DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO

LTE568 – DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO (4x2)
For internal use

5/15/2020 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2013
LTE568 – DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO (4x2) Main Menu
Introduction
1 Motivation and Feature Overview 7 Dimensioning Aspects
Dimensioning Impacts and Examples
Technical Details Energy Savings Aspects

2 Functionality and Implementation, Message Flows
8 Energy Savings Examples and Calculations
Interdependencies Performance Aspects

3 Interdependencies with Other Features and Functions 9 Counters and KPIs, Feature Impact Analysis and Verification
Benefits and Gains Compliance Aspects

4 Simulation, Lab and Field Findings 10 3GPP, IETF, ETSI
Configuration Management End to End Operability

5 Parameters and Parameterisation scenarios OSS and Core Interworking
Deployment Aspects
6 Activation, Configuration Examples, Fault Mgmt, Trial Area
For internal use

4 5/15/2020 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2013
Introduction




Deployment Aspects
For internal use

Introduction Main Menu
DL
• LTE568 DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO (4x2) is the DL transmission
scheme using 4 TX antennas and 2 RX antennas in the DL direction
A A A A
n n n n
t t t t
• It can be regarded as an upgrade of LTE703 DL Adaptive Closed 4 3 2 1
Loop MIMO (2x2) feature
LTE 568
DL adaptive Closed
• It uses 3GPP Transmission Mode 4 (TM4) with switching between Loop MIMO (4x2) LTE 703
single and dual codeword for PDSCH. DL control channels are DL adaptive Closed
Loop MIMO (2x2)
transmitted using 4-way Transmit Diversity (TM2)
• LTE568 DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO (4x2) DOES NOT introduce Average DL
four spatial multiplexing layers. The achievable peak throughput is TP increase
not doubled with this feature (when compared to 2x2) DL coverage
increase
• LTE568 can increase DL throughput by 35% on cell edge and 15%

on average over LTE703. Coverage increase is usually hidden due to
UL limitation.
For internal use

• As 4 antennas in DL are introduced, adopting 4-way Rx diversity schemes

in the UL is also recommended with the feature
• LTE568 implements fast switching algorithm, which relies only on

instantaneous UE Rank Indicator (RI) feedback for spatial multiplexing
decisions. This is an improvement over legacy MIMO mode control based
on the averaged RI and CQI reports
• Although LTE568 DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO (4x2) will increase the
average cell throughput, peak throughput will be slightly (1..8%) lower
than LTE703 DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO (2x2) due to additional
system overhead
For internal use

With and without the feature
Before LTE568 Applies to DL!

activation
UEs using Single
Codeword
transmission
Cell uses 2 DL TX
antennas
Closed Loop MIMO UE using Dual UE out of
feature: LTE703 Codeword transmission DL Cell Range
(Spatial Multiplexing)
More opportunities to use

After LTE568 Spatial Multiplexing
activation
Increased
Improved average DL TP DL Cell Range
Cell uses 4 DL
TX antennas.
For internal use
Introduction




Deployment Aspects
For internal use

Technical Details Main Menu
• Dependency table:
FD-LTE RL release eNB NetAct
Release/version RL50 LN5.0 OSS5.5
TD-LTE TD LTE release eNB NetAct
Release/version RL35 LNT3.0 OSS5.5
FlexiZone Micro (FZM) FZM release eNB NetAct
Release/version Not supported N/A N/A
HW & IOT HW requirements MME SAE GW UE Specified by 3GPP
Transmission over
Release/version FSMr3 N/A N/A 3GPP Rel. 8 4TX antennas in DL,
36.211
For internal use

Introduction to
Physical Channel Processing
For internal use

Physical Channel Processing
• Before bits in DL go on air, they are processed in a way specified in 3GPP TS 36.211
• Processing takes place in baseband
• Besides obvious tasks, like fitting stream of bits into the physical resource grids, scheme allows to host various transmission modes
(MIMO among others)
36.211 36.211 36.211 36.211 36.211
6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5
codewords layers antenna ports
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Up to 2 Layer …to virtual
Precoding antenna
codewords mapper
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal ports
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
bits bits IQ IQ IQ IQ OFDM

symbols symbols symbols symbols symbols
Scramble the
codeword with
scrambling Modulate block of Distribute symbols Distribute symbols from
scrambled bits using between layers. Map symbols to the
sequence layers between virtual appropriate resource
QPSK, 16QAM or Up to 8 layers are antenna ports.
64QAM modulation supported by 3GPP. elements in the
This is key block for resource grid
multiple antenna DL
transmission schemes
(MIMO, TX diversity).
For internal use
Physical Channel Processing – Glossary: Codeword

What is a codeword?
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
A codeword is essentially transport block from MAC with attached error

protection. 3GPP standard allows up to 2 codewords.
Following steps describe the process of forming a codeword: Ack/Nack, CQI reporting, DCI – all work on codeword basis.
• Append a 24 bit checksum (CRC) to the transport block. This CRC is What about 8x8 MIMO? Why only 2 codewords?
used to determine whether the transmission was successful or not, and See next slide!
triggers Hybrid ARQ to send an ACK or NACK
• Segment the transport block into code blocks. A code block must be
between 40 and 6144 bits long. If the transport block is too small, it is
padded up to 40 bits; if the TB is too big, it is divided into smaller pieces,
each of which gets an additional 24 bit CRC *DCI – Downlink Control Information
• Process each code block with a 1/3 turbo coder
• Reassemble the resulting code blocks into a single codeword
For internal use

Physical Channel Processing – Glossary: Layer

What is a layer?
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
• A layer is a stream of symbols carrying unique information 3GPP standard allows up to 8 layers
• Mapping codewords to layers is specified in 3GPP TS 36.211 6.3.3 For 4x2 MIMO, 1 or 2 spatial multiplexing layers are used
Layer 0
(same as for 2x2 MIMO)
For 2x Transmit Diversity, 2 layers are used
Codeword 0 Layer 1
Example For 4x Transmit Diversity, 4 layers are used
Layer 2 mapping
Codeword 1
Layer 3 For more information about layer mapping, see the book:
• Number of layers determines, how many unique symbols will go on air
at the same time
- So the system is not limited to 2 symbols transmitted at once!
LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband: Air Interface
• Q: Why doesn’t standard allow for more codewords and skip the layer Technologies and Performance
by Farooq Khan,
mapping step? Layer mapping just complicates things!
Cambridge University Press 2009
• A: ACK/NACK, CQI report, is associated with codeword, and consumes the
precious resources. A scheme combining 2 codewords and multiple layers has
been chosen after evaluation of receiver complexity and signaling overhead.
For internal use
Layer Mapping in 3GPP
• Codeword to layer mapping is defined in 3GPP 36.211 6.3.3

Layer mapping for Spatial Multiplexing.
3GPP standard allows up to 8 layers Applicable for 2x2 MIMO and 4x2 MIMO alike.
For 4x2 MIMO, 1 or 2 spatial multiplexing layers are used
(same as for 2x2 MIMO) Codeword 0 Layer 0
Codeword 0 Layer 0
Number of layers Number of codewords Codeword-to-layer mapping
i  0,1,..., M symb
layer
1 Codeword 1 Layer 1
1 1 x ( 0)
(i )  d (0)
(i )
layer
M symb  ( 0)
M symb
x (0) (i )  d (0) (2i )

2 1
layer
M symb  M symb
( 0)
2
x (1) (i )  d (0) (2i  1)
x ( 0 ) (i )  d ( 0 ) (i )
2 2
layer
M symb  M symb
( 0)
 M symb
(1)
x (1) (i )  d (1) (i )
x (0) (i )  d (0) (3i ) Layer Mapping for Transmit Diversity
3 1 x (1) (i )  d (0) (3i  1)
layer
M symb  M symb
( 0)
3 (layers will not be spatially multiplexed )
x ( 2) (i )  d (0) (3i  2)
x ( 0 ) (i )  d ( 0 ) (i )
symb  M symb  M symb 2
layer ( 0) (1)
Number of3 Number of 2 (i )  d (1) ( 2i )
x (1Codeword-to-layer
) M
mapping
layers codewords
Codeword 0 Layer 0
x ( 2) (i ) i d(10) ,(12,..., 1) symb  1
layer
i M
x (0) (i )  d (0) (2i ) x (i )  d (4i )

(0) (0) Layer 1
(4i 1M) symb 2layer
(layer ( 0)
2 1 x 1 (i )  d (2i  1)
(1) ( 0) x (1)
(i ) Md 0)
4 symb
M symb  M symb
( 0)
4
( 2)
x (i )  d
(0)
(4i  2)
x (3) (i )  d ( 0) (4i  3)
x (i )  d (4i )
( 0) ( 0)
 ( 0)
M symb 4 ( 0)
if M symb mod 4  0 Codeword 0 Layer 0
 
0)  
M (layer
x (1) (i )  d (0) (4i  1x) (i )  d symb(2i ) M symb
( 0)

( 0)
 2 4 if M ( 0)
symb mod 40
4 1 x (1) (i )  d (0) (2i  1) Layer 1
4 x ( 22) (i )  d (0) (4i  2) ( 0)
If M symb mod 4M 
layer
0
symb 
two M ( 0)
null
symb 2
symbols M (1)
symbbe2
shall
x ( 2) (i )  d (1) ( 2i )
x (3) (i )  d (0) (4i  3)(3)
d (1) ( 2i to1) d ( M symb  1)
( 0) ( 0)
x (i ) appended Layer 2
x ( 0)
(i )  d ( 0)
(2i )
Layer 3
For internal use x (1) (i )  d (0) (2i  1)
x ( 2) (i )  d (1) (3i)
layer
M symb  ( 0)
M symb 2 (1)
M symb 3
15 5/15/20205 2 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2013
x (3) (i )  d (1) (3i  1)
x ( 4) (i )  d (1) (3i  2)
Physical Channel Processing – Glossary: Virtual Antenna Port

What is a virtual
antenna port? Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
• In 3GPP terminology antenna port is a signal transmission under

LTE568 uses antenna ports 0, 1, 2 and 3:
Example:
the identical channel conditions.
• For each LTE operating mode in the downlink direction for which an Same Reference
Signal from all
independent channel is assumed, a separate logical antenna port is antennas. UE “sees” Beamforming
defined. 4 TX antennas as 1. vector
• In order to determine the characteristic channel for an antenna port, Separate Reference
a UE must carry out a separate channel estimation for each Signal from each
antenna. UE “sees”
antenna port. Separate reference signals are sent from each 4 TX antennas
antenna port.
Beamforming (LTE493) uses antenna port 5:
• In 3GPP standard, each port number has particular purpose.
For internal use

Introduction to
MIMO
For internal use

Motivation behind MIMO
• Challenge: how to improve spectral efficiency Spatial diversity example: i.i.d. Rayleigh fading.
(B/s/Hz)?
• Using higher-order modulations to increase data rate

provides limited scalability
• Example: 6 bits per symbol (64QAM) to 12 bits per
symbol (4096 QAM). SNR requirement increases 10-15
dB at a bit error probability of 10%
Uncoded BEP
-1
• Higher-order constellations suffer more from receiver 10 ~15dB
impairments and have higher computational complexity
requirements. 4096-QAM may be complicated to
implement in practice
nTx=1, 64QAM
nTx=4, 64QAM
nTx=4, 4096QAM
• Solution: spatial multiplexing (MIMO) nTx=2, 4096QAM
nTx=1, 4096QAM
nTx=2, 64QAM
10 15 20 25 30
Avg tx power / noise power dB
Source:
For internal use Feature Deep Dive, LTE70: adaptive open-loop MIMO for two antennas
Channel Coefficients
1.5
1
Symbol received
Constellation shifts in by RX antenna 1
Q phase and amplitude
0.5
according to the
complex channel
0
coefficients Symbol received
by RX antenna 2
I -0.5
Transmitted symbols
Received symbols -1
-1.5
• Complex channel coefficients tell us how the wireless channel changes

the symbols in terms of phase and amplitude
• Phase and amplitude of the received signals will be differently perceived on

each RX antenna due to multipath propagation and different path
lengths/phases
• In LTE DL channel coefficients can be estimated with help of

Reference Symbols (RS)
For internal use
MIMO Principle
• MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output

x1 TX
h11
y1
• Different symbols are sent by transmit antennas in antenna
RX1
the same time and frequency port 0
h21
x1
• As symbols propagate over the wireless channel, h12 MIMO
their phase and amplitude changes according to the receiver x2
channel coefficient (complex value) h22
x2 TX
antenna
RX2
• Channel between each pair of the TX and RX port 1 y2
antennas is different due to different propagation Wireless channel coefficients
conditions (known from Reference Signal)
• Receiver needs only to solve a set of equations.

Channel coefficients are known from pilots
known
(Reference Signals), so the only unknown is the
transmitted symbols Channel rank: how many parallel streams can be
supported by channel
• The set will have a solution if the equations are y1  h11 x1  h12 x2
linearly independent. This is best assured by Up to min(Ntx, Nrx)
propagation environment rich in multipath
Is signaled by Rank Indicator (RI) by the UE to the
y2  h21 x1  h22 x2
(propagation is really different between the antenna
pairs) eNB. eNB may then adapt the number of parallel
streams to match the UE & channel capability
• Matrix notation is commonly used for MIMO
description unknown
For internal use
MIMO Principle: 4x2
In case of 4x2 MIMO there are 4 TX antennas at the eNB, but still only 2 RX
antennas in the UE.
2 equations, 4 unknowns: impossible to solve… x1 TX

h11
y1  h11 x1  h12 x2  h13 x3  h14 x4
antenna
port 0
y2  h21 x1  h22 x2  h23 x3  h24 x4

h12
RX1
xx1 h13 y1
2 TX
…unless the x’s are made dependant of each other, for example: antenna
port 1
h14 x1
x1  x2 ; x3  x4 MIMO
Then we have only 2 unknowns, MIMO equation becomes possible to solve. h21
receiver x3
xx33 TX
That essentially is what the precoder does - combining symbols antenna
port 3
from layers: h22
y2
h23 RX2
…to xx34 TX
Layers Precoder antenna antenna h24
port 4
ports
• 1st conclusion: 4x2 MIMO can only support up to 2 streams

• 2nd conclusion: the more TX antenna ports, the more combinations of streams can be made by precoder
• But what is the actual benefit of precoding? See next slide!
For internal use
Precoding Benefits: Example (1/2)
• Performance of the MIMO system can be improved with precoding.

• Let’s start with an easy example: 2x2 MIMO, 1 codeword, 1 layer: Received symbols
cancelled out
• In this example, channel coefficients from the TX antenna port 2 are rotated 180 degrees to the TX antenna 1,
and have the same magnitude:
 h11 h12  1  1 Q Q h11 x1

x1 Only noise
h 
h22  1  1 is received
 21 I I
h12 x2
• In this example, precoder is simply duplicating the symbols received
from the layer to the antenna ports. Symbols transmitted on the x1 h111
antenna ports are exactly the same.
TX
antenna
y1
port 0 RX1
h121
1 x1
W   ; x1  x2 h-1
12 MIMO
x2
1
receiver
h-1
22
codewords layers antenna ports x2 TX
antenna
RX2
port 1
y2
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Layer
Q Q h21 x1
mapper
Precoding x2
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
I I
h22 x2
• Effectively, received signals at each RX antenna cancel each other out.

Only the noise is received!
Received symbols
For internal use cancelled out
Precoding Benefits: Example (2/2)
1 1 
 W   ; x2   jx1
Received
In this example, let’s change the precoding weights: W 
•
  symbol
• x2 is now rotated 90 degrees to x1
1  j 
• Symbols experience channel coefficients same as on previous example as they
propagate, but now something is received at the UE antennae. Q Q
x1
h12 x2 h11 x1
• Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) can be improved by selection of proper precoder setting.
This is called Precoding Gain. Precoding gain depends on the chosen precoding I I
weights.
• The receiver needs to know the precoding weights that were used by the eNB, x1 1
y1
otherwise it cannot understand what eNB meant by transmitting its symbols – even if it
TX
antenna
port 0 RX1
1
can receive them with higher SNR. x1
-1 MIMO
receiver x2
-1
codewords layers antenna ports x2 TX
antenna
RX2
port 1
y2
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Layer
Q Q
Precoding
mapper
h22 x2 h21 x1
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
I I
x2
For internal use

Precoding Benefits: SNR increase
• In previous example SNR increase caused by the precoding gain was shown
• This principle also applies double codeword transmission
• Additionally, by proper selection of the precoding weights system is able to balance the SNR of two streams in order to achieve optimal performance
For internal use

Further Technical Details
For internal use

Precoding – closed loop MIMO; codebook concept
layers
• Optimal precoding setting is construed from channel coefficients alone eNB
• But in turn the eNB needs to know the channel coefficients. How to get this knowledge?
- In TDD, eNB can benefit from channel reciprocity (UL and DL channel coefficients are the same),
but needs update with the UE transmission (SRS is used) code precoder
- In FDD it can only rely on UE feedback book
• On the other hand UE already has full knowledge of the DL channel, so it can calculate the optimal
precoding as well, and request it to the eNB. This requires less signalling overhead. RF
• So the possible codebook settings need to be known to both sides (UE and eNB). These settings are
referred to as codebook.
eNB to UE:
“Here is your
• Once UE selects the optimal precoding, it reports it to the eNB by indicating its PMI (Precoding Matrix data, and I used
UE to eNB:
Index) which its position in the codebook. It can be reported periodically (enabled by default), or “I want this PMI” this PMI”
aperiodically (configurable).
• eNB will notify the UE with the PMI that is uses with the DL transmission in the Downlink Control
Information (DCI).
RF
code Channel
book estimation
Note: This description applies only to the closed loop MIMO transmission modes!
Open Loop MIMO periodically changes its precoding setting and requires no PMI feedback
UE
For internal use
3GPP codebook for spatial multiplexing
4 TX antennas
• Both UE and eNB must know the codebooks used. (LTE568).
• Codebooks are standardized by 3GPP in 36.211 3.6.4 Only 1 and 2
- Codebook for 8 CSI reference signals are given in 36.213 7.2.4 layers are used
• Codebooks are designed to minimize signaling overhead and to simplify
UE processing. Codebook un Number of layers 
• Codebook size depends on the number of used antennas. index 1 2 3 4
0 u 0  1  1  1  1T W0{1} W0{14} 2 W0{124} 3 W0{1234} 2
1 u1  1  j 1 j T W1{1} W1{12} 2 W1{123} 3 W1{1234} 2
2 u 2  1 1  1 1T W2{1} W2{12} 2 W2{123} 3 W2{3214} 2
3 u3  1 j 1  j T W3{1} W3{12} 2 W3{123} 3 W3{3214} 2
2 TX antennas Wn  I  2u n u nH u nH u n 4 
u4  1 (1  j ) 2  j (1  j ) 2 
T
W4{1} W4{14} 2 W4{124} 3 W4{1234} 2
 1 
T
5 u5 (1  j ) 2 j (1  j ) 2 W5{1} W5{14} 2 W5{124} 3 W5{1234} 2
(LTE703)
 1 
T
6 u6 (1  j ) 2  j (1  j ) 2 W6{1} W6{13} 2 W6{134} 3 W6{1324} 2
 1 
T
Codebook Number of layers  7 u7 (1  j ) 2 j (1  j ) 2 W7{1} W7{13} 2 W7{134} 3 W7{1324} 2
index 1 2 W3{12} 2 8 u8  1  1 1 1T W8{1} W8{12} 2 W8{124} 3 W8{1234} 2
1 1 1 1 0
0    Select columns 1 and 2 9 u9  1  j  1  j T W9{1} W9{14} 2 W9{134} 3 W9{1234} 2
2 1 2 0 1
1 1 1 1 1  10 u10  1 1 1  1T W10{1} W10{13} 2 W10{123} 3 W10{1324} 2
1    
2 1 2 1 1 11 u11  1 j 1 j T W11{1} W11{13} 2 W11{134} 3 W11{1324} 2
0.3536 0.3536i -0.3536 -0.3536i
1 1  1 1 1 
-0.3536i 0.3536 -0.3536i 0.3536 12 u12  1  1  1 1T W12{1} W12{12} 2 W12{123} 3 W12{1234} 2
2    
2  j 2  j  j
-0.3536 0.3536i 0.3536 -0.3536i 13 u13  1  1 1  1T W13{1} W13{13} 2 W13{123} 3 W13{1324} 2
1 1
3   - 0.3536i 0.3536 0.3536i 0.3536 14 u14  1 1  1  1T W14{1} W14{13} 2 W14{123} 3 W14{3214} 2
2  j 
15 u15  1 1 1 1T W15{1} W15{12} 2 W15{123} 3 W15{1234} 2
For internal use

Rank Indicator
• The MMO equation set will have a solution if the equations are linearly independent. layers
• If this condition is not met, system is not able to support multiple streams
eNB
• Ability to support parallel streams is channel rank.
• Same as precoding scheme, rank can be calculated from channel coefficients alone.
• Rank is calculated by UE and reported to the eNB. This report is rank indication (RI) code precoder
• With 2x2 or 4x2 MIMO rank can either be 1 or 2 book
• Channel rank depends on the channel properties. It is impacted by the amount of

multipath (more=higher rank) and antenna correlation (lower correlation=higher rank) RF
eNB to UE:
UE to eNB: “Here is your
“I want this PMI…” data, and I used
this PMI…”
UE to eNB:
“… and this rank” eNB to UE:
“…and this
number of
layers”
RF
• When UE reports PMI, it is always associated with the reported rank. So if eNB decides
code Rank and
to override rank suggested by the UE, it will not have valid PMI for this rank Channel
book PMI
- This happens with “Dynamic Adaptive MIMO Switching”. In this case, eNB estimation
calculation
cyclically switches available PMIs
For internal use

UE
Closed Loop MIMO operation
U P L I N K C O N T R O L I N F O R M A T I O N
4 Part of UCI
I want this rank…”
“…and this PMI”

codebook
MIMO
5 control
codebook
Channel Rank and
estimation 2 precoding 3
6 calculation
RF
layers
1
RF
precoder 7
PDSCH
receiver
9 layers
Part of DCI
eNB “Here is your data, and I used 8 UE
this number of layers…”
“…and this PMI”
For internal use

D O W N L I N K C O N T R O L I N F O R M A T I O N
Uplink Control Signaling
• UE reports its DL related channel measurements to the

eNB
• In TM4, these measurements consist of CQI, PMI and RI
• Periodic reporting is configured by default. UEs will report
periodically on PUCCH
• Aperiodic reporting has to be enabled. UE will report it on
PUSCH if it has an ongoing UL transmission
• Closed-loop MIMO (TM4) requires reporting modes that

allow for PMI reporting.
Mode 1-2 not
• Aperiodic modes x-2 allow for reporting multiple sub- supported
band PMIs. Other PMI reporting modes report only single
PMI value. PMI Feedback Type PMI Feedback Type
Single Single Multiple
- Mode 1-2 is not supported by NSN No PMI PMI No PMI PMI PMI
PUSCH CQI Feedback Type

Feedback Type
PUCCH CQI
Wideband Mode 1-0 Mode 1-1 Wideband Mode 1-2
(wideband CQI) (wideband CQI)
UE Selected Mode 2-0 Mode 2-1 Mode 2-

Q: Why multiple sub-band PMI? (subband CQI)
UE Selected
(subband CQI)
0 Mode 2-2
A: Channel coefficients are not uniform in frequency domain, so

Higher Layer- Mode 3-
PMIs optimal for one band may not be optimal for the others -PMI-enabled reporting modes configured 0 Mode 3-1
(subband CQI)
For internal use

Downlink Control Information
• eNB notifies the UE about the used PMI in the Downlink Control Information (DCI) on PDCCH
• There are DCI formats defined for each Transmission Mode in 3GPP 36.212, 5.3.3.1
• TM4 uses DCI format 2
Field Bits
TM Scheme DCI format
Resource allocation type 0/type 1 flag 1
TM1 Single-antenna port (p = 0) 1, 1A Resource block assignment Type 0
TM2 Transmit diversity 1, 1A N RB
DL
/ P
TM3 Open-loop spatial multiplexing 2A Type 1

N DL
RB  
/ P  log 2 P   1
TM4 Closed-loop spatial multiplexing 2
HARQ process number 3(FDD), 4(TDD)
TM5 Multi-user MIMO 1D
Transport block to codeword swap flag 1
TM6 Closed-loop rank = 1 precoding 1B
TPC command for PUCCH 2
TM7 Single-antenna port; port 5 1, 1A
Modulation and coding scheme 5
New data indicator Transport block 1 1
According to 3GPP 36.213, 7.1.2.7, single-stream Redundancy version 2
transmission is assumed if one of the transport blocks Modulation and coding scheme 5
is disabled: New data indicator Transport block 2 1
Redundancy version 2
MCS index = 0; redundancy version = 1. Precoding information 2 antenna ports 3
4 antenna ports 6
In such case, the transport block to codeword swap
flag is reserved, and codeword zero is found in the
transport block that is not disabled.
For internal use
Downlink Control Information: Precoding Information
One codeword: Two codewords:
Codeword 0 enabled, Codeword 0 enabled,
Codeword 1 disabled Codeword 1 enabled
• DCI Format 2 provides 4 or 6 bits for PMI signaling Bit field
mapped to Message
Bit field
mapped Message
- At first glance this is not enough to support multiple PMI for index
0 4 layers: Transmit
to index
0 2 layers: TPMI=0
4 TX antennas, but… 1
diversity
1 layer: TPMI=0 1 2 layers: TPMI=1
2 1 layer: TPMI=1
 
- ...some entries in the table are used for indicating that the 15 2 layers: TPMI=15
 
eNodeB has applied precoding according to PMI(s) 16 1 layer: TPMI=15 16 2 layers: Precoding
according to the latest
reported by the UE. This is used to support multiple PMI report on PUSCH
using the precoder(s)
sub-band PMI. indicated by the reported
PMI(s)
17 1 layer: Precoding 17 3 layers: TPMI=0
- Transmit Diversity using 4 TX antennas can be selected by PMI report on PUSCH
using single codeword, precoding information=0. This is indicated by the reported
PMI(s)
used with “Fast Adaptive MIMO Switch” feature 18

19
2 layers: TPMI=0
2 layers: TPMI=1
18 3 layers: TPMI=1
 
32 3 layers: TPMI=15
- Additionally, in LTE568 DCI format 1 is used for Transmit  
33 2 layers: TPMI=15 33 3 layers: Precoding
Diversity to schedule UEs that do not support 4x2 MIMO according to the latest
PMI report on PUSCH
(Class 1 devices) using the precoder(s)
indicated by the reported
PMI(s)
34 2 layers: Precoding 34 4 layers: TPMI=0
PMI report on PUSCH
indicated by the reported
System configures the number of layers and PMIs for which UE has to report to the PMI(s)
35 – 63 reserved 35 4 layers: TPMI=1
eNB. This is done with codebookSubsetRestriction bitmap during RRC signaling (IE
 
AntennaInfo, 3GPP 36.331, 6.3.2) 49 4 layers: TPMI=15
50 4 layers: Precoding
For internal use PMI report on PUSCH
32 5/15/2020 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2013 indicated by the reported
PMI(s)
51 – 63 Reserved
Relation of Transmission Modes in 3GPP to NSN product
• 3GPP 36.213 specifies several transmission modes on PDSCH.

• In NSN, DL transmission schemes are selected by dlMimoMode parameter dlMimoMode PDSCH Transmission TMs involved in
- dlMimoMode ≠ 3GPP Transmission Mode, as dlMimoMode may imply Scheme PDSCH
also TM mode switching strategy.
SingleTX Single stream TM1
3GPP PDSCH Transmission Scheme
Transmission
2-way TXDiv Transmit Diversity using TM2
Mode
2 transmit antennas
TM1 Single stream
4-way TXDiv Transmit Diversity using TM2
2 transmit antennas
TM2 Transmit Diversity
Static Open Open Loop MIMO using TM3
TM3 Open Loop MIMO Loop MIMO 2 TX antennas
(2x2)
TM4 Closed Loop MIMO Dynamic Open Loop MIMO using TM2, TM3
Open Loop 2 TX antennas
TM5 Multi-user MIMO MIMO (2x2)
Closed Loop Closed Loop MIMO TM4 This is
TM6 Closed Loop, single layer MIMO MIMO (2x2) using 2 TX antennas LTE568
Closed Loop Closed Loop MIMO TM4, TM2
TM7 Single stream beamforming
MIMO (4x2) using 4 TX antennas
TM8 Dual stream beamforming Single Stream Single stream TM7, TM2 (TM3*)
Beamforming beamforming
TM9, TM10, … Dual Stream Dual stream TM8, TM2 (TM3*)
… Beamforming beamforming
For internal use
Alamouti scheme for Transmit Diversity
• Transmit Diversity uses two transmit antennas over two symbol periods to transmit two independent data symbols
• A stream of symbols is transmitted over two antennas. Each symbol is transmitted with efficiently designed redundancy
• This is Orthogonal Space-Frequency Block Code (OSFBC)
• Applicable to control/broadcast channels (PDCCH, PBCH, PHICH, PCFICH), the synchronization signals (PSS, SSS), and
(sometimes) PDSCH
• Not applicable to Reference Symbols s1 Reference Symbol
of Antenna Port 0 Q
s 2*
 s* s
s1
s2*
I
Antenna Port 0
…s2, s1 Alamouti s*
encoder Reference Symbol
of Antenna Port 1
s2 Complex
s *
1
conjugate of
symbol s
Antenna Port 1
s2
 s1* Showing 1 PRB over 1 slot (0.5ms)

For internal use
Transmit Diversity for 4 Tx Antennas
• For 4 TX antennas transmit diversity scheme is a combination of OSFBC and FSTD (Frequency Shift Transmit Diversity).
- FSTD is applied to preserve orthogonality between symbols
• Transmit diversity schemes are standardized in 3GPP TS 36.211
s1
2x2 4x2
s2*
To balance for channel estimation 0
accuracy 0
• {s1, s2} are transmitted by antenna ports 0 and 2 Antenna Port 0
• {s3, s4} are transmitted by antenna ports 1 and 3
0
0 RS overhead increase
s3
from 9.5% to 14.3%
s4*
Antenna Port 1
s2 Effectively, in 4-way TxDiv only half

… s4, s3, s2, s1 Alamouti
 s1* of the antennas are transmitting DL
encoder 0 physical channels due to FSTD.
0 Power from the “gaps” is distributed
Antenna Port 2 among the active Resource
Elements within the TTI.
Weaker channel estimation 0
for antenna ports 2 and 3 0 No orthogonal SFBC exists for more
(only 2 symbols for RS per s4 than 2 transmit antennas
PRB per slot)  s3*
Antenna Port 3
For internal use
Mirror Cabling for 4 TX
• In most
0
cases, EPA,
dual3km/h,
X-polarized antenna
2100MHz, High will be used for 4TX
corr., real CE
10
deployment High correlation: High correlation:
RS1, RS3
RS2 RS0, RS3
RS2
• Co-polarized elements will me more correlated with each other than
cross-polarized
-1 elements
10
BLER
• Consider the 4TX diversity: pairs of Alamouti encoded symbols are

transmitted
10
-2
over ports 0 and 2, 1 and 3 respectively. If connected to
co-polarized antenna elements, they will loose diversity gain.
• Additionally, it is important to keep ports 0 and 1 decorrelated, since
-3
these
10 ports carry more Reference Symbols than ports 2 and 3.
•
-10 -5 0 5
This can be achieved by proper
10 15 20 25
SNR [dB] cabling to the antenna inputs.
FRIG 2.3
Sector1 Sector1
4
x 10 LCR1: Tx4 & Rx4 LCR1: Tx2 & Rx2
4
4x2 TxDiv indirect cabling /\ \/ Sector1 Sector1
4x2 TxDiv direct cabling /\ /\ LCR1: Tx3 & Rx3 LCR1: Tx1 & Rx1
Throughput [Kbits/s]
2
When feeding the Alamouti- 0 s2 0 s1
paired symbols to the x-pol 0  s1* 0 s2*
1 antenna elements some s4 s3
additional gain can be 0 0
extracted  s3* 0 s4* 0
0 Antenna Port 3 Antenna Port 2 Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
SNR [dB]
For internal use
Link Level Performance of Transmit Diversity
0
EPA5, medium correlation 0
EPA5, medium correlation
10 10
• Roughly the same LL performance of Transmit Diversity 2TX, MCS10
4TX MCS10
in 2 or 4 TX case for all channel models
-1
•
10
General trend: 4TX performs slightly better for low order
MCSs (diversity increase)
BLER
BLER
• For high order MCSs 4TX performs worse due to increased
-1 -2
Code Rate caused by larger Cell Reference Signal overhead. 10 10 2TX, MCS0
2TX MCS10
2TX MCS27
4TX, MCS0
• For a given MCS 4TX performs better than 2TX in high SNR -3
4TX MCS10
4TX MCS27
10
and worse in low SNR region. This is caused by worse -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
normalized noise normalized noise
channel estimation for the extra 2 TX antennas
ETU70, low correlation 0
EPA5, high correlation
0 10
10
-1
-1 10
10
BLER
BLER
Source: 4GMAX simulations -2
2TX, MCS0
-2
10 2TX, MCS0
10
Duplex: FDD 2TX MCS10 2TX MCS10
BW: 10MHz 2TX MCS27 2TX MCS27
4TX, MCS0 4TX, MCS0
allocation size: 6 PRB 4TX MCS10
4TX MCS10
# of PDCCH symbols: 3 4TX MCS27 -3
4TX MCS27
-3 10
10 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
For internal use normalized noise normalized noise
PDCCH performance
Req. SINR for Agg., 3 PDCCH symbols, 20MHz BW, UMaNLoS3 channel model
10
2TX 3Sym AGG1
4TX 3Sym AGG1
• PDCCH is transmitted using Transmit Diversity 8 2TX 3Sym AGG2
4TX 3Sym AGG2
2TX 3Sym AGG4
• In case of 4 TX antenna ports the PDCCH transport 6 4TX 3Sym AGG4
2TX 3Sym AGG8
capacity is reduced due to the fact that additional DL 4TX 3Sym AGG8
reference signals needs to be transmitted 4
Req. SINR 
• PDCCH with 4 TX antenna ports requires higher (up 2
to 1dB) SNR for the same performance as with 2 TX

antennas 0
-2
-4
More examples (different # of PDCCH symbols and channel models):

-6
https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Open/497909882
-8
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
DCI Payload size 
For internal use

Example Link Level Performance Gain of TM4 Single Codeword vs. TM2
• Higher gain of single codeword 4x2 MIMO over 4x2 TxDiv than 2x2MIMO over 2x2 TxDiv
• Best performing PMI selected for comparison
• Not all PMIs were available, simulations ongoing
epa5 , medium correlation EPA5, medium correlation

0
10 Single codeword 4x2 MIMO 0
10
provides better gains over TxDiv
than single codeword 2x2 MIMO
~1dB gain
BLER
BLER
-1 -1
10 10
>5dB gain
4x2 SM1 MCS0 2x2 SM1 MCS0

4x2 TxDiv MCS0 2x2 TxDiv MCS0
4x2 TxDiv MCS10 2x2 TxDiv MCS10
-2
4x2 TxDiv MCS27 -2
2x2 TxDiv MCS27
10 10
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
RX SNR RX SNR
To be updated with new LL data
For internal use
MIMO Mode Control: Dynamic Switching
rrmMimoRi
• Dynamic Adaptive MIMO Switching is legacy MIMO Mode Control in LTE568
• It re-uses the algorithms and parameters developed for LTE703
• System will use single codeword at the cell edge OR in high correlation,
mimoClRiThU
two codewords when in middle to good conditions
Dual Codeword
1. Wideband CQI reported by UE is compensated with OLLA delta (corresponds to BLER):
1 CW: newCqi = CQI + rrmDeltaCqi; 2CWs: newCqi = (CQI1+CQI2)/2 + rrmDeltaCqi
Single/Dual Codeword
2. If RI=2 newCQI is additionally normalized towards single codeword (for RI=2 reported CQI
mimoClRiThD
is lower)
newCqi = newCqi + mimoClCqiComp
Single Codeword
3. CQI (processed) and RI (raw) reports are fed into the averaging filter:
rrmMimoCqi = (1-mimoClCqiAvg)*rrmMimoCqi + mimoClCqiAvg*newCqi
rrmMimoRi = (1-mimoClRiAvg)*rrmMimoRi + mimoClRiAvg*RI
rrmMimoCqi
4. Additionally, a forgetting factor is applied to the rrmMimoCqi and rrmMimoRi in case no mimoClCqiThD mimoClCqiThU
valid reports arrive when expected. This enables automatic downgrade to single
codeword 1CW: rrmMimoCQI ≤ mimoClCqiThD OR
rrmMimoRi ≤ mimoClRiThD
Dynamic Switching algorithm may cause mismatch between the actual
used number of codewords and reported RI. In such case, system 2CW: rrmMimoCQI ≥ mimoClCqiThU AND
doesn’t have a valid PMI, so it will cyclically switch between the rrmMimoRi ≥ mimoClRiThU
available PMIs
For internal use
MIMO Mode Control: Fast Switching (1/2)
0
EPA, 3km/h, 2100MHz, High corr., real CE
10
-1
10
• “Fast Adaptive MIMO Switching” MIMO Mode Control algorithm is
BLER
-2
introduced with LTE568, but can be used also with LTE703 since 10
BLER degradation in switching region
RL50/RL35 of Dynamic Adaptive algorithms casued
-3
10 by cyclic PMI switching
• eNB will not override UE requests regarding the used number of
codewords and PMI 10
-4
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SNR [dB]
• This allows to avoid cyclic PMI switching which was used with
“Dynamic Adaptive MIMO Switching” when transmission rank was 4
CL 2x2 MIMO
x 10
overridden by the eNB. 8
[7, 8] CQIcomp=0
• LL simulations show that Fast Adaptive algorithm performs best
Throughput [Kbits/s]
6 [7, 8] CQIcomp=4
[0, 15] CQIcomp=0
[5, 10] CQIcomp=0
4 [10, 11] CQIcomp=4
2
Fast Adaptive switching
performs better than 0
Dynamic Adaptive -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SNR [dB]
algorithms
For internal use

Techical Details Main Menu
MIMO Mode Control: Fast Switching (2/2)
• If no valid PMI report arrives from the UE, eNB will use the latest reported PMI
• … for a while…
• After elapsing a certain time from the latest valid PMI report, eNB will switch the transmission mode to 4-way Transmit Diversity to the user in question.
• Single/dual codeword transmission will resume immediately after valid report is received.
• Again, this allows to avoid cyclic PMI switching. Link level simulations show that cyclic PMI switching performs worse than 4-way Transmit Diversity
• System will ensure that TxDiv fallback time is longer than PMI report periodicity
• Please note: PMI report is valid when RI report is also valid
For internal use

Deployment Aspects Main Menu
Antenna Considerations
• Two horizontally separated x-pol columns with 0.5 lambda separation are
recommended for 4x2 MIMO deployment
Picture Source:
MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Broadband Systems
4G Americas, October 2012
• Cross-polarized elements provide good enough diversity to support 2 streams

• Small spatial column separation provides antenna correlation which is beneficial
for closed loop precoding scheme
For internal use
DL Reference Symbol Power Boosting (1/3)
• Cell Reference Signal is transmitted by each antenna port

• UE estimates Reference Signal Receive Power (RSRP) based on the Single TX antenna
received Reference Symbols (RS) power averaged over number of the
(normalized to single TX antenna)

resource elements carrying RS RE’s carrying RS
of Antenna Port 0
Amplitude
Flat Power
Spectral Density
Antenna Port 0
For internal use

• In Resource Elements (RE) that are used for RS transmission

only one antenna port is transmitting, other antennas are silent, 2TX antennas
so that the channel can be reliably estimated by the UE
• When increasing the number of antennas, we can observe that
REs carrying RS are received with less power than REs carrying
RS carrying REs 3dB below
data.
data carrying REs
• To keep constant power per cell:
- If number of TX antennas increases
- power per TX antenna must be decreased Antenna Port 0
- In effect, RSRP decreases for the given UE position
• The same effect can be observed when changing from 2 TX

antenna ports to 4 TX antenna ports, etc.
• Several mobility thresholds are defined based on the reported Antenna Port 1
RSRP. Channel estimation and effectively throughput also relies
on the quality of RS reception
For internal use

• Power of RS symbols can be boosted with dlRsBoost parameter

• Power will be “borrowed” from other REs in TTI, as total power per
2TX antennas- RS boosted by 3dB
antenna must never ever be exceeded
• 3dB RS boost can compensate for the expected RSRP loss when
doubling the number of the antennas. However, whether it is really
needed should be first verified with field trial Received PSD
• Boosting RS symbols will increase interference from other cells,
as RS symbols are always transmitted
EPA, User velocity 30 km/h, CF = 2.1 GHz, MIMO 4x2, Antenna Port 0
4
x 10 PDSCH(1 PDCCH symbols), 50 PRB (10 MHz)
2.5
LL simulation
• 10% interfering
cell load 2
• -2dB interference
power level (cell edge
Throughput (kbits/s)
conditions) 1.5
• 3dB RS boost Antenna Port 1

Compare red (3dB boost) and
optimal
blue (0dB boost) curves
1
Source, more Pa 0 dB, 10%, -2 dB, QPSK, CellId 52

examples: 4GMAX, Pa -3 dB, 10%, -2 dB, QPSK, CellId 52
Pa -4.77 dB, 10%, -2 dB, QPSK, CellId 52
https://sharenet- 0.5 Pa -6 dB, 10%, -2 dB, QPSK, CellId 52
ims.inside.nokiasieme Pa 0 dB, 10%, -2 dB, QPSK, CellId 99
nsnetworks.com/Over Pa -3 dB, 10%, -2 dB, QPSK, CellId 99
Pa -4.77 dB, 10%, -2 dB, QPSK, CellId 99
view/D501620816 Pa -6 dB, 10%, -2 dB, QPSK, CellId 99
0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
For internal use SNR [dB]
Peak Data Rates
2x2 4x2
• Using MIMO 2x2 with 2 Tx antennas the Cell Reference Signals occupies
16 RE per PRB
• Using MIMO 4x2 with 4 Tx antennas the Cell Reference Signals occupies
24 RE per PRB
• This increase of overhead leads to a slightly reduced downlink
throughput at good radio conditions PDCCH reserved
symbols
• DL throughput reduction is caused by exceeding maximum allowed code DL Peak Throughput, Lab Measurement
10MHz, FDD, single UE
rate for MCS=28. According to 3GPP 36.213 7.1.7 UE may skip
decoding a transport block in an initial transmission if the effective Symbols 2x2 MIMO 4x2 MIMO Gain [%]
channel code rate is >0.930: reserved Peak Throughput Peak Throughput
for PDCCH [Mbps] [Mbps]
number of DL information bits  CRC
Effective channel code rate  3 62.6 61.9 -1.1
number of physical channel bits on PDSCH
2 68.25 62.85 -7.9
• Effective coding rate will also depend on number of OFDM symbols 1 72.75 71.05 -2.3
assigned for PDCCH
Source: SyVe report
https://sharenet-
ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D503332333
For internal use

Introduction




Deployment Aspects
For internal use

Interdependencies Main Menu
Following features cannot be activated in conjunction with LTE568

LTE 179 LTE 993
LTE 1542
Dual Band with One Cell Combination
FDD Supercell
System Module (Supercell) - TDD
LTE 116 LTE 48

Cell Bandwidth –
High Speed UEs In RL 60 and RL 45
3MHz
LTE 568 variants of Carrier
DL adaptive Closed Aggregation 4x2 MIMO
Loop MIMO (4x2) will be supported. This
LTE 117 limitation concerns only
LTE 1089 RL50
Cell Bandwidth – Carrier Aggregation
1.4MHz
LTE 447 LTE 436 LTE 1195

RF Sharing with RF Sharing with Remote Interface
GSM WCDMA Unit
For internal use

Interdependencies Main Menu
• Following features complement LTE568
LTE 72
4-way Rx diversity
LTE 980 LTE 568 LTE430

DL adaptive Closed DL power boosting
IRC for 4 Rx Paths
Loop MIMO (4x2) for control channels
LTE568 'Adaptive CL MIMO 4x2' is a feature to

To maintain the same RSRP level
increase throughputs in downlink. The feature should
when upgrading from 2TX, Cell
be enabled together with features supporting 4Rx
Reference Signals power may
reception in uplink to balance link performance in
need to be increased.
uplink and downlink.
For internal use

Introduction




Deployment Aspects
For internal use

Benefits and Gains Main Menu
Network Operator Field Trial
• Test performed with pre-commercial RL50 SW, 10MHz BW

• The achieved performance measurements are indicative and commercially non binding
2x2 OL MIMO and 4x2 CL MIMO

were tested.
wMC refers to 3dB power
reduction on PDSCH -> same
power as 2x2.
Source:
RL50 CL MIMO 4x2 / 4-RX Demo
https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D499741383
For internal use

Source:
For internal use
FiVe Wroclaw test
Source:
•Test setup: FIVE feature test report
•RL35 TDD release https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D502519122
•1 eNB for not HO related tests (FSMF + 2xFZNI)
• tests were done on isolated cell without interferences
• eNB SW LNT3.0_1304_080_00
• Bandwidth 20MHz, 3 cells configured
• 10W per carrier in case of 2x2MIMO and 4x2MIMO
•UE – 10xQuanta 1K31, firmware 20130426_1KQCI_4036_M0.10
•Aperiodic reporting type 3-1 (single PMI)
•2x2 MIMO setup still configured to use 4-way Rx Diversity (test is
not influenced by UL coverage change)
•No RS boosting applied
Test route
Mirror cabling used
Site
For internal use

FiVe Wroclaw test
•Test case: Source:

FIVE feature test report
Throughput comparison between: https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D502519122
- 4x2 CL MIMO with activated Fast Switching Algorithm
- 4x2 CL MIMO with legacy switching Legend:
- 2x2 MIMO (with 4-way diversity reception) Grey – 2x2MIMO
Test UE is placed in a test car. Route is selected in that was so most of the
Blue – 4x2MIMO legacy switching
SINR values are covered during the test.
Red – 4x2MIMO fast switching
TP vs. SINR TP vs. RSRQ

SINR reported by UE
not standardized, 4x2 provides gains in TP @ same
results inconclusive RSRQ points
For internal use

FiVe Wroclaw test
•Test case: Source:

FIVE feature test report
Cell throughput at cell edge comparison between: https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D502519122
- 4x2 CL MIMO with activated Fast Switching Algorithm
- 4x2 CL MIMO with legacy switching
- 2x2 MIMO (with 4-way diversity reception)
10 UEs are placed at the cell edge. DL traffic is started on each of the UEs.
T-put is checked afterwards and it’s compared between three cases.
Average Gain [%]

Cell t-put comparision on the cell egde Throughput (vs. 2x2
8000000 [Mbps] MIMO)
7000000 2x2MIMO Dynamic Switching 4.26 -
6000000
4x2MIMO Dynamic Switching 5.95 39.7
5000000
t-put [bps]
4x2MIMO Fast Switching

4x2MIMO Fast Switching 5.94 38
4000000
4x2MIMO Legacy Switching

3000000
2x2 MIMO Legacy Switching
2000000
1000000
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time [s]
For internal use

Source:
Benefits and Gains U.S. network operator field trial Main Menu
Field Trial
In a cluster of 10 eNBs with 30 cells Performance Measurement data were

collected for following configurations:
Average throughput:
10% gain over 2x2 MIMO
•Open Loop MIMO 2x2 with 4 way Rx diversity and IRC. with equal power
•Closed Loop MIMO 4x2 with 3dB MIMO power compensation 23.6% gain with 3dB higher
•Closed Loop MIMO 4x2 without MIMO power compensation power.
2x2 OL MIMO
Only normal user traffic was verified. There were no specific test UEs in use. 4x2 CL MIMO 3dB comp.
2x2 OL 4x2 CL MIMO MC 4x2 CL MIMO MC 4x2 CL MIMO 0dB comp.

MIMO 3dB 0dB
M8012C26/PDCP Throughput DL Mean (kbps) 1575.73 1874.28 1825.73 500.0

M8011C37/DL PRB utilisation per TTI Mean (%) 9.011 9.746 8.446
M8001C216/Average number of available PRBs per TTI on
PDSCH (PRBs) 47 47 47
400.0 23.6%
10%
Average reported CQI 9.81 10.76 11.1
300.0
DL tput per PRB (kbps) 372.0 409.1 459.88
Capacity gain (%) 9.98 23.61 200.0
Dual codeword usage [%] 100.0

60.00%
Dual codeword 0.0
40.00% usage increased
33.02% 43.48% 49.17% with 4x2 MIMO Low DL PRB utilization (>10%) and CQI values (~10 on average) indicate low
20.00% interference conditions during the test. Higher feature gains are expected with
worse radio conditions.
0.00%
For internal use

Mirror Cabling for 4 TX
• In typical case of dual X-pol antenna deployment, co-polarized elements will me

more correlated with each other than cross-polarized elements High High
correlation: correlation:
• Consider the 4TX diversity: pairs of Alamouti encoded symbols are transmitted over RS0, RS2
RS3 RS1, RS3
RS2
ports 0 and 2, 1 and 3 respectively. If connected to co-polarized antenna elements,

they will loose diversity gain.
• Additionally, it is important to keep ports 0 and 1 decorrelated, since these ports
carry more Reference Symbols than ports 2 and 3.
• This can be achieved by crossed cabling to the antenna inputs. FRIG 2.3
Sector1 Sector1
LCR1: Tx4 & Rx4 LCR1: Tx2 & Rx2
Stationary test, multiple UEs at Sector1

LCR1: Tx3 & Rx3
Sector1
LCR1: Tx1 & Rx1
poor and average DL SINR
Almost 1/3 0 s2 0 s1
500.0 more gain with 0

s4
 s1*
0
0
s3
s2*
0
 s3* 0 s4* 0
400.0 +43% double crossed Antenna
Antenna Antenna
Antenna
Port
Antenna
Antenna Antenna
Antenna
Port
Port 3
3 Port 2 2 Port
Port 11 Port
Port 00
300.0
+30.4% cabling
200.0 2x2 OL MiMo
4x2 CL MiMo MC 3dB LC
100.0
4x2 CL MiMo MC 3dB DCC Source:
0.0 FIVE feature test report
DL tput per PRB (kbps) LC=Linear cabling; DCC=Double Crossed Cabling https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D503174137
For internal use
DISCLAIMER: The results of simulations shown in this presentation are examples

only. They demonstrate trends (not absolute values) expected after feature
activation. The presented simulations should be analyzed with respect to the
assumptions taken. They may differ from results achievable in real networks.
For internal use

System Level Simulation Parameters
Wrapped-around scenario
Parameter Value
# UEs per cell 10 on average
mobility UEs random position + movement
single bearer per user

traffic model
non-GBR UE: Full buffer
session length full buffer: 5s
simulation time 130 sec
UE speed (km/h) 3
For internal use

System Level Simulation Parameters
Parameter Value Parameter Value
slow fading Std. dev = 8 dB; corr. distance = 50 m

Layout 3GPP Macro Case 3 according to TR 25.814
fast fading TU3
ISD 1732m
scheduler, TDS PF
link DL, UL scheduler, FDS FDAC + PFsched
duplex mode FDD
antenna type according to 3GPP TR 25.814
transmission modes TM4 Standard DL parameters

Subband CQI,
Operational band (MHz) 2.1 GHz DL CQI measurement mode mode 3 Ideal wideband PMI
reporting
bandwidth (MHz) 10 MHz Measurement Interval 5 ms
Constant per-cell power, Reporting Delay 4 ms

Output power eNB: 2x40W / 4x20W Reference Signal
interference not modeled Measurement Bandwidth 6 PRBs
indoor penetration loss 20 dB MIMO switching threshold, up 13 (15 dB) Dynamic MIMO switch
thresholds optimized for
MIMO switching threshold, down 10.4 (10 dB) TM4 simulation scenario
Product release RL50
MIMO rank threshold, up 1.7
max MCS DL: MCS28
MIMO rank threshold, down 1.3
max # UEs per TTI 10
For internal use

Mean Throughput
• 15% mean throughput improvement of 4x2 MIMO over 2x2MIMO

• Fast MIMO switching brings some additional improvement in TP
Cell Throughput Distribution
1
0.9
0.8
MIMO mode Mean Cell Gain over 2x2 Fast Switch Gain 0.7
Throughput
0.6
probability
2x2, dyn. switch 14.5 Mbps --- ---
0.5
2x2, fast switch 15 Mbps --- 3.4% (vs. 2x2 dynamic 0.4
switching)
0.3
4x2, dyn. switch 16.1 Mbps 11% (vs. 2x2 dynamic ---
switching) 0.2 2x2 dynamic switch
2x2 fast switch
4x2, fast switch 16.7 Mbps 15.2% (vs. 2x2 3.8% (vs. 4x2 dynamic 0.1 4x2 dynamic switch
dynamic switching) switching)
4x2 fast switch
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
kbits per second 4
x 10
For internal use

Cell Edge Throughput
• 35..40% cell edge per UE throughput (5th percentile) improvement of 4x2 MIMO over 2x2MIMO
• Fast MIMO switching causes negligible loss for UEs at the cell edge
UE Throughput Distribution
0.1
0.09
0.08
MIMO mode Cell Edge UE Gain over 2x2 Fast Switch Gain 0.07
Throughput
0.06
probability
2x2, dyn. switch 337 kbps --- ---
0.05
2x2, fast switch 330 kbps --- -2% (vs. 2x2 dynamic 0.04
switching)
0.03
4x2, dyn. switch 457 kbps 35.6% (vs. 2x2 ---
dynamic switching) 0.02 2x2 dynamic switch
2x2 fast switch
4x2, fast switch 452 kbps 34% (vs. 2x2 dynamic -1.1% (vs. 4x2 dynamic 0.01 4x2 dynamic switch
switching) switching)
4x2 fast switch
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Compare with 34%, 1..2% fast switching kbits per second
38% cell edge gain loss also observed
of 4x2 field trials with FiVe trial
For internal use
MCS improvement
• 1..2 higher MCS index achievable on average with 4x2 MIMO

MCS level per codeword
• Fast MIMO switching impacts high MCS the most. 1
• Possible explanation: 2x2 dynamic switch
- Up-to-date PMI and transmission rank allow for low BLER, from which Link 0.9 2x2 fast switch
Adaptation benefits 4x2 dynamic switch
- On the cell edge there is a MCS degradation, since it’s sometimes better to use 0.8
4x2 fast switch
single layer and more robust codec. With poor reported CQI Dynamic Switching will
keep transmission in single layer mode, while Fast Switching will rely only on 0.7
reported rank.
0.6
probability
MIMO mode Mean MCS 5th percentile 0.5
MCS 0.4
2x2, dyn. switch 15 6
0.3
2x2, fast switch 15.2 5 0.2
4x2, dyn. switch 15.9 8 0.1
4x2, fast switch 17 7 0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
MCS
For internal use

Introduction




Deployment Aspects
For internal use

Configuration Management Main Menu
• Definition of terms and rules for parameter classification*

The ‘Basic Parameters’ category contains primary The ‘Advanced Parameters’ category contains the
parameters which should be considered during cell parameters for network optimisation and fine tuning:
deployment and must be adjusted to a particular
scenario. These are: > Decent network performance should be achieved without
tuning these parameters
> Network Element (NE) identifiers > Universal defaults ensuring decent network performance
> Planning parameters, e.g. neighbour definitions, frequency, need to be defined for all parameters of this category. If
scrambling codes, PCI, RA preambles this is not possible for a given parameter it must be put to
> Parameters that are the outcome from dimensioning, i.e. the ‘Basic Parameters’ category
basic parameters defining amount of resources > Parameters requiring detailed system knowledge and
> Basic parameters activating basic functionalities, e.g. broad experience unless rules for the ‘Basic Parameters’
power control, admission control, handovers category are violated
> Parameters defining operators’ strategy, e.g. traffic > All parameters (even without defaults) related to advanced
steering, thresholds for power control, handovers, cell and very complex features
reselections, basic parameters defining feature behaviour
* - purpose: categories of parameters have been defined to simplify network parameterization. Parameterization effort shall be focused mainly on parameters included
in basic category. Categorization will be reflected in a ‘view’ definition in NetAct CM Editor (planned in RL60) i.e. parameters will be displayed according to the
category: either in the ‘Basic parameters’ view or the ‘Advanced parameters’ view.
For internal use

• Modified parameter
dlMimoMode Downlink MIMO mode
Object: LNCEL Parameter selects cell specific downlink transmission
Range: SingleTX (0), 2-way TXDiv (10), 4-way mode set. Each physical channel (PBCH, PSS, SSS,
TXDiv (11), Static Open Loop MIMO (2x2) PDSCH, PDCCH, etc.) will be transmitted using a specific
(20), Dynamic Open Loop MIMO (2x2) (30), transmission mode. Transmission mode adaptation for
Closed Loop MIMO (2x2) (40), Closed DSCH is also predefined within the parameter setting.
Loop MIMO (4x2) (41), Single Stream
Beamforming (50), Dual Stream
Beamforming (60) See slide 30 for details
Step: -
Default: 2-way TXDiv (10)
Multiplicity: 1
Unit: enum
Category: BASIC
For internal use

• New parameter
actFastTmSwitch Activate fast adaptive MIMO switch
Object: LNCEL Enables 'Fast Adaptive MIMO Switching' for Closed Loop
Range: [true, false] MIMO modes based on PMI/RI reports sent by UEs if
actFastMimoSwitch is set to 'TRUE'.
Step: -
'Fast Adaptive MIMO Switching' supports fast rank selection
Default: false and fast codebook based precoding of data transmission
Multiplicity: 1 using closed loop feedback of precoding matrix indicator
Unit: bool (PMI) in combination with rank indicator (RI).
Category: ADVANCED Enables 'Dynamic MIMO Switching' if actFastMimoSwitch is
set to 'FALSE'.
'Dynamic MIMO Switching' supports RI and CQI based rank
selection after filtering of CQI and RI reports sent by the UE.
See slide 39 and 40 for details
For internal use

• Feature LTE568 (Downlink Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO (4x2)) is activated on cell level
• Feature activation requires object locking
• To activate, 4 TX antennas must be configured in LNCEL-resourceList
• LNCEL-dlMimoMode must be set to Closed Loop MIMO (4x2)
• To properly configure RI reporting, LNCEL-riEnable must be set to true

• if “Fast MIMO Switching” is desired, LNCEL-actFastMimoSwitch must be set to true. Additionally, if “Fast
MIMO Switching” is desired, following parameters must be configured:
• LNCEL-riPerM must be set to '1‘
• LNCEL-riPerOffset must be configured to '-1'
• If “Dynamic MIMO Switching” is desired, LNCEL-actFastMimoSwitch must be set to false. Additionally, if

“Dynamic MIMO Switching” is desired, following parameters must be configured:
• LNCEL-mimoClCqiThD
• LNCEL-mimoClCqiThU
• LNCEL-mimoClRiThD
• LNCEL-mimoClRiThU
For internal use

• Relation to other parameters
• LNCEL-prachHsFlag must be set to false – LTE48 Support of high speed users not supported
• BTSSCL-rfSharingEnabled must be set to false – LTE447 and LTE435 RF sharing features not supported
• LNBTS-actDLCAggr must be set to false – LTE10889 Downlink carrier aggregation not supported
• LNCEL-actRepeaterMode must be set to none – LTE1159 Repeater Interface Unit not supported
• LNCEL-actSuperCell must be set to false – LTE993 or LTE1542 Supercell features must be disabled
• LNBTS-actDualBand must be set to false – LTE179 Dual Band with One System Module must be disabled
• Parameters to select desired CQI/PMI reporting mode

• LNCEL-cqiAperMode
• LNCEL-periodicCqiFeedbackType
• Parameters related to RS boosting and MIMO compensation

• LNCEL-dlRsBoost
• LNCEL-dlpcMimoComp
For internal use

Introduction




Deployment Aspects
For internal use

Where to deploy 4x2 MIMO
Where to deploy the feature?
• For cluster with DL interference problems
• When extending to 4-way UL diversity
• As an additional capacity feature
• For clusters with DL coverage problems

- Additional 3dB TX power boost can be achieved if cell power is not an issue to the regulator
• Future-proof deployment (RFM and antenna can support 4x4 MIMO when supporting UEs
become available)
For internal use

How to select field trial area
PDSCH MCS Usage Counters:

• How to select the field trial area? M8001C45 PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS0
- Most gains from LTE568 in terms of DL throughput increase are M8001C46 PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS1
experienced by UEs at the cell edge M8001C47
M8001C48
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS2
- These can be identified as contributors to the low MCS index M8001C49 PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS4
usage (cell edge UEs are likely to be using more robust codecs). M8001C50
M8001C51
M8001C52 PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS7
- Monitor the ratio of number of transmissions using MCS0..MCS5 to M8001C54 PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS9
rest. Select cluster with the highest ratio of robust codec M8001C55 PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS10
transmissions: M8001C57 PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS12
Formula of most robust MCS transmissions ratio: M8001C60 PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS15
sum(M8001C45..M8001C50)/sum(M8001C45.. M8001C73) M8001C61
M8001C62
- Alternatively, LTE_393a KPI “Percentage of DL Traffic M8001C66 PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS21
Volume using Low MCS codes” can be used – where M8001C67
M8001C68
codecs ranging from MCS0 to MCS9 are considered. M8001C69
M8001C70
For internal use

Supported HW Configurations
• Example HW configurations FZNI Sector1

LCR1
Tx1Rx1
Sector1
LCR1
Tx2Rx2
Sector1
LCR1
Tx3Rx3
Sector1
LCR1
Tx4Rx4
Sector1
BF Ant Ant An Ant
4 3 t2 1
Cal
Sector3
LCR3: Tx3 &
Sector2
LCR2: Tx3 &
Sector1
LCR1: Tx3 &
FDD Sector2 Sector2 Sector2 Sector2
FZNI
Sector3
Rx3
Sector2
Rx3
Sector1
Rx3 Using RFM Modules: LCR2
Tx1Rx1
LCR2
Tx2Rx2
LCR2
Tx3Rx3
LCR2
Tx4Rx4
LCR3: Tx4 & LCR2: Tx4 & LCR1: Tx4 & 1+1+1N(BW 5MHz and 10Mhz) Sector2
Rx4 Rx4 Rx4 BF Ant Ant An Ant
4 3 t2 1
Cal
Sector3 Sector3 Sector3 Sector3

FRHC FZNI LCR3 LCR3 LCR3 LCR3
Tx1Rx1 Tx2Rx2 Tx3Rx3 Tx4Rx4
Sector3
BF Ant Ant An Ant
Sector3 Sector2 Sector1 4 3 t2 1
LCR3: Tx1 & LCR2: Tx1 & LCR1: Tx1 & TDD Cal
Rx1 Rx1 Rx1
Sector3 Sector2 Sector1
Using RRH Modules:
LCR3: Tx2 &
Rx2
LCR2: Tx2 &
Rx2
LCR1: Tx2 &
Rx2
1+1+1 @ 4TX/4RX (BW up to 20MHz)
FRHC
All of the RL50 supported HW configurations are found in

“Flexi Multimode BTS in LTE Mode Supported Configurations”:
Opt Opt Opt Opt
6 1 2 3
All of the RL35 supported HW configurations are found in

77 5/15/2020
For internal use
“TD LTE BTS Supported Configurations”
© Nokia Solutions and Networks 2013
https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Open/406750073
• 4 TX capable antenna outputs need to be available in cell

• Set dlMimoMode to “Closed Loop MIMO (4x2)” FDD example
2 FRHC RFM used to

build 1+1+1
configuration
For internal use

• 4 TX capable antenna outputs need to be available in cell

• Set dlMimoMode to “Closed Loop MIMO (4x2)” TDD example
3 FZNI RRH used to

build 1+1+1
configuration
For internal use

• Rank indicator reporting setting: riEnable: true
For internal use

• Parameters to select desired CQI/PMI reporting mode System will select PMI-enabled reporting
• cqiAperMode automatically for CL MIMO modes
• periodicCqiFeedbackType
PMI Feedback Type
Single Multiple
No PMI PMI PMI
PUSCH CQI Feedback Type

Wideband Mode 1-2
(wideband CQI)
Mode 2-
UE Selected 0 Mode 2-2
(subband CQI)
FTB2 Higher Layer- Mode 3-

configured 0 Mode 3-1
(subband CQI)
PMI Feedback Type

Single
No PMI PMI
Feedback Type
PUCCH CQI
Wideband Mode 1-0 Mode 1-1
(wideband CQI)
UE Selected Mode 2-0 Mode 2-1

(subband CQI)
For internal use

• To enable “Fast MIMO Switching”, actFastMimoSwitch must be set to true

• Additionally, if “Fast MIMO Switching” is desired:
- riPerM must be set to 1
- riPerOffset must be set to -1
For internal use

• To enable “Dynamic MIMO Switching”, actFastMimoSwitch must be set to false
• Additionally, if “Dynamic MIMO Switching” is desired, following parameters need to be configured:

- mimoClCqiThD
- mimoClCqiThU
- mimoClRiThD
- mimoClRiThU
For internal use

• To configure Cell Reference Symbol Power Boosting, select proper value from
the drop-down list
If dlpcMimoComp is set to '3dB', dlRsBoost must be smaller than or equal to '3dB'.

If dlRsBoost is different to '0dB', dlpcMimoComp is restricted to values '0 dB' and '3 dB'.
If dlMimoMode is set to 'SingleTX', dlRsBoost must be different to '1.77dB'.
• Configure MIMO power compensation
For internal use

Introduction



Configuration Management
5 Parameters and Parameterisation scenarios
Deployment Aspects
For internal use

Dimensioning Aspects Main Menu
Features
DL Adaptive CL MIMO (2Tx)
DL Adaptive CL MIMO (4Tx)
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
This slide shows workaround how to
DL Power Boosting FALSE FALSE obtain correct results. RAN Dim
Reference Signal Power Boost [dB] 3.00 3.00
4 way Rx Diversity TRUE TRUE update with new 4TX link level data is
Tx antenna power [dBm]
Transmitting End DL
46.02
UL
24.00
DL
43.01
UL
24.00
pending, after implementation this
Total Tx Power Increase [dB]
User EIRP [dBm]
3.01
69.63
-
24.00
6.02
69.63
-
24.00
workaround will no longer be
Receiving end DL UL DL UL required.
Antenna Gain [dBi] 0.00 21.00 0.00 21.00
Noise Figure [dB] 7.00 2.20 7.00 2.20
Body Loss [dB] 0.00 - 0.00 - RAN Dim models Closed Loop Single CW by
Additional Gains [dB] 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00
shifting the respective TX Diversity link level data
Channel DL UL DL UL by the amount resulting from the Precoding Gain.
Channel Model
Enhanced Pedestrian Enhanced Pedestrian From link level simulations we know that while it’s
A 5 Hz A 5 Hz
Antenna Configuration 2Tx-2Rx 1Tx-4Rx 4Tx-2Rx 1Tx-4Rx
1dB for 2x2 1CW MIMO, it is 5dB for 4x2 MIMO
Tx/Rx Algorithm at eNB CL TxDiv (with PMI) MRC CL TxDiv (with PMI) MRC
Frequency scheduler Channel aware Channel aware Channel aware Channel aware
Precoding Gain [dB] 1.00 - 1.00 -
Required SINR @ BLER10% [reference] [dB] -5.23 -2.68 -3.03 -2.68
Coding Rate Offset [dB] 0.37 0.31 0.39 0.31
Required SINR at Cell Edge [dB] -6.47 -4.37 -4.25 -4.37
…since Precoding Gain field is not editable, enter
Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] -103.86 -116.56 -101.64 -116.56 the difference between 2x2 and 4x2 precoding
Maximum Allowable Path Loss(clutter not considered) [dB] 172 160 174 160 gains: 4dB
DL Reference Signal Received Power [dBm] -133.65 -121.32 -138.44 -124.33
Site count DL UL DL UL
Cell Range [km] 1.38 0.73 1.55 0.73
Cell Area [sqkm] 1.24 0.34 1.57 0.35
Site Area [sqkm] 3.73 1.03 4.71 1.04
Inter Site Distance [km] 2.07 1.09 2.33 1.10 Now there are gains in DL for LTE568. However, Link
Deployment area [sqkm] 50.00 50.00
Budget is UL limited.
Site Count For internal use 14 49 11 48
Dimensioning Aspects Main Menu
• Higher spectral efficiency compared to LTE703 DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO (2x2) allows for
achieving higher DL throughput. This is reflected in the RAN Dim tool by corresponding spectral
efficiency gains
ISD [m]
2Tx OL MIMO 2Tx CL MIMO 4Tx CL MIMO 8Tx SS-LTBF 8Tx DS-HBF Gain of 4xTX vs.
Gains in the Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 4 Mode 7 Mode 8
table are given 2xTX MIMO
with respect to
500 20% 30% 56% 34% 64% 20%
1TX
configuration 1732 16% 24% 39% 28% 56% 12%
3000 10% 15% 32% 18% 45% 15%
Spectral efficiency gains used by RAN dim tool are based on simulation Newest version of the
RAN Dim tool can be
results, not measurements. Real spectral efficiency gains may differ.
found here
For internal use

Introduction



Configuration Management En to End Operability

Deployment Aspects
For internal use

Energy Savings Aspects Main Menu
• LTE568 DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO (4x2) alone does not provide site count reduction since network is limited by UL coverage:
Site count DL UL DL UL
Cell Range [km] 1.38 0.73 1.55 0.73 Example from
Site layout 3 Sectors<=90° 3 Sectors<=90°
Number of Cells per Site 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Dimensioning Aspects
Cell Area [sqkm] 1.24 0.34 1.57 0.35
Site Area [sqkm] 3.73 1.03 4.71 1.04
slide. Gains depend on
Inter Site Distance [km] 2.07 1.09 2.33 1.10 the assumptions
Deployment area [sqkm] 50.00 50.00
Site Count 14 49 11 48
Feature requires 2 additional pipes for 4TX operation, compared to 2TX.

In most of the cases, this requires extending the site configuration.
3dB per pipe power reduction made possible by LTE568, but 2x more active pipes still require additional power.
This power demand increase cannot be compensated by the 15% average throughput gain that feature offers.
For internal use

Introduction




Deployment Aspects
For internal use

Performance Aspects Main Menu
Monitoring of feature impact can be done using existing counters
Feature impact How to measure

Double/ single codeword mode usage KPIs:
The counters are updated when MIMO Closed Loop Single or respectively - MIMO Closed Loop Single Codeword Mode Usage (LTE_435a)
Double Codeword mode is selected for the transmission. They count the
number of MIMO Closed Loop Actual Single (Double) Codeword mode usage - MIMO Closed Loop Double Codeword Mode Usage (LTE_436a)
for both new transmissions and retransmissions. Counters:
KPIs show the percentage of transmission taking place in either single or dual
codeword. - MIMO_CL_1CW (M8010C57)
- MIMO_CL_2CW (M8010C58)
Counters will increment when CL MIMO is activated.
Impact of LTE568 would usually increase the share of Dual Codeword usage,
however this is dependent of the TX antenna correlation/ MIMO mode control
algorithm.
For internal use


Closed Loop MIMO mode switches KPIs:
The counter is updated when MIMO mode control is changed between the -Closed Loop MIMO mode switches (LTE_438a)
single codeword mode and the double codeword mode transmission. It counts
selected transmission mode changes only on the basis of the new CQI / RI Counters:
value decisions according to MIMO algorithm. However, this counter does not - MIMO_SWITCH_CL (M8010C60)
count these mode changes if transmission mode changes in case of
retransmissions or transmissions not needing MIMO due to small amount of
data.
Counter will increment if CL MIMO is activated (2x2 or 4x2).
For internal use


DL throughput KPIs:
- DL RLC PDU volume transmitted (LTE_284a)
Mean DL throughput should increase after LTE568 activation. Usually, up to
15% increase over 2x2 MIMO should be expected.
-Average PDCP Layer Active Cell Throughput DL (LTE_5292b)
In case PRB utilization changes, PRB normalized DL throughput will show DL Counters:
capacity gain. Following formula was used for comparison between 2x2 and - RLC_PDU_VOL_TRANSMITTED (M8012C18)
4x2 MIMO:
DLTP4 x 2 / DLPRB4 x 2  DLTP2 x 2 / DLPRB2 x 2
- PDCP_DATA_RATE_MEAN_DL (M8012C26)
Capacity gain 
DLTP2 x 2 / DLPRB2 x 2
For internal use

MCS distribution KPIs:

- Percentage of DL Traffic Volume using Low MCS codes
DL MCS usage distribution should shift towards the higher order MCS after (LTE_393b)
LTE568 activation.
18.00 %
Counters:
16.00 % - PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS0 (M8001C45)…
14.00 %
12.00 % - PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS28 (M8001C73)
10.00 %
8.00 % 2x2 OL MiMo
6.00 %
4.00 % 4x2 CL MiMo MC 3dB LC
2.00 %
0.00 %
For internal use

CQI distribution KPIs:

- E-UTRAN Average CQI (LTE_5427a)
UE reported CQI distribution should shift towards the higher CQI values after
LTE568 activation.
-% of DL Bad Radio Quality (LTE_428a)
This is due to the fact that UE can support better spectral efficiency in DL, -% of DL Acceptable Radio Quality (LTE_429a)
which is reflected directly by CQI measurements. -% of DL Good Radio Quality (LTE_427a)
14.000 % Counters:
12.000 %
- UE_REP_CQI_LEVEL_00 (M8010C36)…
10.000 %
8.000 % - UE_REP_CQI_LEVEL_015(M8001C51)
6.000 % 2x2 OL MiMo
4.000 % 4x2 CL MiMo MC 3dB
2.000 %
0.000 %
For internal use

Introduction




Deployment Aspects
For internal use

Compliance Aspects Main Menu
• 3GPP 36.306, 4.1 specifies maximum number of supported layers for spatial multiplexing
• Category 1 UEs can be scheduled with 4-way Transmit Diversity or single layer TM4
Table 4.1-1: Downlink physical layer parameter values set by the field ue-Category
UE Category Maximum number of Maximum number Total number of Maximum number

DL-SCH transport of bits of a DL- soft channel bits of supported
block bits received SCH transport layers for spatial
within a TTI (Note) block received multiplexing in DL
within a TTI
Category 1 10296 10296 250368 1
Category 2 51024 51024 1237248 2
Category 3 102048 75376 1237248 2
Category 4 150752 75376 1827072 2
Category 5 299552 149776 3667200 4
Category 6 301504 149776 (4 layers) 3654144 2 or 4
75376 (2 layers)
Category 7 301504 149776 (4 layers) 3654144 2 or 4
75376 (2 layers)
Category 8 2998560 299856 35982720 8
• All Rel. 8 compliant UEs should support 4 antenna transmission by default

• However, information from UE vendors indicate that UEs may not fully support 4 antenna operation (source: CFAM)
For internal use

References and Abbreviations Main Menu
Abbreviations
BLER Block Error Rate PMI Precoding Matrix Index

CQI Channel Quality Indicator QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
CRC Cyclic redundancy Check QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
CW Codeword RE Resource Element
DCI Downlink Control Information RI Rank Indicator
FSMr3 Flexi System Module rel. 3 RS Reference Signal
FSTD Frequency Shift Transmit Diversity RSRP Reference Signal Received Power
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality
MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme RX Receive
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise ratio
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing TB Transport Block
OSFBC Orthogonal Space-Frequency Block Code TX Transmit
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel TxDiv Transmit Diversity
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
For internal use

Hidden Parameters Main Menu
Hidden R&D parameters:
rdTm4TxDivEnable: TRUE – switching to Transmit Diversity in TM4 in case of missing closed loop feedback of CSI reported by the UE
rdTm4TxDivFallbackTime shall have a value greater than the reporting period configured by O&M parameter 'cqiPerNp' for Periodic
Reporting. (Note: Default parameter for cqiPerNp is 20 ms). Thereby fallback to TxDiversity shall not occur in case periodic RI and PMI
reports are received at eNB without errors and containing valid rank and PMI data.
See slide 41 for details
For internal use

rdMimoCqiAgeingDrx, rdMimoCqiAgeing
When wideband CQI is not received in a reporting instance where a wideband CQI is expected to be received AND rrmMimoCqi >
mimoClCqiThD, the filter rrmMimoCqi is updated using an ageing factor as follows:
IF (drxLongEnable == TRUE),
rrmMimoCqi = max (mimoClCqiThD, rdMimoCqiAgeingDrx ^ rounddown(delta_t/10) * rrmMimoCqi)
ELSE
rrmMimoCqi = max (mimoClCqiThD, rdMimoCqiAgeing ^ rounddown(delta_t/10) * rrmMimoCqi)
rdMimoRiAgeingDrx, rdMimoRiAgeing
When RI is not received in a reporting instance where RI is expected to be received AND rrmMimoRi > mimoClRiThD, the filter rrmMimoRi
is updated using an ageing factor as follows:
IF (drxLongEnable == TRUE),
rrmMimoRi = max (mimoClRiThD, rdMimoRiAgeingDrx ^ rounddown(delta_t/10) * rrmMimoRi)
ELSE
rrmMimoRi = max (mimoClRiThD, rdMimoRiAgeing ^ rounddown(delta_t/10) * rrmMimoRi)
For internal use

If “Dynamic MIMO Switching” is desired, LNCEL-actFastMimoSwitch must be set to false. Additionally, if “Dynamic MIMO Switching” is
desired, following averaging filter constant parameters must be configured:
(hidden) LNBTS-mimoClCqiAvg
(hidden) LNBTS-mimoClRiAvg
For internal use

• Cell Edge stationary Multiple UE FTP DL test

• At cell edge, 2x2 MIMO allows only for TX Diversity practically all the time
• On the other hand, 4x2 MIMO constantly switches between Single Codeword and Dual Codeword
2x2 OL MIMO 4x2 CL MIMO

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For internal use

DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO

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DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO

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LTE568 – DL Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO (4x2)

For internal use

Technical Details Energy Savings Aspects

Interdependencies Performance Aspects

Benefits and Gains Compliance Aspects

Configuration Management End to End Operability

For internal use

Technical Details Energy Savings Aspects

Interdependencies Performance Aspects

Benefits and Gains Compliance Aspects

Configuration Management End to End Operability

For internal use

• It can be regarded as an upgrade of LTE703 DL Adaptive Closed 4 3 2 1

Loop MIMO (2x2) feature

• LTE568 can increase DL throughput by 35% on cell edge and 15%

For internal use

• As 4 antennas in DL are introduced, adopting 4-way Rx diversity schemes

• LTE568 implements fast switching algorithm, which relies only on

For internal use

Before LTE568 Applies to DL!

More opportunities to use

Technical Details Energy Savings Aspects

Interdependencies Performance Aspects

Benefits and Gains Compliance Aspects

Configuration Management End to End Operability

For internal use

Release/version RL50 LN5.0 OSS5.5

TD-LTE TD LTE release eNB NetAct

Release/version RL35 LNT3.0 OSS5.5

FlexiZone Micro (FZM) FZM release eNB NetAct

Release/version Not supported N/A N/A

HW & IOT HW requirements MME SAE GW UE Specified by 3GPP

For internal use

For internal use

Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

bits bits IQ IQ IQ IQ OFDM

codewords layers antenna ports

A codeword is essentially transport block from MAC with attached error

For internal use

codewords layers antenna ports

• Codeword to layer mapping is defined in 3GPP 36.211 6.3.3

x (0) (i )  d (0) (2i )

x (0) (i )  d (0) (2i ) x (i )  d (4i )

codewords layers antenna ports

• In 3GPP terminology antenna port is a signal transmission under

For internal use

For internal use

• Using higher-order modulations to increase data rate

• Complex channel coefficients tell us how the wireless channel changes

• Phase and amplitude of the received signals will be differently perceived on

• In LTE DL channel coefficients can be estimated with help of

• MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output

• Receiver needs only to solve a set of equations.

2 equations, 4 unknowns: impossible to solve… x1 TX

y2  h21 x1  h22 x2  h23 x3  h24 x4

• 1st conclusion: 4x2 MIMO can only support up to 2 streams

• Performance of the MIMO system can be improved with precoding.

• Effectively, received signals at each RX antenna cancel each other out.

For internal use

For internal use