CP Series: M-D Pneumatics Rotary Positive Displacement Blowers
CP Series: M-D Pneumatics Rotary Positive Displacement Blowers
CP Series: M-D Pneumatics Rotary Positive Displacement Blowers
CP Series
CP Series rotary blowers are designed to be
interchangeable with equivalent sizes of Roots
Universal RAI®, and many Sutorbilt® Legend®
blowers. CP Series models are rated up to 18 PSIG
discharge pressure or 16” Hg dry vacuum. All
models have sight glasses and triple lip seals as
standard features.
Helical Gearing
CP Series blowers are timed with precision helical
gears, keyed to the rotor shafts, not taper fit spur
gears as offered by other manufacturers, which have
Metric Availability
greater backlash, can slip and lose timing. Helical
gears are also quieter, reducing mechanical noise. CP Series blowers are available with metric drive
shaft and process connections.
Stronger Bearings
Lubrication
All CP Series blowers include double-row ball
bearings at the gear end, stronger than single row Many CP Series models include dual oil splash
ball bearings offered by other manufacturers. Drive lubrication at both the gear end and drive end
shaft bearing is cylindrical roller type for additional of the blower. Splash lubrication provides for
strength against side loading from V-belt drives. As longer bearing and seal life through improved heat
a result of this superior design, CP Series blowers dissipation versus grease lubrication.
offer design bearing life as much as 50% greater
than models offered by other manufacturers. Material Specifications:
Housing: Cast iron
Rotors with Integral Shafts End Plates: Cast iron
CP Series blowers include precision machined End Cover: Cast iron
ductile iron rotors with large, integrally cast shafts, Rotors: Ductile iron
not press fit and/or pinned shafts offered by other Shafts: Ductile iron, cast integrally with rotors
manufacturers, which can loosen over time and Bearings: Gear end - Double row ball, both rotors
cause rotor clash. Drive end - Cylindrical roller on drive rotor
Single row ball on driven rotor
Versatility Drive Shaft: Ductile iron, cast integrally with drive rotor
CP Series blowers can be field converted from Gears: Heat treated alloy steel, helical cut
horizontal to vertical flow, or vice versa, without any Seals: Lip seals on rotor shafts and drive shaft
special tools or additional components. Lubrication: Oil splash on gear end, grease on drive end
Models available with dual oil splash lubrication
All blowers are factory tested to meet ISO 9001 registered quality standards. Rotors are dynamically balanced to meet ISO1940 Grade 6.3 specifications.
Performance
Pressure performance is based on inlet conditions of 14.70 PSIA (1.03 kg/sq cm) and 70°F (21°C). Vacuum performance is based on inlet temperature
of 70°F (21°C) and discharge pressure of 14.70 PSIA (1.03 kg/sq cm). In conjunction with our program of continuous testing and upgrading, all
specifications are subject to change without notice. All data are approximate. Request a quotation for your specific application.
Model Lobe RPM 6 psig 7 psig 8 psig 10 psig 12 psig 13 psig 14 psig 15 psig 16 psig 17 psig 18 psig Max. Vacuum
CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP " Hg CFM BHP
2002 2-lobe 1750 8 0.9 6 1.0 5 1.1 2 1.4 9 7 0.7
2002 2-lobe 3600 38 1.8 36 2.1 35 2.3 32 2.8 29 3.3 14 28 2.1
2002 2-lobe 5275 64 2.7 63 3.1 61 3.4 59 4.2 56 4.9 16 51 3.4
2004 2-lobe 1750 24 1.6 21 1.9 10 20 1.4
2004 2-lobe 3600 83 3.3 80 3.8 15 65 4.0
2004 2-lobe 5275 137 4.9 134 5.6 16 115 6.3
3002 2-lobe 1150 22 1.6 19 1.8 17 2.1 10 18 1.3
3002 2-lobe 2700 94 3.8 92 4.3 89 4.9 85 6.0 81 7.1 16 72 4.8
3002 2-lobe 3600 136 5.0 134 5.7 131 6.5 127 7.9 123 9.4 121 10.1 119 10.9 118 11.6 16 114 6.4
3003 2-lobe 1150 30 2.0 27 2.4 10 26 1.7
3003 2-lobe 2700 126 4.8 122 5.5 119 6.3 114 7.7 109 9.2 106 9.9 14 107 5.4
3003 2-lobe 3600 181 6.4 178 7.4 175 8.3 169 10.3 164 12.2 162 13.2 160 14.1 157 15.1 15 158 7.7
3003 3-lobe 1150 32 2.1 28 2.5 10 27 1.8
3003 3-lobe 2700 132 5.0 129 5.8 126 6.6 14 112 5.7
3003 3-lobe 3600 191 6.7 187 7.7 184 8.8 178 10.8 173 12.8 15 166 8.1
3006 2-lobe 1150 60 4.8 55 5.3 11 49 4.5
3006 2-lobe 2700 218 11.3 213 12.5 209 13.7 201 16.1 194 18.5 191 19.7 15 185 12.9
3006 2-lobe 3600 310 15.0 305 16.6 301 18.2 293 21.4 286 24.6 283 26.2 279 27.8 276 29.4 273 31.0 15 277 17.2
3006 3-lobe 1150 58 6.0 53 6.5 11 46 5.7
3006 3-lobe 2700 218 14.0 213 15.2 15 183 15.7
3006 3-lobe 3600 310 18.7 305 20.3 15 276 20.9
4002 2-lobe 850 18 1.5 15 1.7 10 14 1.3
4002 2-lobe 1760 73 3.1 70 3.6 68 4.1 63 5.0 59 5.9 57 6.4 14 58 3.5
4002 2-lobe 3600 184 6.4 182 7.4 179 8.3 175 10.2 171 12.1 169 13.1 167 14.0 165 15.0 16 162 8.2
4005 2-lobe 850 40 2.9 35 3.3 30 3.8 9 38 2.2
4005 2-lobe 1760 150 5.9 145 6.9 140 7.8 132 9.6 14 121 6.7
4005 2-lobe 3600 373 12.1 368 14.0 363 15.9 354 19.7 347 23.5 343 25.4 340 27.3 336 29.2 333 31.1 16 330 15.7
4005 3-lobe 850 44 3.5 40 3.9 36 4.3 9 43 2.8
4005 3-lobe 1760 149 7.2 145 8.1 141 9.0 133 10.8 14 124 8.0
4005 3-lobe 3600 360 14.8 356 16.6 352 18.4 345 22.0 16 324 18.1
4007 2-lobe 850 54 3.7 47 4.3 10 45 3.1
4007 2-lobe 1760 199 7.7 192 8.9 186 10.1 175 12.6 165 15.0 160 16.3 14 160 8.8
4007 2-lobe 3600 492 15.8 486 18.3 479 20.8 468 25.8 458 30.8 453 33.3 449 35.8 444 38.3 440 40.8 436 43.3 16 437 20.4
4007 3-lobe 850 59 4.2 53 4.8 10 51 3.6
4007 3-lobe 1760 193 8.8 188 9.9 14 162 9.7
4007 3-lobe 3600 466 17.9 460 20.2 16 420 22.2
5003 2-lobe 700 41 2.6 36 3.0 33 3.4 10 35 2.2
5003 2-lobe 1760 180 6.6 176 7.6 172 8.6 165 10.7 159 12.7 156 13.7 153 14.7 150 15.7 14 156 7.5
5003 2-lobe 2850 324 10.7 320 12.3 316 14.0 309 17.2 303 20.5 300 22.2 297 23.8 294 25.4 291 27.1 289 28.7 16 289 13.7
5006 2-lobe 700 68 4.3 61 4.9 55 5.6 10 59 3.5
5006 2-lobe 1760 302 10.7 295 12.4 289 14.1 277 17.5 266 20.9 261 22.6 257 24.3 252 26.0 14 262 12.2
5006 2-lobe 2850 543 17.3 536 20.1 530 22.8 518 28.3 507 33.8 502 36.6 498 39.3 493 42.1 488 44.8 484 47.6 480 50.3 16 485 22.5
5006 3-lobe 700 65 4.6 57 5.3 51 6.0 10 55 3.9
5006 3-lobe 1760 300 11.7 293 13.4 286 15.1 273 18.5 262 21.9 257 23.6 252 25.3 247 27.0 14 257 13.2
5006 3-lobe 2850 542 18.9 535 21.7 528 24.4 515 30.0 504 35.5 499 38.2 494 41.0 489 43.8 16 480 24.1
5009 2-lobe 700 130 6.1 122 7.1 115 8.1 11 111 5.5
5009 2-lobe 1760 472 15.4 464 17.9 457 20.4 444 25.3 432 30.3 426 32.8 421 35.2 14 427 17.6
5009 2-lobe 2850 824 25.0 816 29.0 809 33.0 796 41.0 784 49.0 15 769 30.4
5009 3-lobe 700 116 6.8 107 7.8 98 8.8 11 93 6.1
5009 3-lobe 1760 473 17.0 464 19.6 455 22.2 14 417 19.2
5009 3-lobe 2850 841 27.5 831 31.7 822 35.9 15 773 33.2
6005 2-lobe 700 91 4.9 84 5.6 78 6.4 67 7.9 12 68 4.8
6005 2-lobe 1760 352 12.3 345 14.2 339 16.1 328 19.9 318 23.6 313 25.5 309 27.4 304 29.3 300 31.2 16 296 15.8
6005 2-lobe 2350 497 16.4 490 19.0 484 21.5 473 26.5 463 31.6 458 34.1 454 36.6 449 39.1 445 41.6 441 44.2 437 46.7 16 442 21.1
6008 2-lobe 700 146 7.6 135 8.8 126 10.0 108 12.4 12 109 7.5
6008 2-lobe 1760 565 19.2 554 22.2 544 25.2 527 31.3 510 37.4 503 40.4 496 43.4 489 46.4 482 49.5 15 490 23.3
6008 2-lobe 2350 798 25.6 787 29.6 777 33.7 760 41.8 744 49.9 736 53.9 729 58.0 722 62.0 715 66.1 708 70.1 702 74.2 16 709 33.1
5006 3-lobe 1760 300 11.7 293 13.4 286 15.1 273 18.5 262 21.9 257 23.6 252 25.3 247 27.0 14 257 13.2
5006 3-lobe 2850 542 18.9 535 21.7 528 24.4 515 30.0 504 35.5 499 38.2 494 41.0 489 43.8 16 480 24.1
5009 2-lobe 700 130 6.1 122 7.1 115 8.1 11 111 5.5
5009 2-lobe 1760 472 15.4 464 17.9 457 20.4 444 25.3 432 30.3 426 32.8 421 35.2 14 427 17.6
Performance
5009 continued
2-lobe 2850 824 25.0 816 29.0 809 33.0 796 41.0 784 49.0 15 769 30.4
5009 3-lobe 700 116 6.8 107 7.8 98 8.8 11 93 6.1
5009
Model 3-lobe
Lobe 1760 473
RPM 6 psig17.0 464 19.6
7 psig 455 22.2 10 psig
8 psig 12 psig 13 psig 14 psig 15 psig 16 psig 17 psig 18 psig 14 417
Max. Vacuum19.2
5009 3-lobe 2850 CFM
841 BHP
27.5 CFM
831 BHP
31.7 CFM
822 BHP
35.9 CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP CFM BHP " Hg 15 CFM773 BHP
33.2
2002
6005 2-lobe 1750
700 8 4.9
91 0.9 846 5.6
1.0 785 6.4
1.1 2 7.9
67 1.4 9
12 7 4.8
68 0.7
2002
6005 3600 352
2-lobe 1760 38 12.3
1.8 345
36 14.2
2.1 339
35 16.1
2.3 328
32 19.9
2.8 318
29 23.6
3.3 313 25.5 309 27.4 304 29.3 300 31.2 14 296
16 28 15.8
2.1
2002
6005 5275 497
2-lobe 2350 64 16.4
2.7 490
63 19.0
3.1 484
61 21.5
3.4 473
59 26.5
4.2 463
56 31.6
4.9 458 34.1 454 36.6 449 39.1 445 41.6 441 44.2 437 46.7 16 44251 21.1
3.4
2004
6008 2-lobe 1750
700 24 1.6
146 7.6 21 1.9
135 8.8 126 10.0 108 12.4 10
12 20 1.4
109 7.5
2004
6008 2-lobe 3600
1760 83 19.2
565 3.3 80 22.2
554 3.8 544 25.2 527 31.3 510 37.4 503 40.4 496 43.4 489 46.4 482 49.5 15 65 23.3
490 4.0
2004
6008 2-lobe 5275
2350 137 4.9
798 25.6 134 5.6
787 29.6 777 33.7 760 41.8 744 49.9 736 53.9 729 58.0 722 62.0 715 66.1 708 70.1 702 74.2 16 115 6.3
709 33.1
3002
6015 2-lobe 1150
700 27322 13.9
1.6 254
19 16.2
1.8 17 2.1 18 11.5
10 247 1.3
3002
6015 2-lobe 2700 1058
1760 94 35.0
3.8 1038
92 40.7
4.3 89 4.9 85 6.0 81 7.1 16 943
14 72 40.0
4.8
3002
6015 2-lobe 3600 1494
2350 136 46.8 134 54.4
5.0 1475 5.7 131 6.5 127 7.9 123 9.4 121 10.1 119 10.9 118 11.6 16 114 53.4
14 1380 6.4
3003
7006 2-lobe 1150
650 30 2.0
171 7.2 27 2.4
163 8.3 157 9.5 144 11.8 133 14.0 128 15.2 10
13 26 1.7
137 7.6
3003
7006 2-lobe 2700
1760 126 4.8
617 19.5 122 5.5
610 22.6 119 6.3
603 25.7 114 7.7 109
591 31.8 9.2 106
579 38.0 9.9 569 44.2 564 47.3
574 41.1 14
16 107 5.4
556 25.2
3003
7006 2-lobe
2-lobe 3600
2050 181 6.4
734 22.7 178 7.4
726 26.3 175 8.3
719 29.9 169
707 10.3
37.1 164
696 12.2
44.3 162
691 13.2
47.8 160
686 14.1
51.4 157
681 15.1
55.0 15
16 158 7.7
672 29.4
3003
7011 3-lobe
2-lobe 1150
650 32232 12.9
2.1 310
28 15.0
2.5 298 17.1 277 21.3 10 27 13.7
13 264 1.8
3003
7011 3-lobe
2-lobe 2700 132 35.0
1760 1142 5.0 1129
129 40.6
5.8 1117
126 46.3
6.6 1096 57.6 14 112 45.5
16 1035 5.7
3003
7011 3-lobe
2-lobe 3600 191 40.7
2050 1356 6.7 1343
187 47.3
7.7 1331
184 53.9
8.8 1310
178 10.8
67.1 173 12.8 15 166 53.0
16 1249 8.1
3006
7018 2-lobe
2-lobe 1150 60 20.8
650 560 4.8 55 5.3 11 536
10 49 17.1
4.5
3006
7018 2-lobe
2-lobe 2700 1892
1760 218 56.2
11.3 213 12.5 209 13.7 201 16.1 194 18.5 191 19.7 15 1830
12 185 55.3
12.9
3006
7018 2-lobe
2-lobe 3600 310 15.0
2050 2240 65.5 305 16.6 301 18.2 293 21.4 286 24.6 283 26.2 279 27.8 276 29.4 273 31.0 15 277 17.2
12 2178 64.4
3006 3-lobe 1150 58 6.0 53 6.5 11 46 5.7
3006 3-lobe 2700 218 14.0 213 15.2 15 183 15.7
3006 3-lobe 3600 310 18.7 305 20.3 15 276 20.9
Dimensions: Standard Models/6
4002 2-lobe 850 18 1.5 15 1.7 10 14 1.3
4002
Model A
2-lobe 1760 73 3.1 70 3.6 68 4.1 63 5.0 59 5.9 57 6.4 14
Weight 58 3.5
Size4002 B
2-lobe C3600 D184 6.4 E 182 H 7.4 J1
179 8.3J2 175 10.2
K L1 12.1
171 L2 169 M N1 14.0
13.1 167 N2 165
N3 15.0 P R S T V 16 162 8.2
(lbs.)
2002 10.13 5.00 2.63 1” NPT 5.06 41
4005 2-lobe 850 2.5040 2.9 35 3.3 30 3.8
6.88 9.69 3.13 5.13 5.13 .63 3.75 6.25 3.75 9.38 1.25 5.00 1.25 .625 9 38 2.2
2004 12.13 6.00 3.63 2” NPT 7.06 53
4005 2-lobe 1760 150 5.9 145 6.9 140 7.8 132 9.6 14 121 6.7
3002 11.50 5.69 3.38 1¼” NPT 6.75 78
3003 4005
12.38 2-lobe 3600
6.13 3.81 2.44 373 12.1
2” NPT368 14.0
7.63 363 15.9
8.94 12.81354 3.94
19.7 347 23.5
7.25 7.253435.00
25.4 5.00
340 27.3
8.50 336
5.0029.2 333 31.1
12.19 1.75 6.75 1.75 .875 16
83 330 15.7
3006 14.75
4005 7.31
3-lobe 5850 44 2½”
3.5NPT4010.00
3.9 36 4.3 1139 43 2.8
4002 12.94
4005 6.25
3-lobe3.69
1760 149 1½” 7.2NPT
145 7.25
8.1 141 9.0 133 10.8 95
14 124 8.0
4005 15.69
4005 7.63
3-lobe5.06
36003.00360 2½”
14.8NPT
35610.00
16.6 10.63 15.13345 4.38
352 18.4 22.0 8.00 8.00 6.25 6.25 10.25 6.25 13.69 2.00 8.25 2.00 .875 119
16 324 18.1
4007 17.44 8.50 5.94 3” NPT 11.75 138
5003 4007
15.25 2-lobe4.50
7.38 850 54 2½”
3.7NPT47 8.44
4.3 10
152 45 3.1
5006 4007
17.88 2-lobe5.81
8.69 1760 199 4”7.7 NPT192 11.06
8.9 186 10.1
12.13 17.381755.38
12.6 10.50
165 15.0
10.501606.75
16.3 6.75 11.25 6.25 17.19 2.50 8.75 1.88 1.125 14
185 160 8.8
3.38
5009 20.88
4007 10.19
2-lobe7.31
3600 492 15.84” NPT48614.06
18.3 479 20.8 468 25.8 458 30.8 453 33.3 449 35.8 444 38.3 440 40.8 436 43.3 222
16 437 20.4
6005 18.69
4007 9.38
3-lobe5.63850 59 3”4.2
NPT 5310.00
4.8 15.00 6.25 250
10 51 3.6
6008 21.69 10.88 7.13 5” NPT 13.00 15.00 21.69 6.25 17.06 11.00 8.75 8.75 14.75 8.75 19.81 3.00 11.75 2.13 1.375 310
4007 3-lobe 17603.69 193 8.8 188 9.9 14 162 9.7
6015 28.69 14.38 10.63 6” FLG 20.00 16.25 7.50 456
4007 3-lobe 3600 466 17.9 460 20.2 16 420 22.2
7006 20.31 10.31 5.94 4” NPT 11.75 20.69 9.69 425
5003
7011 25.31 2-lobe 8.44
12.81 700 41 6”2.6
FLG 3616.75
3.0 33 3.4
19.50 26.13 8.50 21.06 14.00 11.00 11.00 18.00 11.00 23.25 3.50 14.50 2.38 1.562 10
555 35 2.2
4.06
7018 32.31
5003 16.31
2-lobe11.94
1760 180 8”6.6 FLG17623.75
7.6 19.50
172 8.6 165 8.50
10.7 159 12.7 156 13.7 153 14.7 150 15.7 675
14 156 7.5
5003 2-lobe 2850 324 10.7 320 12.3 316 14.0 309 17.2 303 20.5 300 22.2 297 23.8 294 25.4 291 27.1 289 28.7 16 289 13.7
5006 2-lobe 700 68 4.3 61 4.9 55 5.6 10 59 3.5
5006 2-lobe 1760 302 10.7 295 12.4 289 14.1 277 17.5 266 20.9 261 22.6 257 24.3 252 26.0 14 262 12.2
5006 2-lobe 2850 543 17.3 536 20.1 530 22.8 518 28.3 507 33.8 502 36.6 498 39.3 493 42.1 488 44.8 484 47.6 480 50.3 16 485 22.5
5006 3-lobe 700 65 4.6 57 5.3 51 6.0 10 55 3.9
5006 3-lobe 1760 300 11.7 293 13.4 286 15.1 273 18.5 262 21.9 257 23.6 252 25.3 247 27.0 14 257 13.2
5006 3-lobe 2850 542 18.9 535 21.7 528 24.4 515 30.0 504 35.5 499 38.2 494 41.0 489 43.8 16 480 24.1
5009 2-lobe 700 130 6.1 122 7.1 115 8.1 11 111 5.5
5009 2-lobe 1760 472 15.4 464 17.9 457 20.4 444 25.3 432 30.3 426 32.8 421 35.2 14 427 17.6
5009 2-lobe 2850 824 25.0 816 29.0 809 33.0 796 41.0 784 49.0 15 769 30.4
5009 3-lobe 700 116 6.8 107 7.8 98 8.8 11 93 6.1
5009 3-lobe 1760 473 17.0 464 19.6 455 22.2 14 417 19.2
5009 3-lobe 2850 841 27.5 831 31.7 822 35.9 15 773 33.2
6005 2-lobe 700 91 4.9 84 5.6 78 6.4 67 7.9 12 68 4.8
6005 2-lobe 1760 352 12.3 345 14.2 339 16.1 328 19.9 318 23.6 313 25.5 309 27.4 304 29.3 300 31.2 16 296 15.8
6005 2-lobe 2350 497 16.4 490 19.0 484 21.5 473 26.5 463 31.6 458 34.1 454 36.6 449 39.1 445 41.6 441 44.2 437 46.7 16 442 21.1
6008 2-lobe 700 146 7.6 135 8.8 126 10.0 108 12.4 12 109 7.5
6008 2-lobe 1760 565 19.2 554 22.2 544 25.2 527 31.3 510 37.4 503 40.4 496 43.4 489 46.4 482 49.5 15 490 23.3
6008 2-lobe 2350 798 25.6 787 29.6 777 33.7 760 41.8 744 49.9 736 53.9 729 58.0 722 62.0 715 66.1 708 70.1 702 74.2 16 709 33.1
6015 2-lobe 700 273 13.9 254 16.2 10 247 11.5
6015 2-lobe 1760 1058 35.0 1038 40.7 14 943 40.0
6015 2-lobe 2350 1494 46.8 1475 54.4 14 1380 53.4
7006 2-lobe 650 171 7.2 163 8.3 157 9.5 144 11.8 133 14.0 128 15.2 13 137 7.6
7006 2-lobe 1760 617 19.5 610 22.6 603 25.7 591 31.8 579 38.0 574 41.1 569 44.2 564 47.3 16 556 25.2
Dimensions: Splash Lube Models/7
Model Weight
A B C D E H J1 J2 K L1 L2 M N1 N2 N3 P R S T V
Size (lbs.)
3002 11.50 5.69 3.75 1¼” NPT 6.75 82
3003 12.38 6.13 4.19 2.06 2” NPT 7.63 8.94 12.81 3.94 7.25 7.25 1.06 5.00 8.50 5.00 12.19 1.75 6.75 1.75 .875 88
3006 14.75 7.31 5.38 2½” NPT 10.00 120
4002 12.94 6.25 3.94 1½” NPT 7.25 102
4005 15.69 7.63 5.31 2.75 2½” NPT 10.00 10.63 15.13 4.38 8.00 8.00 1.88 6.25 10.25 6.25 13.69 2.00 8.25 2.00 .875 127
4007 17.44 8.50 6.19 3” NPT 11.75 146
5003 15.25 7.38 4.81 2½” NPT 8.44 161
5006 17.88 8.69 6.13 3.06 4” NPT 11.06 12.13 17.38 5.38 10.50 10.50 1.38 6.75 11.25 6.25 17.19 2.50 8.75 1.88 1.125 196
5009 20.88 10.19 7.63 4” NPT 14.06 235
6005 18.06 9.38 5.63 3” NPT 10.00 15.00 6.25 255
6008 21.06 10.88 7.13 3.69 5” NPT 13.00 15.00 21.69 6.25 17.06 11.00 2.50 8.75 14.75 8.75 19.81 3.00 11.75 2.13 1.375 315
6015 28.06 14.38 10.63 6” FLG 20.00 16.25 7.50 461
Values shown are approximate and should not be used for construction. Certified drawings are available through your local Tuthill Vacuum & Blower Systems Sales Professional.
The tri-lobe CP Series units have a cast-in noise reduction on the discharge port. This will reduce the
sound level of the blower 3-5dB, or by half.