar waves, so it also can avoid
how SEs, such as redness, arise/emerge out of noises from the environment, because it takes place in
subquantum fields […] It is in the structured and coherent quantum
PEs; this is called ‘combination problem’ (Seager, vacuum from which our material world was originated and which
1995; Vimal, 2008b, 2009i) and (ii) loop quantum works as a geometrical information field. […] vacuum is not only a
field where the laws of physics originate from, but it is also a field,
(Boyd & Klein, 2007), the activity in a neural-net yellowness appears by mixing appropriately the
resonates, which assigns a specific neural-net long wavelength light (‘red’) and middle
state to a specific SE embedded in the SQ-field. wavelength (‘green’) light as primaries. This is
In the PE-SE framework, the specificity for SE is just a psychophysical mixing of primaries
addressed in (Vimal, 2008b, 2009d, 2009f). (material photons) (Vimal, Pokorny, & Smith,
(2) At quantum-elementary-particle 1987). Each SE is unique and appears irreducible.
level, the ‘quantum spacetime geometry’ and This implies that each SE/PE must exist
the classical ‘emergence’ are unpacked as somehow somewhere independently. This
follows: The PEs/SEs residing in the fundamental necessitates postulating dual-aspect primal
‘quantum space-time geometry’ in the Orch OR entities, each with unique SE/PE. In other words,
framework is unpacked as the superimposition each bhutatma (or sub-string) must have a
of the fundamental SEs/PEs in the fundamental specific SE as its mental aspect. For example,
entities (strings or fermions and bosons) acting there should be a bhutatma that has the SE/PE
as a ‘virtual reservoir’, which are considered as redness as its mental aspect; we can call it
‘carriers’ of SEs in the PE-SE framework (Vimal, redness-bhutatma; similarly we can have
2008b). The classical ‘emergence’ is unpacked in greenness-bhutatma, blueness-bhutatma, and
terms of the selection of a specific SE by so on. Thus, each bhutatma type is in all types of
matching and selection process (Vimal, 2009d). fundamental entities (strings or elementary
Further details are given in (MacGregor & Vimal, particles) and each fundamental entity has all
2008; Vimal, 2007b, 2008b; Vimal, 2009a; Vimal, types of bhutatmas in superimposed form. Since
2009b, 2009c, 2009d, 2009e, 2009f, 2009g, primal entities do not satisfy the essential
2009h, 2009i; Vimal & Davia, 2008a, 2008b). ingredients of having SE, each bhutatma must be
(3) At subquantum level, the topic of considered to ‘carry’ simply bhutatmic proto-
current article, the quantum concept of experience. This avoids (a) proto-panpsychism
superposition of fundamental SEs/PEs in string is that proposes inert matter is proto-conscious or
further unpacked into dual-aspect primal (b) panpsychism that proposes inert matter is
entities, which can be called bhutatmas13, Ädi- also conscious (Strawson, 2000, 2006). The PE-SE
Shiva, sub-strings, or rupa-dhatu/dharma- framework is a dual-aspect-dual-mode (Vimal,
dhatu14. Since fundamental SEs/PEs are 2009d) ‘non-reductive physicalism’ (where
irreducible, each of them can be considered as a physicalism = materialism + PE/SE) and is close
fundamental subquantum mental entity. Even a to the Type-F view (Chalmers, 2003) with
string, the smallest quantum entity, is packed substance-monism and property-dualism.15
with all types of fundamental SEs/PEs in
superimposed form. It is true that each 15
Chalmers’ Type-F view can be further classified into 2 subgroups
fundamental SE/PE appears to be independent (email correspondence with McQueen on 8-Feb-2008, who has
major contribution in this footnote): (i) Type-F1:
of other SEs/PEs in the sense that one cannot be ‘panprotopsychism’, where all entities exemplify intrinsic
derived from other; for example, the SE redness properties (unreachable through the third-person method), our
cannot be derived from the SE blueness; or the brains (or something more specific) intrinsically exemplify
conscious, or, phenomenal properties, while other parts of our
SE yellowness cannot be obtained by mixing the bodies, and (perhaps) all other physical entities, intrinsically
SEs redness and greenness, even though exemplify what Chalmers calls ‘protophenomenal’ properties -
intrinsic properties that are not conscious or phenomenal, but are
nonetheless constitutive of our phenomenal properties such that
which can keep all information of the material world, among phenomenal properties supervene on protophenomenal
others, as background information for the brain. […] geometry, the properties. (ii) Type-F2: ‘panpsychism’, where everything is
accelerating motion of molecules [translation, rotation, and intrinsically conscious in some way or another.
vibration; primarily DNA motions], and virtual particles [quantums In Chalmers’ framework, there appears to be 3 steps: (i)
of scalar waves] are the key factors for the communication treat consciousness as irreducibly fundamental entity, (ii) describe
between the coherent structured vacuum and the decoherent its correlations with fundamental physical phenomena, (iii) which
material levels [such as brain]. […] I believe consciousness is a will then entail fundamental psychophysical laws. For example,
result not only of neuro-quantum interactions but also neuro- logarithmic law in visual psychophysics: “Fechner's aim in the
subquantum interactions, where the subquantum level is the Elemente [(Fechner, 1860/1966)] was to establish an exact science
vacuum information field” (Bókkon, 2003). of the functional relationship between physical and mental
13
Alternative less common spelling is bhootatmas. phenomena. Distinguishing between inner (the relation between
14
This term is adapted from Buddhism (Wallace, 2007). sensation and nerve excitation) and outer (the relation between
2.4. Hypotheses to address the two types of somehow preserved in the mental aspect of
explanatory gaps space-time geometry and/or matter by the
The first explanatory gap is the well-known cycles of universe, such as (i) Shiva’s creation-
Levine’s explanatory gap (Chalmers, 1995a; maintenance-annihilation cycle of universe
Levine, 1983): the gap between what we believe (Sarasvati, 1974-89), (ii) continuum hypothesis of
subjectively about our qualitative experiences Buddhist centrist framework (Wallace, 1989), (iii)
(i.e. SE), and scientific descriptions (i.e., internal Big-Bang ↔ Big-Crunch cycle of universe, or (iv)
representation or associated neural correlates) the cyclic universe predicted from quantum
of those experiences. In other words, how bounce model (Ashtekar, Pawlowski, & Singh,
precisely SEs occur/emerge/arise/spring up from 2006; Bojowald, Kagan, Singh, Hernandez, &
non-experiential material entity such as neural- Skirzewski, 2007; Corichi & Singh, 2008), where
nets of brain. This gap can be called as Type-1 this cyclic universe where this cyclic universe
explanatory gap of materialism at classical might have memory as some cosmologists
neural level. suggest (Corichi & Singh, 2008). The first cycle
The second explanatory gap arises at might not have all fundamental SEs/PEs
quantum and subquantum levels: how it is superimposed in strings at its onset. As universe
possible that some of our SEs (such as happiness, evolved, a new SEs/PEs might have arisen from
sadness, painfulness, and similar SEs) were old SEs/PEs by the process of co-evolution of
already present in (a) superposed form in mind and matter. The later cycles may have
quantum string or elementary particles or (b) acquired all fundamental SEs/PEs superposed in
subquantum primal entities (bhutatmas), the mental aspect of strings. The current cycle of
whereas there is no shred of evidence that such our universe might not be the first one; it might
SEs were conceived at the onset of universe. This be the second or one of the later evolved cycles.
gap can be called as Type-2 explanatory gap of If this hypothesis is correct, then those SEs,
dual-aspect framework at quantum/subquantum which appear to cause Type-2 explanatory gap
level. To address these two gaps, we argue for might have emerged somehow from other
two hypotheses H1 and H2. In this article (Part I fundamental SEs/PEs via co-evolution and/or
of this series) we focus on H1 and in Part II some chaotic processes16 of self-organization in
(Vimal, 2009h), we focus on H2. In Part II, other the first cycle. One could also argue that it would
hypotheses (H3-H5) are also discussed. be the same question for the material aspect as
well: how precisely string appeared at the onset
Hypothesis H1 related to fundamental PEs/SEs of universe. Whatever the mechanism is for the
superimposed in fundamental entities material aspect; it has to be the same
One could argue that those SEs (such as mechanism for the mental aspect as well
happiness, sadness, and so on) that cause Type-2 because they are not separate/independent
explanatory gap might not be fundamental SEs. aspects in a dual-aspect view; i.e., they are two
They could be derived from some fundamental aspects glued together as the two sides of a
proto-experiences (PEs)/SEs, such as from coin. Another hypothesis is that matter and anti-
emotion-related-PEs/SEs. However, let us matter are created from Aether or vacuum
suppose some of them cannot be derived and (Greiner, 2006; Pitkänen, 2003).17 If this is true,
still lead to this gap, then one could further
hypothesize that all fundamental SEs/PEs are 16
A major question is how do non-specific proto-experiences leads
to specific subjective experience and/or how do SEs
sensation and physical stimulation) psychophysics, Fechner occur/arise/emerge from neural signal interactions related to PEs?
formulated his famous principle that the intensity of a sensation This is addressed in (Vimal, 2008b, 2009d, 2009h). The embedding
increases as the log of the stimulus-intensity (S = k log R) to process may itself be chaotic memory consolidation process
characterize outer psychophysical relations, [where S = sensation- (Abraham, 1995) with neural-net PEs being chaotic attractors.
intensity, R = stimulus-intensity, and k = proportionality constant].
17
In doing so, he believed that he had arrived at a way of “In particular, highly curved vacuum extremals represent high
demonstrating a fundamental philosophical truth: mind and matter energy densities of matter and antimatter, and the generation of
are simply different ways of conceiving of one and the same this kind of space-time sheets followed by a generation of Kähler
reality” (Wozniak, 1995). fields represent a creation of matter and antimatter from vacuum
then one could argue that SE and anti-SE (or ‘color-mixing’ experiments (Vimal et al., 1987).
bhutatma and anti-bhutatma: see Section 3 for The SE yellowness appears when we view the
bhutatma) might also have been created from the mixture of the long wavelength (‘red’) and the
same Aether or vacuum (see below). This implies middle wavelength (‘green’) primaries with
that the vacuum might be a dual-aspect vacuum. appropriate proportion. However, SE yellowness
To elaborate further, consider again the is a fundamental and irreducible to redness
following: The problem is how we justify that and/or greenness.
emotion related SEs such as happiness, sadness, Alternatively, one can address the Type-
painfulness, and the like were present at the 2 explanatory gap as follows: “Corresponding to
onset of universe. If we cannot justify then they most kinds of particle, there is an associated
might be derived entities from some irreducible antiparticle with the same mass and opposite
fundamental entities in the context of stimuli. In charge. For example, the antiparticle of the
other words, one could ask: are these types of electron is the positively charged antielectron, or
SEs fundamental or can they be derived from positron, which is produced naturally in certain
some fundamental PEs/SEs and the stimulus types of radioactive decay. […] If a particle and
context? If they can, then it will help in deflating antiparticle are in the appropriate quantum
the Type-2 explanatory gap. For example, since states, then they can annihilate each other and
elementary particles were formed with in 1 produce other particles. Reaction such as
− +
second after the on-set of Big-Bang (MacGregor e +p →g+g
& Vimal, 2008), the system might have predicted (the two-photon annihilation of an
photon related fundamental SEs/PEs, charge electron-positron pair) is an example”. Mixing
related fundamental SEs/PEs, and so on. One “matter and antimatter would lead to the
could argue that the emotion related SEs might annihilation of both in the same way that mixing
have evolved from the emotion related antiparticles and particles does, thus giving rise
fundamental PEs/SEs, stimulus-context, and to high-energy photons (gamma rays) or other
other relevant PEs in the context of self- particle–antiparticle pairs”. Since matter + anti-
organization.18 One could also argue, in layman’s matter = annihilation of both material entities,
terms, that although each color SE appears to be SEs + anti-SEs = annihilation of both mental
irreducible and fundamental, all colors can be entities. Creation operators can create a SE and
derived from three cardinal/primary colors (such also anti-SE in addition to matter and anti-
as ‘red’, ‘green’, and ‘blue’). These three primary matter by perturbation method. Moreover, a
colors can be considered as fundamental string is created in vacuum by creation operator.
PEs/SEs, which can be a candidate for the In addition, “strings vibrate or move in ten
superposition in the mental aspect of string. In dimensions”; the “four fundamental forces arise
other words, one needs to investigate cardinal from these string vibrations” (Pythabacus, 2008).
(primary) SEs and then fundamental PEs/SEs. Thus, idea of arising mind and matter from
These fundamental PEs/SEs are superimposed in vacuum is interesting and needs further
the mental aspect of string. This hypothesis can investigation. This idea is further developed in
address both types of explanatory gaps. the Part II of this series (Vimal, 2009h) as a
However, looking closely, we argue that the separate hypothesis H5, where it is argued that
three primaries with dominant long wavelength the extra burden of carrying superposed SEs/PEs
(‘red’), dominant middle wavelength (‘green’) in the mental aspect of elementary particles and
and dominant short wavelength (‘blue’) are matter from the beginning of universe may not
experimentally derived from psychophysical be necessary. However, H5 is close to the
substance dualism that has a number of
followed by the emission of particles or anti particles inducing the problems; in addition, all these views are
Kähler field.” (Pitkänen, 2003).
18
untested hypotheses, therefore caution must be
It has been argued that the SE in ‘love’ may be a form of human
entanglement, which may be due to the Bose-Einstein-Condensate observed.
of discrete Calabi-Yau manifolds inside the brain as they are
involved in every particle interaction (Ruquist, 2008).
In our email correspondence (12 SE, then the SE associated with the ground state
September 2007), Baer commented as follows, process feels like your experience of empty
“According to the least action principle, a space. The SE associated with deviations from
particle’s behavior (choosing the path of that ground state process is your experience of
minimum action in the alternative possibilities particles and fields that constitutes your every
between times t1 and t2) can be day experience. However it should not be
anthropomorphically interpreted as feeling. associated with classic particles and fields. Such
However, such interpretation is a projected an association simply returns us to the
feeling, PE, placed onto the particle by the mysterious mind body connections of dualistic
physicist observer and falls in the same category theories, which have already been identified
as a conscious feeling, SE, projected onto other with the measurement process in post classic
living humans by our first person selves for the physics, and is a step backwards. Instead it
purpose of understanding their behavior. To should be associated with action cycles defining
make further progress this association, or your actual independent self, because such
projection of feeling, must itself be identified action cycles describe the entire object,
with the measurement and state preparation measurement, subject, state preparation
processes of quantum theory. This theory, in my process within which conscious experience is
opinion, is still incomplete. The work of held.” In the PE-SE framework, (i) the PE
eliminating the independent external world associated with ground state process of a
model of particles and fields in physics, in favor particle is “a bit of space”, which can be
of interacting processes (Whitehead, 1978) combined to form a cumulative SE identified as
implemented as action cycles (measured in units the pure experience of space called Nirvana19 in
of angular momentum), is a work in progress isolated human consciousness. And (ii) the
(Baer, 2007). If we are to speculate on the world oscillations in Whitehead framework can
view emerging from such development then you represent every day SE (a set of many SEs
would not simply be a body in a space time- embedded as neural-net PEs in neural-nets) as
continuum looking at independent objects in long as the neural net identified as classic object
front of yourself. Instead you would be a process is recognized as the object phase of an entire
that can be modeled by action cycles. In this
world view these letters in front of you would be 19
The eighth step of the Patanjali’s Ashtanga Yoga is Samadhi,
manifestations in your personal action cycles which has two subdivisions: (i) Sasmita Samadhi and (ii)
Asamprajnata Samadhi. In the state of samadhi, the data is two
and not independent external objects. You see fold: (i) meditator feels ‘oneness’ with environment, or (ii) the
(i.e. incorporate disturbances in your base state matter, which is a structure that crystallizes within mind, virtually
disappears for meditators at Sasmita level. Furthermore, the state
action cycles) by first absorbing action quanta of Turyaga (ineffability) is reached at Asamprajnata Samadhi level,
from external processes as internal deviations which is equivalent to Nirvana (also known as Moksha, salvation,
liberation, or enlightenment). Good data is data that is valid over
from your own ground state process and second time (over 6000 years), subjects (over thousands), and location (all
interpreting those disturbances as conscious and over world). Interpretations may vary. One of the interpretations is
illusionary external experiences. For example, that the long-term open eye meditation leads to the dominance of
internal neural-activity: the observer (drasta, karta), the objects
this word Now is in you. The photon that observed (dristi, karm), and the process of observation (darsana,
brought the information so you could build Now kriya) are all the same neural-activity in neural-nets due to re-entry
process. This entails oneness and may lead to the virtual
inside of you, hit your retina some time ago. You disappearance of material structures crystallized by mind (maya),
can never see the source from whence the though the environment continues to exist. In long-term closed eye
meditation, all sensory systems shut down and endogenous neural-
experience Now in you came, directly, but only activities may dominate. At Asamprajnata Samadhi state, both
experience your accommodation of its types of meditation may lead to Nirvana, which is a state of bliss;
interactions. So, in my opinion, your PE concept although Nirvana is acausal, but meditation appears to set up
appropriate environment for Nirvana to happen/occur; for
is correct to the extent that primitive experience example Buddha might have attained Nirvana during deep
should be incorporated into physics and meditation and/or during Asamprajnata Samadhi. According to
(Müller, 2007), nirvana state is free of paradoxes. [This footnote is
personal experiences SE should be cumulative a modified version of author’s personal communication with
PE’s. If collective PE are combined to form your Vemuri Ramesam who has significant contribution in this footnote
((Ramesam, 2007)].
object, measurement, subject, or state redness, from the large number of multiple
preparation process. coexisting possibilities/potentialities of
Alternative hypotheses (H2) and (H3-H5) experiences.
are presented in the second part (Vimal, 2009h) (iii) I assume that bhutatmic-PEs are
of this series of articles. subjective experiences (SEs) or first person
fundamental experiences (1Es), such as redness.
3. Subquantum Bhutatma (or Sub-string) for They are PEs because bhutatma cannot
Hypothesis H1 experience redness, as humans do. To
Our hypothesis implies that non-experiential experience redness, the redness-related neural-
matter (mass, charge, and space-time) and net is needed, which satisfies the essential
related elemental proto-experiences (PEs) co- ingredients of SEs, namely, wakefulness, re-
evolved and co-developed, leading to neural- entry, attention, stimulus at above threshold,
nets and associated PEs, respectively (Vimal, working memory, and neural-net PEs (Vimal,
2008b). A hypothesis in the neural-based PE-SE 2009f). The number of bhutatmas is at least
framework is that there exist a virtual reservoir equal to the number of fundamental SEs/PEs;
that stores all possible SEs, which is discussed in the available SQ combinatorial options are
(Vimal, 2008b) in classical and quantum terms. practically infinite. This is consistent with
Here subquantum concept is introduced. An fractional quantum Hall effect (Laughlin, 1998).
alternative ‘neurally backed modus operandi’ The set of all fundamental SEs/bhutatmic-PEs
model20 for virtual reservoir using some of terms constitutes virtual reservoir.
of subquantum (SQ) framework (Boyd & Klein, (iv) SE, such as redness, is a SQ structure
2007) ¾which requires extending physics and is displaying resonant associative properties both
the extension of Bohm’s Implicative Order with lower and higher orders of PEs. A specific
(Bohm, 1983) from a bi-directional vector SE such as redness is specific to a specific
connecting a couple of mutually complementary bhutatma (call it redness-bhutatma).
domains (the implicate and explicate ones) to (v) SE redness is experienced by redness-
information based infinite array of SQ related neural-net (that includes self-related
complexity states¾ is as follows: areas) because it has complexity index greater
(i) The SQ-field composed of a large than its critical threshold value; every mental or
number of complexity-sensitive implicate orders physical entity is SQ-field with different
reminding the Vedic concept of bhutatmas complexity indices.
(Boyd & Klein, 2007; Radhakrishnan, 1993) or (vi) Different PE/SE levels can be
Ädi-Shiva entities that are infinitesimal, ascribed to different Information-based orders
irreducible, fundamental primal structures with of reality corresponding to specific complexity
‘pure information’. indices and combinations thereof.
(ii) Each bhutatma has two aspects: A quantum particle, such as electron, is
material aspect (Brahma, Prakriti) and mental composed of a large number of bhutatmas of
aspect (Vishnu, Purusha) such as proto- SQ-field and hence a large number of
experience (bhutatmic-PE). The dual-aspect superimposed bhutatmic-PEs/SEs. In addition,
bhutatma view seems to be consistent with the electrons are involved in the neural signals
double-aspect model (Chalmers, 1995b). The of all neural-nets at classical level. Therefore,
mental aspect of bhutatma (subquantum dual- electrons in neural signals (or otherwise) are
aspect primal entity) can be considered as unit non-specific with respect to SEs/PEs. However,
of subjective experience. The material aspect of the neural signals in the redness-related
bhutatma can be viewed as the material aspect V4/V8/VO-neural-net are specific to SE redness
of string. In other words, a bhutatma is like a of Red-Green color opponent channel.21 When
string with a single experience (SE/PE), such as
21
The color area ‘V8/V4/VO’ refers to visual area V8 of Tootell-
20
The author takes full responsibility; the model does not group (Hadjikhani, Liu, Dale, Cavanagh, & Tootell, 1998; Tootell,
necessarily reflect the views of other investigators/commentators. Tsao, & Vanduffel, 2003), visual area V4 of Zeki-group (Bartels &
long wavelength light is presented to our visual conscious if they satisfy the essential
system, we experience redness.22 This is because requirements of consciousness (such as
the redness-bhutatmic-PE from the SQ-based wakefulness, re-entry, attention, working
‘virtual reservoir’ is assigned to the redness- memory, and so on) (Vimal, 2009f), and if they
specific state of our red-green V4/V8/VO-neural- have complexity indices or specificity greater
net as discussed in (Vimal, 2008b). In addition, a than the critical threshold value. Here, the term
specific SE is selected by the matching and ‘consciousness’ is used for the first person
selection processes (Vimal, 2009d). experience or SE. The bhutatmic-PEs are
Furthermore, the quantum elemental superimposed and packed in elemental-PEs as
PEs can be unpacked a little bit using Bivacuum ‘virtual reservoir’; these are further packed in
model (Kaivarainen, 2001), which proposes a neural signals as neural-net PEs. However, the
dynamic matrix of the Universe, composed of non-specificity of elemental-PEs is evolved into
subquantum particles and antiparticles, forming higher specificity of neural-net-PEs. These
vortical structures. In this model, attraction (or bhutatmic-PEs are virtual because they (a) are
repulsion) is caused by the shifts of opposite (or simply ‘potentials’ or ‘possibilities’, and (b)
similar) Bivacuum dipoles charge symmetry. The cannot be experienced unless neural-net with
attraction (or repulsion) between opposite (or essential ingredients of SEs (such as
similar) charges is a consequence of exchange wakefulness, re-entry, attention, stimulus at
interaction between Bivacuum fermions with above threshold, working memory, and neural-
opposite (or similar) sign virtual clouds. The net PEs) (Vimal, 2009f)) are satisfied and
virtual clouds and virtual anticlouds “exist in ‘collapse’ or ‘objective reduction’ occurs when a
form of collective excitation of subquantum stimulus is presented. That is why, one could
particles and antiparticles of opposite energies. argue, it took billions of years to evolve and
[…] They can be considered as ‘drops’ of virtual create neural-nets in brains. One could argue
Bose condensation of subquantum particles of that these superimposed ‘possibilities’ in ‘virtual
positive and negative energy” (Kaivarainen, reservoir’ might be one of the motivations for
2001). In other words, the Bivacuum-PEs are Nature to evolve bhutatmas into neural-nets and
composed of all kinds of subquantum (Boyd & associated PEs in various species for various SEs.
Klein, 2007) bhutatmic-PEs in superimposed The bhutatma-dual-aspect model is
format. consistent with Baer’s model (Baer, 2007) based
In the PE-SE extended framework (under on the extension of Whiteheads actual occasions
neurally backed modus operandi), I emphasize as a cyclic process with subjective experience on
that bhutatmic-PEs ¾ such as redness, one node (sensation node) and material basis of
greenness, blueness, and so on ¾ are not that experience on the other (explanation node).
subjectively experienced by bhutatmas. In other In our neural-based PE-SE framework, at
words, the inert matter of universe is neither classical level, our hypothesis is that (i) both the
‘conscious’ nor ‘proto-conscious’; rather the SE redness and the ‘redness related V4/V8/VO-
inert matter of universe is their carrier. That is, neural-net’ are subquantum-structures, (ii) the
the matter has a potential or a possibility of ‘redness related V4/V8/VO-neural-net’ is the
being conscious after evolution when neural- neural correlate of the SE redness, (iii) redness
nets are formed; otherwise, inert entities are emerges from the interaction23 of ‘long
carriers of SEs/PEs aspect of consciousness. wavelength light dependent feed-forward
Humans and some lower species can be signals’ and ‘reentrant feedback attentional
neural signals’ in the ‘red-green V4/V8/VO-
Zeki, 2000), and VO of Wandell-group (Wandell, 1999); they are the
23
same human color area (Tootell et al., 2003). VO is ventral-occipital For example, “spatiotemporal processing emerges from the
cortex. interaction between incoming stimuli and the internal dynamic
22
In the case of endogenously general color SEs, such as in state of neural networks, including not only their ongoing spiking
phosphenes (Bókkon & Vimal, 2009; Vimal & Pandey-Vimal, 2007), activity but also their 'hidden' neuronal states, such as short-term
the color related V4/V8/VO-neural-net will still be activated (details synaptic plasticity” (Buonomano & Maass, 2009).
are given in (Vimal, 2009d)).
neural-net’ in neural-correlated modus operandi modus operandi) by hypothesizing that

of SE under certain given associative fundamental entities are non-specific and
circumstances, and (iv) the SE redness is composed of a set of dual-aspect bhutatmas,
experienced by the ‘red-green V4/V8/VO-neural- where the mental aspect of a bhutatma is a
net’. specific bhutatmic-PE (such as redness-
The PE of a neuron (neural-PE) is the PE bhutatmas) that resides in the ‘virtual reservoir’.
that arose during the interaction of ions in spike- In other words, the ‘virtual reservoir’ consists of
generation, and has specificity higher than dual-aspect primal entities (bhutatmas). The
elemental-PEs. One could argue that the ions elemental-PEs are the properties of fundamental
may be the proto-experiencers of this neuronal entity (such as string or elementary particle).
ionic-PE and neuron may be the proto- One could argue that there is an interaction
experiencer of the neural PE; i.e., they are proto- between bhutatmas of one fundamental entity
conscious, which is different from our regular and that of another one because this
consciousness. However, it would be corresponds to the concept of subquantum
parsimonious to state that they are carriers of informational resonance. In this view, for mental
SEs. entities, it appears that the specific bhutatmic-
As discussed in Section 2.3, one could PEs at subquantum level (such as redness-Ädi-
explain SEs aspect of consciousness at all three Shiva or redness-bhutatmas entity) transform
levels: classical (coarse), quantum (fine), and into non-specific elementary-PEs at quantum
subquantum (very fine) levels. Only subquantum level (such as in electron), which then evolve
treatment for hypothesis H1 needs extending into specific SE at classical level (such as SE
physics to include dual-aspect primal entities redness in the redness related neural-net). The
(bhutatmas). At classical level, a specific SE is same goes for the material aspect.
selected precisely by the matching and selection In RigVedic terms, a dual-aspect primal
processes along classical axonal-dendritic neural Ädi-Shiva entity has two aspects: its material
pathway for hypothesis H1 (Vimal, 2009d). aspect is Brahma and its mental aspect is Vishnu.
However, for H2 and H3, we need to use the Thus, the co-evolution can be elaborated as
mysterious term ‘emergence’: SEs somehow Brahma aspect → elementary particles →
emerges from the interaction between stimulus- neural-net and Vishnu aspect → elementary PEs
dependent feed-forward neural signals and re- → neural-net-PEs. Then, for example, the color
entrant feedback signals in neural-nets; this is related neural-net PEs could collapse into the
elaborated in Part II of this series (Vimal, 2009h). specific SE redness upon the presentation of
At quantum level, we used the concept of long wavelength light. These transformations are
quantum superposition (Franck, 2004; Vimal, necessary because a neural-net is needed to
2008b, 2009f) and quantum conjugate matching have a subjective experience in addition to
(Vimal, 2009d): all types of fundamental SEs/PEs essential ingredients of awareness such as
are superimposed in the mental aspect of wakefulness, re-entry, attention, stimulus at
fundamental entities (strings, or fermions and above threshold, working memory, and neural-
bosons) and a fewer types of SEs are net PEs (Vimal, 2009f). Without these
superimposed in the mental aspect of a neural- ingredients, a system such as an inert matter is
net as neural-net-PEs that are embedded in the the carrier of associated PEs/SEs. That is why
neural-net, which ‘collapse’ to a specific SE when specific primal entities such as redness-
a specific stimulus is presented. In addition, a bhutatma cannot have SE redness; it has only
specific SE is selected precisely by the quantum redness-bhutatmic PE in unexpressed form, i.e.,
conjugate matching and selection processes it is a carrier of its PE, and it behaves as if it is
along quantum dendritic-dendritic microtubule non-experiential entity. This entails a possible
(MT) (dendritic webs) pathway for hypothesis H1 motivation for Nature to create specific neural-
(Vimal, 2009d). The elemental-PEs can be further net to have specific SE, such as redness related
unpacked at SQ-level (under neurally backed ‘V4/V8/VO’ neural-net to have SE redness.

In the PE-SE framework, the terms V4/V8/VO-neural-net’ by the matching and

‘specificity’ and ‘non-specificity’ need further selection processes (Vimal, 2008b, 2009d). Thus,
clarification. For example, electron (quantum the PE-SE framework assists in closing the
particle) is non-specific because it has all explanatory gaps using hypothesis H1. If we can
fundamental SEs/PEs superimposed and is found unpack quantum elemental-PEs or classical
everywhere; however, redness-related neural- ‘emergence’ without extending physics to
net, in classical domain, is specific because it has subquantum domain, it will be a great
single SE/PE redness (a neural-net will have the achievement because associated problems will
SE when all essential ingredients of SE is satisfied be minimized. This is done via hypothesis H2,
in neural-net, otherwise the neural-net carries however, the mystery of ‘emergence’ is not fully
the PE in embedded form). On the other hand, addressed in both material and mental domains:
the redness-bhutatma (primal dual-aspect (a) precisely how and why the material property
entity) is specific because it carries single PE of salt (NaCl) emerges from the interaction of its
-
redness in subquantum domain. Thus, the constituents Na+ and Cl ions, and (b) precisely
change of specificity can be elaborated as how and why the mental property SE redness of
‘specificity in subquantum domain’ → ‘non- V4/V8/VO-redness-related-neural-net emerges
specificity in quantum domain’ → ‘specificity of from the interaction of its constituent PEs. The
various degrees in classical domain’. latter query is addressed to some extent in Part
Richard Wilson commented (personal II of this series (Vimal, 2009h).
email communication on October 12, 2007), “I
cannot see anything in your paper that closes
the explanatory gap. […] The hard problem of 4. Conceptual Analysis and Philosophical Basis
how (some) brain activity generates conscious of Hypothesis H1
experiences remains.” To address this comment, A conceptual analysis (Vimal et al., 2007) and the
elemental-PEs need to be unpacked. Unpacking philosophical basis of hypothesis H1 are provided
process leads to speculation without solid for the integration of subquantum, quantum,
evidence. In other words, elemental-PEs are and classical concepts in the PE-SE framework
packed and I have assumed that somehow they using analytical philosophy, which addresses
carry proto-experiential entities and hence the both Types 1 and 2 explanatory gaps. Let us take
PE-SE framework is less ‘brute’ than the example of color related subjective
straightforward materialism (types A-C). To experience ‘redness’. The term ‘redness’ refers
summarize the unpacking process, elemental- to subjective experience (SE), i.e., the first
PEs are composed of a set of all fundamental person experience; this SE is more or less the
SEs/PEs (dual aspect primal entities: bhutatmic- same for all trichromats. The term ‘red-color’
PEs) in superimposed form and hence they are refers to a property of objects (such as
non-specific. The neural Darwinism, i.e., the co- reflectance property of object: (Byrne & Hilbert,
evolution and co-developmental processes (via 2003)) and may also refer to the content of
sensorimotor tuning) yield neural-nets and ‘redness’.
associated neural-net PEs and a higher degree of (Q) We have color related subjective
specificity arises. For example, the ‘red-green experience (SE) ‘redness’ (Vimal et al., 1987).
channel related V4/V8/VO-neural-net’ and the (P) We have redness related V4/V8/VO-
associated color neural-net-PEs are co- neural-net (Bartels & Zeki, 2000; Hadjikhani et
developed, which is basically the red-green al., 1998; Tootell et al., 2003; Wandell, 1999)
opponent channel containing all color SEs that includes self-related areas such as cortical
between redness and greenness. This has higher midline structures (Northoff et al., 2006).
specificity than elemental PEs. When long (Gap) Question is how (Q) arises from
wavelength light is presented, the specific SE (P), i.e., how ‘redness’ occurs in its neural-net.
redness is selected out of these embedded
color-SEs in the ‘red-green channel related 4.1. Conceptual analysis for hypothesis H1

Consider the following premises related to (2.3) Superimposition26 of many

hypothesis H1, where (1) is conceptual analysis bhutatmic proto-experiences (PEs) into one
and (2.1)-(2.9) are scientific explanations. entity leads to non-specificity. Therefore, strings,
(1) Redness is a SE of a ‘red-color’ object fermions such as electron, or bosons such as
and is typically caused in an experiencing normal photon and graviton are non-specific.
healthy trichromat when that trichromat looks (2.4) The two aspects of an entity are
at a red-color object (such as a ripe tomato) that material aspect (such as charge, mass, spin) and
reflects long wavelength light. mental aspect (such as SEs redness, greenness,
(2.1) There are subquantum dual-aspect yellowness, blueness, and so on).
primal fundamental entities such as redness- (2.5) From (2.1)-(2.4), an electron is a
bhutatma, greenness-bhutatma, yellowness- dual-aspect entity that has material aspect (such
bhutatma, blueness-bhutatma, and so on.24 as charge, mass, spin, space-time, and so on)
Each of them has a fundamental specific SE/PE in and mental aspect (such as SEs redness,
its mental aspect, its essence might be preserved greenness, yellowness, blueness, and so on).
via the cycles of the universe, in analogy to the (2.6) The material and mental aspects
essence of material aspect might be preserved. co-evolve and co-develop into red-green
Furthermore, the fundamental SEs/PEs could
have emerged via the principle of the emergence 26
The term ‘superimposition’ or ‘superposition’ refers to the
of SE and anti-SE (or bhutatma and anti-bhutatma) process in which all kinds of SEs are laid over on say electron. This
means that an electron is not specific to any specific SE; and the
in a dual-aspect vacuum at the onset of universe, electron acts as if it is a non-experiential material entity. In the PE-
in analogy to the principle involved in the SE framework, an electron is a sort of proto-experiential (not
proto-conscious) entity. This is because (a) electron cannot have
emergence of matter and anti-matter in vacuum. SEs and (b) to have SE the entity/system needs to satisfy the
If this is true, then the dual-aspect primal necessary ingredients of having SEs such as wakefulness, attention,
entities (bhutatmas) were created in the dual- re-entry, and memory (that is possible in neural-nets) (Vimal,
2009f). That is why Nature took billions of years to evolve from
aspect vacuum at the onset of universe. elementary particles to neural-nets. Thus, though SEs are
(2.2) The mental aspects (specific irreducible entities, they cannot be experienced at various levels. It
is only when observation is made then a specific SE is experienced
SEs/PEs) of all subquantum dual-aspect primal by a specific neural-net after objective-reduction (or collapse) of
entities (bhutatmas) are superimposed in the many neural-net-PEs into to one specific SE say ‘redness’ when
stimulus say long wavelength light is presented and necessary
mental aspect of fundamental entities (strings, ingredients of the SE are satisfied (Vimal, 2009f). Therefore, all
or fermions (such as electrons) and bosons (such (from quantum electrons to classical neural-nets) are considered to
as photons and gravitons))25. The material aspect have PEs rather than SEs, except when essential ingredients for
having SEs are satisfied. In other words, elemental-PEs and PEs at
of a bhutatma is the same as that of a string. other levels can be considered as they have potential or
Fundamental entities and inert matter are the possibilities for generating SEs. The term ‘superimposition’ is used
more or less same sense as the term ‘superposition’ used in the
‘carriers’ of SEs/PEs and behave as if they are quantum mechanics. For example, “In the first process, a physical
non-experiential entities. system constantly evolves into a superposition of possibilities or
tendencies, […] for actual events to occur. […] In the second
process, the transition from the “possible” to the “actual” takes
place […] when observation is made, in which one of states
superimposed in the probability function is selected and becomes
real in the ordinary sense” (Schäfer, 1997). For example, if Red-
24
If phenomenal SEs are irreducible/fundamental entities, they Green V4/V8/VO neural-net can have SEs redness, orangeness,
have to be precisely the same at all levels such as micro or macro yellowness, yellowish-greenness, and greenness, then these SEs
level, and classical, quantum, or subquantum level. Therefore, can be embedded in this neural-net in superposed form:
prefixing dual-aspect primal entities bhutatmas with associated SE aredness‫׀‬redness> + aorangeness‫׀‬orangeness> + ... + agreenness‫׀‬greenness>
is justified. It is basically extension of Chalmers’ dual-aspect model = S ai ‫׀‬SEi>, where a is a coefficient related to probability
(Chalmers, 1995) for color to subquantum level. distribution of SE in the net during embedding process. “The linear
25
The subquantum entity redness-bhutatma can be considered as combination of two or more eigenstates results in quantum
a sub-string with SE/PE redness as its mental aspect, i.e., this sub- superposition of two or more values of the quantity. If the quantity
string can be called redness-substring. Similarly, greenness- is measured, the value of the physical quantity will be random,
bhutatma = greenness-substring, and so on. Their material aspect with a probability equal to the square of the coefficient of the
is the same as that of strings. Therefore, one can consider that all superposition in the linear combination. [...] The probability in
these SEs/PEs (very large number indeed) are superposed in the quantum mechanics is equal to the square of the absolute value of
mental aspect of a string. Since elementary particles (bosons and the amplitude”. When a stimulus is presented, then a specific SE is
fermions) are different vibrational modes of string, all these selected out of many embedded SEs and the coefficient a
SEs/PEs are also superposed in the mental aspect of each of corresponding to the specific SE takes the values of 1 and all other
elementary particles. coefficients changes to zero.
V4/V8/VO neural-net and associated color (2) The ‘redness-related V4/V8/VO

related neural-net PEs (such as SEs redness, neural-net’ that embeds the specific SE ‘redness’
greenness, yellowness, blueness, and so on), plays a red-color related role.
respectively, that are embedded in that neural- (3’) Hence, the ‘redness-related
net. V4/V8/VO neural-net’ is the neural correlate of
(2.7) Subjective experience ‘redness’ is the SE ‘redness’, i.e., the SE ‘redness’
selected from the set of color related subjective occurs/arise in this net. For this, the term
experiences (that are embedded in ‘red-green ‘occurs/arise’ needs to be unpacked as done
V4/V8/VO neural-net’) when long wavelength above in premises (2.1)-(2.9), but then physics
light is presented to our visual system for the needs to be extended to include subquantum
matching and selection processes. We call this entities.
specific state of ‘red-green V4/V8/VO neural-net’
as specific ‘redness-related-V4/V8/VO-neural- 4.2. The philosophical basis of hypothesis H1
net-state’ and this network experiences the Its philosophical basis can be examined using the
specific SE ‘redness’. procedure in (Chalmers, 2006):
(2.8) Embedding process involves neural (I) Let P be the material aspect of the
Darwinism (Vimal, 2008b) for generating redness related neural-network and its activities.
specificity. In addition, SEs superimposed in (II) Let Q be SE redness, i.e., the mental
ionic/electronic neural-PEs interact with that in aspect of the redness related neural-network
stimuli and/or related signals for selecting a and its activities.
specific SE via matching and selection processes. (III) Let us assume that the neural-
(2.9) From (2.1)-(2.8), the ‘redness- network for Q has related signature in terms of
related V4/V8/VO neural-net’ that embeds the P. For example, assume that sodium, potassium,
specific SE ‘redness’ plays a red-color related chlorine, calcium ionic activities (such as in
role. NMDA-receptors (Pereira Jr., 2007a, 2007b;
(3) From (1), (2.7)-(2.9), the specific SE Pereira Jr. & Furlan, 2007a, 2007b)) can
‘redness’ is experienced by the ‘redness-related represent subject’s SE redness in the interaction
V4/V8/VO neural-net’. between ‘the long wavelength light dependent
(4) From (3), the redness related Type-1 feed-forward neural signals that carry redness
explanatory gap is deflated. Premises (2.1) and related neural-PE’ and ‘the feedback fronto-
(2.2) close the Type-2 explanatory gap. parietal attentional signals’ in the redness-
If one wants to be limited to quantum related-V4/V8/VO-neural-net. Color related SEs
physics, premises (2.1)-(2.3) can be replaced by including redness are embedded in V4/V8/VO
quantum scientific explanation premises (2.1’) color related neural-net during co-development
and (2.2’): and sensorimotor tuning (neural Darwinism),
(2.1’) It is hypothesized that all types of and then a specific SE redness is precisely
irreducible fundamental SEs/PEs are selected from the embedded SEs via the
superimposed in fundamental entities (strings, or matching and selection processes (Vimal, 2008b,
fermions (such as electrons) and bosons (such as 2009d).
photons and gravitons)); they carry SEs/PEs. (IV) If assumption (III) is correct, then
(2.2’) The superimposition of all one could explain the truth of Q wholly in terms
fundamental SEs/PEs into one entity leads to of the truth of P; therefore, the truth of Q is
non-specificity; therefore, an electron is a non- deducible by a priori27 reasoning from the truth
specific entity. of P.
If one wants to be limited to classical
physics, premises (2.1)-(2.9) and (3) can be
replaced by classical scientific explanation: 27
By definition, ‘a priori‘ knowledge is independent of all
experiences, whereas ‘a posteriori‘ knowledge is derived from
experience.

Furthermore, all 3 arguments in (Chalmers, (iii) matching and selection processes

2006) can be satisfactorily addressed for the (Vimal, 2009d), and
cognition related thesis C = ‘in the dual-aspect- (iv) the necessary ingredients of SEs
dual-mode PE-SE framework, the co-evolution (such as wakefulness, attention, re-entry,
and co-development of fundamental entities and working memory, stimulus at or above threshold
associated PEs lead to neural-nets and level, and neural-net PEs) (Vimal, 2009f).
associated SEs in the cognition, respectively’:
(I) C is true because P and Q are true. We face two types of explanatory gaps:
(II) Physically identical zombie with Q (i) Type-1 explanatory gap (how SEs can
(conscious zombie) ¾after appropriate emerge from non-experiential matter) and
sensorimotor tuning/training same as human (ii) Type-2 explanatory gap (how it is
twin, share our epistemic situation and beliefs¾ possible that our SEs ¾ such as happiness,
is conceivable in C (and hence the explanatory sadness, painfulness, and similar SEs¾ were
gap is deflated for P-Q). This is consistent with already present in primal entities.
“Option 3: Assert That Zombies Share Our
Epistemic Situation” in (Chalmers, 2006). In To address these gaps, a working hypothesis (H1)
addition, beliefs are also the same for both is proposed:
human and zombie twin because it is conscious (i) Fundamental entities and inert matter
zombie and basically the same human because are the ‘carriers’ of superimposed
of the dual-aspect framework. Moreover, P&~Q irreducible/fundamental SEs/PEs (Vimal, 2008b),
is inconceivable because P and Q are true in C. (ii) a specific SE occurs/arises in a
Conceivability and explanation are neural-net via matching and selection processes
linked, i.e., explaining Q in terms of P is (Vimal, 2009d),
consistent with the conceivability of Q with P. (iii) some of the SEs (such as happiness,
(III) Both P and hence Q can be explained in sadness, and the like) that entails Type-2
physical terms, where physicality also includes explanatory gap can be derived from
the mental-aspect of the dual-aspect in fundamental SEs/PEs (such as emotion-related
fundamental entities. PEs) and the stimulus-context (such as emotional
stimuli), and
(iv) to eliminate any the residual gap in
5. Conclusions Type-2 explanatory gap, it is assumed that
The dual-aspect-dual-mode PE-SE framework fundamental SEs/PEs follow the principle of the
(Vimal, 2008a, 2008b, 2009b, 2009d) consists of emergence of SE and anti-SE (or bhutatma and
four essential factors that lead to structural, anti-bhutatma) in a dual-aspect vacuum at the
functional, and experiential coherence between onset of universe, in analogy to the principle
mind and brain: involved in the emergence of matter and anti-
(i) dual-aspect primal entities matter in vacuum. In addition, the cycles of
(bhutatmas), universe (that may have memory (Corichi &
(ii) neural-Darwinism: the co-evolution Singh, 2008)) might have preserved irreducible
and co-development of the mental aspect and fundamental SEs/PEs in primal entities.
associated material aspect of subquantum (v) SEs occur/arise/emerge when
primal entities (bhutatmas) at the subquantum essential ingredients of SEs (such as
level to elemental proto-experiences (PEs) and wakefulness, attention, re-entry, working
the associated material aspect of fundamental memory and so on) are satisfied.
entities at the quantum level to subjective Alternative hypotheses (H2)-(H5) are
experiences (SEs) and associated neural-nets at presented in the second part (Vimal, 2009h) of
the classical level, respectively, involving this series of papers.
internal-representation and sensorimotor
interaction,

Acknowledgments Bókkon I & Vimal RLP. Retinal phosphenes and discrete dark
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NeuroQuantology | September 2009 | Vol 7 | Issue 3 | Page 390-410 390

Vimal RLP, Integration of classical, quantum, and subquantum concepts

Subjective Experience Aspect of Consciousness

Ram Lakhan Pandey Vimal

Key Words: dual-aspect model, explanatory gaps, subquantum metaphysics,

ISSN 1303 5150 www.neuroquantology.com

1. Introduction1 carriers of superimposed5 fundamental

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are related (mind-brain duality/dual-aspect in objective state-reduction (Orch OR) in

neural-net’ in neural-correlated modus operandi modus operandi) by hypothesizing that

ISSN 1303 5150 www.neuroquantology.com

In the PE-SE framework, the terms V4/V8/VO-neural-net’ by the matching and

ISSN 1303 5150 www.neuroquantology.com

Consider the following premises related to (2.3) Superimposition26 of many

V4/V8/VO neural-net and associated color (2) The ‘redness-related V4/V8/VO

ISSN 1303 5150 www.neuroquantology.com

Furthermore, all 3 arguments in (Chalmers, (iii) matching and selection processes

ISSN 1303 5150 www.neuroquantology.com

ISSN 1303 5150 www.neuroquantology.com

ISSN 1303 5150 www.neuroquantology.com

Available: Wallace BA. Hidden Dimensions: The Unification of Physics

ISSN 1303 5150 www.neuroquantology.com

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