Executive Committee 2010-2011: Officers

Executive Committee 2010–2011
Officers
President: Susan Martinovich, P.E., Nevada
Vice President: Kirk Steudle, P.E., Michigan
Secretary/Treasurer: Carlos Braceras, Utah
Immediate Past President: Vacant
Regional Representatives
REGION I
George N. Campbell, Jr., New Hampshire
Beverley K. Swaim-Staley, Maryland
REGION II
Mike Hancock, Kentucky
Robert St. Onge, South Carolina
REGION III
Thomas K. Sorel, Minnesota
Vacant
REGION IV
Amadeo Saenz, Jr., Texas
Francis G. Ziegler P.E., North Dakota
Non-Voting Members
Executive Director: John Horsley, AASHTO
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
Task Force for Roadside Safety
Region 1
Delaware Drew Boyce
Maryland Teri Soos
New Hampshire Keith A. Cota (Chair)
New York Richard D. Wilder
Region 2
Alabama Steven Walker (Vice-Chair)
Georgia Ben Buchan
Mississippi Steve Reeves
Louisiana Paul Fossier
Region 3
Iowa David Little
Kansas Rod Lacy
Missouri Joe Jones
Ohio Michael Bline
Region 4
Idaho Damon Allen
South Dakota Bernie Clocksin
Texas Aurora (Rory) Meza
California Kevin Herritt
Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures Representatives
Region 1: Jiten K. Soneji, Delaware

Region 2: Vacant
Region 3: Vacant
Region 4: Vacant
Others
FHWA Nick Artimovich (Secretary),

Frank Julian, Ken Opiela, Richard Albin
TRB Charles Niessner
Ontario Joe Bucik, Mark Ayton
AASHTO Liaison Keith M. Platte
iv

Highway Subcommittee on Design
Vacant, Chair
RICHARD LAND, California, Vice Chair
David A. Nichol, FHWA, Secretary
Keith M. Platte, AASHTO, Staff Liaison
ALABAMA, William Adams, MINNESOTA, John M. Chiglo, TEXAS, Mark A. Marek

Rex Bush, Carey Kelley Mukhtar Thakur
UTAH, Jesse Sweeten, Lisa Wilson
ALASKA, Mark Neidhold, MISSISSIPPI, John M. Reese,
VERMONT, Kevin Marshia
Robert A. Campbell Amy Mood, C. Keith Purvis
VIRGINIA, Robert H. Cary,
ARIZONA, Mary Viparina MISSOURI, David B. Nichols,
Mohammad Mirshahi,
Kathryn P. Harvey
ARKANSAS, Michael Fugett, Barton A. Thrasher
Phillip L. McConnell MONTANA, Paul R. Ferry,
WASHINGTON, Pasco Bakotich,
Lesly Tribelhorn
CALIFORNIA, Terry L. Abbott Terry L. Berends, Nancy Boyd,
NEBRASKA, James J. Knott, Dave Olson
COLORADO, Jeffrey Wassenaar
Ted Watson
WEST VIRGINIA, Gregory Bailey,
CONNECTICUT, Michael W. Lonergan,
NEVADA, Paul Frost, Eric Glick, Jason C. Foster
James H. Norman, Timothy M. Wilson
Paul K. Sinnott
WISCONSIN, Jerry H. Zogg
DELAWARE, Michael F. Balbierer,
NEW HAMPSHIRE, Craig A. Green
James M. Satterfield WYOMING, Tony Laird
NEW JERSEY, Richard Jaffe
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Said Cherifi, Zahra Dorriz, NEW MEXICO,
Allen Miller Gabriela Contreras-Apodaca, ASSOCIATE MEMBER—Bridge,
Joe S. Garcia Port, and Toll
FLORIDA, James Mills, David O’Hagan, NJ TURNPIKE AUTHORITY,
Frank Sullivan NEW YORK, Daniel D’Angelo J. Lawrence Williams
GEORGIA, James “Ben” Buchan, NORTH CAROLINA, PORT AUTHORITY OF NY AND NJ,
Russell McMurry, Brent Story Deborah M. Barbour, Jay A. Bennett, Scott D. Murrell
Art McMillan
HAWAII, Julius Fronda
NORTH DAKOTA, Roger Weigel
IDAHO, Loren D. Thomas,
ASSOCIATE MEMBER—Federal
Nestor Fernandez OHIO, Dirk Gross, Timothy McDonald
USDA FOREST SERVICE,
ILLINOIS, Scott E. Stitt OKLAHOMA, Tim Tegeler Ellen G. LaFayette
INDIANA, Jeff Clanton, OREGON, David Joe Polly,
Merril E. Dougherty, John E. Wright Steven R. Lindland
ASSOCIATE MEMBER—
IOWA, Michael J. Kennerly, PENNSYLVANIA, Brian D. Hare International
David L. Little, Deanna Maifield ALBERTA, Moh Lali
PUERTO RICO, Luis Santos,
KANSAS, James O. Brewer, Robert Lacy José E. Santana-Pimentel BRITISH COLUMBIA, Richard Voyer
KENTUCKY, Keith Caudill, RHODE ISLAND, Robert Smith KOREA, Chan-Su “Chris” Reem
Bradley S. Eldridge, Jeff D. Jasper
SOUTH CAROLINA, ONTARIO, Joe Bucik
LOUISIANA, Nicholas Kalivoda III, Rob Bedenbaugh, Mark Lester,
David S. Smith, Chad Winchester Mitchell D. Metts SASKATCHEWAN, Sukhy Kent
MAINE, Bradford P. Foley SOUTH DAKOTA, Michael Behm,

Mark A. Leiferman
MARYLAND, Kirk G. McClelland
TENNESSEE, Michael Agnew,
MASSACHUSETTS, Stanley Wood, Jr.
Jeff C. Jones, Carolyn Stonecipher
MICHIGAN, Bradley C. Wieferich

Table of Contents
Preface................................................................................................................................................... xxvii
Chapter 1—An Introduction to Roadside Safety....................................................................................... 1-1

1.0 HISTORY OF ROADSIDE SAFETY...................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 THE BENEFITS OF ROADSIDE SAFETY............................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.2 STRATEGIC PLAN FOR IMPROVING ROADSIDE SAFETY................................................................................................ 1-2
1.3 GUIDE CONTENT AND FORMAT........................................................................................................................................ 1-4
1.4 CRASH TESTING ROADSIDE SAFETY FEATURES AND HARDWARE............................................................................. 1-4
1.5 THE APPLICATION OF THIS GUIDE.................................................................................................................................... 1-6
Chapter 2—Economic Evaluation of Roadside Safety.............................................................................2-1

2.0 OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................................................. 2-1
2.1.1 Encroachments................................................................................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1.2 Roadside Geometry......................................................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.3 Crash Costs....................................................................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.2 BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS PROGRAMS............................................................................................................................ 2-2
2.3 IN-SERVICE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION....................................................................................................................... 2-3
Chapter 3—Roadside Topography and Drainage Features.................................................................. 3-1

3.0 OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 THE CLEAR-ZONE CONCEPT............................................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.2 ROADSIDE GEOMETRY...................................................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.2.1 Foreslopes........................................................................................................................................................................ 3-4
3.2.2 Backslopes........................................................................................................................................................................ 3-6
3.2.3 Transverse Slopes............................................................................................................................................................ 3-6
3.2.4 Drainage Channels........................................................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.3 APPLICATION OF THE CLEAR-ZONE CONCEPT.............................................................................................................. 3-10
3.3.1 Recoverable Foreslopes................................................................................................................................................. 3-11
3.3.2 Non-Recoverable Foreslopes......................................................................................................................................... 3-11
3.3.3 Critical Foreslopes.......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11
3.3.4 Examples of Clear-Zone Application on Variable Slopes ............................................................................................ 3-11
3.3.5 Clear-Zone Applications for Drainage Channels and Backslopes................................................................................ 3-12
3.3.6 Clear Zone for Auxiliary Lanes and Freeway Ramps ................................................................................................... 3-12
3.4 DRAINAGE FEATURES...................................................................................................................................................... 3-12
3.4.1 Curbs............................................................................................................................................................................... 3-13
3.4.2 Cross-Drainage Structures............................................................................................................................................. 3-13
vii

3.4.2.1 Traversable Designs.................................................................................................................................................... 3-14
3.4.2.2 Extension of Structure................................................................................................................................................ 3-14
3.4.2.3 Shielding...................................................................................................................................................................... 3-16
3.4.3 Parallel Drainage Features.............................................................................................................................................. 3-16
3.4.3.1 Eliminate the Structure............................................................................................................................................... 3-16
3.4.3.2 Traversable Designs.................................................................................................................................................... 3-16
3.4.3.3 Relocate the Structure................................................................................................................................................ 3-18
3.4.3.4 Shielding...................................................................................................................................................................... 3-19
3.4.4 Drop Inlets...................................................................................................................................................................... 3-19
3.5 Examples of the clear-zone concept to recoverable foreslopes......................................................... 3-19
Chapter 4—Sign, Signal, and Luminaire Supports, Utility Poles, Trees,

and Similar Roadside Features.............................................................................................................................4-1
4.0 OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR BREAKAWAY SUPPORTS.................................................................................................. 4-2
4.2 DESIGN AND LOCATION CRITERIA FOR BREAKAWAY AND NON-BREAKAWAY SUPPORTS....................................... 4-2
4.3 SIGN SUPPORTS................................................................................................................................................................. 4-4
4.3.1 Overhead Sign Supports................................................................................................................................................. 4-4
4.3.2 Large Roadside Sign Supports........................................................................................................................................ 4-4
4.3.3 Small Roadside Sign Supports........................................................................................................................................ 4-7
4.4 MULTIPLE POST SUPPORTS FOR SIGNS........................................................................................................................ 4-10
4.5 LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS.................................................................................................................................................... 4-10
4.5.1 Breakaway Luminaire Supports..................................................................................................................................... 4-10
4.5.2 High-Level Lighting Supports........................................................................................................................................ 4-12
4.6 TRAFFIC SIGNAL SUPPORTS .......................................................................................................................................... 4-12
4.7 SUPPORTS FOR MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES................................................................................................................. 4-13
4.7.1 Railroad Crossing Warning Devices.............................................................................................................................. 4-13
4.7.2 Fire Hydrants.................................................................................................................................................................. 4-13
4.7.3 Mailbox Supports........................................................................................................................................................... 4-13
4.8 UTILITY POLES.................................................................................................................................................................. 4-13
4.9 TREES................................................................................................................................................................................ 4-15
Chapter 5—Roadside Barriers................................................................................................................................5-1

5.0 OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.1 FHWA Acceptance Letters .............................................................................................................................................. 5-3
5.1.2 Standard Barrier Hardware Guide .................................................................................................................................. 5-3
5.2 BARRIER RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................................................................... 5-3
5.2.1 Roadside Geometry and Terrain Features....................................................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.2 Roadside Obstacles ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-9
5.2.3 Bystanders, Pedestrians, and Bicyclists ....................................................................................................................... 5-10
viii

5.2.4 Motorcycles and Barrier Design ................................................................................................................................... 5-10
5.3 TEST LEVEL SELECTION FACTORS ................................................................................................................................ 5-10
5.4 STRUCTURAL AND SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF ROADSIDE BARRIERS .............................................................. 5-11
5.4.1 Standard Sections of Roadside Barriers ...................................................................................................................... 5-11
5.4.1.1 Low-Tension Cable...................................................................................................................................................... 5-13
5.4.1.2 High-Tension Cable...................................................................................................................................................... 5-14
5.4.1.3 W-Beam (Weak Post) .................................................................................................................................................. 5-14
5.4.1.4 Ironwood Aesthetic Guardrail .................................................................................................................................... 5-15
5.4.1.5 Box Beam (Weak Post) ............................................................................................................................................... 5-15
5.4.1.6 Blocked-Out W-Beam (Strong Post) .......................................................................................................................... 5-16
5.4.1.7 Midwest Guardrail System (MGS).............................................................................................................................. 5-18
5.4.1.8 Proprietary W-Beam Guardrail Systems.................................................................................................................... 5-20
5.4.1.8.1 Gregory Mini Spacer™ (GMS) Guardrail System ................................................................................................... 5-21
5.4.1.8.2 Trinity T-31™ Guardrail System............................................................................................................................... 5-21
5.4.1.8.3 NU-GUARD™ 31 by Nucor Steel Marion, Inc. ........................................................................................................ 5-22
5.4.1.9 Blocked-Out Thrie-Beam ............................................................................................................................................ 5-23
5.4.1.9.1 Blocked-Out Thrie-Beam (Wood and Steel Strong Post) ...................................................................................... 5-23
5.4.1.9.2 Modified Thrie-Beam .............................................................................................................................................. 5-23
5.4.1.9.3 Trinity T-39™ Guardrail System .............................................................................................................................. 5-24
5.4.1.10 Merritt Parkway Aesthetic Guardrail ........................................................................................................................ 5-25
5.4.1.11 Backed Timber Guardrail ......................................................................................................................................... 5-26
5.4.1.12 Concrete Barriers ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-26
5.4.1.13 CUSHIONWALL® II Crash Cushion System............................................................................................................. 5-29
5.4.1.14 Stone Masonry Wall/Precast Masonry Wall ............................................................................................................ 5-29
5.4.2 Long-Span Guardrail Systems ...................................................................................................................................... 5-30
5.4.3 Transition Designs ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-31
5.5 SELECTION GUIDELINES ................................................................................................................................................. 5-32
5.5.1 Barrier Performance Capability ..................................................................................................................................... 5-32
5.5.2 Barrier Deflection Characteristics ................................................................................................................................. 5-33
5.5.3 Site Conditions .............................................................................................................................................................. 5-38
5.5.4 Compatibility .................................................................................................................................................................. 5-38
5.5.5 Life-Cycle Costs ............................................................................................................................................................. 5-38
5.5.6 Maintenance .................................................................................................................................................................. 5-38
5.5.6.1 Routine Maintenance ................................................................................................................................................. 5-38
5.5.6.2 Crash Maintenance ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-38
5.5.6.3 Material and Storage Requirements .......................................................................................................................... 5-39
5.5.6.4 Simplicity of Barrier Design ....................................................................................................................................... 5-39
5.5.7 Aesthetic and Environmental Considerations .............................................................................................................. 5-39
5.5.8 Field Experience ............................................................................................................................................................ 5-39
ix

5.6 PLACEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 5-39
5.6.1 Barrier Offset ................................................................................................................................................................. 5-40
5.6.2 Terrain Effects ................................................................................................................................................................ 5-43
5.6.2.1 Curbs ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5-43
5.6.2.1.1 Curb/Guardrail Combinations for Strong-Post W-Beam Guardrail......................................................................... 5-44
5.6.2.1.2 Crash Tested Curb/Guardrail Combinations............................................................................................................ 5-45
5.6.2.2 Slopes ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5-46
5.6.3 Flare Rate ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5-48
5.6.5 Grading for Terminals..................................................................................................................................................... 5-59
5.6.6 Guardrail Placed in a Radius ......................................................................................................................................... 5-60
5.6.7 Guardrail Posts in Rigid Foundations............................................................................................................................ 5-61
5.6.7.1 Guardrail Posts in Rock Formations........................................................................................................................... 5-61
5.6.7.2 Guardrail Posts in Mow Strips.................................................................................................................................... 5-61
5.7 UPGRADING SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................... 5-66
5.7.1 Structural Inadequacies ................................................................................................................................................ 5-66
5.7.2 Design/Placement Inadequacies ................................................................................................................................... 5-66
5.7.3 Establishing Priorities of Upgrading Needs ................................................................................................................. 5-66
chapter 6—Median Barriers....................................................................................................................................6-1

6.0 OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 GUIDELINES FOR MEDIAN BARRIER APPLICATION ........................................................................................................ 6-1
6.3 PERFORMANCE LEVEL SELECTION PROCEDURES ........................................................................................................ 6-3
6.4 STRUCTURAL AND SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIAN BARRIERS .................................................................... 6-3
6.4.1 Crashworthy Median Barrier Systems ........................................................................................................................... 6-3
6.4.1.1 Weak-Post W-Beam Median Barrier.............................................................................................................................. 6-5
6.4.1.2 Low-Tension Cable Barrier ........................................................................................................................................... 6-5
6.4.1.3 High-Tension Cable Barrier ........................................................................................................................................... 6-6
6.4.1.4 Box-Beam Median Barrier ............................................................................................................................................ 6-9
6.4.1.5 Blocked-Out W-Beam (Strong Post) ............................................................................................................................ 6-9
6.4.1.6 Blocked-Out Thrie-Beam (Strong Post) ..................................................................................................................... 6-10
6.4.1.7 Modified Thrie-Beam Median Barrier ........................................................................................................................ 6-10
6.4.1.8 Concrete Barrier ......................................................................................................................................................... 6-11
6.4.1.9 Quickchange® Moveable Barrier System .................................................................................................................. 6-14
6.4.2 End Treatments ............................................................................................................................................................. 6-14
6.4.3 Transitions ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6-16
6.5 SELECTION GUIDELINES ................................................................................................................................................. 6-16
6.5.1 Barrier Performance Capability ..................................................................................................................................... 6-16
6.5.2 Barrier Deflection Characteristics ................................................................................................................................. 6-16
6.5.3 Compatibility .................................................................................................................................................................. 6-16

6.5.4 Costs .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6-17
6.5.5 Maintenance .................................................................................................................................................................. 6-17
6.5.6 Aesthetic and Environmental Considerations .............................................................................................................. 6-17
6.5.7 Field Experience ............................................................................................................................................................ 6-17
6.6 PLACEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 6-17
6.6.1 Terrain Effects ................................................................................................................................................................ 6-17
6.6.1.1 Median Section I.......................................................................................................................................................... 6-18
6.6.1.2 Median Section II......................................................................................................................................................... 6-18
6.6.1.3 Median Section III........................................................................................................................................................ 6-19
6.6.2 Fixed Objects within the Median .................................................................................................................................. 6-20
6.7 UPGRADING SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................... 6-21
chapter 7—Bridge Railings and Transitions................................................................................................7-1

7.0 OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2 GUIDELINES........................................................................................................................................................................ 7-2
7.3 APPROPRIATE TEST LEVEL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS........................................................................................... 7-2
7.4 CRASH-TESTED RAILINGS................................................................................................................................................. 7-2
7.4.1 NCHRP 350 TL-1 through TL-4 Bridge Railings............................................................................................................... 7-4
7.4.2 MASH TL-5 and TL-6 Bridge Railings.............................................................................................................................. 7-5
7.5 SELECTION GUIDELINES.................................................................................................................................................... 7-6
7.5.1 Railing Performance......................................................................................................................................................... 7-6
7.5.2 Compatibility..................................................................................................................................................................... 7-7
7.5.3 Costs................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-7
7.5.4 Field Experience............................................................................................................................................................... 7-7
7.5.5 Aesthetics......................................................................................................................................................................... 7-7
7.5.6 Protective Screening at Overpasses................................................................................................................................ 7-7
7.6 PLACEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................................. 7-8
7.6.1 Considerations for Urban and Low-Volume Roads......................................................................................................... 7-8
7.7 UPGRADING OF BRIDGE RAILINGS................................................................................................................................. 7-10
7.7.1 Identification of Potentially Obsolete Systems............................................................................................................. 7-10
7.7.2 Upgrading Systems........................................................................................................................................................ 7-11
7.7.2.1 Concrete Retrofit (Safety Shape or Vertical).............................................................................................................. 7-11
7.7.2.2 W-Beam or Thrie-Beam Retrofits................................................................................................................................ 7-12
7.7.2.3 Metal Post-and-Beam Retrofits................................................................................................................................... 7-13
7.8 TRANSITIONS.................................................................................................................................................................... 7-14
chapter 8—End Treatments.....................................................................................................................................8-1

8.0 OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................................................................... 8-1
xi

8.1.1 FHWA Acceptance Letters .............................................................................................................................................. 8-2
8.1.2 Guide to Standardized Barrier Hardware........................................................................................................................ 8-2
8.2 ANCHORAGE DESIGN CONCEPTS.................................................................................................................................... 8-2
8.3 TERMINAL DESIGN CONCEPTS......................................................................................................................................... 8-3
8.3.1 Compatibility of Terminals with Flexible and Semi-Rigid Barrier Systems................................................................... 8-3
8.3.2 Performance Characteristics of Terminals....................................................................................................................... 8-4
8.3.2.1 Energy-Absorbing vs. Non-Energy-Absorbing Terminals........................................................................................... 8-4
8.3.2.2 Flared versus Tangent Terminals.................................................................................................................................. 8-4
8.3.2.3 Length-of-Need Point.................................................................................................................................................... 8-4
8.3.3 Site Grading Considerations for Terminals..................................................................................................................... 8-4
8.3.3.1 Advance Grading........................................................................................................................................................... 8-5
8.3.3.2 Adjacent Grading .......................................................................................................................................................... 8-5
8.3.3.3 Runout Distance Grading.............................................................................................................................................. 8-6
8.3.4 Terminals........................................................................................................................................................................... 8-7
8.3.5 Terminals for Cable Barrier Systems............................................................................................................................... 8-7
8.3.5.1 Three-Strand Cable Terminal........................................................................................................................................ 8-7
8.3.5.2 Terminals for High-Tension Cable Barrier Systems...................................................................................................... 8-8
8.3.6 Terminals for W-Beam Guardrail Systems...................................................................................................................... 8-9
8.3.6.1 Buried-in-Backslope Terminal..................................................................................................................................... 8-10
8.3.6.2 Flared W-Beam Terminals........................................................................................................................................... 8-11
8.3.6.2.1 Eccentric Loader Terminal (ELT).............................................................................................................................. 8-11
8.3.6.2.2 Modified Eccentric Loader Terminal (MELT)........................................................................................................... 8-12
8.3.6.2.3 Flared Energy-Absorbing Terminal (FLEAT™)......................................................................................................... 8-12
8.3.6.2.4 Slotted Rail Terminal (SRT-350™)............................................................................................................................ 8-12
8.3.6.2.5 X-Tension™ Guardrail End Terminal........................................................................................................................ 8-13
8.3.6.3 Tangent W-Beam Terminals........................................................................................................................................ 8-14
8.3.6.3.1 Extruder Terminal (ET-Plus™)................................................................................................................................... 8-14
8.3.6.3.2 Sequential Kinking Terminal (SKT-350™)................................................................................................................ 8-15
8.3.6.3.3 X-Tension™ Guardrail Terminal................................................................................................................................ 8-16
8.3.6.4 Terminals for 787-mm [31-in.] Height Steel Beam Guardrail Systems..................................................................... 8-16
8.3.6.5 Median Terminals........................................................................................................................................................ 8-16
8.3.6.5.1 Brakemaster® 350.................................................................................................................................................... 8-16
8.3.6.5.2 Crash Cushion Attenuating Terminal (CAT-350™)................................................................................................... 8-18
8.3.6.5.3 FLEAT Median Terminal (FLEAT-MT™).................................................................................................................... 8-18
8.3.6.5.4 X-Tension™ Median Attenuator System (X-MAS)................................................................................................... 8-18
8.3.7 Terminals for Box-Beam Guardrail................................................................................................................................. 8-19
8.3.7.1 Wyoming Box-Beam End Terminal (WY-BET™)......................................................................................................... 8-20
8.3.7.2 Bursting Energy Absorbing Terminal (BEAT™).......................................................................................................... 8-20
8.4 CRASH CUSHION DESIGN CONCEPTS........................................................................................................................... 8-21
xii

8.4.1 Design Principles............................................................................................................................................................ 8-22
8.4.1.1 Work-Energy Principle................................................................................................................................................. 8-22
8.4.1.2 Conservation of Momentum Principle....................................................................................................................... 8-22
8.4.2 Crash Cushions Based on Work-Energy Principle........................................................................................................ 8-23
8.4.2.1 Sacrificial Crash Cushions........................................................................................................................................... 8-23
8.4.2.1.1 Thrie-Beam Bullnose Guardrail System.................................................................................................................. 8-24
8.4.2.1.2 ABSORB 350®.......................................................................................................................................................... 8-24
8.4.2.1.3 Advanced Dynamic Impact Extension Module (ADIEM™)..................................................................................... 8-25
8.4.2.1.4 Bursting Energy Absorbing Terminal–Single Sided Crash Cushion (BEAT-SSCC™) System .............................. 8-25
8.4.2.1.5 Bursting Energy Absorbing Terminal–Bridge Pier (BEAT-BP™) System................................................................ 8-26
8.4.2.1.6 QuadTrend® 350...................................................................................................................................................... 8-27
8.4.2.1.7 Narrow Connecticut Impact Attenuation System (NCIAS)..................................................................................... 8-27
8.4.2.2 Reusable Crash Cushions........................................................................................................................................... 8-28
8.4.2.2.1 QuadGuard® Family................................................................................................................................................ 8-28
8.4.2.2.2 Universal TAU-II® Family......................................................................................................................................... 8-29
8.4.2.2.3 Trinity Attenuating Crash Cushion (TRACC™) Family............................................................................................. 8-30
8.4.2.2.4 QUEST® Crash Cushion.......................................................................................................................................... 8-30
8.4.2.3 Low-Maintenance and/or Self-Restoring Crash Cushions......................................................................................... 8-31
8.4.2.3.1 Compressor™ Attenuator........................................................................................................................................ 8-31
8.4.2.3.2 EASI-CELL® Cluster................................................................................................................................................. 8-32
8.4.2.3.3 Hybrid Energy Absorbing Reusable Terminal (HEART™)....................................................................................... 8-32
8.4.2.3.4 QuadGuard Elite....................................................................................................................................................... 8-33
8.4.2.3.5 QuadGuard Low-Maintenance Cartridge (LMC)..................................................................................................... 8-34
8.4.2.3.6 Reusable Energy-Absorbing Crash Terminal (REACT 350®)................................................................................. 8-34
8.4.2.3.7 Smart Cushion Innovations 100GM and 70GM (SCI-100GM and SCI-70GM)....................................................... 8-35
8.4.3 Crash Cushions Based on Conservation of Momentum Principle............................................................................... 8-36
8.4.4 Miscellaneous Crash Cushions and End Treatments for Concrete Barriers................................................................ 8-41
8.4.4.1 Sloped Concrete End Treatment................................................................................................................................ 8-42
8.4.4.2 Buried Concrete Barrier Terminal............................................................................................................................... 8-42
8.4.4.3 Dragnet........................................................................................................................................................................ 8-42
8.4.4.4 Ground Retractable Automotive Barrier (GRAB-300®)............................................................................................. 8-43
8.4.4.5 Gravel-Bed Attenuator................................................................................................................................................ 8-44
8.4.4.6 STOPGATE®................................................................................................................................................................ 8-44
8.4.4.7 Florida Low-Profile Barrier Terminal........................................................................................................................... 8-45
8.4.5 Crash Cushion Selection Guidelines............................................................................................................................. 8-45
8.4.5.1 Site Characteristics...................................................................................................................................................... 8-45
8.4.5.2 Crash Cushion Structural and Safety Characteristics................................................................................................ 8-45
8.4.5.3 Costs............................................................................................................................................................................ 8-47
8.4.5.4 Maintenance Characteristics....................................................................................................................................... 8-47
xiii

8.4.5.5 Selection Criteria......................................................................................................................................................... 8-50
8.4.5.6 Inclusion Area.............................................................................................................................................................. 8-50
8.4.6 Placement Recommendations....................................................................................................................................... 8-51
8.5 DELINEATION OF END TREATMENTS............................................................................................................................. 8-51
chapter 9—Traffic Barriers, Traffic Control Devices, and Other Safety

Features for Work Zones..........................................................................................................................................9-1
9.0 OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................................................................... 9-1
9.1 THE CLEAR-ZONE CONCEPT IN WORK ZONES................................................................................................................ 9-2
9.1.1 Application of the Clear-Zone Concept in Work Zones.................................................................................................. 9-2
9.2 TRAFFIC BARRIERS............................................................................................................................................................. 9-2
9.2.1 Temporary Longitudinal Barriers..................................................................................................................................... 9-2
9.2.1.1 Test-Level Requirements............................................................................................................................................... 9-3
9.2.1.2 Portable Concrete Barriers............................................................................................................................................ 9-3
9.2.1.2.1 Iowa Temporary Concrete Barrier............................................................................................................................. 9-4
9.2.1.2.2 Rockingham Precast Concrete Barrier....................................................................................................................... 9-6
9.2.1.2.3 J-J Hooks Portable Concrete Barrier......................................................................................................................... 9-6
9.2.1.2.4 Modified Virginia DOT Portable Concrete Barrier..................................................................................................... 9-7
9.2.1.2.5 California K-Rail Portable Concrete Barrier for Semi-Permanent Installations......................................................... 9-8
9.2.1.2.6 GPLINK® Pre-Cast Temporary Concrete Barrier....................................................................................................... 9-9
9.2.1.2.7 Georgia Temporary Concrete Barrier........................................................................................................................ 9-9
9.2.1.2.8 Idaho 6.1-m [20-ft] New Jersey Portable Barrier..................................................................................................... 9-10
9.2.1.2.9 Oregon Pin-and-Loop Barrier .................................................................................................................................. 9-11
9.2.1.2.10 Ohio DOT 3-m [10-ft] Long New Jersey Profile Temporary Concrete Barrier..................................................... 9-12
9.2.1.2.11 New York DOT Portable Concrete Barrier.............................................................................................................. 9-12
9.2.1.2.12 Iowa DOT Tie-Down Steel H-Section Temporary Barrier..................................................................................... 9-13
9.2.1.2.13 Quick-Bolt F-Shaped Concrete Safety Barrier....................................................................................................... 9-14
9.2.1.2.14 Texas X-Bolt F-Shaped Concrete Safety Barrier.................................................................................................... 9-14
9.2.1.2.15 Texas Single Slope Concrete Barrier (SSCB)........................................................................................................ 9-15
9.2.1.2.16 Minimizing Deflection............................................................................................................................................. 9-16
9.2.1.2.17 Restricted Sites....................................................................................................................................................... 9-19
9.2.1.3 Other Concrete Barriers.............................................................................................................................................. 9-19
9.2.1.3.1 Quickchange® Barrier System................................................................................................................................. 9-19
9.2.1.3.2 Low-Profile Barrier System...................................................................................................................................... 9-20
9.2.1.3.3 Florida Low-Profile Barrier System.......................................................................................................................... 9-20
9.2.1.4 Other Barriers.............................................................................................................................................................. 9-20
9.2.1.4.1 Water-Filled Barriers................................................................................................................................................. 9-20
9.2.1.4.2 Steel Barriers............................................................................................................................................................ 9-21
9.2.2 End Treatments.............................................................................................................................................................. 9-22
9.2.3 Transitions....................................................................................................................................................................... 9-23
xiv

9.2.3.1 Portable Concrete Barrier Steel Plate Transition........................................................................................................ 9-23
9.2.3.2 F-Shaped Portable Concrete Barrier to Low-Profile Barrier Transition..................................................................... 9-24
9.2.4 Applications.................................................................................................................................................................... 9-24
9.3 Crash Cushions.................................................................................................................................................................. 9-25
9.3.1 Stationary Crash Cushions............................................................................................................................................. 9-25
9.3.1.1 Sand-Filled Plastic Barrels........................................................................................................................................... 9-25
9.3.1.2 QuadGuardDTM CZ System......................................................................................................................................... 9-26
9.3.1.3 REACT® 350 CZ ........................................................................................................................................................... 9-26
9.3.2 Truck- and Trailer-Mounted Attenuators (TMAs).......................................................................................................... 9-27
9.3.2.1 Test-Level Selection for TMAs.................................................................................................................................... 9-29
9.3.2.2 Placement ................................................................................................................................................................... 9-29
9.3.2.2.1 Buffer Distance......................................................................................................................................................... 9-29
9.3.2.2.2 Mass of a Shadow Vehicle....................................................................................................................................... 9-30
9.3.2.2.3 Delineation................................................................................................................................................................ 9-30
9.3.2.3 Crashworthy TMAs .................................................................................................................................................... 9-30
9.4 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES........................................................................................................................................... 9-32
9.4.1 Channelizing Devices..................................................................................................................................................... 9-33
9.4.1.1 Test-Level Evaluation Criteria...................................................................................................................................... 9-33
9.4.1.2 Cones and Tubular Markers ....................................................................................................................................... 9-33
9.4.1.3 Vertical Panels.............................................................................................................................................................. 9-34
9.4.1.4 Drums.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9-35
9.4.1.5 Barricades.................................................................................................................................................................... 9-35
9.4.1.6 Longitudinal Channelizing Devices............................................................................................................................. 9-37
9.4.2 Signs and Supports........................................................................................................................................................ 9-38
9.4.2.1 Long- and Intermediate-Term Work-Zone Sign Supports.......................................................................................... 9-38
9.4.2.2 Wheeled Portable Sign Supports............................................................................................................................... 9-38
9.4.2.3 Short-Term Work-Zone Sign Supports....................................................................................................................... 9-38
9.4.2.4 Trailer-Mounted Devices............................................................................................................................................. 9-39
9.4.2.5 Warning Lights............................................................................................................................................................. 9-40
9.5 OTHER WORK-ZONE FEATURES...................................................................................................................................... 9-40
9.5.1 Glare Screens................................................................................................................................................................. 9-40
9.5.2 Pavement Edge Drop-Offs............................................................................................................................................. 9-41
chapter 10—Roadside Safety in Urban or Restricted Environments......................................... 10-1

10.0 OVERVIEW....................................................................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1 EVALUATION OF CRITICAL URBAN ROADSIDE LOCATIONS....................................................................................... 10-2
10.1.1 Evaluation of Individual Sites....................................................................................................................................... 10-2
10.1.2 Design Speed and Functional Use............................................................................................................................... 10-3
10.1.3 Targeted Design Approach for High-Risk Urban Roadside Corridors........................................................................ 10-3
10.1.3.1 Obstacles in Close Proximity to Curb Face or Lane Edge....................................................................................... 10-3
xv

10.1.3.2 Lane Merge Locations............................................................................................................................................... 10-4
10.1.3.3 Driveway Locations................................................................................................................................................... 10-5
10.1.3.4 Intersection Locations............................................................................................................................................... 10-6
10.2 ROADSIDE FEATURES FOR URBAN AND RESTRICTED AREAS.................................................................................. 10-7
10.2.1 Common Urban Roadside Features............................................................................................................................ 10-7
10.2.1.1 Curbs.......................................................................................................................................................................... 10-7
10.2.1.2 Shoulders................................................................................................................................................................... 10-8
10.2.1.3 Channelization and Medians..................................................................................................................................... 10-8
10.2.1.4 Gateways................................................................................................................................................................... 10-8
10.2.1.5 Roadside Grading...................................................................................................................................................... 10-9
10.2.1.6 Pedestrian Facilities................................................................................................................................................... 10-9
10.2.1.7 Bicycle Facilities....................................................................................................................................................... 10-11
10.2.1.8 Parking..................................................................................................................................................................... 10-12
10.2.2 Safe Placement of Roadside Objects........................................................................................................................ 10-12
10.2.2.1 Mailboxes................................................................................................................................................................ 10-12
10.2.2.2 Street Furniture........................................................................................................................................................ 10-13
10.2.2.3 Vertical Roadside Treatments and Their Hardware............................................................................................... 10-13
10.2.2.3.1 Utility Poles........................................................................................................................................................... 10-14
10.2.2.3.2 Lighting and Visibility........................................................................................................................................... 10-14
10.2.2.3.3 Sign Posts and Roadside Hardware.................................................................................................................... 10-14
10.2.3 Placement of Landscaping, Trees, and Shrubs......................................................................................................... 10-15
10.2.4 Use of Roadside Barriers........................................................................................................................................... 10-16
10.2.4.1 Barrier Warrants...................................................................................................................................................... 10-17
10.2.4.2 Barriers to Protect Adjacent Land Use .................................................................................................................. 10-17
10.2.4.3 Common Urban Barrier Treatments....................................................................................................................... 10-17
10.2.4.3.1 Roadside and Median Barriers............................................................................................................................. 10-17
10.2.4.3.2 Crash Cushions..................................................................................................................................................... 10-17
10.2.4.3.3 Pedestrian Restraint Systems.............................................................................................................................. 10-18
10.3 DRAINAGE..................................................................................................................................................................... 10-18
10.4 URBAN WORK ZONES.................................................................................................................................................. 10-19
chapter 11—Erecting Mailboxes on Streets and Highways.............................................................. 11-1

11.0 OVERVIEW....................................................................................................................................................................... 11-1
11.1 MAILBOXES..................................................................................................................................................................... 11-1
11.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES..................................................................................................................... 11-3
11.2.1 Regulations................................................................................................................................................................... 11-3
11.2.2 Mail Stop and Mailbox Location.................................................................................................................................. 11-4
11.2.3 Mailbox Turnout Design............................................................................................................................................... 11-6
11.2.4 Mailbox Support and Attachment Design................................................................................................................... 11-8
xvi

11.3 U.S. POSTAL SERVICE GUIDANCE AND MODEL MAILBOX REGULATION .............................................................. 11-17
11.3.1 U.S. Postal Service Guidance..................................................................................................................................... 11-17
11.3.2 Model Mailbox Regulation......................................................................................................................................... 11-17
11.3.2.1 Scope....................................................................................................................................................................... 11-17
11.3.2.2 Location................................................................................................................................................................... 11-17
11.3.2.3 Structure.................................................................................................................................................................. 11-18
11.3.2.4 Shoulder and Parking Area Construction............................................................................................................... 11-18
11.3.2.5 Removal of Nonconforming or Unsafe Mailboxes................................................................................................ 11-18
chapter 12—Roadside Safety on Low-Volume Roads and Streets................................................ 12-1

12.0 OVERVIEW....................................................................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1 STRATEGIES.................................................................................................................................................................... 12-2
12.2 SIGNING, MARKING, AND DELINEATION...................................................................................................................... 12-2
12.3 CLEAR ZONE................................................................................................................................................................... 12-3
12.4 SLOPES AND DITCHES................................................................................................................................................... 12-4
12.5 DRAINAGE STRUCTURES.............................................................................................................................................. 12-4
12.7 ROADSIDE BARRIERS..................................................................................................................................................... 12-6
12.8 BRIDGES.......................................................................................................................................................................... 12-7
Glossary................................................................................................................................................ G-1
Index..........................................................................................................................................................I-1
xvii

List of Figures
chapter 1
Figure 1-1. Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths and Deaths Per 100 Million Vehicle Miles Traveled, 1950–2008............................ 1-2
Figure 1-2. Percent Distribution of Fixed-Object Fatalities by Object Struck, 2008................................................................ 1-3
chapter 3
Figure 3-1. Roadway Geometry Features................................................................................................................................. 3-5
Figure 3-2. Clear Zone for Non-Recoverable Parallel Foreslope............................................................................................. 3-6
Figure 3-3. Suggested Design for Transverse Slopes............................................................................................................. 3-7
Figure 3-4. Median Transverse Slope Design.......................................................................................................................... 3-7
Figure 3-5. Alternate Designs for Drains at Median Openings................................................................................................ 3-8
Figure 3-6. Preferred Cross Sections for Channels with Abrupt Slope Changes................................................................... 3-9
Figure 3-7. Preferred Cross Sections for Channels with Gradual Slope Changes................................................................ 3-10
Figure 3-8. Design Criteria for Safety Treatment of Pipes and Culverts............................................................................... 3-15
Figure 3-9. Safety Treatment for Cross-Drainage Culvert...................................................................................................... 3-15
Figure 3-10. Inlet and Outlet Design Example for Parallel Drainage..................................................................................... 3-17
Figure 3-11. Alternate Location for a Parallel Drainage Culvert............................................................................................ 3-18
Figure 3-12. Safety Treatment for Parallel Drainage Pipe...................................................................................................... 3-18
chapter 4
Figure 4-1. Breakaway Support Stub Height Measurements.................................................................................................. 4-3
Figure 4-2. Wind and Impact Loads on Roadside Signs.......................................................................................................... 4-5
Figure 4-3. Impact Performance of a Multiple-Post Sign Support.......................................................................................... 4-5
Figure 4-4. Multidirectional Coupler......................................................................................................................................... 4-6
Figure 4-5. Typical Unidirectional Slip Base............................................................................................................................. 4-6
Figure 4-6. Slotted Fuse Plate Design....................................................................................................................................... 4-6
Figure 4-7. Perforated Fuse Plate Design................................................................................................................................. 4-7
Figure 4-8. Unidirectional Slip Base for Small Signs............................................................................................................... 4-9
Figure 4-9. Multidirectional Slip Base for Small Signs............................................................................................................ 4-9
Figure 4-10. Oregon 3-Bolt Slip Base..................................................................................................................................... 4-10
Figure 4-11. Example of a Cast Aluminum Frangible Luminaire........................................................................................... 4-11
Figure 4-12. Example of a Luminaire Slip Base Design......................................................................................................... 4-11
Figure 4-13. Example of a Frangible Coupling Design.......................................................................................................... 4-11
Figure 4-14. Prototype Breakaway Design for Utility Poles................................................................................................... 4-15
chapter 5
Figure 5-1(a). Comparative Barrier Consideration for Embankments (Metric Units) ............................................................ 5-5
Figure 5-1(b). Comparative Barrier Consideration for Embankments (U.S. Customary Units) ............................................. 5-6
xviii

Figure 5-2(a). Example Design Chart for Embankment Barrier Consideration Based on Fill Height,
Slope, and Traffic Volume (Metric Units) .................................................................................................................................5-7
Figure 5-2(b). Example Design Chart for Embankment Barrier Consideration Based on Fill Height,
Slope, and Traffic Volume (U.S. Customary Units) .................................................................................................................5-7
Figure 5-3(a). Example Design Chart for Cost-Effective Barrier Consideration for Embankments Based
on Traffic Speeds and Volumes, Slope Geometry, and Length of Slope (Metric Units) .......................................................5-8
Figure 5-3(b). Example Design Chart for Cost-Effective Barrier Consideration for Embankments Based
on Traffic Speeds and Volumes, Slope Geometry, and Length of Slope (U.S. Customary Units) ........................................5-8
Figure 5-4. Definition of Roadside Barriers............................................................................................................................ 5-11
Figure 5-5. Three-Strand Cable Barrier.................................................................................................................................. 5-13
Figure 5-6. Weak-Post W-Beam Guardrail.............................................................................................................................. 5-14
Figure 5-7. Ironwood Aesthetic Guardrail.............................................................................................................................. 5-15
Figure 5-8. Weak-Post Box Beam Guardrail........................................................................................................................... 5-16
Figure 5-9. Steel-Post W-Beam Guardrail with Wood Blockouts........................................................................................... 5-16
Figure 5-10. Midwest Guardrail System (MGS)..................................................................................................................... 5-18
Figure 5-11. Gregory Mini Spacer.......................................................................................................................................... 5-21
Figure 5-12. Trinity T-31™ Guardrail System.......................................................................................................................... 5-22
Figure 5-13. NU-GUARD™-31 Guardrail System.................................................................................................................... 5-22
Figure 5-14. Wood-Post Thrie-Beam Guardrail...................................................................................................................... 5-23
Figure 5-15. Modified Thrie-Beam Guardrail.......................................................................................................................... 5-24
Figure 5-16. Trinity T-39™ Guardrail System.......................................................................................................................... 5-25
Figure 5-17. Merritt Parkway Aesthetic Guardrail.................................................................................................................. 5-25
Figure 5-18. Backed Timber Guardrail.................................................................................................................................... 5-26
Figure 5-19. Low Profile Barrier.............................................................................................................................................. 5-27
Figure 5-20. Constant Slope Barrier....................................................................................................................................... 5-27
Figure 5-21. 2,290-mm [90-in.] New Jersey Barrier............................................................................................................... 5-28
Figure 5-22. CushionWall® II System...................................................................................................................................... 5-29
Figure 5-23. Stone Masonry Wall........................................................................................................................................... 5-29
Figure 5-24. Precast Masonry Wall......................................................................................................................................... 5-30
Figure 5-25. Long-Span, Nested W-Beam Guardrail.............................................................................................................. 5-31
Figure 5-26. Long-Span MGS................................................................................................................................................. 5-31
Figure 5-27. Zone of Intrusion for TL-2 .................................................................................................................................. 5-35
Figure 5-28. Zone of Intrusion for TL-3 Concrete Barriers and Steel Tubular Rails on Curbs.............................................. 5-36
Figure 5-29. Zone of Intrusion for TL-3 Combination and Timber Barriers.......................................................................... 5-36
Figure 5-30. Zone of Intrusion for TL-3 Steel Tubular Rails Not on Curbs............................................................................ 5-37
Figure 5-31. Zone of Intrustion for TL-4 Barriers per NCHRP Report 350............................................................................. 5-37
Figure 5-32. Example Guardrail and Embankment Layout Sheet......................................................................................... 5-40
Figure 5-33. Recommended Barrier Placement for Optimum Performance........................................................................ 5-41
Figure 5-34. MGS Placed at 1V:2H Slope Breakpoint............................................................................................................ 5-42
Figure 5-35(a). Example Laydown Curb for Use Offset from Guardrail................................................................................ 5-43
Figure 5-35(b). Example Laydown Curb near End Terminal.................................................................................................. 5-44
xix

Figure 5-36. MGS Offset from Curb........................................................................................................................................ 5-45
Figure 5-37. Design Parameters for Vehicle Encroachments on Slopes............................................................................... 5-46
Figure 5-38. Recommended Barrier Location on 1V:6H........................................................................................................ 5-47
Figure 5-39. Approach Barrier Layout Variables.................................................................................................................... 5-49
Figure 5-40(a). Example Design Chart for a Flared Roadside Barrier................................................................................... 5-52
Figure 5-40(b). Example Design Chart for a Flared Roadside Barrier Installation (U.S. Customary Units).........................5-52
Figure 5-41(a). Example Design Chart for a Parallel Roadside Barrier Installation (Metric Units).......................................5-53
Figure 5-41(b). Example Design Chart for a Parallel Roadside Barrier Installation (U.S. Customary Units)........................ 5-53
Figure 5-42. Approach Barrier Layout for Opposing Traffic.................................................................................................. 5-54
Figure 5-43. Determination of Trailing End Guardrail Layout................................................................................................ 5-54
Figure 5-44. Suggested Roadside Slopes for Approach Barriers......................................................................................... 5-55
Figure 5-45. Example of Barrier Design for Bridge Approach............................................................................................... 5-56
Figure 5-46. Example of Barrier Design for Bridge Piers....................................................................................................... 5-57
Figure 5-47. Example of Barrier Design for Non-Traversable Embankments....................................................................... 5-58
Figure 5-48. Example of Barrier Design for Fixed Object on Horizontal Curve.................................................................... 5-59
Figure 5-49. Example Field Installation with Terminal........................................................................................................... 5-60
Figure 5-50. Possible Solution to Intersection Side Road Near Bridge................................................................................. 5-60
Figure 5-51(a). Guardrail Post Details in Rock Formation (Metric Units)............................................................................... 5-62
Figure 5-51(b). Guardrail Post Details in Rock Formation (U.S. Customary Units)............................................................... 5-63
Figure 5-52(a). Guardrail Post Details in Mow Strip Applications (Metric Units).................................................................. 5-64
Figure 5-52(b). Guardrail Post Details in Mow Strip Applications (U.S. Customary Units).................................................. 5-65
chapter 6
Figure 6-1. Guidelines for Median Barriers on High-speed, Fully Controlled-Access Roadways.......................................... 6-2
Figure 6-2. Weak-Post W-Beam Median Barrier....................................................................................................................... 6-5
Figure 6-3. Three-Strand Cable Median Barrier....................................................................................................................... 6-6
Figure 6-4. Brifen Wire Rope Safety Fence.............................................................................................................................. 6-7
Figure 6-5. The Cable Safety System (CASS) ......................................................................................................................... 6-8
Figure 6-6. NU-CABLE™ High-Tension Cable System ............................................................................................................. 6-8
Figure 6-7. Safence Cable Barrier System............................................................................................................................... 6-8
Figure 6-8. Gibraltar Cable Barrier System............................................................................................................................... 6-9
Figure 6-9. Box-Beam Median Barrier...................................................................................................................................... 6-9
Figure 6-10. Strong-Post W-Beam Median Barrier................................................................................................................. 6-10
Figure 6-11. Modified Thrie-Beam Median Barrier................................................................................................................ 6-11
Figure 6-12. New York Modification of Concrete Barrier....................................................................................................... 6-12
Figure 6-13. Concrete Safety-Shape Median Barrier............................................................................................................. 6-13
Figure 6-14. Single-Slope Concrete Median Barrier.............................................................................................................. 6-13
Figure 6-15. Standard Quickchange® Moveable Barrier System......................................................................................... 6-14
Figure 6-16. Barrier Termination at Permanent Openings..................................................................................................... 6-15
xx

Figure 6-17. BarrierGate.......................................................................................................................................................... 6-15
Figure 6-18. Recommended Barrier Placement in Non-Level Medians................................................................................ 6-19
Figure 6-19. Example of a Split Median Barrier Layout......................................................................................................... 6-20
Figure 6-20. Suggested Layout for Shielding a Rigid Object in a Median............................................................................ 6-21
chapter 7
Figure 7-1. Curb Type Glu-Lam Timber Railing........................................................................................................................ 7-4
Figure 7-2. Texas T-6 Railing..................................................................................................................................................... 7-4
Figure 7-3. Wyoming Two-Tube Bridge Railing........................................................................................................................ 7-5
Figure 7-4. Concrete F-Shaped Bridge Railing......................................................................................................................... 7-5
Figure 7-5. 1,067-mm [42-in.] Tall Concrete Safety-Shaped Bridge Railing............................................................................ 7-6
Figure 7-6. Texas Type TT Railing............................................................................................................................................. 7-6
Figure 7-7. End Treatment for Traffic Railing on a Bridge in Low-Speed Situations.............................................................. 7-9
Figure 7-8. Terminating a Traffic Barrier on Bridge with End Terminal................................................................................. 7-10
Figure 7-9. Iowa Concrete Block Retrofit Bridge Railing........................................................................................................ 7-12
Figure 7-10. Delaware Thrie-Beam Retrofit............................................................................................................................ 7-13
Figure 7-11. Metal Post-and-Beam Retrofit............................................................................................................................ 7-14
Figure 7-12. Thrie-Beam Transition to Modified Concrete Safety Shape............................................................................. 7-15
chapter 8
Figure 8-1. Trailing End W-Beam Guardrail Anchorage........................................................................................................... 8-3
Figure 8-2. Grading for Flared Guardrail Terminal................................................................................................................... 8-5
Figure 8-3. Grading for Tangent Guardrail Terminal................................................................................................................ 8-6
Figure 8-4. Three-Strand Cable Terminal................................................................................................................................. 8-8
Figure 8-5. CASS™ Cable Terminal (CCT)................................................................................................................................ 8-8
Figure 8-6. W-Beam Guardrail Anchored in Backslope......................................................................................................... 8-10
Figure 8-7. Eccentric Loader Terminal (ELT)........................................................................................................................... 8-11
Figure 8-8. Modified Eccentric Loader Terminal (MELT)........................................................................................................ 8-12
Figure 8-9. Flared Energy-Absorbing Terminal (FLEAT™)..................................................................................................... 8-13
Figure 8-10. Slotted Rail Terminal (SRT-350™)....................................................................................................................... 8-13
Figure 8-11. X-Tension Guardrail End Terminal...................................................................................................................... 8-14
Figure 8-12. Extruder Terminal (ET-Plus™)............................................................................................................................. 8-15
Figure 8-13. Sequential Kinking Terminal (SKT-350™)........................................................................................................... 8-16
Figure 8-14. Brakemaster® 350.............................................................................................................................................. 8-17
Figure 8-15. Crash Cushion Attenuating Terminal (CAT-350™)............................................................................................. 8-18
Figure 8-16. FLEAT Median Terminal (FLEAT-MT™).............................................................................................................. 8-19
Figure 8-17. X-Tension™ Median Attenuator System (X-MAS)............................................................................................. 8-19
Figure 8-18. Wyoming Box-Beam End Terminal (WY-BET™)................................................................................................ 8-20
Figure 8-19. Bursting Energy Absorbing Terminal (BEAT™)................................................................................................. 8-21
Figure 8-20. Bullnose Guardrail System................................................................................................................................. 8-24
xxi

Figure 8-21. ABSORB 350® Crash Cushion........................................................................................................................... 8-25
Figure 8-22. Advanced Dynamic Impact Extension Module (ADIEM™) .............................................................................. 8-25
Figure 8-23. Bursting Energy Absorbing Terminal–Single Sided Crash Cushion (BEAT-SSCC™) System......................... 8-26
Figure 8-24. Bursting Energy Absorbing Terminal–Bridge Pier (BEAT-BP™) System.......................................................... 8-26
Figure 8-25. QuadTrend® 350................................................................................................................................................ 8-27
Figure 8-26. Narrow Connecticut Impact Attenuation System (NCAIS)............................................................................... 8-27
Figure 8-27. QuadGuard® Crash Cushion............................................................................................................................. 8-29
Figure 8-28. TAU-II Crash Cushion.......................................................................................................................................... 8-29
Figure 8-29. Trinity Attenuating Crash Cushion (TRACC™)................................................................................................... 8-30
Figure 8-30. QUEST® Crash Cushion..................................................................................................................................... 8-30
Figure 8-31. Compressor Attenuator...................................................................................................................................... 8-32
Figure 8-33. Hybrid Energy Absorbing Reusable Terminal (HEART™)................................................................................. 8-33
Figure 8-34. QuadGuard Elite.................................................................................................................................................. 8-33
Figure 8-35. QuadGuard Low-Maintenance Cartridge (LMC)................................................................................................ 8-34
Figure 8-36. Reusable Energy-Absorbing Crash Terminal (REACT 350®)............................................................................ 8-35
Figure 8-37. Smart Cushion Innovations (SCI-100GM) Crash Cushion................................................................................. 8-35
Figure 8-38. Conservation of Momentum Principle............................................................................................................... 8-37
Figure 8-39. The Fitch Universal Barrel®............................................................................................................................... 8-38
Figure 8-40. Suggested Layout for the Last Three Exterior Modules in an Inertial Barrier.................................................. 8-38
Figure 8-41. Sand Barrel Array for Reverse-Direction Impacts............................................................................................. 8-40
Figure 8-42. Sand Barrel Array Oriented Towards Approaching Traffic............................................................................... 8-41
Figure 8-43. Sloped Concrete End Treatment........................................................................................................................ 8-42
Figure 8-44. Barrier Anchored in Backslope.......................................................................................................................... 8-43
Figure 8-45. Dragnet................................................................................................................................................................ 8-43
Figure 8-46. Ground Retractable Automotive Barrier (GRAB-300®).................................................................................... 8-44
Figure 8-47. STOPGATE®............................................................................................................................... 8-44
chapter 9
Figure 9-1. Iowa Temporary Concrete Barrier.......................................................................................................................... 9-5
Figure 9-2. Rockingham Precast Concrete Barrier................................................................................................................... 9-6
Figure 9-3. J-J Hooks Portable Concrete Barrier..................................................................................................................... 9-7
Figure 9-4. Modified Virginia DOT Portable Concrete Barrier................................................................................................. 9-7
Figure 9-5. California K-Rail Portable Concrete Barrier............................................................................................................ 9-8
Figure 9-6. GPLINK® Pre-Cast Temporary Concrete Barrier.................................................................................................... 9-9
Figure 9-7. Georgia Temporary Concrete Barrier................................................................................................................... 9-10
Figure 9-8. Idaho 6.1-m [20-ft] New Jersey Portable Barrier................................................................................................. 9-11
Figure 9-9. Oregon Pin-and-Loop Barrier............................................................................................................................... 9-11
Figure 9-10. Ohio DOT 3-m [10-ft] Long New Jersey Profile Temporary Concrete Barrier.................................................. 9-12
Figure 9-11. New York DOT Portable Concrete Barrier.......................................................................................................... 9-13
Figure 9-12. Iowa DOT Tie-Down Steel H-Section Temporary Barrier.................................................................................. 9-14
xxii

Figure 9-13. Quick-Bolt F-Shaped Concrete Safety Barrier .................................................................................................. 9-14
Figure 9-14. Texas X-Bolt F-Shaped Concrete Safety Barrier................................................................................................ 9-15
Figure 9-15. Texas SSCB ........................................................................................................................................................ 9-16
Figure 9-16. TxDOT New Jersey-Shaped Portable Concrete Barrier Pinned-with-Stakes Design....................................... 9-17
Figure 9-17. Pinned F-Shaped Temporary Barrier................................................................................................................. 9-18
Figure 9-18. Quickchange® Barrier System............................................................................................................................ 9-19
Figure 9-19. Low-Profile Barrier System................................................................................................................................ 9-20
Figure 9-20. Water-Filled Barrier............................................................................................................................................. 9-21
Figure 9-21. Steel Barrier ....................................................................................................................................................... 9-22
Figure 9-22. Slope-End Treatment for Low-Profile Portable Concrete Barrier...................................................................... 9-23
Figure 9-23. Portable Concrete Barrier Steel Plate Transition............................................................................................... 9-24
Figure 9-24. F-Shaped Portable Concrete Barrier to Low-Profile Barrier Transition............................................................. 9-24
Figure 9-25. QuadGuard™ CZ System.................................................................................................................................... 9-26
Figure 9-26. REACT® 350 CZ System..................................................................................................................................... 9-27
Figure 9-27. TMA with Energy-Absorbing Cartridge............................................................................................................. 9-31
Figure 9-28. TMA with Telescoping Steel Frame and Cutter Assembly............................................................................... 9-31
Figure 9-29. TMA with Steel Frame and Burster or Kinker Assembly.................................................................................. 9-31
Figure 9-30. TMA with Steel or Polyethylene Cylinder Assembly........................................................................................ 9-32
Figure 9-31. Mobile Barrier Trailer ......................................................................................................................................... 9-32
Figure 9-32. Traffic Cone......................................................................................................................................................... 9-34
Figure 9-33. Portable Vertical Panel........................................................................................................................................ 9-34
Figure 9-34. Plastic Drums...................................................................................................................................................... 9-35
Figure 9-35. Crashworthy Generic Type II Barricade ............................................................................................................ 9-36
Figure 9-36. Crashworthy Generic Type III Barricade............................................................................................................ 9-37
Figure 9-37. Longitudinal Channelizing Device...................................................................................................................... 9-37
Figure 9-38. Montana Wheeled Portable Sign Support......................................................................................................... 9-38
Figure 9-39. X-Base Sign Support.......................................................................................................................................... 9-39
chapter 10
Figure 10-1. Lateral Offset for Objects at Horizontal Curves on Curbed Facilities................................................................ 10-4
Figure 10-2. Enhanced Lateral Offsets at Merge Points......................................................................................................... 10-5
Figure 10-3. Enhanced Lateral Offsets at Driveways............................................................................................................. 10-6
Figure 10-4. Landscape and Rigid Object Placement for Buffer Strip Widths ≤1.2 m [4 ft].............................................. 10-10
Figure 10-5. Landscape and Rigid Object Placement for Buffer Strip Widths >1.2 m [4 ft].............................................. 10-10
Figure 10-6. A Transit Shelter Located Curbside................................................................................................................. 10-13
chapter 11
Figure 11-1. Typical Single Mailbox Installations................................................................................................................... 11-2
Figure 11-2. Examples of Hazardous Single Mailbox Installations....................................................................................... 11-2
Figure 11-3. Examples of Hazardous Multiple Mailbox Installations.................................................................................... 11-3
xxiii

Figure 11-4. Suggested Minimum Clearance Distance to Nearest Mailbox for Mail Stops at Intersections...................... 11-5
Figure 11-5. Mailbox Turnout.................................................................................................................................................. 11-7
Figure 11-6. Mailbox Support Hardware, Series A.............................................................................................................. 11-10
Figure 11-7. Single and Double Mailbox Assemblies, Series A.......................................................................................... 11-11
Figure 11-8. Mailbox Support Hardware, Series B.............................................................................................................. 11-12
Figure 11-9. Single and Double Mailbox Assemblies, Series B.......................................................................................... 11-13
Figure 11-10. Single and Double Mailbox Assemblies, Series C........................................................................................ 11-14
Figure 11-11. Collection Unit on Auxiliary Lane (left) and Neighborhood Delivery and Collection Box Units................. 11-15
Figure 11-12. Plastic Mailbox with Integral Support............................................................................................................ 11-15
Figure 11-13. Vandal-Resistant Decorative Mailbox............................................................................................................ 11-16
Figure 11-14. Secure Mailboxes........................................................................................................................................... 11-16
Figure 11-15. Cantilever Mailbox Supports.......................................................................................................................... 11-19
Figure 11-16. Breakaway Cantilever/Swing-Away Mailbox Support.................................................................................. 11-20
chapter 12
Figure 12-1. Single Vehicle Roadway Departure Fatalities on Two Lanes, Undivided, Noninterchange,
Nonconjunction Roads by Roadway Classification in 2009 ................................................................................................. 12-2
Figure 12-2. Distribution of Single-Vehicle ROR Crashes between Tangent and Curved Sections..................................... 12-3
Figure 12-3. Reinforcing Steel Grate...................................................................................................................................... 12-5
Figure 12-4. Typical Low-Volume Rural Roadway.................................................................................................................. 12-6
Figure 12-5. Typical Low-Volume Rural Bridge...................................................................................................................... 12-7
xxiv

List of Tables
chapter 3
Table 3-1. Suggested Clear-Zone Distances in Meters (Feet) from Edge of Through Traveled Lane ................................... 3-2
Table 3-2. Horizontal Curve Adjustment Factor....................................................................................................................... 3-4
chapter 4
Table 4-1. Objectives and Strategies for Reducing Utility Pole Crashes............................................................................... 4-14
Table 4-2. Objectives and Strategies for Reducing Crashes with Trees................................................................................ 4-16
chapter 5
Table 5-1(a). MASH Crash Test Matrix for Longitudinal Barriers ............................................................................................ 5-2
Table 5-1(b). NCHRP Report 350 Crash Test Matrix for Longitudinal Barriers........................................................................ 5-3
Table 5-2. Barrier Guidelines for Non-Traversable Terrain and Roadside Obstacles.............................................................. 5-9
Table 5-3. Roadside Barriers and NCHRP Report 350 Approved Test Levels....................................................................... 5-12
Table 5-4. MGS Design Applications with Pickup Truck Impact Performance ..................................................................... 5-20
Table 5-5. Selection Criteria for Roadside Barriers................................................................................................................ 5-32
Table 5-6. Summary of Maximum Deflections ...................................................................................................................... 5-34
Table 5-7. Suggested Shy-Line Offset (LS) Values ................................................................................................................. 5-41
Table 5-8(a). Example Bumper Trajectory Data (Metric Units).............................................................................................. 5-47
Table 5-8(b). Example Bumper Trajectory Data (U.S. Customary Units) .............................................................................. 5-47
Table 5-9. Suggested Flare Rates for Barrier Design ............................................................................................................ 5-48
Table 5-10(a). Suggested Runout Lengths for Barrier Design (Metric Units) ....................................................................... 5-50
Table 5-10(b). Suggested Runout Lengths for Barrier Design (U.S. Customary Units) ....................................................... 5-50
chapter 6
Table 6-1. Crashworthy Median Barrier Systems..................................................................................................................... 6-4
chapter 7
Table 7-1. MASH Test Matrix for Bridge Railings..................................................................................................................... 7-3
chapter 8
Table 8-1. Terminals for Cable Barrier Systems....................................................................................................................... 8-7
Table 8-2. Terminals for W-Beam Guardrail Systems ............................................................................................................. 8-9
Table 8-3. Terminals for Median W-Beam Guardrail Systems .............................................................................................. 8-17
Table 8-4. Terminals for Box-Beam Guardrail Systems......................................................................................................... 8-20
Table 8-5. Sacrificial Crash Cushions ..................................................................................................................................... 8-23
Table 8-6. Reusable Crash Cushions ..................................................................................................................................... 8-28
Table 8-7. Low-Maintenance and/or Self-Restoring Crash Cushions ................................................................................... 8-31
Table 8-8. Sand Barrel Systems ............................................................................................................................................. 8-37
xxv

Table 8-9. Sample Design Calculation for a Sand-Filled Barrel System................................................................................ 8-39
Table 8-10. Miscellaneous Crash Cushions and End Treatments.......................................................................................... 8-41
Table 8-11. Area Available for Crash Cushion Installation..................................................................................................... 8-46
Table 8-12. Comparative Maintenance Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 8-48
chapter 9
Table 9-1. Example of Clear-Zone Widths for Work Zones ..................................................................................................... 9-2
Table 9-2. Temporary Longitudinal Barriers ............................................................................................................................ 9-3
Table 9-3. Crashworthy Portable Concrete Barriers................................................................................................................. 9-5
Table 9-4. Suggested Priorities for Application of Protective Vehicles and Truck-Mounted Attenuators .......................... 9-28
Table 9-5. Example of Guidelines for Spacing of Shadow Vehicles...................................................................................... 9-30
chapter 10
Table 10-1. Design Strategies for Curb Treatment ................................................................................................................ 10-8
Table 10-2. Design Strategies for Channelized Islands and Medians................................................................................... 10-8
Table 10-3. Design Strategies for Gateways ......................................................................................................................... 10-9
Table 10-4. Design Strategies for Roadside Grading ............................................................................................................ 10-9
Table 10-5. Design Strategies to Protect Pedestrians in Motor Vehicle Crashes ............................................................... 10-11
Table 10-6. Design Strategies for Bicycles .......................................................................................................................... 10-12
Table 10-7. Design Strategies for On-Street Parking .......................................................................................................... 10-12
Table 10-8. Design Strategies for Urban Mailbox Use ........................................................................................................ 10-12
Table 10-9. Design Strategies for Street Furniture Use ...................................................................................................... 10-13
Table 10-10. Design Strategies for Vertical Roadside Treatment and Hardware ............................................................... 10-15
chapter 11
Table 11-1. Suggested Guidelines for Lateral Placement of Mailboxes ............................................................................... 11-6
xxvi

Preface
This Roadside Design Guide was developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
Subcommittee on Design through the Technical Committee for Roadside Safety (TCRS) under the chairmanship of Keith Cota, P.E.
This book presents a synthesis of current information and operating practices related to roadside safety and is written in dual units—
metric and U.S. Customary. This edition supersedes the 2006 AASHTO publication, which included the update of the Median chapter.
The roadside is defined as that area beyond the traveled way (i.e., driving lanes) and the shoulder (if any) of the roadway itself. Con-
sequently, roadside delineation, shoulder surface treatments, and similar on-roadway safety features are not extensively discussed.
Although safety can best be served by keeping motorists on the road, the focus of this guide is on safety treatments that minimize the
likelihood of serious injuries when a driver does run off the road.
A second noteworthy point is that this book is a guide. It is not a standard, nor is it a design policy. It is intended to be used as a re-
source document from which individual highway agencies can develop standards and policies. Although much of the material in the
guide can be considered universal in its application, several recommendations are subjective in nature and may need modification to
fit local conditions. However, it is important that significant deviations from the guide be based on operational experience and objec-
tive analysis.
To be consistent with AASHTO’s A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, design speed has been selected as the basic
speed parameter to be used in this guide. However, because the design speed often is selected based on the most restrictive physical
features found on a specific project, reasonable and prudent drivers may exceed that speed for a significant percentage of a project
length. There will be other instances in which roadway conditions will prevent most motorists from driving as fast as the design speed.
Because roadside safety design is intended to minimize the consequences of a motorist leaving the roadway inadvertently, the designer
should consider the speed at which encroachments are most likely to occur when selecting an appropriate roadside design standard
or feature.
The 2011 edition of the AASHTO Roadside Design Guide has been updated to include hardware that has met the evaluation criteria
contained in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350: Recommended Procedures for the Safety
Performance Evaluation of Highway Features and begins to detail the most current evaluation criteria contained under the Manual for
Assessing Safety Hardware, 2009 (MASH). For the most part, roadside hardware tested and accepted under older guidelines that are
no longer applicable has been included in this edition.
The TCRS is currently working through a National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) research project to update the
Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP) with the development of a “window-friendly” version. The RSAP update will be “beta”
tested in 2011 and is expected to be available through AASHTO in early 2012, and will be available through a link on the web-based
format of this publication.
As mentioned, design values are presented in this document in both metric and U.S. Customary units. The relationship between these
values is neither an exact (i.e., soft) conversion nor a completely rationalized (i.e., hard) conversion. The metric values are those that
would have been used had the guide been presented exclusively in metric units, while the U.S. Customary values are those that would
have been used if the guide had been presented exclusively in U.S. Customary units. Therefore, the user is advised to work entirely in
one system and not to attempt to convert directly between the two.
The reader is cautioned that roadside safety policy, criteria, and technology is a rapidly changing field of study. Changes in the road-
side safety field are certain to occur after this document is published. Efforts should be made to incorporate the appropriate current
design elements into the project development. Comments from users of this guide about suggested changes or modifications that
result from further developmental work or hands-on experience will be appreciated. All such comments should be addressed to the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Engineering Program, 444 North Capitol Street NW, Suite 249,
Washington, DC 20001.
xxvii

Chapter 1
An Introduction to Roadside Safety
1.0 HISTORY OF ROADSIDE SAFETY
Roadside safety design, as one component of total highway design, is a relatively recent concept. Most of the highway design funda-
mentals were established by the late 1940s. Additional refinements were made in the 1950s and 1960s with the development of the
Interstate system. These components included horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, hydraulic design, and sight distance to name
some of the more common highway design elements. These elements have been revised and refined over the years through experience
and research. However, the highway design components themselves have remained about the same for several decades.
Roadside safety design did not become a much discussed aspect of highway design until the late 1960s, and it was the decade of the
1970s before this type of design was regularly incorporated into highway projects. The purpose of this guide is to present the concepts
of roadside safety to the designer in such a way that the most practical, appropriate, and cost-effective roadside design can be accom-
plished for each project.
1.1 THE BENEFITS OF ROADSIDE SAFETY
Roadside design might be defined as the design of the area outside the traveled way. Some have referred to this aspect of highway
design as off-pavement design. A question commonly asked revolves around whether spending resources off the pavement is really
beneficial given the limited nature of infrastructure funds. Perhaps some statistics can bring the potential of crash reduction and road-
side safety into focus.
In 2009, 33,808 people died in motor vehicle traffic crashes in the United States—the lowest number of deaths since 1950 (7). During
the same time period, the number of vehicle-kilometers [vehicle-miles] of travel each year has increased by approximately six and one
half times from 0.7 (0.5) billion to 4.8 (3.0) billion. Consequently, the traffic fatality rate per 100 million vehicle-kilometers [vehicle-
miles] of travel has decreased approximately 85 percent from 4.58 (7.38) in 1950 to 0.71 (1.13) in 2009 (the latest year available for
data on vehicle-kilometers [vehicle-miles] of travel). Figure 1-1 shows the number of fatalities and fatality rate from 1950 to 2009.
This significant reduction is due to several factors. Motor vehicles are much safer today than they have been in the past. Protected
passenger compartments, padded interiors, occupant restraints, and airbags are some features that have added to passenger safety dur-
ing impact situations. Roadways have been made safer through improvements in features such as horizontal and vertical alignments,
intersection geometry, traversable roadsides, roadside barrier performance, and grade separations and interchanges. Drivers are more
educated about safe vehicle operation as evidenced by the increased use of occupant restraints and a decrease in driving under the
influence of alcohol or drugs. All these contributing factors have reduced the motor vehicle fatality rate.
An Introduction to Roadside Safety 1-1

Unfortunately, roadside crashes still account for far too great a portion of the total fatal highway crashes. In 2008, 23.1 percent of the
fatal crashes were single-vehicle, run‑off‑the‑road crashes. These figures mean that the roadside environment comes into play in a
very significant percentage of fatal and serious‑injury crashes.
Figure 1-1. Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths and Deaths Per 100 Million Vehicle Miles Traveled, 1950–2008 (6)
1.2 STRATEGIC PLAN FOR IMPROVING ROADSIDE SAFETY
According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) and Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI), the proportion of motor
vehicle deaths involving collisions with fixed objects has fluctuated between 19 and 23 percent since 1979 (4). Almost all fixed-object
crashes involve only one vehicle and occur in both urban and rural areas. Figure 1-2 shows the percentage distribution of fixed-object
fatalities by the object struck in 2008. Trees were by far the most common object struck, accounting for approximately half of all
fixed-object fatal crashes. Utility poles were the second most common objects struck, accounting for 12 percent of all fixed object
crashes, followed by traffic barriers with 8 percent. Furthermore, for 2008, 18 percent of fixed-object crashes involved vehicles that
rolled over, while 18 percent involved occupant ejection. More detailed crash statistics are available from the following website at
http://www.nhtsa.gov/FARS.
In 1967, the American Association for State Highway Officials (AASHO; currently the American Association for State Highway and
Transportation Officials [AASHTO]) released its Highway Design and Operational Practices Related to Highway Safety (1), the first
official report that focused attention on hazardous roadside elements and suggested appropriate treatment for many of them. This
guide, also known as the AASHTO “Yellow Book,” was revised and updated in 1974 with the introduction of the forgiving roadside
concept. In 1989, AASHTO published the first edition of the Roadside Design Guide.
In 1998, AASHTO approved their Strategic Highway Safety Plan (3), which provides objectives and strategies for keeping vehicles on
the roadway and for minimizing the consequences when a vehicle does encroach on the roadside. The National Cooperative Highway
Research Program (NCHRP) also has published a series of guides, called the NCHRP Report 500 (9), to assist state and local agencies
in their efforts to reduce injuries and fatalities in targeted emphasis areas. These guides correspond to the emphasis areas outlined in
AASHTO’s Strategic Highway Safety Plan. The Strategic Highway Safety Plan and associated NCHRP Report 500 guides are avail-
able from the AASHTO website at http://safety.transportation.org/guides.aspx.
1-2 Roadside Design Guide


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Executive Committee 2010-2011: Officers

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Executive Committee 2010–2011

Immediate Past President: Vacant

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures Representatives

Region 1: Jiten K. Soneji, Delaware

FHWA Nick Artimovich (Secretary),

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

RICHARD LAND, California, Vice Chair

David A. Nichol, FHWA, Secretary

Keith M. Platte, AASHTO, Staff Liaison

ALABAMA, William Adams, MINNESOTA, John M. Chiglo, TEXAS, Mark A. Marek

MAINE, Bradford P. Foley SOUTH DAKOTA, Michael Behm,

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

Chapter 1—An Introduction to Roadside Safety....................................................................................... 1-1

Chapter 2—Economic Evaluation of Roadside Safety.............................................................................2-1

Chapter 3—Roadside Topography and Drainage Features.................................................................. 3-1

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

Chapter 4—Sign, Signal, and Luminaire Supports, Utility Poles, Trees,

Chapter 5—Roadside Barriers................................................................................................................................5-1

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

chapter 6—Median Barriers....................................................................................................................................6-1

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

chapter 7—Bridge Railings and Transitions................................................................................................7-1

chapter 8—End Treatments.....................................................................................................................................8-1

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

chapter 9—Traffic Barriers, Traffic Control Devices, and Other Safety

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

chapter 10—Roadside Safety in Urban or Restricted Environments......................................... 10-1

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

chapter 11—Erecting Mailboxes on Streets and Highways.............................................................. 11-1

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

chapter 12—Roadside Safety on Low-Volume Roads and Streets................................................ 12-1

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

1.0 HISTORY OF ROADSIDE SAFETY

1.1 THE BENEFITS OF ROADSIDE SAFETY

An Introduction to Roadside Safety 1-1

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

1.2 STRATEGIC PLAN FOR IMPROVING ROADSIDE SAFETY

1-2 Roadside Design Guide

© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

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