TREATMENT PLANNING

Treatment planning for patients undergoing distraction osteogenesis must consider all issues

related to surgical correction, as well as the potential for future skeletal growth and

development, the need for over correction, and development, the need over correction, and

possible future operations. The treatment planning process begins with a thorough clinical

examination to reveal all structural abnormalities and functional deviations that require

correction. Accurate orthodontic/surgical records must be obtained; these may include lateral

cephalometric radiographs, computed tomography with three dimensional reconstruction,

photographs, and models (registration and mounting as necessary). This information is

coupled with an understanding of the patient’s expectations to finalize the treatment goals

andpredistraction, intradistraction, and postdistraction treatment objectives.

Several more specific distraction- related decisions must be made during treatment planning

including osteotomy design and location, selection of a distraction device, determination of

the distraction vector, duration of the latency period, rate and rhythm of distraction, and

duration of the consolidation period.

PATIENT EVALUATION

MEDICAL HISTORY– prior to clinical and radiographic examination, a complete medical

history is analyzed to reveal possible contributing factors (eg, interference with breathing,

tracheostomy, episodes of cyanosis, difficulty with occlusion). The main goal is to identify

whether a particular syndrome is present what other organs in the body are affected.

CLINICAL EXAMINATION- the entire head region is examined from different views. This

should include analysis of general osseous contours for deformities and external facial

features for facial asymmetry. Lateral nasal, chin, and forehead projections, as well as the

position of the mandibular angle and the size of zygoma, are examined, with comparisons of

both sides.
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The difference in mandibular and maxillary size between the left and right side is evaluated

by inserting a tongue depressor between the teeth and comparing the occlusalcant with a line

across the eyebrows or between the medial canthi. The extent of jaw opening is measured

between the maxillary and mandibular central incisors. The associated congenital anomalies

are examined evaluating the size and function of the muscles of mastication and testing the

functions of the facial nerve6.

DISTRACTION DEVICE SELECTION

Craniofacial distraction device have been developed for both external and internal

applications. The indications for, and therefore the capabilities of these devices defer. Device

selection is based on mechanical capabilities and patient acceptance.

EXTERNAL DISTRACTION DEVICES

External distraction devices are placed using transcutaneous pins. The external devices,

particularly the multidirectional devices, offer excellent control of bone segment movement,

and are usually available in longer length. They are much easier to place and maintain, and

are simpler to replace during distraction if necessary, or to remove at the completion of

lengthening. Disadvantages include skin scarring and poor acceptance by patients. However,

placing the pins with minimal soft tissue tension and/ or within the submandibular fold can

minimize skin scarring7.

INTERNAL DISTRACTION DEVICES

Internal distraction devices are placed either submucosally (buried) or extramucosally

(intraoral). They may be tooth-borne, bone-borne or hybrid. Internal devices neither produce

facial scarring nor have the negative psychosocial impact of external devices. It should be
 TREATMENT PLANNING

noted, however that a small external incision is sometimes necessary for activation arm

access, which, if planned carefully, may be positioned aesthetically. Unfortunately, the

internal devices also have disadvantages. They are more difficult to place, especially when a

vertical orientation is required, such as in the case of a hypoplastic ramus. The higher risk of

injury to nerves and other anatomic structures must also be considered. A second surgical

procedure is often necessary to remove the devices following completion of consolidation.

Another disadvantage is the lack of the majority of available internal distraction devices with

multidirectional adjustment capability6.

Several important factors must be considered during the selection of either an external or

internal distraction device. These factors include the amount of desired lengthening and/or

angular correction, the vector of distraction, and the psychosocial requirements of patients.

LENGTHENING CAPABILITIES

In order to complete the desired amount and angulation and angulation of distraction, the

appropriate length of distraction device must be selected. Although the magnitude of

lengthening is registered on the distraction device, it doesnot always correlate to clinically

observed amount of actual bone distraction, which is usually less than anticipated and

difficult to predict prior to distraction. The amount of bone distraction clinically observed

during lengthening is a result of linear device activation altered by the effect of extrinsic and

intrinsic biomechanical factors.

DIRECTION OF DISTRACTION

For a simple linear advancement, a unidirectional distraction device is suitable. However, if

lengthening of jaw is planned in two or more directions, a multidirectional device is required.

The multidirectional distraction device possesses mechanisms that may be adjusted in three

dimensions to alter the direction that the distal (tooth-bearing) segment moves through space.

DISTRACTION VECTOR PLANNING

The distraction vector defines the desired direction that the distal segment must move during

lengthening. Despite precise planning, the actual distal segment movement is still difficult to

predict and is affected by various forces. Factors that affect the vector of distraction include

osteotomy design and location, distraction device orientation, masticatory muscle influence,

occlusal interferences, distraction device adjustment, and orthodontically/orthopedically

applied forces.

DISTRACTION DEVICE ORIENTATION

Although osteotomy design and location may affect the muscle tension exerted on the

proximal and distal segments, distraction device orientation is the primary factor that

influences the vector of distraction. In order to minimize adverse biomechanical effects,

devices should be placed parallel to the desired vector of distraction. Based on the orientation

of distraction vector, the distraction device can be placed vertically, horizontally, or

obliquely.

Orientation of the distraction device parallel to the “vertical” long axis of the ramus of an

results in an oblique distraction vector as it relates to the occlusal plane, since the ramus is

not actually oriented perpendicular to the occlusal plane. If vertical elongation of the ramus

and posterior occlusal bite opening is desired, it can more predictably be achieved by placing

the distraction device perpendicular to the occlusal plane rather than parallel to the long axis

of the long axis of the mandibular ramus6.

If anteroposterior advancement of the mandibular corpus is desired, placement of the

distraction device parallel to the occlusal plane is recommened. When the distraction device

is placed parallel to the long axis of the mandibular corpus, a divergence of the occlusion

may occur, often resulting in a skeletal anterior openbite during lengthening.

Oblique distraction device orientation produces simultaneous vertical and horizontal

movements of the distal segment. When an oblique device orientation is chosen,

anteroposterior positional changes occurs along with hyperdivergence of the mandible,

resulting in clockwise rotation and anterior openbite opening. In most cases clockwise

rotation results in an undesirable anterior openbite. The oblique orientation of the distraction

device may be changed to either more vertical or more horizontal, depending on whether the

ramus or mandibular body requires more lengthening, repectively.

INFLUENCE OF MASTICATORY MUSCLES

Patients undergoing distraction develop functional compensations for their gradually

changing occlusion. In order to aid in masticatory functions, these patients may posture their

mandible anteriorly or laterally to pick upocclusal contacts lost during distraction. These

atypical and sometimes extreme functional positional change represent a recurrent episodic

force that may likely influence the vector of distraction. In addition, soft tissue traction due to

physiologic muscle activity exerted on this segment may also contribute to distal segment

directional instability.

The orthodontist must recognize forces exerted by the masticatory musculature and

compensate for them with orthodontic/orthopedic measures. The surgeon and/or orthodontist

may also alter this untoward distal segment movement by making adjustment in sequence and

amount of activation of the multidirectional device.

OCCLUSAL INTERFERENCES

Occlusal interferences may also alter the planned distraction vector. With well planned and

executed predistraction orthodontic preparation, occlusal interferences may effectively be

recognized and eliminated in many instances.

Posterior occlusal interferences present on a patient undergoing mandibular corpus

lengthening may cause clockwise rotation of the mandible, resulting in an anterior openbite.

When these interferences are identified prior to initiation of lengthening, they may be

addressed before distraction by stepping posterior teeth off of the occlusal plane, at least

temporarily. If occlusal interferences are not identified prior to beginning distraction, a

developing openbite can still be addressed during distraction with the utilization of biteplan

or biteblock appliances, orthodontic adjustment, and/or occlusal equilibration6.

Forward movement of the mandible may be restricted as a result of anterior occlusal

interferences caused by the position of the maxillary anterior teeth. Advancing, proclining, or

intruding the maxillary anterior teeth, when appropriate may eliminate these interferences. A

biteplan or biteblock may also be utilized to eliminate anterior interferences.

DISTRACTION DEVICE ACTIVATION

Depending on the dimensional capability of the device, its activation can be performed

linearly and/or angularly in the sagittal and/or transverse planes. Angular device activation in

the sagittal plane produces rotation of the distal segment around the axis located in the center

of the hinge. Angular rotation of the distal segment of occurs in harmony with rotation of the

entire mandible around the axis located at the mandibular condyle, thereby creating the

ability to open or close the bite anteriorly. Angular activation reduces the anteroposterior

length of the mandible and must therefore be accompanied by additional linear distraction in
 TREATMENT PLANNING

order to maintain the mandibular advancement achieved. At least 10mm of linear

advancement must precede any angular activation to avoid undesirable approxiamtion of the

proximal and distal segment, potentially resulting in premature consolidation.

In the transverse plane, angular activation is affected by the resistance of the

temporomandibular joints posteriorly and mandibular symphysis anteriorly. It should be

noted that both the proximal and distal segment are affected by transverse angulations

activation.

ORTHODONTIC/ORTHOPEDIC FORCES

Orthodontic/orthopedic forces may be instituted during the active distraction phase and/or

during the consolidation phase to affect the distraction vector and final morphology of the

neomandible. Intermaxillary elastics, headgear, functional appliances, and/or distraction

stabilization appliances may deliver these forces.

FUTURE GROWTH AND OVERCORRECTION

Although the structural and functional result achieved with distraction is definitive for

skeletally mature patients, it may only be a temporary treatment objective for growing

patients. Therefore skeletal age and future growth potential must be considered in these

individuals. Although the endpoint result of treatment may not be ideal relative to the current

state of skeletal development, it should be ideal based on the predicted final skeletal

dimensions. If future growth is expected to be deficient, or overcorrection may be performed

to eliminate or decrease the total number of surgical procedures. The degree of

overcorrection, however, should provide the patient with a socially acceptable appearance.

Although undercorrection requiring numerous future procedures is inappropriate, extreme

overcorrection to the point of creating craniofacial disharmony may have a negative

psychosocial impact and should also be avoided. A balance between these two extreme is

essential to accomplish final treatment objective.

PRESURGICAL ORTHODONTIC PREPARTION

After the completion of comprehensive treatment planning, predistraction

orthodontic/orthopedic preparation is commenced. As with other forms of orthognathic

corrections, well-executed presurgical orthodontics will optimize the final functional and

aesthetic result. This begins with a careful evaluation of the dentition and its relation to the

projected skeletal changes. Orthodontic appliances are then selected and treatment initiated

consistent with the overall treatment goals of the distraction treatment planning objectives.

The teeth should be moved to near- ideal positions relative to basal bone so that an ideal

maxillomandibular relationship is not compromised by existing dental malpositions.

Dental malposition must be eliminated in order to prevent mechanical interference with the

movement of the distal tooth-bearing segment during gradual distraction. Another component

of predistraction orthodontic treatment is the fabrication and utilization of distraction

stabilization appliances.

ORTHODONTIC MANAGEMENT DURING DISTRACTION AND

CONSOLIDATION

After completion of presurgical orthodontics, the surgical procedure is performed and the

latency period is observed, followed by the distraction period. Active

orthodontics/orthopedics may continue throughout the distraction and/or consolidation

phases, including the utilization of bands, brackets, distraction stabilization appliances,

elastics, headgear, acrylic guidance appliances, maxillary expansion appliances, or functional

appliances. These appliances are used to direct the distal mandibular segment towards its

planned postdistraction position, thereby improving the final treatment result.

POSTCONSOLIDATION ORTHODONTIC THERAPY

After completion of consolidation, the distraction device is removed and the tooth-bearing

segment of the mandible derives its support from the new bone that was generated across the

distraction gap. Postdistraction orthodontics/orthopedics are instituted to accomplish the

original treatment goals and objectives. The orthodontics requirement at the time vary

depending on patient age and whether mandibular distraction was unilateral or bilateral.

In the growing bilateral distraction patient, an anterior crossbite may be a temporary

treatment objective in anticipation of a future mandibular growth deficiency. Additional

treatment objectives would include guidance of eruption and alignment of the dentition over

alveolar bone.

In unilateral distraction patients, the postdistraction orthodontic therapy most likely involve

occlusal plane management, correction of dental midlines, and correction of the

maxillomandibular transverse disharmony.

DIRECTION OF DISTRACTION

The direction of distraction and the distraction device utilized are determined based on the

identified type of deformity and main goal of positional changes (eg, mandibular ramus or

corpus lengthening, gonial angle or transverse intergonial distance correction). For example,

if mandibular ramus/corpus lengthening will result in correction of the deformity, an intraoral

unidirectional distractor would be utilized. If only unilateral ramus lengthening is required,

the distractor is positioned parallel to the ramus of the mandible. If only unilateral

lengthening the corpus is required, the distractor is placed parallel to the corpus. In cases with
 TREATMENT PLANNING

simultaneous ramus and corpus lengthening, the distractor may be placed according to the

simple formula:

Pin placement angle = 180 - Gonial Angle X Ramus Deficiency

Total Deficiency

Where pin placement angle = the angle between the distraction vector and the mandibular

plane.

AMOUNT OF DISTRACTION

The amount of distraction can be determined by simply drawing a triangle, two sides of

which represent the amount of mandibular corpus and ramus shortening, respectively. The

angle between these two sides is equal to the gonial angle, and the third side of the triangle

indicates the amount of distraction24. The amount of distraction can also be calculated using a

formula:

Distraction amount = Dc + Dr – 2 ( Dc X Dr ) X cos a

Where Dc = corpus deficiency, Dr = ramus deficiency, and a = gonial angle.