Linear Algebra Major Project Leslie Modelling of Population Growth Eremas Tade and Jirehbless Suve

LINEAR ALGEBRA MAJOR PROJECT
LESLIE MODELLING OF POPULATION GROWTH

EREMAS TADE AND JIREHBLESS SUVE
Abstract
One of the topics covered in Linear Algebra is Leslie Modelling. This project document
provides an outline of a question that will be solved using Leslie Model. The document
consists of the source of the Problem, the rules or laws used to solve the problem and the
solution itself is being solved in three ways; Manually, excel and R script. Finally, it
discusses the conclusion about what you can learn from Leslie’s Modelling.
Introduction
Linear Algebra is a field of studies in Mathematics. The study of Linear Algebra first emerged from
the introduction of determinants, for solving systems of linear equations. This linear equation is
further broken down into matrices. In the matrices there are techniques used to solve applications
that predicts what might happen as time goes by. Thus, one of the ways in matrix that is used to
predict the growth of Population is Leslie Model. Leslie Modelling is one of the heavily used Models
in population ecology. This Model helps us to predict the growth of population in a habitat over a
period of time. By using Leslie Modelling can help mathematician, analyst, scientist and others to
plan a project in an area.
Source
The following question was found in the online e-book “Explorations of Mathematical Models in
Biology with Maple” by Mazen Shahin.
https://books.google.com/books?
id=DTusBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239&lpg=PA239&dq=leslie+model+exercise&source=bl&ots=hNhdi09F0U
&sig=Usn0cbNv9T98chTC5xhn_f_EwkY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWr6vS2JbbAhWwtlkKHajjAvoQ
6AEIfjAN#v=onepage&q=leslie%20model%20exercise&f=false
Problem
Our problem states that:
“The female population of a certain species with three age classes of two year’s duration has the
following characteristics.
i. The survival rate from class 1 to class 2 is 50% and from class 2 to class 3 is 40%. The maximum
life span is six years.
ii. On average, each female in class 2 and class 3 produces four and two female offspring,
respectively, while females in class 1 produce no female offspring.
A. Model this situation.
B. Find a stable age distribution vector.”
We go about solving this problem by first of all setting up the Leslie matrix or as the question states,
modelling the situation and then from there we can use the Leslie matrix to go ahead and find a
stable age distribution vector.
Laws/Rules
The laws/rules that are used here are basic matrix multiplication, solving for the determinant and
finding the unknowns, that is the eigenvalues.
Solutions
Age Class 1 2 3
Birth Rate 0 4 2
Survival 50% 40% 0

Rate
0 4 2
[
L= 0.5 0 0
0 0.4 0
LX=Xλ
]
LX=XI λ
( L−Iλ ) X =0
¿ x1
[
0
0
4
0.5 0
0.4
2 λ
] [ ] xx [ ]
0 −0
0 0
0 0
λ 0 ∗
0 λ [] 2
3
0
=0
0
x
[
−λ
−λ 4
0 . 5 −λ
0
|0 . 5
0.4
4
−λ
2
0 ∗
−λ
2
] []
0 |=− λ|
[]
x
x
−λ 0
1
3
0
=0
0
|−4|
0.5 0
|+2|
0 . 5 −λ
|
0.4 −λ 0 −λ 0 0.4
0 0.4 −λ
4 2 2
λ
−λ
|0 . 5 −λ 0 |=− λ( )+ 2 λ+ 0 . 4
0 0.4 −λ
λ +2 λ +0 . 4
3
∴0=−
λ =1 . 5052371, λ =−1. 3009760 , λ =−0 .2042612

1 2 3
Since 1.5052371 is the dominant eigenvalue an eigenvector corresponding to its value is:
−1. 5052371 x
x +2 x =0
1+ 4 2 3
0 .5 x −1 .5052371 x =0
1 2
0 . 4 x −1 .5052371 x = 0
2 3
a solution is,
0.5 x
x =1 .5052371
2
1
0.4 x
x =1 .5052371
3
2
∴ x =1, x =0. 332173582 , x =−0 . 88271431

1 2 3
Therefore, a stable age distribution vector is;
[
X = 0 .332173582
−0. 88271431 ]
Figure 1.
Figure 1 shows the Leslie Matrix in excel
Figure 2.
Figure 2 shows the eigenvector or in other word the stable age distribution vector solved via excel
Figure 3.
Figure 3 shows the rStudio code of solving for the eigenvalues and eigenvector.
Conclusion
To conclude, after solving for the stable age distribution vector you can then use it to solve for the
rate of population increase from the age-specific demographic parameters once the population has
reached the stable age distribution[ CITATION Pow01 \l 3081 ]. Leslie models are one of the best
known ways to describe the growth of populations so therefore is very important in this particular
field of study and without it I’m sure the human race would not have made some huge
accomplishments.
References
(n.d.).
Explorations of Mathematical Models in Biology with Maple. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://books.google.com/books?
id=DTusBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239&lpg=PA239&dq=leslie+model+exercise&source=bl&ots=hNh
di09F0U&sig=Usn0cbNv9T98chTC5xhn_f_EwkY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWr6vS2JbbAh
WwtlkKHajjAvoQ6AEIfjAN#v=onepage&q=leslie%20model%20exercise&f=false
Power Point Presentation. (2001). Retrieved from http://www.ag.unr.edu/sedinger/Courses/ERS488-

688/lectures/ers485lecture9.pdf

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LINEAR ALGEBRA MAJOR PROJECT

LESLIE MODELLING OF POPULATION GROWTH

Our problem states that:

Survival 50% 40% 0

λ =1 . 5052371, λ =−1. 3009760 , λ =−0 .2042612

∴ x =1, x =0. 332173582 , x =−0 . 88271431

Therefore, a stable age distribution vector is;

Explorations of Mathematical Models in Biology with Maple. (n.d.). Retrieved from

Power Point Presentation. (2001). Retrieved from http://www.ag.unr.edu/sedinger/Courses/ERS488-

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