INDIAN Standard code

Design
The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that
structures being designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life.
With inappropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and
deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate durability and
adequate resistance to the effects of misuse and fire.
Methods of Design
Structure and structural elements shall normally be designed by Limit State
Method. Account should be taken of accepted theories, experiment and
experience and the need to design for durability. Calculations alone do not
produce safe, serviceable and durable structures. Suitable materials, quality
control, adequate detailing and good supervision are equally important. Where
the Limit State Method cannot be conveniently adopted, Working Stress
Method may be used
Analysis
Analysis of Structure
Methods of analysis linear elastic theory shall be used, the material strength to
be assumed shall be characteristic values in the determination of elastic
~properties of members irrespective of the limit state being considered.
Redistribution of the calculated moments may be made as given in
Redistribution of Moments in Continuous Beams and Frames The
redistribution of moments may be carried out satisfying the following
conditions:
a) Equilibrium between the internal forces and the external loads is
maintained
b) The ultimate moment of resistance provided at any section of a member
is not less than 70percent of the moment at that section obtained from an
elastic maximum moment diagram covering all appropriate
combinations of loads’
c) The elastic moment at any section in a member due to a particular
combination of loads shall not be reduced by more than 30 percent of the
numerically largest moment given anywhere byte elastic maximum
moments diagram for the particular member, covering all appropriate
combination of loads. [1]

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British standard
Design
The method recommended in this code is that of limit state design. Account
should be taken of accepted
theory, experiment and experience and the need to design for durability.
Calculations alone do not produce
safe, serviceable and durable structures. Suitable materials, quality control and
good supervision are
equally important.

The structure should be so designed that adequate means exist to transmit the
design ultimate dead, wind
and imposed loads safely from the highest supported level to the foundations.
The layout of the structure
and the interaction between the structural members should be such as to ensure
a robust and stable design.
The engineer responsible for the overall stability of the structure should ensure
the compatibility of the
design and details of parts and components, even where some or all of the
design and details of those parts
and components are not made by this engineer.
The design strengths of materials and the design loads should be those given as
appropriate for the
ULS. The design should satisfy the requirement that no ULS is reached by
rupture of any section, by
overturning or by buckling under the worst combination of ultimate loads.
Account should be taken of

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elastic or plastic instability, or sway when appropriate.

Analysis
The analysis that is carried out to justify a design can be broken into two stages
as follows:
a) analysis of the structure;
b) analysis of sections.
Analysis of structure
The primary objective of structural analysis is to obtain a set of internal forces
and moments throughout
the structure that are in equilibrium with the design loads for the required
loading combinations.
Under design ultimate loads, any implied redistribution of forces and moments
should be compatible with
the ductility of the members concerned. Generally, it will be satisfactory to
determine envelopes of forces
and moments by linear elastic analysis of all or parts of the structure and allow
for redistribution and
possible buckling effects using the methods described in Section 3 and Section
4. Alternatively, plastic
methods, e.g. yield line analysis, may be used.
For design service loads, the analysis by linear elastic methods will normally
give a satisfactory set of
moments and forces.
When linear elastic analysis is used, the relative stiffness’s of members may be
based on any of the
following.
a) The concrete section: the entire concrete cross-section, ignoring the
reinforcement.
b) The gross section: the entire concrete cross-section, including the
reinforcement on the basis of modular
ratio.

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c) The transformed section: the compression area of the concrete cross-section
combined with the
reinforcement on the basis of modular ratio.
In b) and c) a modular ratio of 15 may be assumed in the absence of better
information.
A consistent approach should be used for all elements of the structure. [2]

EUROCODE
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 Design
(l) Design for limit states shall be based on the use of structural and load
models for relevant limit states.
(2) It shah be verified that no lignite state is exceeded when relevant design
values for actions, Immaterial properties, or
product properties, and geometrical data are lead in these models.
(3) The verifications shall be carried out for all relevant design situations and
load cases.
(4) The requirements of 3.5(l)P should be achieved by the partial factor
method, described in section 6.
(5) As an alternative, a design directly based on probabilistic methods may be
used.
(6) The selected design situations shall be considered and critical load cases
identified.
(7) For a particular verification load cases should be selected, identifying
compatible load arrangements, sets of deformations and imperfections that
should be considered simultaneously with fixed variable actions a permanent
action.
(8) Possible deviations from the assumed directions or positions of actions
shall be taken into account
(9) Structural and load models can be either physical models or mathematical
models. [ 3]

ANALYSIS
(1) The purpose of structural analysis is to establish the distribution of either
internal forces and moments, or stresses, strains and displacements, over the
whole or part of a structure. Additional local analysis shall be carried out
where necessary.
(2) Local analyses may be necessary where the assumption of linear strain
distribution is not valid, e.g.:
- in the vicinity of supports
- local to concentrated loads
- ion beam-column intersections.
- in anchorage zones
- at changes in cross section.

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(3) For in-plane stress fields a simplified method for determining
reinforcement may be used.
(4) Analyses shall be carried out using idealizations of both the geometry and
the behavior of the structure. The idealizations selected shall be appropriate to
the problem being considered.
(5) The geometry and the properties of the structure and its behavior at each
stage of construction shall be considered in the design.
(6) The effect of the geometry and properties of the structure on its behavior at
each stage of construction shall be considered in the design. [4]

References:

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1-IS 456 “Indian Standard PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE - CODE
OF PRACTICE”, Fourth Revision,2000 ,section 5
2-BS 8110-1 “BRITISH STANDARD Structural use of concrete”
6th edition,1999, pp. 4-10
3-EN 1990 “Eurocode - Basis of structural design”,pp.32
4-EN 1992 “Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1 : General
rules and rules for buildings” ,pp.53

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