Discussion Questions

Table Appointments and Meal Service

Background
Compare ways in which meals are served in your homes. For example, is
there an emphasis on formality or informality? To what extend were your
attitudes regarding meal service formed by the way in which meals were served
at home. What other influences shaped your ideas regarding meal services,
hostessing, and aesthetic aspects of meals? How do you think other parts of the
country and other countries differ from Southern California in modes of
entertaining and meal service?

Table Appointments
How important is accruing table appointments to you? To most young
people? Do you think owning a set of china, crystal, and/ or silver flatware as a
necessity, desirable, investment, or luxury? How are individuals likely to acquire
table appointments? How much planning should be involved in obtaining these
items? How does one decide upon an appropriate level of spending on these
items?

Hostessing
Do you enjoy entertaining? How often do you entertain? What benefits can
be derived from inviting others to share a meal? Give reasons why people either
enjoy or are reluctant to entertain? Describe the perfect host and hostess. How
can individuals gain hostessing skills and confidence?

Meal Service
What is the philosophy behind the different styles of meal service? Which
styles of meal service are most commonly used in Southern California? Why?
How is style of meal service related to facilitating servicing of the meal? Why
does one select one style of meal service over another? What is the overall goal
of setting the cover and actually serving the meal?

Aesthetics
What elements combine to create an aesthetically pleasing meal? What
does garnishing food involved? When should Garnishes be used? What roles do
table decorations, linen, appointments, ect. Play in creating an aesthetical
pleasing meal?
How much attention should be given to the aesthetic aspects of presenting and
serving meals? How important Is a theme in meals?

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 Table Appointments, Table Settings, Meals Services,

Hostessing And Related Matters

Self Study Unit

A meal normally cannot be executed unless attention is given to utensils

from which the food is served, such as dinnerware, serving pieces, and flatware.
We follow certain procedures for distributing food to each person when serving
meals and these procedures are referred to as styles of meal service. No
discussion of serving meals is complete without attention to the role of hostess
and guest. This self-study unit is intended to capsulize information related to
table appointments, table settings, meal service, and hostessing.

References:

Readings contained in this unit: Fonosch & Lisagor Meal Management-

Concepts and Applications. Sears. Fashions in Dining. Kinder. “Waiting on

the Table.”

Objectives:
The student will be able to:

• Define cover, table appointment, table linen, flatware, and dinnerware.

• Identity and give characteristics of various types of table appointments.

• Set a table correctly and relate reasons why this is important.

• Distinguish among various styles of table service.

• Identify procedures for waiting on the table.

• Describe the role of hostess and guest.

• Provide suggestions for eating gracefully.

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 Module 1

Table Appointment:

The term “table appointment” refers to all those items used in table setting.

This would include flatware, glassware, linens, accessories, and decorations.

Read the reference information contained in this unit.

The Cover

Each person’s place setting, consisting of linens, flatware, glassware,

and dinnerware is referred to as a cover. In other words a cover includes all

the equipment required by any individual diner. Too much space allowed for

each cover can be as awkward as not enough space. Strive for a comfortable,

relaxing, balanced arrangement as the covers are spaced around the table.

Linens

The term linens refer to all types of table covering and napkin,

regardless of the actual fiber content. Modern table linens are available in a

variety of fabrics, styles, shapes, and colors. Meal managers may choose

from linen fabric, cotton lace, plastic, straw, polyesters and other synthetic

materials.

Linen fabric makes an excellent table covering because it washes

easily, has a hard, smooth finish that resists soil, and wears well. Its

disadvantages are that it requires ironing and is often more expensive than other

fabrics.

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 Lace makes an attractive table covering over wood surfaces and is

especially appropriate when used with delicate dinnerware for teas or luncheons.

Ironing is usually not required.

Many interesting table coverings are made of cotton or cotton

combined with other fibers. When combined with a synthetic such as polyester,

cotton can be easily washed by machine and requires little or no ironing.

Synthetic fabrics such as polyester, with a permanent press finish, either alone or

with blends, are attractive and easy to care for.

For practical, everyday use, plastic table covers or place mats are easy to

clean and inexpensive. They are available in many color, textures, and designs,

and are well suited to informal meals.

Paper table covers and napkins, useful for casual parties or picnics, come

in a variety of designs suitable for birthdays and holidays. Since they do not need

to be washed, they simplify the meal manager’s work. They are available in sizes

and levels of quality suitable for family and informal service.

Many modern table tops, including glass, Formica tile, and special wood

finishes, are impervious to heat and moisture, eliminating the need for table

covers. The cover is often set directly set on these attractive practical surfaces.

Tablecloths

A tablecloth adds warmth and comfort to the dining room table, by providing

a soft background for dining utensils. You can achieve differing degrees of

familiarity by your choice of fabric or colors. For example, white of light-pastel

damask cloths tend to be formal while prints or darker colors are more informal.

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 Inexpensive tablecloths can be made from a variety of fabrics. Brightly

colored permanent-press sheets can be easily converted to attractive tablecloths.

The size of a tablecloth is determined by the size of the table if covers. A

large table should have an overhang or “drop” of 10 – 15 inches. A smaller table

requires a shorter drop, usually 5-10 inches.

Placemats

Beautiful woods, sparkling glass, and other interesting table surfaces can

be shown to best advantage with the use of placemats. These versatile table

covers can be found in a variety of colors, designs, materials, and shapes except

for very formal dinners, placemats are acceptable and attractive.

Placemats range in size from 12x16 inches to 14x18 inches. They should

be large enough to hold the necessary utensils but no t so large as to overlap to

placemats b the creative homemaker. Adding a coat of soil-resistant spray to

placemats will help keep them looking new and minimize laundering.

Table Runners

For a dramatic affect, table runners are an excellent choice. Table runners

are strips of fabric approximately 12 inches wide that cover the entire width or

length of a dining table with a drop at each end. They are available in a wide

range of fabrics, colors, and designs, and like placemats, they can be homemade

as well. Runners may be placed on either side of the table to hold two rows of

place settings, or they may be placed along all four sides of a small table for four

place settings. A runner down the center of the table with matching placemats at

each setting is an attractive arrangement combining two types of covering.

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Napkins

Napkins, available in a variety of sizes, may match or contrast with the

other liner on the table. The largest dinner napkins are approximately 18x 24

inches, and luncheon napkins are 17 inches square. Smaller napkins maybe

used for breakfast or for cocktails. Paper napkins remain popular for everyday

meals and informal entertaining. Cloth napkins are easiest to care for when they

are made of permanent-press fabric.

Care of Linens

Any type of table linen looks it’s very best when it is sparkling clean. Stains

should be removed before laundering or they may become permanently set.

Many food stains can easily be removed by soaking them in cool water. Meat

juices, tea, coffee, lipstick, and fruit stains may be more persistent, requiring

special handling. Refer to a stain removal chart and follow the directions for the

particular stain and fabric. Remember, the fresher the stain, the easier it is to

remove.

Tablecloths should be stored with as few crease as possible. By carefully

rolling them, creases can be avoided. Placemats should be stored flat and

unfolded in drawers or shelves convenient to the dining area. Table runners may

be hung on hangers to avoid creases, and napkins may be folded before storing,

ready to be placed on the table.

Flatware

The term flatware is used for knives, folks, spoons, as well as some serving

pieces, such as ladles. Choices of metals include sterling silver, silver plate, gold

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electroplate, dirilyte, stainless steel, and pewter. Hollowware refers to all metal

dishes, bowls, platters, tea service, pitchers and other pieces used for table

service or decoration. Hollowware is available in the same choice of metals as

flatware.

Sterling silver

The derivation of the term sterling remains uncertain, but the following story

provides a possible clue. Many years ago a group of Eastern traders frequently

came to England to transact business and buy English goods. They paid for

these goods with special silver coins that were highly valued by the English. The

coins became know as “Easterlings”, and as the story foes, the word sterling,

derived from the name of this coin, came to denote a silver standard.

In the United States today, according to law, sterling silver must contain

92.5 percent pure silver. The other 7.5 percent is cooper, since pure silver would

be too soft and copper adds strength and durability. The hallmark, the mark, or

the official stamp placed on a piece of sterling indicates its purity. Usually the

word sterling and marker’s name or trademarks are included in the stamp.

Sterling silver is very durable, and many families pass their sterling heirlooms on

from generation to generation.

With use, sterling develops tiny scratches that create a soft, desirable finish

known as a patina. Since it becomes more beautiful with sue, sterling should be

enjoyed on a daily basis rather than stored away to be brought out only on

special occasions.

Silver plate

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Silver Plate is less costly than sterling silver because it contains less silver.

Through the process of electroplating, utensils made of a base metal are placed

with pure silver. The base metal often used in nickel silver an alloy of cooper,

nickel and zinc. Good quality silver plate is reinforced at the points that receive

the most wear, such as the backs of spoon bowls and the tines of forks.

Good-quality silver plate, when properly cared for, can last a lifetime, and

like sterling, it develops patins with time.

Gold Electroplate

Gold electroplate is manufactured by a process similar to that used to silver

plate, except that 24-carat gold is used instead of silver. The result is a very

formal flatware that coordinates elegantly with gold-trimmed china. Needless to

say, gold plating is very costly

Dirilyte

The golden color in dirilute flatware and holloware is produced by

combining several metals in alloy-aluminum, copper, and nickel. Dirilyte is less

expensive than gold electroplate and provides an alternative to silver flatware.

Stainless Steel

The most widely used type of flatware, stainless steel, is made of molten

steel and chromium. Better-quality stainless steel contains a small amount of

nickel for a bright finish. The addition of chromium makes the steel hard and

resistant to heat, stain, and corrosion. Therefore, stainless steel wears extremely

well even when it is in constant use. It is relatively inexpensive and easy to care

for, since it never requires polishing.

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Pewter

In colonial days, pewter was considered the metal of the lower classes.

Today, however, the lowly pewter tankard, plate, or bowl from colonial times is an

expensive collector’s item.

Colonial pewter was usually made from a blend of tin, lead, and zinc.

Modern pewter, made without lead, is safer to use with food and available in a

variety of finishes and patterns. Pewter is a comparatively carefree metal since. It

requires polishing only once or twice a year.

Care of Flatware

Sterling silver or silver plate tarnish from the sulphur in the air or from

contact with foods containing sulphur, such as eggs and mayonnaise. Tarnish is

a deposit of sulphide. Salt can spot and corrode silver also, epically when moist.

To remove tarnish, use a special polish made for this purpose. It should be

nonabrasive, so that it will not scratch the surface or remove any silver.

Apply silver polish with a soft cloth, using lengthwise strokes, avoid circular

or scrubbing motions. Cotton swabs are helpful for cleaning indentations, but

avoid using stiff brushes that might scratch the silver. Continue rubbing gently

until the tarnish is removed, and then wash the silver in hot, soapy water. Rinse

with clean water and dry it immediately with a clean, soft towel.

Storing silver properly keeps air out to prevent tarnish and also keeps the

silver from getting scratched. Storage chess and specially treated flannel cloths

are available for this purpose.

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 Silver plate and sterling silver flatware may be washed either by hand or in

an automatic dishwasher. Care should be taken to rinse off egg or food

containing egg as soon after use as possible.

The other metals used for flatware do not tarnish like silver and therefore

require little or no polishing. Special polishing is very infrequent. Dirilyte and

stainless steel require only routine washing, either by hand or in the automatic

dishwasher.

DINNERWARE

The term dinnerware encompasses plates, cups, saucers, serving bowls,

and the like, so long as they are not made from metal.

So many different types of dinnerware are available today that the

consumer must develop some criteria before making a choice. The intended use,

durability, care, price, and esthetic appeal are all factors to consider. Most

dinnerware is sold in sets consisting of service for 6, 8, or 12. Place settings,

which may often be purchased individually, usually consist of five matched

pieces: a dinner plate, salad plate, bread-and-butter plate, cup, and saucer. The

term open stock refers to a sales arrangement whereby dinnerware is sold by the

individual piece or in small groups of pieces rather than by the complete set.

Open stock sales are a convenient way to fill in extra items or replace broken

pieces.

Nowadays the word china is used loosely to include not only porcelain and

bone china but stoneware, pottery, and other products that should properly be

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termed ceramics. The qualities of each vary greatly, depending on the raw

material, design, degree of firing, and quality of workmanship.

China or Porcelain

China or porcelain is made of white clay fired a exceptionally high

temperatures. The durability of china is determined by the materials used and by

the firing temperatures. Long before the Christian era, the art of making fine

porcelain was being practiced by the Chinese, who produced pieces of great

beauty, Hence the name china has been used interchangeably with porcelain,

which is the more correct term.

Fine china, thin and translucent (you can see your hand through it when

held up to the light), appears delicate but is actually quite durable. Top quality

clay are fired at high temperatures, causing them to fuse into a solid, vitrified,

nonporous material. Bone china contains animal bone ash for added

translucency and whiteness, a process first developed in England. Today other

countries also produce bone china. Casual china is thicker and less translucent

than fine china, but it is very durable.

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Stoneware

Stoneware is made from natural hard-firing clays, which are darker in color

and fuse into a solid vitrified, nonporous material when fired at high temperature.

The imperfections is the clay result in an interesting brown or light gray color after

firing. Stone ware has an earthy, casual look, making it a fine choice for informal

table settings. It is less expensive than fine china.

Ironstone

Ironstone organically developed in England, originally contained powdered iron

slag, the source of its name. Because it is fired at a lower temperature than

stoneware, it can be decorated more elaborately and in greater detail. This

moderately priced dinnerware features bright colors, a variety of vivid designs,

and reasonable durability.

Earthenware

Earthenware is made from relatively unrefined clays fired as relatively low

temperature. The technique produces a thick, opaque dinnerware, more porous

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than other dinnerware and easily chipped, cracked, and broken. Earthenware is

inexpensive, but its low price must be weighed against its lack of durability.

Plastic ware

Several companies produce dinnerware made of thermosetting plastic, which

resists breaking, chipping, and cracking under normal use. Families with young

children appreciate the durable qualities of plastic ware in setting a casual table.

Heat- Resistant Dinnerware

The combinations of special formula and unique heating schedules results in a

remarkable new type of cookware and dinnerware that goes from the freezer, to

the oven, to the dinning table, to the dishwasher. This material is durable as well

as attractive. Because of its ability to withstand extreme temperatures, it was

used for the nose cone of a space missile! Heat resistant dinnerware is safe for

use in both conventional and microwave ovens. In other words, it can be used as

the cooking vessel, then placed in the freezer for storage, then put into the over

for reheating, and finally taken directly to the dinner table. Sustainable time and

energy are saved by eliminating the need to transfer the food to other utensils.

Care of Dinnerware

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 • All dinnerware careful handling to ensure maximum wear.

Fine china should be stored with protective pads between each plate or in

special quilted cases to avoid scratching the glaze.

Some glazes will craze (develop fine cracks) if the dishes are heated in a hot

oven or left too long in the refrigerator or freezer. Rapid changes in temperature

many cause china to crack or the glaze to craze.

Protect dishes during washing and rinsing with rubber mats in the sink and on

the drain board. Most china manufactured within the last 20 years can safely be

washed in an automatic dishwasher when carefully stacked. Avoid safely be

washed In an automatic dishwasher when carefully stacked. Avoid using too

much dishwasher detergents. Since it can be abrasive and will remove the glaze

or pattern. Antique china should be washed by hand to protect any color or

decoration that may have been applied without an over glaze for protection.

Avoid wiping china decorated with gold or platinum until it is cool, since these

metals may soften slightly when hot. Scouring pads, strong cleansers, and silver

polished mush never be used on china.

Many of the same points apply to other types of dinnerware. Do not use harsh

abrasives, metal scouring pads, or nylon scouring pads when washing dishes. To

remove metal marks that many occasionally appear from contact with knives or

metal pans, lightly rub on household cleanser using a damp cloth.

Follow the directions provide by the manufactures. They will usually recommend

a specific automatic dishwasher detergent as well as give other suggestions to

increase the durability of their dinnerware.

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Glassware

Flare-ware may last a lifetime and dinnerware many last many years, but

glassware usually must be replaced form time to time. Fortunately inexpensive

varieties are available that are both functional and attractive.

Two main types of table glassware manufactured: tumblers, which have no

stems, and stemware, which may have either short or long stems. Both types

are available in a myriad of sizes, shapes, styles, and price ranges. The final

choice must depend on many criteria, including available budget, lifestyle, style

of furnishings and other dinnerware, and available storage space.

Some households have more than one set of glassware, perhaps a casual set for

informal, everyday meals in the kitchen or patio, and a more elegant set for

serving cocktails or for formal meals in the dining room.

Glass is produced by fusing silica (sand) with other ingredients, which vary

according to the type of glass being produced.

Lime Glass Lime glass is used for making moderately priced glassware and

decorative glass. It contains sand, soda, and limestone.

Lead Glass A fusion of silica, soda, and lead oxide, lead glass is used for top-

quality glassware and decorative pieces of exceptional brilliance. The lead oxide

adds luster and weight, and makes this type of glass expensive. Lead glass gives

off a bell-like tone when tapped. It is interesting to note that in Europe, glassware

containing lead is called crystal, but in the United States, crystal refers to

glassware without any color. Colored glass can be produced by adding various

metallic oxides to the glass.

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Borosilicate Glass This type of glass may be used for cooking, since it contains

boric oxide, which makes it resistant to thermal shock. Glass cookware made for

use in the oven or on top of the stove, as well as measuring cups and mixing

bowls, are made from borosilicate glass.

Opaque Glass The opacity of this glass is produced by the addition of

fluorides, aluminum compounds, titanium oxides, and other substances. One

example is white milk glass.

Care of Glassware Both moderately priced glassware and fine crystals deserve

special care to ensure long life.

To wash glassware by hand, use moderately hot water and a mild detergent.

Adding a few drops of bluing to the water improves the luster of the glass.

Glassware decorated with gold or platinum should never come into contact with

scalding water or strong soap, since the decoration might loosen. To prevent

chipping, place a rubber mat or a thick towel in the sink or dishpan. Drain the

glassware on a rubber-coated rack or towel, and dry it quickly to avoid water

spotting.

When using an automatic dishwasher, be sure to arrange the glassware so that

individual pieces do not touch each other. Check the racks to be sure they are

coated with rubber or plastic. Use only the recommended amount of a mild

detergent and water at a temperature below 180°F. Special additives can be

used with dishwasher detergent to prevent water spotting.

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Glassware should be at room temperature before coming into contact with either

very hot or ice-cold ingredients, since a rapid change in temperature might cause

it to crack.

Store glassware with the rims up to permit air to circulate and prevent the rough

grain on some shelves from nicking the rim. Leave space between each glass,

and never stack cups or glassware. If a piece of glassware becomes chipped, it

is dangerous to use and should be discarded.

CASE STUDY

Sarah and Len Porter both work and attend college. They have a modest budget

for purchasing table appointments and need some guidelines. They wish to

spend their money wisely, but they also value an attractively set table. What

suggestions would you make to help them choose their flatware, dinnerware and

glassware?

Setting the Table

An attractively set table helps creates the mood for enjoying good food and

pleasant conversation. Think of the table setting as an artistic expression of your

personality. A careful arrangement of table appointments imparts a sense of

order and balance, and it can also make serving and dining more efficient and

comfortable.

Cover of approximately 24 inches should be prepared for each person and

spaced evenly around the table. With meat service becoming more and more

casual, strict rules of placement are not necessarily followed. The rules that

follow should be regarded as merely suggestions that in the past have been

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found to promote comfort and case in dining. How each person chooses to dine

depends on many factors such as time, lifestyle, and equipment, since modern

mealtime customs are flexible and casual.

Generally speaking, comfort and convenience offer the best guidelines for

setting a table. For an attractive table, keep the lines clean and balanced. For

example, flatware, plates, and napkins should all be placed along on imaginary

line running parallel with edge of the table and about one inch away from it.

Placing Flatware

When setting out flatware, consider the menu and use only those utensils

necessary for the meal. All pieces of the flatware should be placed parallel to one

another and at the right angles to the table edge. Generally, the knife, cutting

edge toward the plate, and the spoon, bowl up belong to the right of the plate,

since they are used with the right hand. The fork, tines up, is placed to the left

when used with a knife. If more than one fork is required, place them in order of

use, starting at the outside and working toward the plate. The salad fork is placed

to the left of the dinner fork when the salad is served first. If the salad is served

after the main course, then the salad fork is placed between the dinner fork and

the plate.

The placing of the dessert fork can be handled in several ways. It can be

placed between the dinner fork and the plate or above the plate, parallel to the

edge of the table. If more convenient, the dessert fork can be placed to the right

just before dessert is served.

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 For informal meals when a knife is not used, forks may be placed to the

right of the plate. The only time a fork is placed on the right along with a knife is

in the case of a cocktail fork. For example, if the first course is a seafood cocktail,

the cocktail fork is placed to the right.

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Placing the Napkin

The napkin is usually folded in a square or rectangle and placed to the left of the

forks. For a formal setting the napkin may be placed on the service plate (a large

ornat: base plate that holds other plates or bowls) in the center of the cover.

Placing Glassware

The water glass is placed above the tip of the knife, and any other glasses are

placed to the right of the water glass and slightly forward, forming a diagonal line.

A maximum of three glasses is recommended to avoid confusion and a cluttered

appearance. If a cold beverage is being served that may cause moisture to form

on the outside of the glass provide a coaster. Iced Tea or Iced coffee is more

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conveniently served on a saucer or underliner that can also accommodate the

accompanying spoon.

Placing Dinnerware

The dinner plate is placed in the center of the cover, of course.

The tea or coffee cup and saucer are placed to the right of the plate with

the handle to the right, Parallel to the table edge. If the hot beverage is server

during the meal, cups and saucers may be placed before the diners are seated. If

the beverage is served at the end of the meal or with dessert, the cups and

saucers may be placed after the main-course dishes have been cleared away.

Several choices exist for the placement of the salad. If a bread-and-butter

plate is not used, the salad plate may be placed to the left of the dinner plate and

above the forks. If a bread-and-butter plate is used, it is placed to the left above

the forks, and the salad plate is placed slightly blow it. The salad plate may also

be placed above the dinner plate or at the right of it. If a salad requires cutting

with a knife, the placement of the salad plate to the left is the most convenient.

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DECORATING THE TABLE

A centerpiece or other table decoration provides the finishing touch to a

beautifully set table. Flowers and leaves have been the traditional favorites for

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this purpose, but the imaginative meal manager can use countless other

decorations with excellent results.

Balance and scale are important principles to keep in mind. In general,

balance is achieved when table appointments and decorations are evenly

distributed. Scale refers to the relative size of various objects on the table. A

large sculpture would look too imposing on a small table, and a tiny bud vase

holding just one small flower would be lost on a large banquet table.

Colors can be used effectively in creating a mood: reds and oranges

suggest warmth and intimacy, blue and greens are restful and refreshing, yellows

is cheerful. Whatever your choice, the color used in decorating a table should

always blend comfortably with the linens, the dinnerware, and the colors of the

dining room itself.

A centerpiece can be created that remains as a permanent fixture. For

example, figurines, pieces of sculpture or other art objects, an arrangement of

dried flowers, or an arrangement of dried pods and weeds can create a beautiful

centerpiece as well as a decoration for the home.

A very practical centerpiece is an attractively arranged bowl of fresh fruit,

which can double as dessert. Also, many fresh vegetables can combine to from a

pleasing contrast in color and texture.

Fresh flowers artistically arranged will last several days in water. When

flowers are unavailable, simple green leaves, skillfully arranged, make a striking

table decoration. in addition to a centerpiece, flowers or leaves can be placed

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along the edge of the table. Several tiny vases containing one or two blooms

apiece take up very little room and add color and charm to a small table.

One innovative student whose hobby was rock collecting used a favorite

rock for her centerpiece. Combined with leaves and flowers, it provided a topic

for table conversation. Other personal interests might yield materials for

decorating a table, such as seashells, dolls, pottery, or living plant.

Candles add a romantic touch to the dining table, whether they are used

alone or in combinations with flowers or sculptures. Candles are only used after

twilight and should always be lit for dining. Keep the candle flames either above

or below eye level to avoid glare, and be sure they are not near anything

flammable.

Remember, too, that even the most beautiful table decorations must never

block a diner’s view of the other people at the table, since pleasant conversations

thrives on visual contact.

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1. Answer the following questions “true” or “false.”
a. _______________ The cutting edge of the knife should be
directed away from the plate.

b. _______________ It is necessary to provide a salad fork when the

salad accompanies the main course.

c. _______________ Only put flatware on the table which will be

used during the meal.

d. _______________ The water glass should be placed directly

above the tip of the dinner knife.

e. _______________ If more than one beverage is placed on the

table at one time, both glasses should be
parallel to the edge of the table.

2. Diagram the individual cover when the following menu is being served (2
courses – main and dessert).

Roast Beef Gingerbread

Baked Potato, Sour Cream Milk, Hot Tea
Buttered Green Beans
Pineapple Banana Salad
Hard Rolls, Butter

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Answer the following questions based on the cover that you illustrated on the
previous page:

a. What are other possible positions for the salad plate?

b. Can you combine the salad and bread and butter plate on any
occasions? If so, when?

c. What are other possible positions for the bread-and-butter knife?

d. What are two options for placing the flatware and dinnerware for the
dessert course?

e. What are possible positions for placing the napkin?

3. List rules for using table decorations and give the corresponding reason for the
recommendation:

Rule Reason

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 MODULE 3

Styles of Meal Service:

A meal may be served in a variety of ways. Food may be served on each plate
and then each plate brought to the table; or serving dishes may be passed
around the table; or the host and hostess might serve at the table; or paid
waiters/waitresses may serve courses.

A distinction can be made between informal and formal styles of service. One
way to make this distinction is that informal involves the host and hostess in the
serving process. This indicates the host and hostess are caring personally for
their guests service is when the host and hostess take no part in the service of
the meal to guests.

Styles of meal or table service can be used to facilitate a meal and to help a
desired atmosphere. For example, if there are a number of courses planned and
the main course includes a roast which will be carved, then compromise service
might be chosen. The styles of table service listed below should be used as a
guide to facilitate serving of foods to guests. Variation in service should be
considered when the situation dictates adjustment.

Study the summary of styles of meal service. Then answer the following
questions following the reference information.

Blueplate Service

1. Plates are prepared in the kitchen and placed on the table before or at the
time guests sit down.
2. Second portions can be served from the kitchen or offered from serving
dishes at the table.
3. This is service is sometimes called “apartment” service.
4. Blueplate service is convenient for use when the group and dining area
are small.

Family Service

1. Family service is informal, sometimes called “American” or “country”

service.
2. Service is meant to be casual and comfortable.
3. Food is usually served in two course: Main and dessert. (A variation is to
place the dessert on the table before the meal begins.)
4. Plates are at the individual covers before the meal begins. Serving dishes
can be placed on the table just prior to when the group is seated or
brought to the table after everyone is seated.

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 5. Serving dishes are passed in one direction around the table. The person
nearest the serving dish usually initiates passing the food item.
6. Simplicity is characteristic of family service. Often a salad plate can double
for a salad and bread-and-butter.
7. The table should be cleared except for the water glasses and dessert
flatware after the main course.
8. It is customary to serve tea or coffee either with the meal or with the
dessert.

English Service

1. The host and hostess serve all courses at the table. This style of meal
service is considered to be friendly and cordial because of the
participation of the host and hostess. This service is considered informal.
2. The host usually serves the main course and dessert.
3. The hostess usually serves the soup, salad, and beverage.
4. Accompaniments are passed from person to person at the table unless a
waitress is present.
5. Plates are removed between courses by a family or paid waitress or by
the hostess.
6. A serving cart may also be useful for holding food and dishes.
7. The host or hostess places the food on individual plates. The plates are
passed to the appropriate guest (unless a waitress is used). Designate
who should receive the plate, and pass plates in a systematic manner.

Russian Service

1. This is considered to be formal table service.

2. The host and hostess take no part in serving the meal.
3. A waiter and/or waitress serve all food from the kitchen.
4. One waiter or waitress should attend to six or eight persons. If more than
one waiter or waitress is present, serving should take place
simultaneously.
5. Russian service may consist of more courses than other services. It is
possible to serve seven courses and order of service:

Appetizer
Soup
Entrée
Piece de Resistance
Salad
Dessert
Beverage

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 6. There are two types of Russian Service:
(a) Platter Service. In this case, food is arranged on serving platters
and passed by the waiter to each guest so the guest can help
himself/herself.
(b) Plate Service. Food is served on the plates in the kitchen and the
filled plates are placed before each guest.

Compromise Service

1. Compromise is a combination of English and Russian services. Some

courses are served at the table by the host and hostess as in English
service, and some courses are served directly from the kitchen as in
Russian service.
2. Soup, salad, and dessert courses are usually served from the kitchen.
3. The main course is usually served from the table.
4. Passing of plates and accompaniments and clearing of the table are
facilitated if a family or paid waitress is present.

Buffet Service

1. Buffet service is generally thought to be an informal type of table service,

but it may be quite elegant depending upon the occasion.
2. Buffets are an appropriate style of service for large groups because a
minimum amount of personal service is needed.
3. The preferred type of buffet is referred to as a sit-down buffet. This service
allows the most comfort to the guest. Tables are set with covers for each
person. Water glasses are filled immediately prior to the meal. Salad and
bread may also be placed at the cover. The buffet table contains foods for
the main course and each guest serves himself/herself by going through
the buffet line. Arrangements should be made for clearing covers after the
meal. Dessert may be served at the cover or a dessert buffet can be used.
4. Buffets may also be handled so each guest has a tray or T.V. tray or other
surface available if table space is not available. Avoid situations where the
guest has no place to put dinner plate and beverage.
5. The buffet table should have food and utensils arranged in logical order.
For example, plates would be first, followed by the food to be served.
Napkins and flatware would be at the end of the buffet line if not provided
at the cover.

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Answer the following questions regarding styles of meal service:

1. What is the difference between informal and formal service?

2. Which type of meal service would you use for a seven course meal? Why?

3. Write in the name of the meal service which best describes the following
statements.

a. _______________ Combination of English and Russian services.

b. _______________ Probably the most difficult service for the host
and the hostess to execute.
c. _______________ Good for serving large number of guests.
d. _______________ All foods served at the table by the host and
hostess.
e. _______________ Considered the most formal of services.
f. _______________ Good if dining table and area are small.
g. _______________ Serving dishes passed around the table.
h. _______________ Platter and plat service are options.
i. _______________ Casual, comfortable, and probably most used
in this country.
j. _______________ The hostess is relatively free to be with guests.
k. _______________ Some courses are served from the kitchen and
some are served at the table by the host and hostess.

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 Module 4

Waiting on the table:

Enjoyment of the meal is related to the smoothness with which the meal is
served. Traditional methods of serving meals have been revised over the years
so that additional flexibility is permissible. The main goal of serving and clearing
the meal is to add to the comfort of guests. Refer to information in Kinder (the
class handout) for suggestions for waiting on the table. Keep in mind that
procedures can be varied depending upon the time, place, and style of meal
service as well as preference of the hostess.

Answer the following questions:

1. List steps for placement of a course.

a.

b.

c.

2. How does the placement procedure for a course differ from the removal
procedure?

3. Which of the following situations is best handled with left-handed serving?

With right-handed serving? Can be handled equally well with either? Mark
L for left-handed, R for right-handed, E for either, and NA for not
applicable.

a. _______ Removal of the salad plate.

b. _______ Removal of dinner plate and bread-and-butter plate at the
same cover.
c. _______ Removal of the beverage glass.
d. _______ Crumbing the table.
e. _______ Refilling water glasses.

4. Explain the procedure for crumbing the table.

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 5. Answer the following “true” or “false” concerning the use of a side table as
an aid for serving.

a. _______ Use of a side table to save trips to the kitchen.

b. _______ A side table can be used to store dirty dishes after a
course.
c. _______ Dirty dishes and clean dishes are never on the cart at
the same time.
d. _______ Salt and pepper shakers should be removed and
placed on the side table before serving dessert.
e. _______ Both the dessert and beverage may be served from
the side table.

Module 5

Hostessing:

Another component in creating is attention to assuming the roles of hostess,

host, and guest. Read the following information for guidelines when assuming
these various roles. Complete your study of meal presentation by reading a short
section on table manners.

At Home with Manners

One aspect of mealtime customs in our society is table manners. Today’s young
person might ask, “Why are manners important to me? Among my peer group,
we’re honest and accepting of each other; our lifestyle is casual with an
emphasis on the natural.” Manners, too, have become more casual and natural,
but they remain an important part of social life.
Proper manners are a means of making yourself and others comfortable by
dealing with events in an orderly, relaxed manner. There is nothing stuffy or old-
fashioned in such a goal. Learning how to be courteous at the table with family
and friends in a relaxed surrounding increases a person’s self-confidence,
ensuring poise when eating in a restaurant or dining with guests. Good mealtime
manners make family life more congenial and help avoid interpersonal conflicts.
Some examples illustrating the importance of manners follow.

Example A Diane Beauchamp lacks training in manners and is therefore

unsure of herself. Because she cannot introduce people without getting flustered
and is too nervous about her table manners to eat comfortably with anyone but
her own family, she often feels too ill at ease to enjoy herself on dates or other
occasions.

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Example B Don Harris accepts an invitation to lunch as part of a job interview.
His prospective boss is impressed with his education and previous experience,
but since the job requires meeting and entertaining clients, he wishes to observe
Don in a social situation. Because of his nervousness and lack of social
confidence, Don eats too rapidly, talks with a full mouth, and uses his fingers as if
he ere at a picnic. The total experience is uncomfortable for everyone, and Don’s
poor table manners cost him this job.

Example C Miguel and Janet Lopez have moved to a new city and would like to
meet other young couples. Miguel suggests to Janet that they plan a casual
dinner party in order to meet the neighbors. But Janet feels shy and hesitates to
entertain, even though she thinks it is a good idea. More social confidence would
help Miguel and Janet make friends in their new community.

Guidelines for the Host and Hostess

The most important function of the host and hostess is to make their guests feel
welcome and comfortable. With practice, this can be accomplished in a relaxed
manner, even when a great deal of planning and work have been required. If the
host and hostess behave rushed and harassed, the guest feel ill at ease.

If both of a host and a hostess entertain, they share the duties of serving their
guests. Usually each has specific responsibilities that have been discussed in
advance so that events flow smoothly. For example, one may help seat the guest
and carve the meat while the other serves side dishes. When a single person
entertains, then he or she has complete responsibility for seeing that the guests
are taken care of. A single person may ask a friend to help, but how
responsibilities will be coordinated should be planned in advance.

The host and hostess initiate all meal-related activities. They call their guests to
the table when its time to eat. By placing her napkin on her lap and lifting her
spoon or fort to begin the first course, the hostess signals to the guest that they
may begin eating. The host and hostess must be aware of proper manners, since
their guest will look to them as a guide. By eating slowly they allow time for guest
to eat at their own pace. They should include everyone at the table in the
conversation and see that the meal service proceeds pleasantly and smoothly.
Details on types of table service are discussed in Chapter 13.

Some people have bigger appetites than others. Since guest may hesitate to ask
for second helpings, the hostess or host must provide the opportunity in a tactful
manner. When offering second helpings, avoid using the workd “more” and
“another.” Instead, one might say, “May I serve you some meat and peas?” or
“Help yourself to the casserole,” as it is passed. If the offer is turned down, do not
pressure the guest further.

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When everyone appears finished, the host or hostess signals the end of the meal
by placing his or her casually folded napkin on the table and suggesting that
everyone move to the living room.

Guidelines for Guests

Thoughtful guests feel honored at being invited to dinner and show this gratitude
by being courteous and sociable. They are sure to arrive on time, since
punctuality is an essential part of good manners. Food may be ruined if it must
be held for a guest who arrives late, causing the host and hostess
embarrassment and inconvenience.

Polite guests avoid monopolizing the conversation or conversing with only one or
two people at the table. They attempt to include everyone in the conversation
and are prepared to meet and talk with new friends. If the host or hostess has not
had the opportunity to introduce everyone, as can happen at a large party,
guests may take the initiative and introduce themselves in a spirit of friendliness.

A host and hostess always appreciate a compliment that is warm and sincere.
Special occasions call for a short thank-you note, which is properly sent within a
few days of the party.

Most important, a guest should be relaxed and natural. Remember that your host
and/or hostess want you to enjoy yourself. If in doubt about how to behave at the
table, choose the most considerate action or watch your host and hostess for
cues.

Suggestions for Eating Gracefully

Posture Good posture at the table gives a pleasing appearance. Remain

natural and relaxed in your chair, which should be at a comfortable distance from
the table, but do not lean on the table or recline in a slovenly way. Keep one
hand in your lap most of the time, since using both hands may give the
impression that you are getting your food down as fast as you can. Your elbows
should never rest on the table while eating, but during casual meals you may
place them on the table between courses or after eating.

Esthetics Taking small bites permits you to eat quietly with your lips closed.
Eat slowly, finishing one bite before starting another. Contribute to pleasant,
relaxed table conversation, but only after swallowing food, since talking with a full
mouth is unattractive to others. Certain incredible items such as fruit pits or
seeds need to be removed from the mouth in an inconspicuous manner. Use
your fingers for small items, but place large items like meat gristle on your fork
and carry them to your plate.

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Some other unattractive habits to avoid are picking up a dish from the table while
eating from it, blowing on soup or hot beverages to cool them, handling flatware,
napkin rings, salt and pepper shakers, or other small items unnecessarily, and
touching your face or hair while eating or serving food. If a particle of food is
stuck between your teeth, leave the table to remove it, preferably at the end of
the meal.

Accidents If an accident occurs at the table, take care of it as calmly as

possible. Food spilled on table linens can be picked up with a fork or spoon and
placed on the plate. If your beverage spills, wipe it up with a napkin. Never try to
pick up silverware that has dropped on the floor until after the meal is over. If
your hostess sees it drop, she may offer a replacement. In a restaurant, simply
ask the waiter for another utensil. Apologize quickly for any mishap but avoid
discussing it at length since that only makes others uncomfortable.

Coughing or Sneezing If you start to cough or sneeze, cover your mouth and
nose with a handkerchief or tissue and turn your head away from the table. If you
have a long spell of coughing or sneezing, leave the table quickly and return
when the situation is under control.

Reaching and Passing It is permissible to reach for needed items at the table
if they are close enough to pick up without searching in front of anyone. Passing
is more orderly if all items go in the same direction, usually counterclockwise (to
the right). Keep the food moving until everyone has been served. Pass a pitcher
with the handle toward the person receiving it. Also, be sure to pass appropriate
serving utensils along with bowls or platters of food.

How Much to Eat It is no longer considered more polite to live a small portion
of food on your plate at the end of the meal. On the other hand, do not force
yourself to eat everything on your plate if you feel satisfied already. If you wish to
decline a second helping, just say “No, thank you.” When the host or hostess
asks whether you prefer one food or another, answer promptly and definitely.
Refusing to state a preference can create an awkward situation.

Finger Food Most foods requires the use of knife, fork, or spoon, but some are
correctly eaten with your fingers. There include artichokes, crisp, bacon, grapes,
relish items like small pickles and olives, potato chips, and small sandwiches.
Chicken that is not sticky or sauced may be eaten with the fingers at a casual
dinner or picnic. Finger foods are usually small, crisp, and dry enough to prevent
sticky fingers.

Napkins Before beginning to eat, place your napkin partly folded on your lap.
During the meal use it to wipe your fingers below table level. You may lift to plot
your lips gently when necessary, especially to avoid greasy lip prints on your
water or wine glass. At the end of the meal, casually fold your napkin and lay on
the table to the left of your place setting.

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Flatware Some people appear puzzled when confronted by a large
assortment of silver or flatware at their place setting. If several knives, forks, and
spoons have been set by your plate, the proper order is to start with the outside
ones and work your way in. When in doubt, follow the example of your host or
hostess.
Americans use their knife and fort differently than Europeans, but both customs
are proper as long as the flatware is handled comfortably and gracefully. To cut
meat or other food, hold the fork in the left hand, tines down, and the knife in the
right hand with your forefinger pointed toward the blade. Pierce the food with
your fork to hold it still while you cut off enough for one bite. Americans then
place the knife on the plate, shift the fork to the right hand, and carry the food to
their mouth tines up. Europeans leave the fork in the left hand and carry the food
to their mouth tines down.
In either case, eat each bite before cutting the next. Between bites, or at the end
of the meal, lay the knife across the plate with the blade towards you, and the
fork parallel to the knife near the center of the plate. This placement prevents the
flatware from falling off the plate as the plate is removed from the table. Flatware
that has been used is never returned to the table, since it would soil the table
linens.
Handle a soup spoon lightly and spoon away from yourself. Never leave a used
spoon in a cup, glass, or bowl, since this arrangement is awkward when clearing
the table. Instead place it on the service place underneath.
Many excellent books on etiquette cover table manners in far greater depth. For
more details, consult the suggested readings at the end of the chapter.

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