Week 2 Homework Solutions: Problem Specifications

Week
2 Homework Solutions
H2P1
Problem specifications:
Resistors are cchosen from the set E12={10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82}
With nominal resistor values, find R1 & R2 so that Vout/Vin is within 10% of the requirement.
Also find Vout min and Vout max if resistors deviate 10% from their nominal values.
In my instance of the problem the numbers specified were:

Vin=80V, Vout=20V, 10k < Rout < 30k
Solution:
Vout = R2/(R2+R1) * Vin, Thus Ratio=Vout/Vin= R2/(R2+R1)
With given voltage values here Ratio=1/4
To find Rout, one needs to suppress the independent source, so we short out the voltage
source. Therefore Rout=R1||R2
So the requirements of the question are:
• Rout min < Rout = R1*R2/(R1+R2) < Rout max (1)
• Ratio*(1-ε) < Vout/Vin = R2/(R1+R2) < Ratio*(1+ε) (2)
By inspecting inequalities (1) and (2) closely, one can notice if we divide the two, a bound
for R1 can be found, so R1 can be selected independent of R2, which is helpful in simplifying
the design.
However, there is a subtle point in dividing ranges. Note that
• If a < x < b and c < y < d
• Then a/d < x/y < b/c (Not the simple division of bounds of a/c < x/y < b/d)
With this in mind, the bounds for R1 can be found by dividing inequalities of (1) with (2):
Rout min / (Ratio*(1+ε)) < R1 < Rout max / (Ratio*(1-ε))
With the values of this problem (Ratio=0.25, ε=0.1, Rout max = 30k and Rout min =10k), R1
bounds are as follows: 10k/0.275 < R1 < 30k/0.225, which results in:
36.4k < R1 < 133.3k
With such a bound for R1, there are many options in E12 set that could work (39k, 47k, 56k,
68k, 82k, 100k, 120k are all possible). However for a conservative design, I'll choose a value
mid-range, for instance 68k.
Therefore R1=68kΩ.
With the value of R1 selected, now we can choose R2 such that Vout/Vin ratio satisfies the
nominal value:
Vout/Vin = R2/(R1+R2) = 1/4 in this case. Therefore 3*R2=R1 and thus R2=22.67k. However
we are limited to E12 possible resistor values. Thus I choose the closest value of 22k for R2.
However since this is not the exact value derived from Vout/Vin ratio, let's check to see if our
design satisfies the 10% tolerance limit on Vout/Vin .
With
• R1=68 kΩ
• R2=22 kΩ
Vout/Vin = 0.244 which is well within 10% deviation of 0.25 nominal value of the desired
ratio. So our design is confirmed to satisfy all requirements! J
In order to find Vout min and Vout max with 10% deviation of resistor values, note that
maximizing the numerator and minimizing the denominator, maximizes a ratio. Therefore:
• R2 max & R1 min à Vout max
• R1 max & R2 min à Vout min
Thus:
• Vout max = 1.1R2 / (0.9R1+1.1R2) * Vin = 1.1*22k / (0.9*68k + 1.1*22k) * 80
= 0.283 * 80 = 22.67 V
• Vout min = 0.9R2 / (1.1R1+0.9R2) * Vin = 0.9*22k / (1.1*68k + 0.9*22k) * 80
= 0.209 * 80 = 16.74 V
Please note that your design values can be different from values chosen here, but as long as
they satisfy all the requirements, they're perfectly acceptable.
H2P2
Problem specifications:
I=0.5A, Rp=1.2Ω, Rs=1.59Ω
Find RL such that the maximum power is transferred to the load.
Solution:
First note that two Rs resistors are in series, so they can be replaced with a 2Rs one.
Furthermore, it will be easier to analyze this circuit if the Norton model of the source is
replaced with the Thevenin equivalent: Vth source=I*Rp and Rth source= Rp
With these this simplified circuit will result which is easier to analyze:
RP 2 RS
Vth Source = I * RP RL
The current flowing through RL is:

IL=V/Rtotal= (I*Rp)/(Rp+2Rs+RL)
So the power delivered to the load is:

PL=IL2*RL=RL*(I*Rp)2/(Rp+2Rs+RL)2
In order to maximize the power delivered to the load, we can differentiate PL with respect to
RL and equate that to zero to find the extremum. (You can verify that the 2nd derivative is
negative, thus this extremum is actually the maximum we were looking for.)
dPL/dRL=0
dPL/dRL= (I*Rp/(Rp+2Rs+RL))2 * (1-2*RL/(/(Rp+2Rs+RL)) = 0
Which simplifies to Rp+2Rs-RL=0
Therefore RL opt = 2Rs + Rp
With the values Rp=1.2Ω, Rs=1.59Ω, RL opt = 4.38 Ω

IL= (I*Rp)/(Rp+2Rs+RL) = 0.071 A
And PL= IL2*RL= 0.021 W
The last part of the question asks for RTH seen by the load.
For that, either make the current source open or the voltage source short, and find the
resistance that the load sees, which is the series of Rp and 2Rs.
RTH seen by load = Rp+2Rs = 4.38Ω
You can see RTH seen by load = RL opt !

This isn't by chance. In fact you just discovered an important rule: to maximize the power
delivered to a load, choose the load resistance to be equal to the equivalent resistance of the
rest of the circuit seen by the load. Good job! J
H2P3
Which circuit's outputs are equivalent to circuit#3? Circuit #1.

Since A AND B à D and A XOR B à C
And only circuit 1 produces these outputs.
(Alternatively circuits #2 and #4 are also equivalents in case you were asked about them.)
In order to answer the rest of the questions, one just needs to trace the logic values for each
case of A and B. For a specific case of A=0 and B=1, the values are depicted on the
schematic below:
Following the same pattern all the logic values can be found as follows:
A B C D
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1

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Week

In my instance of the problem the numbers specified were:

The current flowing through RL is:

So the power delivered to the load is:

With the values Rp=1.2Ω, Rs=1.59Ω, RL opt = 4.38 Ω

You can see RTH seen by load = RL opt !

Which circuit's outputs are equivalent to circuit#3? Circuit #1.

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