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    X X X N: Self Practice Problems

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    Indah Kesuma
    The document provides examples of using mathematical induction to prove various summation formulas. It includes proofs for formulas such as: 1) 4 + 8 + 12 + ... + 4n = 2n(n + 1) 2) 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n – 1) = n(2n – 1) 3) 1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + ... + n(n + 1)(n + 2) = n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)/4 The proofs follow the standard pattern of mathematical induction, showing the formulas hold for the base case n=1 and assuming true for n=k before proving

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    X X X N: Self Practice Problems

    Uploaded by

    Indah Kesuma
    337 views9 pages
    The document provides examples of using mathematical induction to prove various summation formulas. It includes proofs for formulas such as: 1) 4 + 8 + 12 + ... + 4n = 2n(n + 1) 2) 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n – 1) = n(2n – 1) 3) 1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + ... + n(n + 1)(n + 2) = n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)/4 The proofs follow the standard pattern of mathematical induction, showing the formulas hold for the base case n=1 and assuming true for n=k before proving

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    The document provides examples of using mathematical induction to prove various summation formulas. It includes proofs for formulas such as: 1) 4 + 8 + 12 + ... + 4n = 2n(n + 1) 2) 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n – 1) = n(2n – 1) 3) 1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + ... + n(n + 1)(n + 2) = n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)/4 The proofs follow the standard pattern of mathematical induction, showing the formulas hold for the base case n=1 and assuming true for n=k before proving

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    337 views9 pages

    X X X N: Self Practice Problems

    Uploaded by

    Indah Kesuma
    The document provides examples of using mathematical induction to prove various summation formulas. It includes proofs for formulas such as: 1) 4 + 8 + 12 + ... + 4n = 2n(n + 1) 2) 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n – 1) = n(2n – 1) 3) 1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + ... + n(n + 1)(n + 2) = n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)/4 The proofs follow the standard pattern of mathematical induction, showing the formulas hold for the base case n=1 and assuming true for n=k before proving

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Self Practice Problems

    Prove the following result by using principle of mathematical induction 


    1. 4 + 8 + 12 + … + 4n = 2n(n + 1).
    2. 2 + 2 + 2 + … + 2= 2 - 2
    1 2 3 n n+1

    3. 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2n – 1) = n (2n – 1).


    3 3 3 3 2 2

    4. (a) 1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + 3·4·5 + … + n(n + 1) (n +2) = nn+ 1n+2 n+34.


    (b) 1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + … + n(n + 1) = nn+ 1n+23.
    5. a – b is divisible by a – b.
    2n 2n

    5. 7 + 16nis divisible by 64.


    2n

    5. n(n – 1) is devisible by 24; n is positive odd integer.


    2

    5. 1·3 + 2·4 + 3·5 + … + n(n – 2 ) = n 6(n + 1) (2n + 7).


    5. (x + a) = x + C x ·a + C x ·a + … + C x ·d + … + C a , n being a positive integer.
    n n n
    1
    n– 1 n
    2
    n-2 2 n
    r
    n-r n
    n
    n

    5. (a) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... +  r + … + n =n 6  (n + 1) (2n + 1).


    2 2 2 2 2

    (b) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (-1) n = (-1)n-1  nn+12.


    2 2 2 n+1 2

    11. 12 ∙ 5 +15 ∙ 8+18 ∙ 11 + … to n terms  =n 2 (3n + 2).


    11. (a) 12 ∙ 5+15 ∙ 8+18 ∙ 11 + …to n terms  =n n+1 .
    (b)1 n+1 +1 n+2 + … + 1 2n>13 24 , for n ≥ 2.
    13. (a) x – y is divisible by x + y when n is even.
    n n

    (b) x – 1 is devisible by x – 1 for all positive integral value of n .


    n

    (c) x – y is devisible by x – y, when n is a natural number.


    2n 2n

    14. n(n + 1) (n + 2) is a multiple of 6, when n is a natural number.


    14.n55+n33 +7n15 is a natural number; n a natural number.
    14. (a) 10 + 1 is devisible by 11 for each natural number.
    2n-1

    (b) 6 + 7 isdevisible by 43 for each natural number.


    n+2 2n+1

    (c) n + 2n is devisible by 3 for all n ≥ 1.


    3

    17. 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2n – 1) = nn- 12n+13.


    2 2 2 2

    17. 1 ∙ 3 + 3 ∙ 5 + 5 ∙ 7 + … + (2n – 1) (2n + 1 ) = n 3(4n + 6n - 1) . 2

    17. (a) 1 + 11 + 2 +11 + 2 + 3+ + 1 1 + 2 +  3 + + n  =2nn + 1 .


    (b) 121 ∙ 3+223 ∙ 5 ++n2( 2n - 1) (2n + 1)  = n(n + 1 )2(2n + 1) .
    20. Iog x =nIog x, nbeing  a positive integer.
    a
    n
    a

    20. 2 + 6 + 10 + … + (4n – 2) = 2n . 2

    20. 2 ∙ 3 + 4 ∙ 5 + 6 ∙ 7  + … up to n terms = nn + 14n  + 53 .


    20. (a) n(n + 1) (n + 2) is multiple of 6.
    (b) n(n + 1) (2n + 1) is divisible by 6.
    24. 15n +13n3+715 n is a natural number for all n.
    5
    ANSWER
    1. (a). n = 1
    4 (1) = 2 (1) (1 + 1)
    4  = 4.
    (b). n = k
    4 + 8 + n + … + 4k = 2k (k +1).
    (c). n = k + 1
          4 + 8 + 2 + … 4k + 4 (k +1) = 2 (k +1) (k+1)+1
    2k (k + 1) + 4k +4 = 2 (k + 1) (k + 2)
    2k2+ 2k + 4k + 4 = 2 (k + 1) (k + 2)
    2k2 + 6k +4 = 2 (k + 1) (k + 2)
    2 (k + 1) (k + 2) = 2 (k + 1) (k + 2).

    2. (a). n = 1
          21 = 2 1 + 1 – 2
          2 = 2.
    (b). n = k
          21 + 22 + 23 + … + 2k= 2 k + 1 – 2
    (c). 21 + 22 + 23 + … + 2k + 2 k + 1 = 2 k + 1 + 1 – 2
          2 k + 1 – 2 + 2 k + 1 = 2 k + 2 - 2
          2∙ 2 k + 1 – 2 = 2 k + 2 – 2
               2 k + 2 – 2 = 2 k + 2– 2.

    3. (a). n = 1
          13 = 12 ( 2(1)2-1)
          1 = 1
    (b). n = k
          13 + 33 + 53 + … + (2k – 1)3 = k2 (2k2 – 1)
    (c). n = k +1
          13 + 33 + 53 + … + (2k– 1)3 + 2 (k + 1 – 1)3 = (k + 1)2 (2k +1)2 – 1
    k2 (2k2 -1) + 2 (k + 1 – 1)3 = (k + 1)2 (2 (k +1)2 – 1
    k2 (2k2 – 1) + 2 (k)3 = (k + 1)2 (2 (k +1)2 – 1
          2k4 -k2+ 2k3 = (k2 + 2k + 1) (2k2 + 4k + 2 – 1)
          2k4 – k2 + 2k3

    4. (a). 1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + 3·4·5 + … + n(n + 1) (n +2) = nn+ 1n+2 n+34.


     n=1
    1 (1 + 1) (1 + 2) = 11+ 11+2 1+34.
    6=6
     n=k
    1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + 3·4·5 + … + k(k + 1) (k +2) = kk+ 1k+2 k+34.
     n=k
    1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + 3·4·5 + … +  kk+ 1k+2 k+34 + k+ 1k+1+1 k+1+2 = k+
    1k+1+1 k+1+2 (k+1+3)4
     kk+ 1k+2 k+3 +  4k+ 1k+2 k+34= k+ 1k+2 k+3k+44
    k+ 4k+1k+2 (k+3)4=k+ 1k+2 k+3k+44.

    (b). 1·2 + 2·3 +3·4 + … + n(n + 1) = nn+ 1n+23


     n=1
    1 (1 + 1) = 11+ 11+23.
    2=2
     n=k
    1·2 + 2·3 +3·4 + … + k(k + 1) = kk+ 1k+23
     n = k +1
    1·2 + 2·3 +3·4 + … + k(k + 1) + (k + 1 (k + 1 +1) = k+ 1k+1+1(k+1+2) 3

    k(k+ 1)  (k+2)3(k+ 1)  (k+2)=(k+ 1)  (k+1+1)(k+1+2)3

    kk+ 1k+2+3 (k+ 1)  (k+2)3=(k+ 1)  (k+2) ( k+3) 3

    (k+ 1)  (k+2) ( k+3)3=(k+ 1)  (k+2) ( k+3) 3

    5. a2n – b2n =a – b.
     n=1
    a2-b2a ∙ b= a2-b2a ∙ b=a-b

     n = k=  a2k – b2k


     n = k + 1=  a2(k+1)– b2( k+1 ) 
    = a2b2k-b2b2k
    = a2 (a2-b2k) + b2 (a2-b2k)

    6. 72n + 16n= 64
     n=1
    72(1) + 16 (1) = 64
    49 + 16 = 64
            65 = 64

    7. n(n2 – 1) habis dibagi 24


     n – 1      1(12 – 1) = 0
     n – 3   →   3(32 – 1) = 24
     n – k k(k2 – 1) habis dibagi 24
    k3 –k

    n = k+ 1(k+ 1)(k+12-1))

    = (k+ 1) ( k2 + 2k + 1 – 1)
    = (k+ 1) ( k2 + 2k )
    = k3 + 2 k2+ k2 + 2k
    = k3 + 3 k2  + 2k
    8. 1·3 + 2 · 4 + 3 ·5 + … + n(n – 2 ) = n 6(n + 1) (2n + 7)

    (a). 1 (1 -2) ! = -1 = 1 6(1 + 1)! (21+ 7) !

    = 16(2!) (9!)
    = 1008.
    (b). n = k

    (k-2) ! = k 6(k + 1) ! (2 k + 7) !
     (c). n = k+ 1

    1 ∙ 3 + 2 ∙ 4 + 3 ∙ 5 + … + n (n – 2)  =n 6(n+ 1) (2n + 7)

         = 1 ∙ 3 + 2 ∙ 4 + 3 ∙ 5 + … +k 6( k+ 1) ! + (2k + 7) ! +  (k + 1) 

           (k + 1 –2)= k+1 6(k+ 2)! (2k + 9)!.

    =k 6( k+ 1) ! + (2k + 7) ! +  (k + 1) (k + 1 –2) ! = k+1 6(k+ 2) (2k + 9)!.

    =k 6( k + 1) ! + (2k + 7) ! +  (k + 1) (k – 1) !

    9. (x + a)n = xn + nC1xn-1∙ a + nC2xn-2 ∙ a2 + nCrxn –r ∙ d + nCn an


    n=1
    x1 + 1C1 x1-1 ∙ a + 1C2x1-2 ∙ a2 + nCrx 1–r ∙ d + 1Cn an
    (x + a)n
    Sehingga, (x + a)n = (x + a)n.

    10. (a). 
     n=1
     12= 1 6(1 + 1) (21+ 1)
     1 = 1.
     n=k
    12 + 22 + 32 + … + r2  + … k2 = k 6(k + 1) (2k + 1)

     n = k+ 1
    1 + 22 + 32 + … + k2  + (k + 1)2 = k+1 6(k + 2) (2k + 3)
    2

    1 6k(k + 1) (2k + 1)+(k+1)2= k+1 6(k + 2) (2k + 3)


    1 6(k + 1)[k (2k + 1)+6(k+1)]=1 6(k+1)(k + 2) (2k + 3)
    [k (2k + 1)+6(k+1)]=(k + 2) (2k + 3)
    2k2+k+6k+6=2k2+7k+6
    2k2+7k+6=2k2+7k+6
    (b). 
     n=1
    (-1)1+1 12 = (-1)n+1 1 (1+1) 2
    1=1
     n=k
    (-1)k+1 k2 = (-1)k+1 k (k+1) 2
     n=k+1
    12 - 22  + 32 + … +(-1)k +1  k21 + (-1)k +2 (k +1)2 = (-1)k+2  k+1(k+2)2
     (-1)k+1 k (k+1) 2+ (-1)k +2 (k +1)2=(-1)k+2  k+1(k+2)2
    (-1)k+1  k+1+2 ∙  (-1)k+2  (k+1)22=(-1)k+2  k+1(k+2)2
    (-1)k+2  k+1(k+2)2 =(-1)k+2  k+1(k+2)2

    11.   12 . 5+15 . 8+18.11+…n= n2(3n+2)


     n=1
    12 31+2=52 
     n=k
    k2(3k+2) 
     n=k+1
    k+12(3k+5) 

    12.  (a)
     n=1
    11+1=12 
     n=k
    kk+1 
     n=k+1
    k+1k+2 
                (b)
     n=1
    14+15+…+16>1324 
     n=k
    1k+1+1k+2+…12k>1324 
     n=k+1
    1k+2+1k+3+…12k+2>1324 
    13. (a).  xn – yn = x + y
     n=1
       = x1 - y1x+y= -1
     n = k  →xk yk
     n = k +1 →xk+1 yk+1  = x ∙ xk - y + yk
    =x ( xk - y k)+ y(xk– yk)

    (b) xn – 1habisdibagi x – 1
     n = 1 xn – 1 = x  - 1.
     n = k xk – 1 = p.
     n = k + 1 xk+1 – 1 
    x∙xk – 1 
                    →x ∙p

    (c) x2n – y2n habisdibagix –y


     n = 1 x1 - y1x-y= x-y
     n = kx2k–y2k
     n = k + 1 x2 (k+1) –y2(k + 1) = x2 x2k -b2∙ b2k
    = a2 a2kb2k +b2  (a2k- b2k)

    14. n(n + 1) (n + 2)
     n = 1 →11+1(1+2)
    =  6
     n = k→kk+1(k+2)
     n = k→kk+1k+2k+3
    = k+1k2 +3k+2k+6
    = k+1k2 +5k+6
    = (k + 1) k2+ 4k+k + 6
    =k+1k2+4kk+1+(k+1)(k+6)
    =k+1 k k+4k+1+(k+1)(k+6)

    15. n55 + n33 +7n15


     n=1
    155 + 133 +715 = 3+5+715 = 1
     n=k
    k55 + k33 +7k15 = 3k5+5k3+7315
     n = k +1
    (k+1)55 + (k+1)33 +7(k+1)15
    = (k+1)5+(k+1)3+7(k+1)  15
    16. (a). 102n-1 + 1 habisdibagi 11
     n = 1 1021-1 + 1 = 11
     n = k102k-1 + 1 = 11p
     n = k+ 1 →102k-1 + 1 
    = 102k-1 + 1

    (b).  n= 1 61+2 +72+1 = 63 + 73 = 559


             n = k6k+2 +72k+1 = 43p
             n = k + 1 6(k+1+2) +72(k+1)+1
    = 6k+3 +72k+3
    = 6 ∙72 ( 6k+2 +72k+1)
    = 6 ∙72 43p

    (c).  n= 1 13 +2(1) = 3
             n = kk3 +2k = 3p
             n = k + 1 (k+1)3 +2(k +1) 
    = k3+3k2 +3k + 1 +2k +2
    = 3p + 3k2 + 3k + 3
    = 3 (p + k2 + k + 1)

    17. n = 1 →(21-1)2 =1(2-1)(2+1)3


    1=1
    n = k→(2k-1)2 =k (2k -1)(2k+1)3
    n = k + 1  12 + 32  + 52 + … + (2k – 1)2  + (2(k + 1) –1)2 =(k+1)2k + 1)-1+(2k + 1+13
    k (2k -1)(2k+1)3+(2(k + 1) –1)2=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

    (2k+1)3(k(2k-1)+3(2k+1))=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

    (2k+1)3(2k2-k+6k+3)=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

    (2k+1)3(k+1)(2k+3)=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

    (2k+1)(k+1)(2k+3)3=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

    (k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

    18. (2n – 1) (2n + 1 ) = n 3(4n2 + 6n - 1)


     n = 1 21-1)2(1+1= 1 3(4(1)2  + 6 (1) – 1)
    3=3
     n = k2k-1  (2k + 1) = k 3(4k2  + 6k – 1)
     n = k + 1 1 ∙ 3 + 3 ∙ 5 + 5 ∙ 7 + … + (2k – 1) (2k + 1)+ (2k +1) (2k + 3) = k+1
    3(4(k+ 1)2  +6 (k+ 1) -1)
    = k 3(4k2  + 6k – 1) + (2k +1) (2k + 3)
    = k+1 3(4(k+ 1)2  + 6 (k + 1) -1).
    19. (a)
     n=1
     2nn+1 = 2.11+1=22=1
     n=k
    1+11+2+11+2+3+...+11+2+3+...+k=2kk+1 
     n = k +1
    1+11+2+11+2+3+...+11+2+3+...+k+2(k+1)(k+2)=2(k+1)k+2
     (k2+4k+2)(k+1)(k+2)= 2(k+1)k+2
    2(k2+2k+1)(k+1)(k+2)= 2(k+1)k+2
    2(k+1)2(k+1)(k+2)= 2(k+1)k+2
    2(k+1)k+2=2(k+1)k+2
                (b)

     n=1
    n22n-12n+1=nn+12(2n+1)
     122.1-12.1+1=11+12(2.1+1)
    13=26
    13=13
     n=k
    k22k-12k+1=kk+122k+1 
     n=k+1
    kk+122k+1+k+122 k+1-1(2(k+1)=k+1 (k+1+1)2(2k+1+1) 

    20. Iogaxn= nIogax


     n = 1 Iogax1= nIogax
    1 =1
     n = kIogaxk= kIogax
     n = k +1 Iogax(k + 1) = ( k + 1) Iogax
    ( k+ 1) Iogax = ( k+ 1) Iogax

    21. 2 + 6 + 10 + … + (4n – 2) = 2n2


     n = 1 41-2=2(1)2
    2 =  2
     n = k4k-2=2k2
     n = k + 1 
    2 + 6 + 10 + … +4k-2+4 k+1-2=2(k+1)2
    2k2+4k –2= 2(k +1)2
    2 (k+ 1)2  =2 (k + 1)2
    22.    n = 1
    12(9)3=113 
    n=k
    (k2k)(4k+53 
    n=k+1
    k+1 k+2(4k+9)3 

    23. (a).n(n + 1) (n + 2)
     n = 1 →11+1(1+2)
    =  6
     n = k→kk+1(k+2)
     n = k→kk+1k+2k+3
    = k+1k2 +3k+2k+6
    = k+1k2 +5k+6
    = (k + 1) k2+ 4k+k + 6
    =k+1k2+4kk+1+(k+1)(k+6)
    =k+1 k k+4k+1+(k+1)(k+6)
    (b).n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
     n = 1 →1 (1+1)21+1
    =  6
     n = k→kk+1(2k+1)=2p
     n = k+ 1→(k+1)k+2(2k+3)

    24. n = 1
    15+13+715=1512=1 
    n=k
    15k5+13k3+715k 
    n=k+1
    15(k+1)5+13(k+1)3+715k 

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