Glycogenolysis: Biochemistry
Glycogenolysis: Biochemistry
Glycogenolysis: Biochemistry
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
Dra. Catherine L. Co-Reportoso | October 31, 2018 LE3 TRANS1
Figure 1: Structure of Glycogen [Tutorvista.com] Table 1. Glycogen source abundance in Type I and Type II Muscle Fibers
Major carbohydrate storage in humans and animals Type I Muscle fiber Type II Muscle fiber
Made up of a chain of α-D glucose units linked (Red Fibers) (White Fibers)
linearly by α (1, 4) glycosidic bonds Mitochondria
branches connected by α (1, 6) glycosidic bonds Abundant Low
Myoglobin
Terminal residues are the sites of action of glycogen Oxidative capacity High Low
phosphorylase and synthase
Glycogen and
Muscle glycogen – for future energy uses; storage reserve for Glycolytic activity
Low High
ATP synthesis Postural and Axial
Muscle glycogen provides readily available source of Muscle Appendicular
muscles
glucose-1-phosphate for glycolysis within the muscle itself Main source of GLYCOGEN
TAGs
Liver glycogen – serve to replenish blood glucose levels during energy Creatine PO4
fasting states
*Remember Muscle Physiology:
II. GLYCOGENOLYSIS Type 1 - One Slow Red Ox Type 2 – Two Fast White
Sugar(Glycogen)
Glycogenolysis in NOT the reverse of Glycogenesis, but a
separate pathway, separate set of cytosolic enzyme [Harper’s 31st
Regulation
ed.]
Insulin inhibits glycogen breakdown
Due to the presence of Glycogen phosphorylase Muscle cells lack receptors for glucagon [Mowshowitz, 2011][2021A
rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis Trans]
phosphorolytic cleavage of the 1 → 4 linkages of glycogen Stimulators of Glycogenolysis: Epinephrine (from adrenal
to yield Glucose-1-phosphate glands), Glucagon (from pancreas), presence of AMP
Different isoenzymes in liver, muscle and brain
Fates of G-6-P
1. May enter the ff. pathways [2022B Biochem trans]
Pathway Produce
Glycolysis ATP needed for muscle contraction
Pentose Phosphate Ribose
Figure 3. Debranching Step
Pathway (PPP) NADPH
→ Enzyme: Debranching enzymes Gluconeogenesis Free glucose
Oligo- α (1 → 4) →α (1 → 4)-glucan transferase or
4-α-D-glucanotransferase
2. In the liver, G-6-P is further converted to glucose via
Transfers outer three of the four glucosyl residues in the
glucose-6-phosphatase
limit branch to the main branch
3. In skeletal muscle, enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase is
an α (1→4) bond is broken and an α(1→4) bond is made
absent; it enters glycolysis. Hence, muscular glycogen
and the enzyme functions as a 4:4 transferase [Lipincott
cannot contribute to blood glucose replenishing.
Illustrated Biochemistry]
exposes single/last glucose residue attached to the main
Dra. Reportoso: Skeletal muscle functions to produce energy
branch via α -1,6 glycosidic bond and α 1,6 glycosidic
(straight to glycolysis) while Liver functions to produce glucose for
bond is also exposed
blood sugar level (G6P converted to glucose)
amylo- α (1 → 6)-glucosidase
Biochemistry Glycogenolysis 2 of 6
Lysosomal Degradation of Glycogen Regulation of synthesis and degradation is accomplished on 2
levels
Hormonally Regulated (covalent)
Enzymes are hormonally regulated to meet the needs of
the body as a whole
Allosterically Regulated
Enzymes are allosterically regulated to meet the needs of
a particular tissue
Inhibition of glycogenolysis enhances net glycogenesis;
Inhibition of glycogenesis enhances net glycogenolysis
In fasting state, increase ↑ glucagon and decrease ↓ insulin
(+) initiate a cAMP-directed phosphorylation cascade
Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase activates it
(active [a] form)
Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase inactivates it
(inactive [b] form)
As a consequence, active glycogen phosphorylase and inactive
glycogen synthase promotes glycogenolysis (glycogen
degradation) and inhibits glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis)
Hormonal Regulation
Figure 5. Lysosomal Degradation of Glycogen Activation of Glycogenolysis
Enzyme: acid maltase or α (1 → 4) glucosidase
1-3% of glycogen is continuously degraded by acid maltase
Pompe disease (Type II GSD): accumulation of glycogen in the
body due to the absence of acid maltase
V. REFERENCES
Lipincott’s Illustrated Review for Biochemistry
Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry
Batch 2021 Transcriptions
Dra. Reportoso’s lecture
Lecture notes
Structure of Glycogen https://chemistry.tutorvista.com/organic-
chemistry/glycogen.html
2022B Biochem trans
http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/bb450/fall14/stryer7/21/figure_21_19.jpg
Biochemistry Glycogenolysis 5 of 6
APPENDIX
Biochemistry Glycogenolysis 6 of 6