The Preamble To The U.S. Constitution Articles of Confederation

The Constitution of the United States established America’s national
government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its
citizens.
It was signed on September 17, 1787, by delegates to the Constitutional
Convention in Philadelphia.
The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution
Articles of Confederation
America’s first constitution, the Articles of Confederation and
Perpetual Union, was ratified in 1781, through this they decided to live in
federation it kept thirteen colonies united.
The Articles of Confederation gave Congress the power to govern
foreign affairs, to make laws, conduct war but not authorized to collect taxes
and it was dependent on the state; however, in reality these powers were
sharply limited because Congress had no authority to enforce its requests to
the states for money or troops.It requests other countries to give debt to them
in order to run their government.
In 1783, after the revolutionary war the nation entered a period of
unstable commercial and political conditions. It became increasingly evident
that the young republic needed a stronger central government in order to
remain stable. They relies to tell that article of confederation failed to United
the state.
After that representatives from five states met in Annapolis,
Maryland, in 1786.They proposed that the states appoint commissioners to
meet in Philadelphia and consider revising the articles of confederation.
Congress agreed to the proposal and suggested that each state select
delegates to a constitutional convention.
The Conventions was supposed to open on May 14, 1787. But few of
the 55 delegates had arrived in Philadelphia by that date. Its purpose is to
revise the articles of confederation and not to made law.
Forming a More Perfect Union
On May 25, 1787, the Constitutional Convention opened in
Philadelphia at the Pennsylvania State House, known as Independence Hall,
where the Declaration of Independence had been adopted 11 years earlier.
There were 55 delegates in attendance, representing all 13 states
except Rhode Island, which refused to send representatives because it did not
want a powerful central government interfering in its economic business.
George Washington, was selected as president of the convention by
unanimous vote.
Debating the Constitution
The delegates had been tasked by Congress with amending the
Articles of Confederation; however, they soon began deliberating proposals
for an entirely new form of government. After intensive debate, which
continued throughout the summer of 1787 and at times threatened to stop the
proceedings, James Madison from Virginia told in the convention to develop a
plan that established three branches of national government–executive,
legislative and judicial. A system of checks and balances was put into place
so that no single branch would have too much authority. The specific powers
and responsibilities of each branch were also laid out. This scheme called
Virginia Plan.
1) Legislation: Congress member elects by the people on the basis of
population of the state greater population of the state greater number of
people will be selected as a member of congress.
2) Executive: President functioning implement laws.
3) Courts/Judiciary: if any person violate any law/rules shall be punished
by courts.
These scheme was shocking because in Article of confederation there
was only congress and they scaring from this scheme.
George Washington also wants this scheme but other countries were not
agree to this scheme they says that we opposed the king therefore we fought
an independence war against the king.
During debates a new plan came which known as “New Jersy Plan”
proposed by William Peterson a delegate from the state of New Jersy.
This plan wanted to have weak central government and want more
power to state. It also states that the representation of member in congress
will based on equality as same as discussed in Article of Confederation and
Perpetual Union. This plan was supported by small states.
Among the more contentious issues was the question of state
representation in the national legislature. Delegates from larger states wanted
population to determine how many representatives a state could send to
Congress, while small states called for equal representation.
In order to solve the dispute a New Plan given by Roger Sherman
which solved the issue known as Connecticut Compromise, which proposed a
bicameral legislature with proportional representation of the states in the lower
house (House of Representatives) and equal representation in the upper
house (Senate).
After these debates the people tired and want to made document, by
which whole countries will agree.
Another controversial topic was slavery. At that time it was millennium
of trade and agriculture were high and southern state depend on slave trade.
In Virginia there were large population and they used slaves for
cultivation. Not only this country but also other countries used slaves in order
to do their work.
While many of northern states banned the slavery and they think that
slavery were not a human thing.
When they agree on this plan. They come to dispute that whether
slaves occur in the congress or not.
Without agreeing to this, the South wouldn’t join the Union. For the
purposes of taxation and determining how many representatives a state could
send to Congress, and they return back to the clause mention in article of
confederation and perpetual union which states that slaves would be counted
as three-fifths of a person. Additionally, it was agreed that Congress wouldn’t
be allowed to prohibit the slave trade before 1808, and states were required to
return fugitive slaves to their owners.
They tells that right to vote casting is available to only white people
and will be elected as a member of congress also told that those white people
who must have their own property otherwise they will be able to caste vote
and to elect as a member of congress.
So at that time only 6% people were able to caste vote and elected
as a member of congress because they had their own properties.
Ratifying the Constitution
By September 1787, the convention’s five-member Committee of
Style (Hamilton, Madison, William Samuel Johnson of
Connecticut, Gouverneur Morris of New York, Rufus King of Massachusetts)
had drafted the final text of the Constitution but Jorge Mason refuse to sign
that Bill because they tell us that we will not ratify unless and until if it does not
have a Bill of Rights. While for ratification this proposal requires by ¾ majority
of the states. After that they agree to ratify the constitution because they fill
their demand and added a Bill of Right. And on march 1989 this proposal
convert to constitution.
It is the oldest and briefest constitution of the world which is till now
practicing.

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